If you are describing someone with whom you enjoy spending time and whose company is pleasant, should you use likable or likeable to describe this person?
At first glance, you might choose likeable, simply because it is less likely to be confused with lickable. It might be the case that you find someone whose company you enjoy lick-able, but you should not write about these feelings in professional or academic contexts.
Your choice is then between likable and likeable, which are actually two spelling variations of the same word. During the 19th century, American writers developed their own standardized spellings of certain words as part of an attempt to form a uniquely American style of English.
Continue reading to learn more about likable and likeable.
What is the Difference Between Likeable and Likable?
In this post, I will compare likable vs. likeable. I will use each of these words in at least one example sentence, so you can see how they appear in context.
Plus, I will show you how to use a mnemonic device to choose either likable or likeable correctly each time.
When to Use Likable
What does likable mean? Likable is an adjective that means pleasant to be around. It can be a synonym of words like pleasant and attractive.
If you like someone, you enjoy his or her company and have fun spending time with this person. Likable, then, is literally able to be liked.
People can be likable, but so can other things, like dogs, food items, and places. Most of the time, though, the word is used to describe people with whom you enjoy spending time.
For example,
- “I found the candidate likable, but lacking the necessary qualifications,” said the company’s hiring manager.
- If you want to be a more likable person, you should smile more often, pay attention when someone is talking, and use friendly body language.
Likable is the American English spelling of the word and follows other American words that favor shorter spellings, cancelled/canceled; travelling/traveling, colour/color.
Words with a more direct analogy are livable and lovable, both of which are American spelling. Liveable and loveable are the British counterparts.
When to Use Likeable
What does likeable mean? Likeable is another way to spell the same word. It is the preferred spelling in British English, while American writers are more likely to use likable.
These graphs show the relative usage of likeable vs. likable in published English books since 1800:
American English:
British English:
As you can see, the British have always preferred likeable. Americans developed a preference for likable just before the turn of the 20th century, during a time period when many writers adopted a distinctly Americanized spelling to differentiate themselves from their British brethren.
Trick to Remember the Difference
Since these words are really just two different ways to spell the same word, they are interchangeable in terms of meaning. The spelling you choose depends on your intended audience.
- If you are writing for American readers, choose likable.
- If you are writing for readers who are primarily British, choose likeable
Since likeable has an extra E, like England, it’s not hard to remember when to use this word.
Summary
Is it likeable or likable? Likeable and likable are spelling variations of a word that means pleasant or attractive.
- Likable is the American spelling.
- Likeable is the British spelling.
There is no difference in meaning between the two.
Contents
- 1 What is the Difference Between Likeable and Likable?
- 2 When to Use Likable
- 3 When to Use Likeable
- 4 Trick to Remember the Difference
- 5 Summary
‘LIKEABLE’ is a 8 letter
Word
starting with L and ending with E
All Solutions for LIKEABLE
| Clue | Answer |
|---|---|
|
|
|
|
LIKEABLE (4) |
NICE |
|
LIKEABLE (6) |
GENIAL |
|
LIKEABLE (7) |
AFFABLE |
|
LIKEABLE (7) |
AMIABLE |
|
LIKEABLE (7) |
LOVABLE |
|
LIKEABLE (8) |
AMICABLE |
|
LIKEABLE (8) |
CHARMING |
|
LIKEABLE (8) |
ENGAGING |
|
LIKEABLE (8) |
ENTICING |
|
LIKEABLE (8) |
FRIENDLY |
|
LIKEABLE (8) |
PLEASANT |
|
LIKEABLE (10) |
ATTRACTIVE |
|
LIKEABLE (10) |
ENCHANTING |
|
LIKEABLE (11) |
INTERESTING |
|
LIKEABLE (13) |
COMPANIONABLE |
Synonyms, crossword answers and other related words for LIKEABLE
We hope that the following list of synonyms for the word likeable will help
you to finish your
crossword today. We’ve arranged the synonyms in length order so that they are easier to find.
likeable 4 letter words
likeable 7 letter words
likeable 8 letter words
likeable 11 letter words
Top answer for LIKEABLE crossword clue from newspapers
Definitions of likeable
- (of characters in literature or drama) evoking empathic or sympathetic feelings
- easy to like; agreeable
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More clues you might be interested in
- adepts
- sways back and forth
- supporting beam
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- be beholden to
- condemnation
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- resort
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- expression of gratitude
- communication
- chef’s cutting gadget
- deep toned male voice
- pokes sharply
- hinted at
- musical dramas
- mythical goat-man
- sufficiency
- moisture in the air
- tiny parasites
- church seats
- flair, style
- lightweight motorcycles
- hierarchize
- impertinent look
- pierce with a stake
- esp
- international cricket match
- criticizes
- silkworm
Score for LIKEABLE
LIKEABLE is an official word in Scrabble with 14 points.
