Is which a connective word

• #1

Hey again guys!

I have yet another question.

As an English/Swedish speaking person, it’s very common to use the phrasing:
he works hard, which is something (that) his father also did (han jobbar hårt, vilket är något (som) hans far också gjorde)
today is Labour day, which is something (that) we will talk about later (idag är det Första maj, vilket är något (som) vi kommer att prata om senare)

Is there an equivalence to this phrasing in Russian? Or would you simply use «что» in different cases (падежи)?
oн много работает, что делал и его отец
cегодня День труда, о чём (котором) мы поговорим позже

If abovementioned is correct I have a follow-up question:
How would you put the emphasis on the aforementioned fact in Russian, i.e.
he works hard, which is (precisely) what his father also did
today is Labour day, which is (precisely) what we will talk about later

My try:
oн много работает, и это то, что делал и его отец

cегодня День труда, и это то, о чём мы поговорим позже
то, о чём мы поговорим позже − День труда, который сегодня

Bonus question: in Russian, can you begin sentences with verbs (verb forms) acting as subjects (as you can do in English/Swedish)?
How would you translate:
working hard is something his father did too
working hard is important to my well-being

• #2

There’s no common equivalence in Russian. The translation will depend on the style of the concrete text:

Он работает много, как в свое время (много работал) его отец.
Он много работает. В этом он похож на отца.
Как прежде и его отец, работает он много.

Сегодня День труда, но об этом мы поговорим позже.
Сегодня День труда. Позже мы подробно поговорим об этом.

• #3

Galant Elephant, you could surely say in Russian:

… — что-то, что делал и его отец.
… — что-то, о чём мы поговорим позже.
Он приехал вовсе не к ней — что-то, о чём он умолчал.
​

But this wording is not advisable in writing (except for informal writing and, sometimes, fiction). It is emphatic, to a degree.

With «precisely», the situation is much better:

… — ровно то, что делал его отец.
… — как раз то, о чём мы поговорим.
…, и это как раз то, о чём мы поговорим.​

• #4

Hey guys!
Thanks for your answers! Let me try and see if I understand things correctly.. // G.E.

Сегодня День труда, но об этом мы поговорим позже.
I guess this puts more emphasis on the fact that we’ll do it later: today is Labour day, but we will talk about this later.

Сегодня День труда. Позже мы подробно поговорим об этом.
I guess this puts the emphasis on the action: today is Labour day. Later we will talk about this thoroughly.

I will definitely save and remember the different styles suggested!
Он работает много, как в свое время (много работал) его отец.
Он много работает. В этом он похож на отца.
Как прежде и его отец, работает он много.

Was my try erroneous? cегодня День труда, о котором мы поговорим позже.
Alhtough I’m guessing this means simply: today is Labour day, which (referring to the day itself) we will talk about later.

My grammar says «что» is used when the relative clause is referring to the main clause in its entirety: он утверждает, что там был, что никто не оспаривает.

Could this be applid also to my try, assuming that «cегодня День труда» is the main clause?
cегодня День труда, о чём мы поговорим позже.

I understand how the «— что-то, что…» is not advisable. But good to know that It can used it in spoken Russian! Very interesting that it’s considered good Russian when specifying: «— ровно (как раз) то, что…»

Do I understand it correctly that use of «это» is unnecessary here? God it’s hard for me to avoid this error. If so it’s:
oн много работает — ровно (как раз) то, что делал и его отец

Does this mean that you can contruct the phrase as follows (without the specifier)..?
oн много работает — то, что делал и его отец

Or simply, with less emphasis?
oн много работает, что делал и его отец

…which brings us to whether or not it’s possible to let the main/subordinate clauses change places here? (as you’re able to in English)
what we will talk about later is Labour day, which is today
what his father did was working hard, just like him
то, о чём мы поговорим позже − День труда, который сегодня
то, что делал его отец − много работал, что делает и он

• #5

I would use much simpler constructions to translate your sample phrases:

he works hard, which is something (that) his father also did

«Это» isn’t needed here.

