Is there a word informations

Anonymous

Guest

• #1

Is there the word «informations«???

Red5

Webmaster, UsingEnglish.com

• #2

Vivian said:

Is there the word «informations«???

Although the philosopher Francis Bacon referred to ‘immediate informations of the sense’, common usage always employs the collective plural form ‘information’.

The word informations is almost never used, and is regarded as incorrect.

I hope this helps — if you have any further questions, please feel free to ask them here.

Regards,

• #3

infromations

I agree with Red. «Information» is an uncountable noun. It is normally not pluralized and is not used with an indefinite article.

Tdol

Editor, UsingEnglish.com

• #4

Vivian said:

Is there the word «informations«???

There is no plural in contemporary English. The only example I have found in a search of databses was from the writer Jonathan Swift, who lived a few hundred years ago and died mad.

ozron1

Guest

• #5

Re: infromations

MikeNewYork said:

I agree with Red. «Information» is an uncountable noun. It is normally not pluralized and is not used with an indefinite article.

Will general misuse transform ‘data’ into an uncountable noun while ‘datum’ slips through the floorboards?

• #6

datum/data

Ozron wrote:

[/quote]Will general misuse transform ‘data’ into an uncountable noun while ‘datum’ slips through the floorboards?

That’s a great question. I think that is already happening. Scientists still use data as a plural noun. They are focused on data as a series of observations, values, figures, etc. You will hear «These data are very convincing.» Others, particularly those in the computer and other information fields, use data as a singular mass noun. In those areas, data refers to a mass of information.

Tdol

Editor, UsingEnglish.com

• #7

I think data already has slipped through, except in certain areas such as science.

• #8

That’s a great question. I think that is already happening. Scientists still use data as a plural noun. They are focused on data as a series of observations, values, figures, etc. You will hear «These data are very convincing.» Others, particularly those in the computer and other information fields, use data as a singular mass noun. In those areas, data refers to a mass of information.

I hope i didn’t misunderstood the meaning of the message (I’m not an expert liguist), but both the words,datum and data, are latin words and, precisely. datum is the singular and data the plural. I belive they should be used as the original manners

• #9

I was just telling my class before coming back home that if they wish to pluralize the information they should say PIECES or BITS of information…the same goes for EQUIPMENT (commonly pluralized in other languages), LUGGAGE/BAGGAGE,BREAD, ADVICE etc…

• #10

Hello. First-time poster. Pleased to be here.

I have a question about the usage of «information» in the following:

1) This information is correct.
2) That information is correct.
3) These information is correct.
4) Those information is correct.

I was told that 1 & 2 are the only correct ways to talk about «information» — as well as other mass nouns, such as «furniture» and «data.»

When I asked my friends why 3 & 4 were incorrect, they just said that it «sounds wrong.»

«These/those data…» also sounded incorrrect to them. They feel that since «information» and «data» are already plural, they just need either «this» or «that.»

Are they right? I am very adamant about thinking that «These/Those information…» is grammatically correct.

• #11

«These/those data…» also sounded incorrrect to them. They feel that since «information» and «data» are already plural, they just need either «this» or «that.»
Are they right? I am very adamant about thinking that «These/Those information…» is grammatically correct.

Hi wcoronel
.
«These/Those information…» is wrong. The word information is always grammatically

singular

.
You can only use these and those with plural nouns.
.
The word data can be used as both a singular and a plural noun. I’d say data is probably treated more often as a mass (singular) noun than as a plural noun.
.

• #12

Philly, thank you for the specific info on the nature of «information.» I was very stubborn with my friends in not comprehending why «These/Those information are…» (oops, I forgot to put «are» in my previous posts — plus I mistakenly put «is») is wrong.

This is going to be a difficult habit to break. I have always been saying «These/Those information are…» and I was wondering if there are other words that can’t be prefaced with «These/Those ___ are…»?

• #13

Philly, thank you for the specific info on the nature of «information.» I was very stubborn with my friends in not comprehending why «These/Those information are…» (oops, I forgot to put «are» in my previous posts — plus I mistakenly put «is») is wrong.

This is going to be a difficult habit to break. I have always been saying «These/Those information are…» and I was wondering if there are other words that can’t be prefaced with «These/Those ___ are…»?

No singular noun can fit in These/Those ___ are…
Only plural nouns can go there.
For singular nouns use. This/that ____ is….
That includes «information».

• #14

In law, the word «information» is an official document containing a criminal charge presented, usually by the prosecuting officers of the state, without the interposition of a grand jury. This use of the word may be pluralized.