As a software guy I find myself using words like «idempotent» and «cache», which I’m very familiar with from technical writings, but have seldom heard being spoken.
When I do hear someone using these words I’m frequently surprised by their pronunciation, and have no idea which of us is correct, if either.
I’m not asking for guidance on how to pronounce these words, I just want to know if there is a word or phrase to describe them.
(And if it’s an uncommon word, how would it be pronounced?)
asked Mar 6, 2017 at 13:24
6
In Judith Wynn Halsted’s book Some of My Best Friends Are Books, a guide for teaching gifted readers, she references this phenomenon and calls it calley-ope syndrome (playing on how someone who has seen but not heard the word «calliope» would assume it was pronounced).
«Books that contain pronunciation guides are helpful for gifted readers (though they are rare, and a pleasant surprise when found), since so many avid readers know words only from reading and therefore mispronounce them. One excellent teacher of gifted high school students calls this ‘The Calley-ope (calliope) Syndrome.»
—Some of My Best Friends Are Books
answered Mar 13, 2017 at 1:33
NicoleNicole
11.7k11 gold badges57 silver badges88 bronze badges
3
When a word has a primacy in its written form over its spoken form, such a scenario is termed as ‘ocularcentrism‘.
Ocularcentrism:the privileging of vision over the other senses.
From Oxford Reference
«A perceptual and epistemological bias ranking vision over other
senses in Western cultures. An example would be a preference for the
written word rather than the spoken word (in which case, it would be
the opposite of phonocentrism). Both Plato and Aristotle gave primacy
to sight and associated it with reason. We say that ‘seeing is
believing’, ‘see for yourself’, and ‘I’ll believe it when I see it
with my own eyes’. When we understand we say, ‘I see’. We ‘see eye to
eye’ when we agree. We imagine situations ‘in the mind’s eye’.
answered Mar 6, 2017 at 15:59
5
My 9 year old daughter and I found this page after doing a Bing search for this question. She has actually invented a wolf for words you read but don’t know how to pronounce. A word like that is a «suitanam» (pronounced «suit-ah-nahm»). We think it’s as good of a word as any so let’s tell the dictionary people!
answered Sep 21, 2018 at 3:19
2
“Like” is one of the most commonly used words in English – and when you’re new to learning the language, it can be a bit of a confusing one, as it has so many different meanings!
In fact – did you know that there are actually five different ways to use the word “like”? Phew! Sounds like hard work.
You might hear it a lot in everyday spoken English – especially as it has become very popular to use colloquially. But if you’re not sure on how to use this word correctly, then read on to find out.
Like – to enjoy
One of the most common ways that you’ll hear the word “like” is as a verb – “to like”.
This is a verb used to express the fact that you enjoy something, and it can be used just like many other verbs in English.
For example: “I like walking to work, but she liked to drive instead.”
Nice and simple!
Would like – to request something
“Like” can also be used as an alternative to the verb, “to want”, in a form that is considered less aggressive and demanding, and more polite. You would use the word with the modal verb, “would”, and you always need to use the full phrase “would like”.
For example: “She would like to place her order now.”
Be like – to describe the characteristics of something
This is when the uses of “like” start to get a bit more complex. In this use, the word is used to describe the personality, character or particular traits of something.
In this case it is used with the verb “to be”. If you are using it in the past tense, only the main part of the verb “to be” is changed, and the word “like” stays the same.
For example: “What was he really like?”
Like – as a simile
Developing from the previous use of the word, “like” is often used as a simile – or a comparison with something else, in order to describe something.
Sounds confusing? Let’s take a look at an example!
“The bedroom was like a disaster zone.”
In a simile, you still need to use the verb “to be” with the word “like”, but instead of describing the actual characteristics, you can use something else – which might be drastically different.
For example: “She was nervous and shaky, like a mouse.”
This is a great way of adding a bit more personality into your spoken English, but you would not use similes very often in written English, unless you are writing creatively.
Look like – describing appearances
The last common use of the word “like” is to describe experiences. This is done through the verb “to look like”. You can use this just as in the previous examples when you used the form “to be like”. In this case, the part of the phrase that changes according to tense and subject is “look”, while the word “like” stays the same.
For example: “I look like a really messy person, while she looks like a celebrity!”
Your turn
Understanding how the word “like” is used in different contexts and forms is a really helpful way to build on your English skills – make sure you practice each of the five uses as much as you can!
Задания с ответами на отработку правила There is — There are.
Упражнение # 1
Поставьте There is или There are в предложениях
There ___ a new mall in town.
There ___ kids in the park.
There ___ a calendar on the wall.
There ___ nice people.
There ___ some bus stops here.
There ___ a lot of cars.