I’d say: Он много /тяжело работает, (точно так же = precisely) как когда-то и его отец. (…как и его отец когда-то).

My grammar says «что» is used when the relative clause is referring to the main clause in its entirety: он утверждает, что там был, что никто не оспаривает.

This is true, but «что» has many meanings and it can be used either as a conjunction or as a pronoun. For example:

И что это стоит? How much is this?
Что с тобой? What’s wrong with you?
Дом что построен на холме… A house that is built on the hill..
Что (in meaning почему) ты сидишь? Why are you seating? What are you waiting for?
Что? Я не слышу тебя. What? I don’t hear you.
Что левая, что правая — никакой разницы. Either left or right — no difference.

cегодня День труда, о чём мы поговорим позже.

This wording would rather imply that you want to discuss the the information provided in the first clause, namely the fact that today is the Labour day. If you plan to talk about the Labour day itself, you might like to use «о нём» (about it) instead.

Last edited: Dec 17, 2017

• #6

И что это стоит? How much is this?

I have to note that at least in Moscow most vendors may give you a strange look after that question. Although the meaning is transparent, it’s far from the standard «ско́лько э́то сто́ит»/»почём это».

• #7

(Edited)

I have to note that at least in Moscow most vendors may give you a strange look after that question. Although the meaning is transparent, it’s far from the standard «ско́лько э́то сто́ит»/»почём это».

Agree. Let’s add «low colloquial» mark to this one. However, this sample sentence from the Russian National Corpus, for example, wouldn’t make me ‘to give the author a strange look’.

А. С. Демидова. Бегущая строка памяти (2000) [омонимия не снята] Все примеры (1)

• Только тот, кто занимается бумажной пряжей, может сказать, какого качества и что стоит данный моток». [А. С. Демидова. Бегущая строка памяти (2000

То же, что сколько (в 1 знач.). Ч. стоит эта вещь? (Словарь Ожегова)

. вопросительное. Сколько? сколько денег? (разг.). Что стоит эта книжка? Что дал за книжку? «Что возьмешьза работу?» Даль. Во что обойдется эта покупка? Во что стала изба? Что отдал за пальто? (Словарь Ушакова)

Last edited: Dec 17, 2017

• #8

is true, but «что» has many meanings and it can be used either as a conjunction or as a pronoun.

Interrogative pronouns and connective words are considered different parts of speech in Russian grammar. However, you’re right that что can be both a conjunction and a connective word. The most noticeable feature of connective words is that they are usually declineable (since they represent some full-fledged parts of the sentence). Let’s compare the synthax and meaning of the following compound sentences.

Я знаю, что он сделал это. — I know (that) he did that. (Что is a conjunction, which stands in the beginning of the subordinate clause and attaches it to the main one; the subordinate clause is a full expression with a verb, a subject and an object; that whole expression is the semantic object of the cognitive verb in the main clause.)
Я знаю, что он сделал. — I know what he did. (Что is a connective word, which begins the subordinate clause and takes place of the object in it; it is in the accusative case. In English grammar such clauses are called «embedded questions», if I recall it correctly; the semantic object of the verb in the main clause can be described as an answer to the «question» expressed by the subordinate clause — «что он сделал?» > «я знаю, что он сделал»).
Я знаю, без чего я не могу жить. — I know what I cannot live without. (The same, but the connective word is a part of the prepositional group in the subordinate clause, and stands in the genitive; the group as a whole still opens the subordinate clause, and it takes place of an adverbial adject in it; again, cf. interrogative «Без чего я не могу жить?» — «What can’t I live without?»).

Last edited: Dec 17, 2017

• #9

Agree. Let’s add «low colloquial» mark to this one.

It could be safely called «low colloquial» if it was common, but it is not, at least not everywhere.

However, this sample sentence from the Russian National Corpus, for example, wouldn’t make to give the author a strange look.