• #15

Certain uncountable nouns can be both singular and plural,

some

with different meanings.
For example: rain, sugar, experience.
His experiences from his travels are something unforgettable.

Collective nouns can be both singular or plural, depending on whether we are referring to the group or its members.
Our team is the best in the country.
Our team are putting on their best boots.

• #16

Philly, thank you for the specific info on the nature of «information.» I was very stubborn with my friends in not comprehending why «These/Those information are…» (oops, I forgot to put «are» in my previous posts — plus I mistakenly put «is») is wrong.

This is going to be a difficult habit to break. I have always been saying «These/Those information are…» and I was wondering if there are other words that can’t be prefaced with «These/Those ___ are…»?

If the information is not homogeneous then you may want to use «these» and «those» to separate the information. The way to do that was suggested earlier and that was to use «bits» or «pieces» of information

These bits of information go to John, while those pieces of information should be sent to Jim.

Of course you could use «this and that» information instead.

From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The word «information» is used in many different ways. Originally, it comes from a word that meant to give a form to something. Information is something that people can learn, know about, or understand. For example, a newspaper contains information about the world. This article contains information about «Information».

Information in computer science[change | change source]

People who use computers often use the words information and data in the same way. There are special fields of study called «information science», «information technology» (IT), and data science.

In the 1970s and 1980s, some people gave a new, specific meaning to «information». At that time, the first computer databases were built. In computer science, data often means a kind of information that has not been checked. That means data has not been changed or fixed, and you may not be able to trust it. With the new meaning, information means data that has been checked and passed tests for what it must be. A person can trust that «information» is correct.

Information can only be correct and good enough to trust if there are very good and complete ways to check the data (data checking, validation or verification) and decide it is good enough (acceptance process). A person must know rules were used to check the data or trust the person who checked the data. If a person cannot tell that this was done, the information still seems to be data for that person, so that person must check the data again, in that general view about data.

The Information Age is a historic period.

Other websites[change | change source]

Too much information!

Не желаю этого знать! Хватит грузить! Короче!

I need more information.

Мне нужно знать больше.

I warrant this information.

Я подтверждаю эту информацию.

He is a mine of information.

Он ходячая энциклопедия.

He hived lots of information

У него была припасена целая куча сведений.

Information was sluicing in.

Информация тем не менее просачивалась.

She was a well of information.

Она была кладезем информации.

ещё 23 примера свернуть

Information occasion;  

Establish tourist information bureaus at:  

There was a lot of information to assimilate at school.  

They gave information to the police, and informed the lady.  

The log is located in the CIM (Common Information Model) repository.  

Для того чтобы добавить вариант перевода, кликните по иконке ☰, напротив примера.

Information as a concept has a diversity of meanings, from everyday usage to technical settings. Generally speaking, the concept of information is closely related to notions of constraint, communication, control, data, form, instruction, knowledge, meaning, mental stimulus, pattern, perception, and representation.

Many people speak about the Information Age as the advent of the Knowledge Age Fact|date=February 2007weasel word|date=June 2007 or knowledge society, the information society, the Information revolution, and information technologies, and even though informatics, information science and computer science are often in the spotlight, the word «information» is often used without careful consideration of the various meanings it has acquired.

Etymology

According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the earliest historical meaning of the word «information» in English was the act of «informing», or giving form or shape to the mind, as in education, instruction, or training. A quote from 1387: «Five books come down from heaven for information of mankind.» It was also used for an «item» of training, «e.g.» a particular instruction. «Melibee had heard the great skills and reasons of Dame Prudence, and her wise information and techniques.» (1386)

The English word was apparently derived by adding the common «noun of action» ending «-ation» (descended through French from Latin «-tio») to the earlier verb «to inform», in the sense of to give form to the mind, to discipline, instruct, teach: «Men so wise should go and inform their kings.» (1330) «Inform» itself comes (via French) from the Latin verb «informare», to give form to, to form an idea of. Furthermore, Latin itself already even contained the word «informatio» meaning concept or idea, but the extent to which this may have influenced the development of the word «information» in English is unclear.

As a final note, the ancient Greek word for «form» was «είδος» eidos, and this word was famously used in a technical philosophical sense by Plato (and later Aristotle) to denote the ideal identity or essence of something (see Theory of forms). «Eidos» can also be associated with thought, proposition or even concept.

Information as a message

Information is the state of a system of interest. Message is the information materialized.