There ___ a place to park.
There ___ six chairs in the kitchen.
There ___ a bottle f milk.
There ___ a gas station near here.
There ___ a mirror in our hall.
Правильные ответы к упражнению # 1
There is a new mall in town.
There are kids in the park.
There is a calendar on the wall.
There are nice people.
There are some bus stops here.
There are a lot of cars.
There is a place to park.
There are six chairs in the kitchen.
There is a bottle f milk.
There is a gas station near here.
There is a mirror in our hall.
Упражнение # 2
Составьте вопросительные предложения на английском языке используя конструкцию there is — there are
1. В твоем холодильнике есть молоко?
2. Тут есть вода?
3. В вашем доме есть лифт?
4. Есть ли жизнь на Марсе?
5. Есть какие-нибудь фильмы по телевизору?
Правильные ответы к упражнению # 2
1. Is there any milk in your fridge?
2. Is there any water?
3. Is there an elevator in your building?
4. Is there life on Mars?
5. Are there any films on TV?
Упражнение # 3
Скажите на английском отрицательные предложения
1. В 6 утра нет никакого поезда.
2. В этом кофе нет сахара.
3. На улице нет дождя.
4. Никого нет дома.
5. В чьей-то голове нет мозгов.
Правильные ответы к упражнению # 3
1. There is no train at 6 am.
2. There isn’t any sugar in this coffee.
3. There is no rain outside.
4. There’s nobody home.
5. There are no brains in someone’s head.
Упражнение # 4
Скажите эти предложения на русском
1. Is there any differense betwwen the words ‘useful’ and ‘helpful’?
2. Is there anybody home?
3. Is there any petrol in the car?
4. Are there any grocery stores close?
5. There is no place like home.
6. There aren’t any places to park.
7. There are some people waiting to see you.
8. There is a very nice apartment for rent in my building.
9. Is there time difference between UK and Russia?
10. There are great restaraunts in this city.
Правильные ответы к упражнению # 4
1. Есть ли разница между словами «полезно» и «полезно»?
2. Есть кто-нибудь дома?
3. В машине есть бензин?
4. Есть ли поблизости какие-нибудь продуктовые магазины?
5. Нет места лучше своего дома.
6. Нет ни одного места для парковки.
7. Вас ждут какие-то люди.
8. В моем доме есть очень хорошая квартира для съема.
9. Есть ли разница во времени между Великобританией и Россией?
10. В этом городе есть прекрасные рестораны.
Упражнение # 5
Составьте предложения
1. on the desk / is / a laptop / there.
2. there / anything /new / is ?
3. in an a monute/ seconds / are there /how many ?
4. there / a time/ to be / is /a nice person.
5. many / there / in your/ house / are /rooms?
6. in this soup /a lot of / there is / salt.
7. is / in the New York/ there /London/ a time difference / and.
8. anybody / can/ is there / help /who/ me?
9. is / snow / there / outside?
10. aren’t / any /trains /on Sunday / there.
Правильные ответы к упражнению # 5
There is a laptop on the desk.
Is there anything new?
How many seconds are there in an a monute?
There is a time to be a nice person.
Are there many rooms in your house?
There is a lot of salt in this soup.
There is a time difference in the New york and London.
Is there anybody who can help me?
Is there snow outside?
There aren’t any trains on Sunday.
Упражнение # 6
Скажите данные предложения на английском языке
1. Есть проблема.
2. В этом районе много высоток.
3. Сегодня вечером будет вечеринка.
4. На улице снег.
5. Я знаю — любовь существует.
6. Для меня тут есть место.
7. В году 12 месяцев.
8. В зоопарке есть панда.
9. В Москве много музеев.
10. Есть такая теория.
Правильные ответы к упражнению # 6
1. There is a problem.
2. There are many skyscrapers in this area.
3. There is a party tonight.
4. There is snow outside.
5. I know there is love.
6. There is a place for me.
7. There are twelve months in a year.
8. There is a panda in the zoo.
9. There are alot of museums in Moscow.
10. There is this theory.
Упражнение # 7
Поставьте правильную конструкцию — is — или — are —
1. There … trees.
2. There … a funny movie at the theater.
3. There … always things we have to do.
4. Are … any mistakes in this text?
5. There … a bridge.
6. … there nothing to do?
7. There … presents here.
8. … there seven days in a week?
9. There … a lot of tea in the kitchen.
10. There … an American girl in my class.
Правильные ответы к упражнению # 7
1. There are trees.
2. There is a funny movie at the theater.
3. There are always things we have to do.
4. Are there any mistakes in this text?
5. There is a bridge.
6. Is there nothing to do?
7. There are presents here.
8. Are there seven days in a week?
9. There is a lot of tea in the kitchen.
10. There is an American girl in my class.
Упражнение # 8
There is /There are — переведите
А) Are there many animals in this forest?