It certainly would, because it doesn’t sound any less strange to my ear as well (and any average speaker doesn’t evaluate various expressions by looking into books, you know). Maybe it’s some dated expression which was more common in the past, I have no idea to be frank. I am just certain that I don’t hear that expression in everyday speech — not more, not less.

• #10

Сегодня День труда, но об этом мы поговорим позже.

I’d even say, но is unnecessary here: Сегодня День труда — об этом мы поговорим позже.

I guess this puts more emphasis on the fact that we’ll do it later: today is Labour day, but we will talk about this later.

I guess this puts the emphasis on the action: today is Labour day. Later we will talk about this thoroughly.

Actually no, it’s a question of speaking style, not emphasis.

Was my try erroneous? cегодня День труда, о котором мы поговорим позже.

Yes it was. Let me try to explain with examples:
Потом наступил день, который я никогда не забуду (we don’t yet know anything about this day except that the narrator will never forget it)
Сегодня День труда, о котором мы поговорим позже (День труда is a holiday, so we already know something of it; который isn’t applicable here)
Сегодня у нас праздник, о котором мы поговорим позже (it’s the only holiday today; even if we don’t know anything of it, который isn’t good here, though maybe not so bad as in the previous example)
Сегодня у нас будет еще одно дело, о котором мы поговорим позже (we don’t yet know anything about this another business)

• #11

It could be safely called «low colloquial» if it was common, but it is not, at least not everywhere.
It certainly would, because it doesn’t sound any less strange to my ear as well (and any average speaker doesn’t evaluate various expressions by looking into books, you know). Maybe it’s some dated expression which was more common in the past, I have no idea to be frank. I am just certain that I don’t hear that expression in everyday speech — not more, not less.

What about » что возьмёшь / что хочешь за эту работу / услугу?» Does it ring a bell?

Last edited: Dec 17, 2017

• #12

What about » что возьмёшь / что хочешь за эту работу / услугу?»

These are fine, which is actually not surprising (the verbs are different). However, «что» here may also freely mean something else than a sum of money.
— Что возьмёшь / что хочешь за эту работу / услугу?
— Две бутылки водки.

• #13

Very interesting that it’s considered good Russian when specifying: «— ровно (как раз) то, что…»

Yes, this usage is fine.

Do I understand it correctly that use of «это» is unnecessary here? God it’s hard for me to avoid this error. If so it’s:
Он много работает — ровно (как раз) то, что делал и его отец.

«Это» would be wrong, I would say. But you might add this «aside note» as a clause with «это»:

Он много работает, и это как раз то, что делал его отец.​

Does this mean that you can construct the phrase as follows (without the specifier)..?
Он много работает — то, что делал и его отец.
Or simply, with less emphasis?
Он много работает, что делал и его отец.

These two options are really good, the second one being most natural in all styles!

То, о чём мы поговорим позже, − День труда, который отмечается/празднуется сегодня.
То, что делал его отец − много работал, что делает и он.

Anyway, I’m afraid that even the first (corrected) sentence wouldn’t sound good enough.
My try:

Позже мы поговорим о Дне труда, который отмечается/празднуется сегодня. (The lack of the linking verb in the present tense forces us here to add something in-between, and the first option to come to a native speaker’s mind is «отмечается/празднуется».)
Его отец много работал, как и он сам. (Please note that I’m using «как и…», not «что и…», just as Q-Cumber has suggested above. It’s because «много работать» goes better with «как».)​

• #14

cегодня День труда, о чём мы поговорим позже

Я хочу обсудить твое опоздание. К тому же ты постоянно приходишь на работу неряшливо одетым, о чем мы поговорим позже.

oн много работает — ровно (как раз) то, что делал и его отец
oн много работает — то, что делал и его отец
oн много работает, что делал и его отец

First, работать isn’t a transitive verb (while делать is) and cannot be bound with то — therefore, то is in the air. Second, this does put the big emphasis on ровно which may be authorized only in a certain context.
Он строит дома (- то), что делал и его отец.
Как ни старается он подчеркнуть, что не похож на родителей, он выращивает картошку — ровно то, что делал и его отец.

what we will talk about later is Labour day, which is today

Позже мы поговорим о Дне труда, который отмечается сегодня.

what his father did was working hard, just like him

Всю жизнь его папаша
Пахал в поте лица —
И вот он продолжает
Занятие отца.