Information is a quality of a message from a sender to one or more receivers. Information is always «about» something (size of a parameter, occurrence of an event, etc). Viewed in this manner, information does not have to be accurate; it may be a truth or a lie, or just the sound of a falling tree. Even a disruptive noise used to inhibit the flow of communication and create misunderstanding would in this view be a form of information. However, generally speaking, if the «amount» of information in the received message increases, the message is more accurate.

This model assumes there is a definite sender and at least one receiver. Many refinements of the model assume the existence of a common language understood by the sender and at least one of the receivers. An important variation identifies information as that which would be communicated by a message if it were sent from a sender to a receiver capable of understanding the message. In another variation, it is not required that the sender be capable of understanding the message, or even cognizant that there is a message, making information something that can be extracted from an environment, e.g., through observation, reading or measurement.

Information is a term with many meanings depending on context, but is as a rule closely related to such concepts as meaning, knowledge, instruction, communication, representation, and mental stimulus. Simply stated, information is a message received and understood. In terms of data, it can be defined as a collection of facts from which conclusions may be drawn. There are many other aspects of information since it is the knowledge acquired through study or experience or instruction. But overall, information is the result of processing, manipulating and organizing data in a way that adds to the knowledge of the person receiving it.

Communication theory provides a numerical measure of the uncertainty of an outcome. For example, we can say that «the signal contained thousands of bits of information». Communication theory tends to use the concept of information entropy, generally attributed to C.E. Shannon (see below).

Another form of information is Fisher information, a concept of R.A. Fisher. This is used in application of statistics to estimation theory and to science in general. Fisher information is thought of as the amount of information that a message carries about an unobservable parameter. It can be computed from knowledge of the likelihood function defining the system. For example, with a normal likelihood function, the Fisher information is the reciprocal of the variance of the law. In the absence of knowledge of the likelihood law, the Fisher information may be computed from normally distributed score data as the reciprocal of their second moment.

Even though information and data are often used interchangeably, they are actually very different. Data is a set of unrelated information, and as such is of no use until it is properly evaluated. Upon evaluation, once there is some significant relation between data, and they show some relevance, then they are converted into information. Now this same data can be used for different purposes. Thus, till the data convey some information, they are not useful.

Measuring information entropy

The view of information as a message came into prominence with the publication in 1948 of an influential paper by Claude Shannon, «A Mathematical Theory of Communication.» This paper provides the foundations of information theory and endows the word «information» not only with a technical meaning but also a measure. If the sending device is equally likely to send any one of a set of N messages, then the preferred measure of «the information produced when one message is chosen from the set» is the base two logarithm of N (This measure is called «self-information»). In this paper, Shannon continues:

A complementary way of measuring information is provided by algorithmic information theory. In brief, this measures the information content of a list of symbols based on how predictable they are, or more specifically how easy it is to compute the list through a program: the information content of a sequence is the number of bits of the shortest program that computes it. The sequence below would have a very low algorithmic information measurement since it is a very predictable pattern, and as the pattern continues the measurement would not change. Shannon information would give the same information measurement for each symbol, since they are statistically random, and each new symbol would increase the measurement.:123456789101112131415161718192021

It is important to recognize the limitations of traditional information theory and algorithmic information theory from the perspective of human meaning. For example, when referring to the meaning content of a message Shannon noted “Frequently the messages have «meaning…» these semantic aspects of communication are irrelevant to the engineering problem. The significant aspect is that the actual message is one selected «from a set of possible messages»” (emphasis in original).

In information theory signals are part of a process, not a substance; they do something, they do not contain any specific meaning. Combining algorithmic information theory and information theory we can conclude that the most random signal contains the most information as it can be interpreted in any way and cannot be compressed.Fact|date=August 2007

Michael Reddy noted that «‘signals’ of the mathematical theory are ‘patterns that can be exchanged’. There is no message contained in the signal, the signals convey the ability to select from a set of possible messages.» In information theory «the system must be designed to operate for each possible selection, not just the one which will actually be chosen since this is unknown at the time of design».

Information as a pattern

Information is any represented pattern. This view assumes neither accuracy nor directly communicating parties, but instead assumes a separation between an object and its representation. Consider the following example: economic statistics represent an economy, however inaccurately. What are commonly referred to as data in computing, statistics, and other fields, are forms of information in this sense. The electro-magnetic patterns in a computer network and connected devices are related to something other than the pattern itself, such as text characters to be displayed and keyboard input. Signals, signs, and symbols are also in this category. On the other hand, according to semiotics, data is symbols with certain syntax and information is data with a certain semantic. Painting and drawing contain information to the extent that they represent something such as an assortment of objects on a table, a profile, or a landscape. In other words, when a pattern of something is transposed to a pattern of something else, the latter is information. This would be the case whether or not there was anyone to perceive it.

