Is there a word begun

She has begun divorce proceedings. 

Она начала бракоразводный процесс.

I had just begun eating when the phone rang. 

Я только-только начал есть, когда зазвонил телефон.

People have begun to doubt his sanity. 

Люди начали сомневаться в его здравомыслии.

The market has begun to cut rates again. 

Цены на рынке снова начали падать.

By the end of the meeting we had begun to flag. 

К концу встречи мы начали махать флажками.

The people at Control have already begun to count down. 

В Центре управления уже начали обратный отсчет.

Spring must have begun at last, the young leaves are peeping out. 

Должно быть, наконец началась весна, появляются молодые листочки.

ещё 23 примера свернуть

The metal had begun to rust.  

The wood on the deck has begun to rot.  

The new tobacco taxes have begun to bite.  

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WordReference English-Russian Dictionary © 2023:

Главные переводы
английский		русский
begin⇒ vtr	(start an activity)	начинать несов + вин
		начать сов + вин
	(кн.)	приниматься за несов + вин
		приступать к несов + предл + дат
	Liz begins her homework as soon as she gets home.
	Лиз принимается за домашние задания сразу же, как приходит домой.

‘begun‘ также найдено в этих статьях:

Русский:

begun — перевод на русский

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English[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

• IPA^(key): /bɪˈɡʌn/
• Rhymes: -ʌn

Verb[edit]

begun

1. past participle of begin
   • 1807, Edward Hyde (1st earl of Clarendon.), The history of the rebellion and civil wars in England, begun in the year 1641. 3 vols. [each in 2 pt.]., page 717

     … when he should take the sield, that city was persuaded to complete the regiment they had begun to form, under the command of a Colonel whom the King had recommended to them ; which they did raise to the number of a thousand men.

2. (obsolete or nonstandard) simple past tense of begin [17th–20th c.]
   • 1790 (see Amazing Grace)

     When we’ve been there ten thousand years,

     Bright shining as the sun,

     We’ve no less days to sing God’s praise,

     Than when we first begun.

Volapük[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

• IPA^(key): [beˈɡun]

Noun[edit]

begun (nominative plural beguns)

1. begonia

Declension[edit]

What is the difference between began and begun?

Misusing the words began and begun is one of the most common mishaps in English grammar. Sure, the words look and sound similar enough, but there’s a right and wrong way to use them in a sentence. 

The words began and begun are different forms of the irregular verb “to begin.” We use the verb “begin” for actions that ‘start,’ ‘initiate’ or ‘launch’ an activity or process. For example, 

“Dinner begins with an appetizer.” (present tense)
“We began dinner with an appetizer.” (simple past tense)
“We’ve begun to eat dinner.” (present perfect tense)

As shown above, we use “began” for the past tense and “begun” as the past participle for all perfect tenses. Additional verb forms include begins (plural present) and beginning (present continuous/progressive). 

”To begin” as an irregular verb…

There are several reasons why began and begun are commonly confused words, starting with the irregularities of the verb “begin.” Regular verbs consist of a simple past tense form with a present and past participle. Additionally, a regular verb’s simple past and past participle ends with -ed, such as “learned,” “passed,” or “separated.”

If “begin” were a regular verb, the past tense and past participle forms would look something like “begined”–– which is, clearly, not the case. Instead, the verb tense forms of begin look something like this:  

• Simple past tense: began
• Present tense: begin/begins
• Future tense: begin
• Progressive tense: beginning
• Perfect tenses: begun

Beginner vs. beginning?

Another reason why it’s easy to confuse began vs. begun: similar, yet different words that start with “begin.” Do the nouns “beginner” or “beginning” ring a bell? 

In addition to acting as the progressive tense form, the word “beginning” is also a noun. As explained by The American Heritage Dictionary, the noun “beginning” is ‘the time or place when something starts,’ ‘the earliest time of initiation,’ or ‘a source or cause.’ In this case, telling someone to “start at the beginning” is different from saying “something is beginning.” 

Likewise, the noun (or adjective) “beginner” describes someone or something deemed ‘entry-level,’ ‘new,’ or ‘just starting to learn something.’ For example, if you’re taking an ESL class, you might be a “beginner-English student.” Or, if you start a new exercise class, you could enroll in a “beginner’s course” to get started. 

What does begin mean?

The word begin is an irregular verb that means ‘to start,’ ‘arise,’ ‘perform,’ or ‘undergo the initial part of an action.’ Specific definitions and examples of “begin” include:

1. To initiate or ‘set about’ an activity or process. For example, 

“She began writing after work.” 
“Let’s begin with chapter 4.”
“The race begins at noon.”
“He’s in the beginning process of cleaning the garage.”
“They’ve already begun reading.” 