Last edited: Dec 17, 2017

• #15

First, работать isn’t a transitive verb (while делать is) and cannot be bound with то — therefore, то is in the air.

How about this?

Он убежал; то же сделала и она.​

• #16

How about this?
Он убежал; то же сделала и она.

It’s completely OK — and completely different from our example because of the perfective aspect of убежать и сделать.

Asked by: Imelda Bogisich

Score: 4.5/5
(13 votes)

A connective is a word or phrase that links clauses or sentences. Connectives can be conjunctions (eg but, when, because) or connecting adverbs (eg however, then, therefore).

What are examples of connectives?

— Connectives are usually used only once in a sentence. and, also, as well as, moreover, furthermore, besides, in addition, etc. because, so, therefore, thus, consequently, as a result of, etc. next, then, first, second,….

What are the Conjunctional words?

What is a conjunction? Conjunctions are words that join together other words or groups of words. A coordinating conjunction connects words, phrases, and clauses of equal importance. The main coordinating conjunctions are and, or, and but.

What are some good connectives?

Connective examples:

What are text connectives?

Connectives are text devices that signal the relation between adjacent sentences. … An additive, causal, or adversative connective (or no connective) was provided to serve as the first word of the participants’ sentence.

24 related questions found

What for do we use linking or connective words?

Linking or connective words and phrases are used to show relationships between ideas. They can be used to join two or more sentences or clauses.

Linking words help to connect ideas and sentences when you speak or write English. We can use linking words to give examples, add information, summarise, sequence information, give a reason or result, or to contrast ideas.

Using linking or connective words and phrases

• can improve the quality of your speech
• your ideas flow more smoothly
• the logical relationships between the ideas are expressed clearer
• act like bridges between parts of your writing and speaking
• you decorate your written work or speech by making them sound or read better.

Here’s a list of the most common linking words and phrases:

To state personal opinion

In my opinion

In my opinion, Sunday is the best day of the week.

In my view

In my view, golf is just a game and not a sport.

Personally

Personally, I am against zoos.

I believe that

I believe that new sports facilities are necessary for our school.

It seems to me that

It seems to me that this magazine will be very popular among teenagers.

I think that

I think that the problem of polluted environment is one of the most urgent.

As for me

As for me, I am greatly interested in art.

As far as I am concerned

As far as I am concerned, art plays an essential part in my life.

There are a number of reasons why I believe

There are a number of reasons why I believe that television is one of the main sources of information.

To my mind

To my mind, there are many good sportsmen in our school.

To my way of thinking

To my way of thinking, tests are not a good way of measuring someone’s knowledge.

Personally I believe that …

Personally I believe that learning about survival skills sounds incredibly interesting.

It strikes me that

It strikes me that so few of them were willing to help.

I feel very strongly that

I feel very strongly that we have to do community work, such as helping the elderly.

I’m inclined to believe that

I’m inclined to believe that students have to wear a school uniform.

Based on what I know

Based on what I know, school helps to become a better person.

I am convinced

I am convinced you should avoid fizzy drinks.

Speaking for myself

Speaking for myself, I watch TV no more than two hours a day.

I am confident that

I am confident that children should use computers sensibly.

To list points

First(ly), first of all, to start with, to begin with

Firstly it is wrong and secondly it is extremely difficult to implement. First of all, let me ask you something. She wasn’t very keen on the idea to start with. To begin with, his is a genuine talent.

For a start

You’re bored and don’t knowwhat to do? Well, you could go play outside, for a start! I’m sick of living in this city —for a start, the traffic makes  commuting to work an absolute nightmare!

In the first place

Why didn’t you tell me in the first place that you’ve decided to leave?

initially (at first)

Iitially, he thought the new concept was nonsense. Initially, Steve cleared tables and washed up

first and foremost

He is first and foremost a teacher. First and foremost, I want to thank all of you for being here tonight.