Б) There is no air in this tyre.
В) Are there any trees in your garden?
Г) There is no paper in the printer.
Д) Is there beef in this lasagne?
Ж) There are lots of businessmen in this office.
З) Is there anything else I can do for you?
Правильные ответы к упражнению # 8
А) Много ли в этом лесу животных?
Б) В этой шине нет воздуха.
В) Есть ли в вашем саду деревья?
Г) В принтере нет бумаги.
Д) Есть ли говядина в этой лазаньи?
Ж) В этом офисе есть много бизнесменов.
З) Есть ли что-нибудь еще, что я могу сделать для вас?
According to traditional grammar, a word is defined as, “the basic unit of language”. The word is usually a speech sound or mixture of sounds which is represented in speaking and writing.
Few examples of words are fan, cat, building, scooter, kite, gun, jug, pen, dog, chair, tree, football, sky, etc.
You can also define it as, “a letter or group/set of letters which has some meaning”. So, therefore the words are classified according to their meaning and action.
It works as a symbol to represent/refer to something/someone in the language.
The group of words makes a sentence. These sentences contain different types of functions (of the words) in it.
The structure (formation) of words can be studied with Morphology which is usually a branch (part) of linguistics.
The meaning of words can be studied with Lexical semantics which is also a branch (part) of linguistics.
Also Read: What is a Sentence in English Grammar? | Best Guide for 2021
The word can be used in many ways. Few of them are mentioned below.
- Noun (rabbit, ring, pencil, US, etc)
- Pronoun (he, she, it, we, they, etc)
- Adjective (big, small, fast, slow, etc)
- Verb (jumping, singing, dancing, etc)
- Adverb (slowly, fastly, smoothly, etc)
- Preposition (in, on, into, for, under, etc)
- Conjunction (and, or, but, etc)
- Subject (in the sentences)
- Verb and many more!
Now, let us understand the basic rules of the words.
Rules/Conditions for word
There are some set of rules (criteria) in the English Language which describes the basic necessity of becoming a proper word.
Rule 1: Every word should have some potential pause in between the speech and space should be given in between while writing.
For example, consider the two words like “football” and “match” which are two different words. So, if you want to use them in a sentence, you need to give a pause in between the words for pronouncing.
It cannot be like “Iwanttowatchafootballmatch” which is very difficult to read (without spaces).
But, if you give pause between the words while reading like, “I”, “want”, “to”, “watch”, “a”, “football”, “match”.
Example Sentence: I want to watch a football match.
We can observe that the above sentence can be read more conveniently and it is the only correct way to read, speak and write.
- Incorrect: Iwanttowatchafootballmatch.
- Correct: I want to watch a football match.
So, always remember that pauses and spaces should be there in between the words.
Rule 2: Every word in English grammar must contain at least one root word.
The root word is a basic word which has meaning in it. But if we further break down the words, then it can’t be a word anymore and it also doesn’t have any meaning in it.
So, let us consider the above example which is “football”. If we break this word further, (such as “foot” + “ball”), we can observe that it has some meaning (even after breaking down).
Now if we further break down the above two words (“foot” + “ball”) like “fo” + “ot” and “ba” + “ll”, then we can observe that the words which are divided have no meaning to it.
So, always you need to remember that the word should have atleast one root word.
Rule 3: Every word you want to use should have some meaning.
Yes, you heard it right!
We know that there are many words in the English Language. If you have any doubt or don’t know the meaning of it, then you can check in the dictionary.
But there are also words which are not defined in the English Language. Many words don’t have any meaning.
So, you need to use only the words which have some meaning in it.
For example, consider the words “Nuculer” and “lakkanah” are not defined in English Language and doesn’t have any meaning.
Always remember that not every word in the language have some meaning to it.
Also Read: 12 Rules of Grammar | (Grammar Basic Rules with examples)
More examples of Word
| Words List | Words List |
| apple | ice |
| aeroplane | jam |
| bat | king |
| biscuit | life |
| cap | mango |
| doll | nest |
| eagle | orange |
| fish | pride |
| grapes | raincoat |
| happy | sad |
Quiz Time! (Test your knowledge here)
#1. A word can be ____________.
all of the above
all of the above
a noun
a noun
an adjective
an adjective
a verb
a verb
Answer: A word can be a noun, verb, adjective, preposition, etc.
#2. A root word is a word that _____________.
none
none
can be divided further
can be divided further
cannot be divided further
cannot be divided further
both
both
Answer: A root word is a word that cannot be divided further.
#3. A group of words can make a ___________.
none
none
sentence
sentence
letters
letters
words
words
Answer: A group of words can make a sentence.