But if information can be defined merely as a pattern, does that mean that neither utility nor meaning are necessary components of information? Arguably a distinction must be made between raw unprocessed data and information which possesses utility, value or some quantum of meaning. On this view, information may indeed be characterized as a pattern; but this is a necessary condition, not a sufficient one.

An individual entry in a telephone book, which follows a specific pattern formed by name, address and telephone number, does not become «informative» in some sense unless and until it possesses some degree of utility, value or meaning. For example, someone might look up a girlfriend’s number, might order a take away etc. The vast majority of numbers will never be construed as «information» in any meaningful sense. The gap between data and information is only closed by a behavioral bridge whereby some value, utility or meaning is added to transform mere data or pattern into information.

When one constructs a representation of an object, one can selectively extract from the object (sampling) or use a system of signs to replace (encoding), or both. The sampling and encoding result in representation. An example of the former is a «sample» of a product; an example of the latter is «verbal description» of a product. Both contain information of the product, however inaccurate. When one interprets representation, one can predict a broader pattern from a limited number of observations (inference) or understand the relation between patterns of two different things (decoding). One example of the former is to sip a soup to know if it is spoiled; an example of the latter is examining footprints to determine the animal and its condition. In both cases, information sources are not constructed or presented by some «sender» of information. Regardless, information is dependent upon, but usually unrelated to and separate from, the medium or media used to express it. In other words, the position of a theoretical series of bits, or even the output once interpreted by a computer or similar device, is unimportant, except when someone or something is present to interpret the information. Therefore, a quantity of information is totally distinct from its medium.

Information as sensory input

Often information is viewed as a type of input to an organism or designed device. Inputs are of two kinds. Some inputs are important to the function of the organism (for example, food) or device (energy) by themselves. In his book «Sensory Ecology,» Dusenbery called these causal inputs. Other inputs (information) are important only because they are associated with causal inputs and can be used to predict the occurrence of a causal input at a later time (and perhaps another place). Some information is important because of association with other information but eventually there must be a connection to a causal input. In practice, information is usually carried by weak stimuli that must be detected by specialized sensory systems and amplified by energy inputs before they can be functional to the organism or device. For example, light is often a causal input to plants but provides information to animals. The colored light reflected from a flower is too weak to do much photosynthetic work but the visual system of the bee detects it and the bee’s nervous system uses the information to guide the bee to the flower, where the bee often finds nectar or pollen, which are causal inputs, serving a nutritional function.

Information is any type of sensory input. When an organism with a nervous system receives an input, it transforms the input into an electrical signal. This is regarded information by some. The idea of representation is still relevant, but in a slightly different manner. That is, while abstract painting does not represent anything concretely, when the viewer sees the painting, it is nevertheless transformed into electrical signals that create a representation of the painting. Defined this way, information does not have to be related to truth, communication, or representation of an object. Entertainment in general is not intended to be informative. Music, the performing arts, amusement parks, works of fiction and so on are thus forms of information in this sense, but they are not necessarily forms of information according to some definitions given above. Consider another example: food supplies both nutrition and taste for those who eat it. If information is equated to sensory input, then nutrition is not information but taste is.

Information as an influence which leads to a transformation

Information is any type of pattern that influences the formation or transformation of other patterns. In this sense, there is no need for a conscious mind to perceive, much less appreciate, the pattern. Consider, for example, DNA. The sequence of nucleotides is a pattern that influences the formation and development of an organism without any need for a conscious mind. Systems theory at times seems to refer to information in this sense, assuming information does not necessarily involve any conscious mind, and patterns circulating (due to feedback) in the system can be called information. In other words, it can be said that information in this sense is something potentially perceived as representation, though not created or presented for that purpose.

When Marshall McLuhan speaks of media and their effects on human cultures, he refers to the structure of artifacts that in turn shape our behaviors and mindsets. Also, pheromones are often said to be «information» in this sense.

(See also Gregory Bateson.)

Information as a property in physics

In 2003, J. D. Bekenstein claimed there is a growing trend in physics to define the physical world as being made of information itself (and thus information is defined in this way). Information has a well defined meaning in physics. Examples of this include the phenomenon of quantum entanglement where particles can interact without reference to their separation or the speed of light. Information itself cannot travel faster than light even if the information is transmitted indirectly. This could lead to the fact that all attempts at physically observing a particle with an «entangled» relationship to another are slowed down, even though the particles are not connected in any other way other than by the information they carry.