Second(ly)

I want two things from my boss – firstly, a pay rise, and secondly, a longer contract.

Third(ly)

There are three factors to take into account: firstly cost, secondly time, and thirdly staff.i

in the second place

I don’t want to go yet – in the first place I’m not ready, and in the second place it’s raining.

subsequently (after a particular thing has happened; afterward)

The officer decided to stop and subsequently made an arrest.

simultaneously  (at the same time)

The telethon was broadcast simultaneously on 31 US networks.

and then

Data were systematically analysed separately and then compared with one another.

next

Next, entire cities banned smoking in all indoor public places.

formerly (previously, earlier, before)

Formerly, a hectare of this precious vineyard was worth 30,000 francs.

previously

Previously, there had been 25 houses sold at or above the independent appraised value.

finally

Finally, I’d like to thank everyone for coming this evening.

on the whole (all in all, altogether)

On the whole, it was quite a good speech.

ultimately (finally; in the end)

Ultimately, it’s a question of who is more popular.

lastly

Lastly, I’d like to ask you about your plans. Lastly, add the lemon juice.

last of all

Last of all, I again want to say a lot of thanks to you for this rare occasion and for the possibility of explaining the position of Ukraine in relation to very important issues discussed here today.

last but not the least

I would like to thank my publisher, my editor and, last but not the least, my husband.

To add more points on the same topic

what is more

He was now a king, and what was more, a well-beloved king.

You should remember it, and what’s more, you should get it right.

furthermore

Computers are cheaper nowadays; furthermore, they are lighter.

moreover

The report is badly written. Moreover, it’s inaccurate.

in adding (to this)

in addition

You haven’t paid the rent yet.  In addition, you owe me money. Chris is on the basketball team this semester at Indiana School for the Deaf. In addition, he is on the soccer team.

in addition to this

John’s grades are terrible because he has been so lazy these days. In addition to this, his relationship to his parents got worse.

another reason

We will be here for one more week so we can finish up our work. Another reason we are staying longer is because we do not want to miss the conference.

besides

The trip is too expensive. Besides, I don’t really like hot weather.

also

John likes camping in the mountains. Also, John is an experienced hiker.

too (in addition; also)

not only … but

If the project fails this will have terrible consequences not only on our department, but also on the whole organization.

above all (most importantly)

Above all, don’t forget to call when you get there.

along with ( in addition to)

This is a plane carrying heavy radar equipment along with full fuel tanks. I went to the concert along with my friend.

additionally (also)

“Additionally, 45,000 people have already exhausted their unemployment benefits this year,” he said.

as well as

Rural women include farmers, as well as domestic servants.

equally important

This agenda item is equally important. Promoting inter-cultural dialogue was equally important.

To show sequence

Beginning: First, First of all, To start with

Continuing: Secondly, After that, Then, Next

Concluding: Finally, Lastly, Last but not least

To show cause and effect

because

We can’t go to Sue’s party because we’ll be busy working on our project.

because of

The plane was delayed because of the foggy weather. I was late to work because of the heavy traffic.

consequently  (as a result)

He had spent most of his time hanging around instead of revising his lessons. Consequently, he had a lot of trouble answering the exam questions. The company is expanding. Consequently, there are jobs on offer. They have recruited more people and consequently the service is better. Flexible workers find themselves in great demand, and consequently earn high salaries

due to the fact that

This is partly due to the fact that many of them lack a basic education certificate. This is partly due to the fact that certain expectations cannot any longer be met.

as a consequence

This is constantly growing population of the Earth and as a consequence growing level of consumption. Many Arab countries were involved in actual military confrontation with Israel and, as a consequence, some of their territory was occupied.

as a result

Prices were reduced by 20%. As a result, sales increased. The weather is supposed to be drizzly and chilly today; as a result, the Festival will be cancelled.

therefore

A hurricane has been announced. Therefore, air traffic will be disrupted. I was too tired; therefore I decided not to go to the state fair last night.