#4. Morphology is a branch of ___________.
none
none
Linguistics
Linguistics
Phonology
Phonology
Semantics
Semantics
Answer: Morphology is a branch of Linguistics.
#5. The meaning of words can be studied with ___________.
none
none
both
both
Morphology
Morphology
Lexical semantics
Lexical semantics
Answer: The meaning of the words can be studied with Lexical semantics.
#6. The word is the largest unit in the language. Is it true or false?
#7. Is cat a word? State true or false.
Answer: “Cat” is a word.
#8. A word is a _____________.
group of paragraphs
group of paragraphs
group of letters
group of letters
group of sentences
group of sentences
All of the above
All of the above
Answer: A word is a group of letters which delivers a message or an idea.
#9. A word is usually a speech sound or mixture of it. Is it true or false?
#10. The structure of words can be studied with ___________.
Morphology
Morphology
both
both
Lexical semantics
Lexical semantics
none
none
Answer: The structure of words can be studied with Morphology.
Results
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Summary: (What is a word?)
- Generally, the word is the basic and smallest unit in the language.
- It is categorised based on its meaning.
- Morphology is the study of Words structure (formation) and Lexical semantics is the study of meanings of the words. These both belong to a branch of Linguistics.
- A word should have at least one root and meaning to it.
Also Read: What is Grammar? | (Grammar definition, types & examples) | Best Guide 2021
If you are interested to learn more, then you can refer wikipedia from here.
I hope that you understood the topic “What is a word?”. If you still have any doubts, then comment down below and we will respond as soon as possible. Thank You.
And note — ing forms used as nouns: I’ve given your shirt an ironing. [>2.2A, 165]
Write:Give the nouns derived from verbs, adjectives or other nouns. Use these endings: -age, -hood, -ation -ion, -ful, -ence, -ency, -ness, -al, -(er)y, -ment, -ety, -ism, -ity, -ing,
1 I decided this. It was my decision. 2 Don’t be so anxious. Control your… 3 Ann’s a socialist. She believes in… 4 We all want to be happy. We all seek… 5 We all agree. We’re all in… 6 Who discovered this? Who made this…? 7 We’ll all arrive. We’ll be met on… 8 I was a child then. That was in my… 9 She is absent. Can you explain her…? 10 I’ll post this. What’s the…? 11 Try again. Have another… 12 Be more efficient. Improve your … 13 Don’t be so curious. Control your… 14 Address this envelope. I’ll give you the… 15 I refused their offer. My… is final. 16 I warned you. I gave you enough… 17 Put it in your mouth. Take one… 18 Can you explain it? Is there an… 19 They tried him. I was at the… 20 Don’t argue. I don’t want an…
2.1C Nouns and verbs with the same spelling but different stress [> LEG 2.3.1, App 3.1]
1 With some words, when the stress is on the first syllable,the word is a noun. When the stress is on the second syllable, it is a verb. The meanings are related:
noun: We have finished Book 1. We have made good ‘progress. verb: We are now ready to pro’gress to Book 2.
The meanings can also be quite different:
noun: My son’s ‘conduct at school hasn’t been very good. verb: Mahler used to con’duct the Vienna Philharmonic.
Write:Underline the syllable that you would stress when speaking. 1 I need a per mitto work in this country. 2 I can’t permit you to park here. 3 Will they increase my salary next year? 4 I’m looking for an increase in salary. 5 Joy objects to your proposal. 6 Don’t treat me as if I were an object. 7 We’ve had complaints about your conduct. 8 I’ll conduct you to your seat. 9 This is the entrance to the building. 10 Gloria will entrance you. 11 Do you want to buy this record? 12 Let me record your voice. 13 I’ve brought you a present. 14 Please present my compliments to him. 15 I must protest at your proposal. 16 The proposal didn’t go without protest. 17 I’ve got an Australian accent. 18 Please accent every syllable. 19 Our exports have increased this year. 20 We export everything we make. 21 I’ll escort you to your new office. 22 You’ll need an escort. 23 Our imports have increased. 24 We import too much.
2.1.D Write: Refer to the words in brackets and put in the right nouns. COMPUTER TANTRUMS A clever computer built at Imperial College, London, often suffers from (bore)1 .... The computer was built to find out about human (communicate22… The computer acquired a simple vocabulary in the same way as babies do: through (babble)3…It is common (know4… that when babies babble, it is a (prepare5 5… for speech. When babies make sounds like real words, they are encouraged to remember them. With (encourage)6… from their parents, babies quickly build up their vocabulary. In the same way, the clever computer learnt to use real words. For example, it learnt to identify a black cat. It was then shown a white cat to test how good it was at (recognize)7… It refused to co-operate because the (solve)8… to the problem was too easy. At first this (refuse9… puzzled scientists, but then they decided the computer was having a tantrum. ‘It just sits there and goes on strike,’ a (science)10… said. These clever computers must also be taught good (behave11) 1 …
2.2 Compound nouns2.2A Nouns formed with gerund (‘-ing’) + noun: ‘dancing-shoes’ [> LEG 2.7, 2.11 n.3, 6.3.1, 16.39.3]
1 When a noun has two or more parts (e.g. classroom), we call it a compound noun. We can make compound nouns with the -ing form: e.g. dancing-shoes [compare > 16.5].