Another link is demonstrated by the Maxwell’s demon thought experiment. In this experiment, a direct relationship between information and another physical property, entropy, is demonstrated. A consequence is that it is impossible to destroy information without increasing the entropy of a system; in practical terms this often means generating heat. Another, more philosophical, outcome is that information could be thought of as interchangeable with energy. Thus, in the study of logic gates, the theoretical lower bound of thermal energy released by an «AND gate» is higher than for the «NOT gate» (because information is destroyed in an «AND gate» and simply converted in a «NOT gate»). Physical information is of particular importance in the theory of quantum computers.

Information as records

Records are a specialized form of information. Essentially, records are information produced consciously or as by-products of business activities or transactions and retained because of their value. Primarily their value is as evidence of the activities of the organization but they may also be retained for their informational value. Sound records management ensures that the integrity of records is preserved for as long as they are required.

The international standard on records management, ISO 15489, defines records as «information created, received, and maintained as evidence and information by an organization or person, in pursuance of legal obligations or in the transaction of business». The International Committee on Archives (ICA) Committee on electronic records defined a record as, «a specific piece of recorded information generated, collected or received in the initiation, conduct or completion of an activity and that comprises sufficient content, context and structure to provide proof or evidence of that activity».

Records may be retained because of their business value, as part of the corporate memory of the organization or to meet legal, fiscal or accountability requirements imposed on the organization. Willis (2005) expressed the view that sound management of business records and information delivered «…six key requirements for good corporate governance…transparency; accountability; due process; compliance; meeting statutory and common law requirements; and security of personal and corporate information.»

Information and semiotics

Beynon-Davies [Beynon-Davies P. (2002). Information Systems: an introduction to informatics in Organisations. Palgrave, Basingstoke, UK. ISBN: 0-333-96390-3] explains the multi-faceted concept of information in terms of that of signs and sign-systems. Signs themselves can be considered in terms of four inter-dependent levels, layers or branches of semiotics: pragmatics, semantics, syntactics and empirics. These four layers serve to connect the social world on the one hand with the physical or technical world on the other.

Pragmatics is concerned with the purpose of communication. Pragmatics links the issue of signs with that of intention. The focus of pragmatics is on the intentions of human agents underlying communicative behaviour. In other words, intentions link language to action.

Semantics is concerned with the meaning of a message conveyed in a communicative act. Semantics considers the content of communication. Semantics is the study of the meaning of signs — the association between signs and behaviour. Semantics can be considered as the study of the link between symbols and their referents or concepts; particularly the way in which signs relate to human behaviour.

Syntactics is concerned with the formalism used to represent a message. Syntactics as an area studies the form of communication in terms of the logic and grammar of sign systems. Syntactics is devoted to the study of the form rather than the content of signs and sign-systems.

Empirics is the study of the signals used to carry a message; the physical characteristics of the medium of communication. Empirics is devoted to the study of communication channels and their characteristics, e.g., sound, light, electronic transmission etc.

Communication normally exists within the context of some social situation. The social situation sets the context for the intentions conveyed (pragmatics) and the form in which communication takes place. In a communicative situation intentions are expressed through messages which comprise collections of inter-related signs taken from a language which is mutually understood by the agents involved in the communication. Mutual understanding implies that agents involved understand the chosen language in terms of its agreed syntax (syntactics) and semantics. The sender codes the message in the language and sends the message as signals along some communication channel (empirics). The chosen communication channel will have inherent properties which determine outcomes such as the speed with which communication can take place and over what distance.

References

Further reading

* Alan Liu (2004). «The Laws of Cool: Knowledge Work and the Culture of Information», University of Chicago Press
* Bekenstein, Jacob D. (2003, August). Information in the holographic universe. «Scientific American».
* Luciano Floridi, (2005). ‘Is Information Meaningful Data?’, «Philosophy and Phenomenological Research», 70 (2), pp. 351 — 370. Available online at [http://www.wolfson.ox.ac.uk/~floridi/pdf/iimd.pdf Oxford University]
* Luciano Floridi, (2005). ‘Semantic Conceptions of Information’, «The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy» (Winter 2005 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.). Available online at [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/information-semantic/ Stanford University]