for that reason

The school bus broke down last week and has not been repaired yet. So for that reason, our dance group is unable to go to Washington, D.C. to perform at Kennedy Center.

owing to (because of)

The concert has been cancelled owing to lack of interest.

since (for the reason that, because)

Delegates were delighted, since better protection of rhino reserves will help protect other rare species.

as  (while, just as, at the time that)

Frank watched him as he ambled through the crowd.

for

She remained silent, for she was so depressed to talk.

thus

It is raining today thus we are not going to the beach.

that’s why

Ricky worked all day, from 8am until 11pm. That is why he stayed home instead of going camping with us.

To show similarity

likewise (in the same way; also)

The dream of young people is to grow old, and it is likewise the dream of their parents to relive youth. Just water the plants twice a week, and likewise the ones in the bedroom. Informal: “I don’t have time to spend hours preparing one dish!” “Likewise!” (= it’s the same for me)

similarly (in a similar way)

The children were similarly dressed. Cars must stop at red traffic lights: similarly, bicycles have to stop too.

in the same way

My mother did everything she could to educate us. In the same way, we put a high value on our children’s education.

To show contrast

yet

Sharon has not visited the Land of the Dragons, yet if she had had a kid, she would have gone by now.

however

The hotel was open. However, nobody came to the reception desk.

nevertheless (despite what has just been said or referred to)

Brain drain has terrible consequences on the developing countries. Nevertheless, nothing has been done to solve the problem or at least reduce its negative effects. He had severe injuries; nevertheless, he completely recovered.

nonetheless  (in spite of that; nevertheless)

The weather was bitterly cold.  He went hiking nonetheless. The play was great, nonetheless, I was sick of seeing it after the fourth time.

but

She’s very hard-working but not very imaginative. This is not caused by evil, but by simple ignorance. The play’s good, but not that good – I’ve seen better. I’m sorry, but I think you’re wrong when you say she did it deliberately.

Call me old-fashioned but I like handwritten letters. You can invite Keith to the party, but please don’t ask that friend of his party,  but please don’t ask that friend  of his. She’s not a painter but a writer. She’s not only a painter but also a writer. We mustn’t complain about the problem, but help put it right. I think it’s true, but then, I’m not an expert.

though

Though I eat green beans because they are healthy, I hate them.

although

Although she’s very nice, her classmates hate her. Although Steven was extremely tired, he washed the dishes.

even though (although)

Even though he left school at 16, he still managed to become prime minister.

even if 

He is poor and has no house, but even if he had money, he wouldn’t buy a house.

in spite of the fact / despite the fact 

In spite of the fact that he is rich, he lives in a small house.

in spite of / despite

In spite of/despite being blind, he walked to the station. Despite Fred’s old age, he goes jogging every morning. In spite of the cold weather, they enjoyed themselves.

whereas (in contrast or comparison with the fact that)

They have got two children, a boy and girl. The boy takes after his father whereas the girl takes after the mother. Tom is rich, whereas Jack is poor.

on the other hand

Laptops are convenient; on the other hand, they can be expensive.

on the contrary / conversely

Northern European countries had a great summer. On the contrary/conversely, southern Europe had poor weather.

To give examples

for instance / for example

There are several problems to consider; for instance/for example, there is a lack of public transport. Not all birds eat berries. For example, vultures eat dead animals.

such as

I have a few things to take care of such as paying bills, cleaning the house, and going to the post office.

like (such as; for example)

They study lots of subjects at school, like history, languages, maths, science, etc.

particularly (especially)

We’re particularly interested to hear from people who speak two or more European languages. I didn’t particularly want to go, but I had to.

in particular (especially)

What in particular did you like about the last apartment that we saw? Are you looking for anything in particular?

especially

He didn’t especially like dancing. I like sports games, especially basketball.

to illustrate

Jeff is an interesting person to know. To illustrate, he knows a lot about the history of Ireland.