2 The –ing form can sometimes be an adjective: Can you see that ‘dancing ‘couple? (= couple that is dancing). When the –ing form is an adjective, we stress both words and never use a hyphen.
3 The –ing form can be the first part of a compound noun: I need a pair of dancing-shoes. (= shoes used for dancing; not ‘shoes that are dancing’) When the -ing form is a noun, we stress the first word only and a hyphen is optional.
Write:Put a tick if the second word is part of a compound noun.
1 You need a pair of running shoes. V 2 We sat beside a running stream. 3 Put it in the frying pan. 4 I like the smell of frying sausages. 5 This water is near boiling point. 6 I need some boiling water. 7 Where are my walking shoes? 8 Vera is a walking dictionary.
2.2B Apostrophe s (‘s) or compound noun? [>leg 2.10.1,2.44,2.47-48]
1 We use apostrophe s (‘s) and s apostrophe (s’) with people and some living things to show possession: Gus’s car, the girls’ shoes, a dog’s bark [> 2.8].
2 When we want to show possession with things, we can use of: the leg of the table. However, we often prefer to use a compound noun instead of: the table-leg.
3 We can say the voice of a man or a man’s voice. (Not «a man voice») We can say the leg of a table or a table-leg. (Not *a table’s leg*)
Write:Supply a phrase with ‘s or a compound noun in place of the phrases in italics.
1 Where’s the key of the car?.. the car key. 2 Where’s the surgery of the doctor?… 3 It’s the idea of the committee… 4 Don’t damage the nib of the pen… 5 It’s the keyboard of the computer… 6 I’ve cleaned the top of the desk… 7 It was in the reign of King John… 8 Do you like the poetry of Eliott… 9 It’s the responsibility of no one… 10 Look at the handle of the suitcase… 11 Polish the knob of the front door... 12 The journey of Scott is historic… 13 Who stole the bicycle of the postman?… 14 Put out the stub of that cigarette …15 We’ve got a new table in the kitchen… 16 Don’t pull the tail of the horse!… 17 Please clean the switches of the lights…18 I spoke to the secretary of the boss… 19 This is the new policy of the party… 20 The cover of the book is torn… 21 He’s the son of Mr Jones …22 The gate of the factory was shut…23 Please open the door of the garage… 24 I’ve lost the photos of the children… 25 The phone in the office is out of order… 26 The critic of the film was wrong… 27 She’s a teacher of dancing… 28 Who’s the mother of the twins?… 29 That’s the wife of my brother…30 І need a new lamp for reading… 31 The surface of the road is slippery…32 He is the secretary of the President…..
2.2C Compound nouns which tell us about materials and substances [> LEG 2.10.5, 6.13]
1 Names of materials and substances (leather, gold) are like adjectives when we use them to form compound nouns: a watch made of gold — a gold watch. (Not *golden*) These words behave like adjectives in this one way, but they remain nouns because they do not have comparative or superlative forms and we cannot put very in front of them. We stress both words in spoken English: I can’t afford a’gold’watch. [ > 6.48-D]
2 Two important exceptions are wood and wool, which have adjectival forms: a table made of wood > a wooden table’, a dress made of wool > a woollen dress.
3 There are adjectival forms for words like gold: glass/glassy, gold/golden, leather/leathery, silver/silvery, silk/silky/silken, steel/steely, stone/stony. We use them to mean ‘like’: a golden sunset (= a sunset like gold).
Write:Make compound nouns or use adjectival forms. 1 a raincoat made of plastic = plastic raincoat 2 a shirt made of silk… 3 hair like silk… 4 a table-top made of glass… 5 eyes like glass… 6 a wallet made of leather… 7 a spoon made of stainless steel… 8 nerves like steel… 9 a pullover made of wool… 10 a blouse made of cotton… 11 a teapot made of silver… 12 a voice like silver…13 a wall made of stone…14 silence like stone…15 a tile made of ceramic…16 a nail brush made of nylon 17 a tongue like leather…18 a spoon made of wood…
2.2DWrite:Refer to the words in brackets and put in the right compounds. GREEK BIRDMAN. You probably remember the story of Daedalus, who made (wings of feathers)1 feather wings for himself and his son, Icarus, to escape Minos, King of Crete. A young Greek, Kanellos Kanellopoulos, recently repeated this journey in (a machine-that flies2)…called ‘Daedalus’. His (path of flight)3… was from Crete to Santorini, a distance of 119 kilometres. Kanellos, (a cyclist who is a champion)4…, didn’t use wax and feathers, but (power from pedals)5…. to drive his machine. He was in the (seat of the pilot)6 … for 3 hours and 5 minutes. His (machine made of carbon fibre)7…weighed 31 kilos and its wings measured 34 metres. Icarus, in the old story, flew too close to the sun. The wax that held his wings melted, so he crashed into the sea. Kanellos, however, kept 3 to 4 metres above the water and had a good (wind from the south)8… He broke the record for human-powered flight previously set up by Bryan Allen, who ‘cycled’ 35.8 km across the English Channel.