See also

* Informatics
* Information architecture
* Information broker
* Information communication technology
* Information entropy
* Information geometry
* Information highway
* Information ladder
* Information mapping
* Information overload
* Information processing
* Information processor
* Information revolution
* Information sensitivity
* Information science
* Information system
* Information technology
* Information theory
* Infosphere
* Accuracy
* Abstraction
* Algorithmic information theory
* Classified information
* Complexity
** Complex system
** Complex adaptive system
* Cybernetics
* Exformation
* Fisher information
* Free Information Infrastructure
* Freedom of information
* Infornography
* Library and Information Science
* Medium
* Metadata
* Observation
* Philosophy of information
* Physical information
* Prediction
* Propaganda model
* Relevance
* Receiver operating characteristic
* Satisficing
* Shannon–Hartley theorem
** Claude Shannon
** Ralph Hartley
* Systems theory

External links

* [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/information-semantic/ Semantic Conceptions of Information] Review by Luciano Floridi for the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
* [http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/ASC/NEGENTROPY.html Principia Cybernetica entry on negentropy]
* [http://www.optics.arizona.edu/Frieden/Fisher_Information.htm Fisher Information, a New Paradigm for Science: Introduction, Uncertainty principles, Wave equations, Ideas of Escher, Kant, Plato and Wheeler.] This essay is continually revised in the light of ongoing research.
* [http://www2.sims.berkeley.edu/research/projects/how-much-info-2003/index.htm How Much Information? 2003] an attempt to estimate how much new information is created each year (study was produced by faculty and students at the School of Information Management and Systems at the University of California at Berkeley.)

Since uncountable nouns are singular, they also require singular verbs. If you’re ever trying to decide whether to write the information is or the information are, remember that information is an uncountable noun and therefore needs is.

What is the plural of the word information?

Information is an uncountable noun meaning ‘facts about someone or something’. We do not use information in the plural form and we do not use it with a/an. We use piece or pieces to make information countable: I found a lot of information about Ecuador on the Internet.

Which is correct information or informations?

You can say “information” or “some information,” but never “informations.” “Information” is what is sometimes called a “collective noun.” It is understood to be plural already, so we don’t add an -s. [This true in English.

Does information have s?

In native-speaker norms, information is a non-count noun, so the convention is that information is both singular and plural. However, it is very common for English as lingua franca (ELF) users to add an ‘s’.

Can I say information are?

“Information” is uncountable, so you cannot use it in the plural. All information is correct. is = singular are = plural It’s that easy!

Can we say these information?

In English, “information” is an uncountable noun. “These” is used with plural nouns, so “these information” is incorrect. Use “this information” instead.

What is the word these in grammar?

This and these are demonstratives, which means they indicate a specific noun in a sentence. The two words are similar because they refer to nouns that are near in space and time. This is used with singular or uncountable nouns (i.e. this egg or this music). These refers to plural nouns (i.e. these cookies).

What is another word for information?

What is another word for information?

facts	data
figures	knowledge
details	evidence
findings	insight
intelligence	material

What is the meaning of information?

1a(1) : knowledge obtained from investigation, study, or instruction. (2) : intelligence, news. (3) : facts, data.

What is information in your own words?

The definition of information is news or knowledge received or given. An example of information is what’s given to someone who asks for background about something. Data are discretely defined fields. Text is a collection of words.

Why do we need information in life?

Information is important in everyone’s lives because without information, we would not be able to develop our knowledge on the world. People use tools and sources such as books, the internet, spoken word, communication with others, and the world around us to find information.

What are the types of information?

Understanding Different Types of Information

• Books and Ebooks. Provide broad, foundational coverage of a topic, usually with an in-depth analysis.
• Reference Sources, Encyclopedias, and Handbooks. Offer introductory overviews.
• Scholarly Peer-Reviewed Journals.
• Popular Magazines.
• Newspapers.
• Video databases.
• Websites.

What are the 10 types of information?

In this Section

• Books.
• Encyclopedias.
• Magazines.
• Databases.
• Newspapers.
• Library Catalog.
• Internet.

What are the five types of information?

An information system is essentially made up of five components hardware, software, database, network and people. These five components integrate to perform input, process, output, feedback and control. Hardware consists of input/output device, processor, operating system and media devices.

What is information and its type?

Definition of Information. “Information is an assemblage of data in a comprehensible form capable of communication. This may range from content in any format – written or printed on paper, stored in electronic databases, collected on the Internet etc.

What are the five parts of an information system?

Information systems can be viewed as having five major components: hardware, software, data, people, and processes.

What are the six components of information system?

Components of the information system are as follows:

• Computer Hardware: Physical equipment used for input, output and processing.
• Computer Software: The programs/ application program used to control and coordinate the hardware components.
• Databases:
• Network:
• Human Resources:

What are the 3 components of information systems?