Expressing purpose

in order to

She wakes up early in order to be on time to work.

in order not to

I left home early in order not to be late for the appointment.

so as 

They visited him so as to offer their condolences for the death of his wife

so as not 

He helped the new policewoman so as not to fail in her first mission.

so that

She arrived early so that she could help her colleagues.

To assert obvious truth

no doubt

There is no doubt that the dog buried the bone in the garden.

undoubtedly

Jeff told us an undoubtedly true story that was very scary.

without a doubt

The judge, without a doubt, thinks capital punishment is wrong.

of course

Of course, Sarah is going to the beach this weekend with her parents. She needs a break from Gallaudet.

naturally

Naturally Steven is not going to agree with that plan.

in fact

In fact, he thinks that the idea of setting up a business selling scarves would surely fail. Lisa decided not to go to King Islands. In fact she told me, “No, way.”

certainly

Certainly, you may borrow my book on the history of the community. But, be sure to return it to me next week.

conceding that

Conceding that Sally is a strong skater, Rachel still believes she will be able to beat her in the Olympics. Rachel wants to become the first deaf ice skater to receive a gold medal.

in other words

I feel that our last Student Council meeting did not go well. In other words, it was a fine mess.

needless to say (obviously)

Needless to say, because of the accident he won’t be at work for a while.

To introduce a conclusion

Finally

Finally, I’d like to thank everyone for coming this evening.

Lastly (used to show when something comes after all the other things in a list)

In accepting this award, I would like to thank the producer, the director, the scriptwriter, and, lastly, the film crew.

All in all

Sure, it rained on our vacation, but all in all we had a great time. All in all, the team has a bright future, even though 

they didn’t make the playoffs this year. All in all, it was a very good party. All in all, I’m glad that I visited New York

City.

Taking everything into account

But taking everything into account, we can state that the general situation in the region is improving.

On the whole

On the whole, it is clear that tobacco production represents a small part of most economies.

In conclusion

In conclusion, she stressed the need for realistic and achievable targets.

To conclude

To conclude, I want to wish you all a very happy holiday season.

To crown it all

I had lost my ticket, was soaked to the skin and, to crown it all, discovered that my purse had been stolen.

To sum up

To sum up, our team is now one of the best in the world.

In brief

In brief, some improvements in the middle school program need to be made.

In a nutshell

Well, to put it in a nutshell, we’re lost.

Connectives connect and relate sentences and paragraphs. They assist in the logical flow of ideas as they signal the relationship between sentences and paragraphs. In prose, the material is supported and conditioned not only by the ordering of the material (its position) but by connectives which signal order, relationship and movement.

Some of the more commonly used connectives are listed below. Note especially how these connections function to develop, relate, connect and move ideas.

USAGE CONNECTIVE WORDS addition of ideas and, also, besides, further, furthermore, too, moreover, in addition, then, of equal importance, equally important, another time next, afterward, finally, later, last, lastly, at last, now, subsequently, then, when, soon, thereafter, after a short time, the next week (month, day, etc.), a minute later, in the meantime, meanwhile, on the following day, at length, ultimately, presently order or sequence first, second, (etc.), finally, hence, next, then, from here on, to begin with, last of all, after, before, as soon as, in the end, gradually space and place above, behind, below, beyond, here, there, to the right (left), nearby, opposite, on the other side, in the background, directly ahead, along the wall, as you turn right, at the top, across the hall, at this point, adjacent to to signal an example for example, to illustrate, for instance, to be specific, such as, moreover, furthermore, just as important, similarly, in the same way results as a result, hence, so, accordingly, as a consequence, consequently, thus, since, therefore, for this reason, because of this purpose to this end, for this purpose, with this in mind, for this reason(s) comparison like, in the same manner (way), as so, similarly contrast connectives but, in contrast, conversely, however, still, nevertheless, nonetheless, yet, and yet, on the other hand, on the contrary, or, in spite of this, actually, in fact to summarize or report in summary, to sum up, to repeat, briefly, in short, finally, on the whole, therefore, as I have said, in conclusion, as you can see