2.3A Countable and uncountable nouns compared [> leg 2.14]
1 If a noun is countable: A) we can use a / an in front of it: I bought abook. (Not *I bought book. *)
B) it has a plural and can be used in questions with How many?: How many books…?
С) we can use a number in front of it: one book, two books.
2 if a noun is uncountable:
a) we do not normally use a / an in front of it: I bought some bread. (Not «a bread»)
b) it does not normally have a plural and can be used in questions with How much?: How much bread…? (Not *How many breads?*)
с) we cannot normally use a number in front of it. [compare > 2.3C]
3 We need to know whether nouns are countable or uncountable in English to be able to use a / an, some, any, much, many, a few, a little, etc. correctly. Compare: It was a marvellous experience,(countable = something that happened) We need someone with experience,(uncountable = skill and knowledge)
Write: Underline the noun in each sentence and write ‘C’ or ‘U’ to show whether the noun is countable or uncountable.
1 This is an excellent painting. С 2 I don’t like milk._ 3 How many photos did he take?_ 4 Add a little more oil._ 5 His drawings really interest me.__ 6 Hope keeps me going._ 7 He hasn’t a hope. __ 8 How much flour did you buy?_ 9 Where are my two new shirts? _ 10 We’ve got plenty of coal.__
2.3B Nouns which can be either countable or uncountable: ‘an egg/egg’ [> LEG 2.16.1, 2.16.2]
1 Some nouns are countable when they refer to single items, but they are uncountable when they refer to substances:
countable (a single item) — uncountable (substance/ material) He ate a whole chicken! Would you like some chicken? I had a boiled egg for breakfast.There’s egg on your tie. Copper = мідь; coppers = мідяки; tin=; a tin =
2 Some nouns are uncountable when they refer to a material, but they are countable when they refer to an object made from that material: countable (‘thing’) uncountable (‘material’) I broke a glass this morning. Glass is made from sand and lime (вапняк). I picked up a stone. We used stone to build our walls.
Write: Underline the noun in each sentence and write ‘C’ or ‘U’ to show whether the noun is being used as a countable or as an uncountable. 1 Add more onion. U 2 Would you like some fish?__3 І eat two eggs every day._4 Too much cake isn’t good for you.5 They’ve built a new motorway._6 Would you like an ice?__7 I need two clean glasses. __8 Don’t throw stones.__9 A lot of paper is wasted._10 We bought a new iron yesterday.__
2.3C Normally uncountable nouns used as countables (1): ‘a coffee — (some) coffee’ [> LEG 2.16.3]
1 Words for drinks like coffee are normally uncountable. This means: — we use no article: Coffee is important to the economy of Brazil. — or we use some/any. Is there any coffee? I’d like some coffee, please.
2 However, when we are ordering coffee, etc., we normally treat it as countable: I’d like a coffee, please. Two coffees, please. One coffee and a glass of milk, please.
Write: Use I’d like…, please to ask for drinks in each situation:
1 You have come down to breakfast. There is a choice between tea and coffee. I’d like (some) tea, please. I’d like (some) coffee, please. 2 You are ordering drinks. You want coffee for yourself. Your two friends want tea. 3 You are ordering drinks for three people: beer, lemonade, tomato juice. 4 You are ordering drinks. Two want coffee. Three want tea. One wants milk.
2.3D Normally uncountable nouns used as countables (2): ‘oil/a light oil’ [> LEG 2.16.3]
1 Words like oil and plastic for substances and materials are normally uncountable [> 3.5A]: Oil is produced in the North Sea.
2 We often use a / an with nouns like this when we are describing them with an adjective: The North Sea produces a light oil which is highly prized in the oil industry.