As discussed before, the first three components of information systems – hardware, software, and data – all fall under the category of technology.

What are the three information system types?

Three main categories of information systems serve different organizational levels: operational-level systems, management-level systems, and strategic-level systems.

What are the 3 components of information security?

The CIA triad refers to an information security model made up of the three main components: confidentiality, integrity and availability.

What are the main goals of information security?

Three primary goals of information security are preventing the loss of availability, the loss of integrity, and the loss of confidentiality for systems and data.

What are the five goals of information security?

Primary Goals of Network Security – Confidentiality, Integrity and Availability

• • Confidentiality.
• • Integrity.
• • Availability.
• Integrity: The second goal of Network Security is “Integrity”.
• Availability: The third goal of network security is “Availability”.

What are the five pillars of information security?

When establishing a system for information security, that foundation needs to set on five crucial risk management practices or pillars: protection, detection, reaction, documentation and prevention.

What are the 5 pillars of cyberwarfare?

She’ll be your mnemonic for the five Pillars of Cyber Security!

• C. Confidentiality.
• I. Integrity.
• A. Availability.
• N. Non-repudiation.
• A. Authentication.

What pillar means?

1a : a firm upright support for a superstructure : post entry 1. b : a usually ornamental column or shaft especially : one standing alone for a monument. 2a : a supporting, integral, or upstanding member or part a pillar of society. b : a fundamental precept the five pillars of Islam.

What is the difference between cybersecurity and information assurance?

Cybersecurity is a relatively new field while information assurance is a more established discipline with a broader focus to include the protection of digital and non-digital information assets, such as hard copy records.

Can I say all information?

How do you describe information?

Information is stimuli that has meaning in some context for its receiver. When information is entered into and stored in a computer, it is generally referred to as data. After processing — such as formatting and printing — output data can again be perceived as information.

How do you say useful information?

We say “It’s useful information”. This is because “information” is a “mass noun” (not a “count noun”). Mass nouns are most often used in the singular.

What is another word for very helpful?

SYNONYMS FOR helpful useful, convenient; beneficial, advantageous.

What is another word for important?

What is another word for important?

crucial	essential
critical	pivotal
urgent	vital
paramount	imperative
invaluable	best

What is another word for helpful?

• advantageous,
• benefic,
• beneficent,
• beneficial,
• benignant,
• favorable,
• friendly,
• good,

How do you say something will be beneficial?

beneficial

1. advantageous,
2. benefic,
3. beneficent,
4. benignant,
5. favorable,
6. friendly,
7. good,
8. helpful,

How do you say helpful person?

1. accommodating. adjective. helpful and easy to work with.
2. attentive. adjective. behaving in a way that shows you care about someone and are willing to help them.
3. avuncular. adjective.
4. beneficent. adjective.
5. benevolent. adjective.
6. neighbourly. adjective.
7. noble. adjective.
8. public-spirited. adjective.

How do you describe a kind hearted person?

If you describe someone as kind-hearted, you mean that they are kind, caring, and generous. He was a warm, generous and kind-hearted man.

What do you call someone that is kind?

mensch. noun. Americanspoken someone who is good, kind, and generous.

How do you say someone is good with words?

Synonyms & Antonyms of well-spoken

1. articulate,
2. eloquent,
3. fluent,
4. silver-tongued.

What causes poor vocabulary?

There were some factors that caused students’ difficulties in learning vocabulary (1) the written form is different from the spoken form in English, (2) The number of words that students need to learn is exceedingly large, (3) the limitations of sources of information about words, (4) The complexity of word knowledge.

How do you say good message?

Synonyms for Good message

1. nice message. n.
2. moral message. n.
3. good tidings. n.
4. agreeable message. n.
5. christian message. n.
6. excellent news. n.
7. friendly message. n.
8. good information. n.

When people say your well spoken?

The definition of well spoken is someone who communicates easily, correctly and eloquently. An example of a well spoken person is an English professor.

Can you say someone is well spoken?

adjective. speaking well, fittingly, or pleasingly: The new chairwoman was very well-spoken.

How can you tell if someone is well spoken?

A “well Spoken” person will have a good vocabulary, will use fairly formal grammar and have a clear speaking voice with a well modulated pitch. They won’t speak too fast, or too slowly. They won’t mumble. It is pleasant to listen to them speak, even if you disagree with what they say.

What is a well spoken person mean?

A well-spoken person speaks in a polite correct way and with an accent which is considered socially acceptable. I remember her as a quiet, hard-working and well-spoken girl. Synonyms: articulate, refined, polite, nicely spoken More Synonyms of well-spoken.

What is it called when someone is a good speaker?

orator Add to list Share. A person giving a speech is called an orator, like the gifted orator who raised excellent points, making everyone in the audience want to join his revolution. However, orator often implies that the speaker is particularly gifted.

What is the meaning of well said?

well said! spoken used to say that you agree with what someone has just said, or that you admire them for saying it → well.

What is a spoken person?

Someone who is soft-spoken has a quiet , gentle voice. A well-spoken person speaks in a polite correct way and with an accent which is considered socially acceptable.

How can I speak more intelligently?

1. 9 Speaking Habits That Make You Sound Smarter.
2. Stand or sit with spine straight but relaxed.
3. Keep your chin up.
4. Focus on your listeners.
5. Speak loudly enough to be heard.
6. Buttress words with appropriate gestures.
7. Strategically position your body.
8. Use vivid words that everyone understands.

Tip: See my list of the Most Common Mistakes in English. It will teach you how to avoid mis­takes with com­mas, pre­pos­i­tions, ir­reg­u­lar verbs, and much more.

The word “information” is an uncountable noun (also called mass noun) in English, just like “smoke” or “rice”. This means that it is treated as a certain kind of “substance” or “matter”, not as an object.

As a result, it does not make sense to say “an information”. You should say, for example:

correct That’s interesting information.

wrong That’s an interesting information.

If you want to stress that you talk about a specific “unit” of information, you can use the word “piece” (just like you would use the word “cup” for rice):

correct This piece of information is very helpful.

Since it’s uncountable, “information” does not have a plural form and is combined with “little” and “much” rather than “few” and “many”:

correct I have little information about the subject.

wrong I have few informations about the subject.

correct How much information has been lost?

wrong How many informations have been lost?

When you want to express that you have a small amount of information, the most natural way is to use “some information”. Saying “a little information” is possible but much less common:

correct I’ve found some information about him.

possible I’ve found a little information about him.

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Data vs. Information — Differences in Meaning

«The numbers have no way of speaking for themselves. We speak for them. We imbue them with meaning.» —Statistician Nate Silver in the book The Signal and the Noise

Data are simply facts or figures — bits of information, but not information itself. When data are processed, interpreted, organized, structured or presented so as to make them meaningful or useful, they are called information. Information provides context for data.

For example, a list of dates — data — is meaningless without the information that makes the dates relevant (dates of holiday).

«Data» and «information» are intricately tied together, whether one is recognizing them as two separate words or using them interchangeably, as is common today. Whether they are used interchangeably depends somewhat on the usage of «data» — its context and grammar.

Examples of Data and Information

• The history of temperature readings all over the world for the past 100 years is data. If this data is organized and analyzed to find that global temperature is rising, then that is information.

• The number of visitors to a website by country is an example of data. Finding out that traffic from the U.S. is increasing while that from Australia is decreasing is meaningful information.

• Often data is required to back up a claim or conclusion (information) derived or deduced from it. For example, before a drug is approved by the FDA, the manufacturer must conduct clinical trials and present a lot of data to demonstrate that the drug is safe.

«Misleading» Data

Because data needs to be interpreted and analyzed, it is quite possible — indeed, very probable — that it will be interpreted incorrectly. When this leads to erroneous conclusions, it is said that the data are misleading. Often this is the result of incomplete data or a lack of context. For example, your investment in a mutual fund may be up by 5% and you may conclude that the fund managers are doing a great job. However, this could be misleading if the major stock market indices are up by 12%. In this case, the fund has underperformed the market significantly.

Video Explaining the Differences

Etymology

«Data» comes from a singular Latin word, datum, which originally meant «something given.» Its early usage dates back to the 1600s. Over time «data» has become the plural of datum.

«Information» is an older word that dates back to the 1300s and has Old French and Middle English origins. It has always referred to «the act of informing,» usually in regard to education, instruction, or other knowledge communication.

Grammar and Usage

While «information» is a mass or uncountable noun that takes a singular verb, «data» is technically a plural noun that deserves a plural verb (e.g., The data are ready.). The singular form of «data» is datum — meaning «one fact» — a word which has mostly fallen out of common use but is still widely recognized by many style guides (e.g., The datum proves her point.).

In common usage that is less likely to recognize datum, «data» has become a mass noun in many cases and takes on a singular verb (e.g., The data is ready.). When this happens, it is very easy for «data» and «information» to be used interchangeably (e.g., The information is ready.).

References

• Data — definition and examples on Wiktionary.org
• Information — Wiktionary.org