Write: Rewrite these sentences using the nouns as countables. 1The North Sea produces oil. (light). The North Sea produces a light oil. 2 This region produces wine, (excellent/top-quality) 3 This factory produces cloth, (traditional) 4 This box is made of wood, (rare)…
2.3E Write: Put in a, some, or /-/ OOOPS! 1…-… wine is not cheap and2… good wine can cost a lot of money these days. So spare3… thought for Mr Sokolin,4… New York wine merchant, who recently lost5… bottle of wine worth £305,000 (or about £50,000 6… glass!). It was7… 1784 Chateau Margaux which had once belonged to Thomas Jefferson, the third president of America. Mr Sokolin took the bottle to8… wine tasting and put it on9… table. The bottle was made of10… dark glass and a waiter didn’t notice it. He hit it with11…tray, making12…large hole in it. Most of the wine was lost, but Mr Sokolin was able to taste13… of it. He said it was ‘not very good’, but the loss of the bottle was described as14… terrible tragedy’.
2.4 Countable and uncountable nouns (2)2.4A Singular equivalents of uncountable nouns: ‘bread/a loaf [> leg 2.16.6]
1 A word like bread is uncountable. If we want ‘one item’, we use a different word: I’d like some bread,please. > I’d like a loaf (of bread), please.
2 Sometimes we have to say exactly what we want. We cannot say *a clothing*, so we ask for a coat, a shirt, etc. In the same way, we cannot say *a luggage*, *an accommodation*. We have to say what we want: e.g. a suitcase, a room.
Write:Put in any suitable word which means ‘one item’. 1 Are you giving away all this clothing/all these clothes? — No, I’m giving away a coat. 2 There’s a lot of laughter from next door. I just heard a very loud… 3 My luggage is getting old and worn. I really need a new… 4 There are a lot of people looking for work. I need a… myself. 5 I’m looking for accommodation. I’d like a… for the night.
2.4B Nouns not normally countable in English: ‘information’ [> LEG 2.14.1-2, 2.17, 2.30, App4]
1 A number of nouns, like information, are countable in many languages, but they are uncountable in English. This means we cannot:
— use a / an in front of them: I’d like some information,please. (Not *an information*)
Give them a plural: I’d like some information,please. (Not «(some) informations*) Other examples: advice, clothing, flu, furniture, hair, homework, housework, jewellery, lightning, luggage, meat, money, news, permission, progress, rubbish, scenery, shopping, soap, spaghetti, thunder, toast, traffic, weather.
2 News is plural in form, but takes a singular verb: The news is bad. (Not *the news are») Hair (that grows on the head) is singular: My hair is long. (Not *my hairs are*) We use hairs only for individual strands of hair. There are three hairs on my nose.
Write 1: Tick the words which normally have plurals in English. 1 advice__ 2 diamond v 3 meat_4 answer_ 5 jewellery_ 6 carrot_ 7 penny_ 8 story_ 9 scenery_ 10 money_ 11 news_ 12 shirt_
Write 2: Put in some, any, a, the, a lot of or ‘-‘.
1 I’d like some information, please. 2 The tree was struck by… lightning. 3 Is there… toast, please? 4 There’s… slice of toast left. 5 What’s… weather like today? 6 Can I have… potatoes, please? 7 I need… new clothing. 8 I’m tired. I’ve just done… shopping. 9 I’ve done… housework. 10 I’ve just received … letter from John. 11 Can you give me… description of it? 12 I’d like… tomatoes, please. 13 Would you like… spaghetti? 14 There was… traffic this morning. 15 John’s gone to bed with…. flu. 16 Have you made… progress with Chinese? 17 I’ve got… permission to park here. 18 Our teacher has given us… homework 19 There’s… rubbish in our garden. 20 I’m going to plant…. tree in the garden.
2.4C Partitives: ‘a piece of, etc. [> leg 2.18, App 5]
1 We use partitives to refer to:
— one item: a loaf of bread — a part of a whole: a slice of bread
— a collection of items: a packet of biscuits
2 The most common partitives are a piece of and (in everyday speech) a bit of. Can I have a piece of bread/a bit of bread/two pieces of bread, please?
3 There are partitives which go with some words but not with others. So we can say a slice of bread, a slice of cake, a slice of meat (but not *a slice of soap’). Partitives can be ‘containers’ (a tin of soup) or can refer to small amounts (a drop of rain).
Write: Match A and B: A: 1 I’d like some ice — a cube of ice 2 Have you got any chocolate?…3 Can I have some bread, please?… 4 We need some paper… 5 Buy me some soap, please… 6 Buy me some milk, please…. 7 We need some jam… 8 Have you got any matches?… 9 I’ve made some tea… 10 Buy some toothpaste… 11 Add a little water… 12 Add a little salt… 13 I’ve drunk a little tea… 14 Add a little soda… 15 I can see a little smoke…
В: a wisp of… a cube of… a splash of… a box of… a sip of… a tube of… a drop of… a bar of… a slice of… a pinch of… a sheet of… a jar of… a bar of…. a bottle of… a pot of…
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