2. To arise or originate in existence. For example, 

“My life began in the early 90s.” 
“A new day begins whether you like it or not.” 

3. To establish or start an organization, process, or activity. For example, 

“The book club began with only three members.”
“The private school was begun by local chapter members.” 

Phrases with the verb begin:

As noted by Lexico, English speakers use the verb begin for several phrases, including: 

• “Begin/began to do something:” to start at an initial task, time, or place. 
• “Begin with:” to start with an initial element. 
• “Begin on/upon:” to start working or stating something. 
• “Begin at:” a minimum cost of something or to not have any likelihood of occurring. 
• “To begin with:” to start with something first. 

Synonyms

Actualize, appear, arise, commence, constitute, develop, embark, emerge, enter, establish, form, found, generate, inaugurate, initiate, innovate, institute, launch, materialize, open, originate, pioneer, start, surface, take-on, undertake.

Antonyms

Abolish, annihilate, annul, cease, close down, conclude, destroy, discontinue, end, expire, finish, halt, lay off, nullify, phrase out, shut up, stop, terminate, wrap up, quit.

Etymology of begin

According to The New Oxford American Dictionary, the word begin originated with Old English beginnan via early Germanic languages and is related to Dutch and German beginnen (“Begin” 150).

How to use began vs. begun in a sentence?

Now that we understand the definition and irregularities of the verb ‘to begin,’ it’s time to learn how to craft “began” and “begun” into a sentence. As a partial recap, let’s look at which verb tenses we use for all verb forms of begin. 

Begin:

• Present tense: begin/begins
• Future tense: will begin

Began:

• Simple past tense: began

Begun:

• Future perfect tense: will have begun
• Present perfect tense: have/has begun
• Past perfect tense: had begun

Beginning:

• Present continuous tense: am/are beginning
• Past continuous tense: was/were beginning
• Future continuous tense: will be beginning
• Present perfect continuous tense: have/has been beginning
• Past perfect continuous tense: had been beginning
• Future perfect continuous tense: have been beginning

When to use began vs. begun

As shown through prior verb lists, the only time we use “began” is for the simple past tense. For example, 

“I began reading Jane Austin novels.”
“He began every text message with an emoji.” 
“They began dancing and singing.” 

Meanwhile, the word “begun” only occurs for the past, present, and future perfect tenses. Example sentences include,

“By Friday, every resident will have begun the voting process.” (future perfect)
“The city has begun decorating for fall.” (present perfect)
“We had begun celebrating by then.” (past perfect) 

Writing tips for begun vs. began

The second lesson for using “begun” and “began” involves grammar and context:

Use “began” to reference a former title

If you’re looking to reference someone’s former or initial role, “began” is the best word choice. For example: 

• Correct: “She began as the assistant.”
• Incorrect: “She begun as the assistant.” 

Using “began” with inanimate subjects?

If you use “began” with an inanimate object or thing, the verb may imply that something originated or materialized into existence. For example, 

“Crater Lake began as a natural disaster.” 
“The post office began their deliveries at 5 a.m.” 
“The floor began to shake.” 

Only use “to” before “begin”

Whenever you read the word “to” before a verb, that’s because it’s written in the infinitive form (e.g., ‘to begin’). The infinitive form of a verb only contains the root word, so it’s incorrect to use other tense forms. 

• Use: “to begin.”
• Don’t use: “to began,” “to begun,” “to beginning,” etc. 

One last note: If you choose to use the infinitive phrase, beware of using “with” afterward. According to Garner’s Modern English Usage, “to begin” is an introductory phrase that we use to enumerate a reason. Therefore, writing the phrase “to begin with” can imply a chronological order, whether it’s intended or not (Garner 102). 

To illustrate, compare the implied meaning of each example sentence: 

• “We are going to begin with reading.” vs. “We are going to begin reading.” 
• “She’s to begin with Spanish 101.” vs. “She’s to begin Spanish 101.” 

Can you tell the difference? The examples above all convey a command, but using “with” appears more demanding because it implies a negated option. Let’s look at one more:

• “I don’t know what to begin with.” vs. “I don’t know what to begin.” 

For the final example, the appearance of “with” nearly changes the entire meaning of the sentence. The first example implies there are several options ‘to start,’ but the second example can imply that someone is confused or unaware of a task at hand. 

Avoid using auxiliary verbs with “began”

One of the trickier rules for “began” involves auxiliary verbs or ‘helping verbs.’ Most English speakers are aware of other auxiliary verbs like “to have,” “to do,” or “to be” because they allow other verbs to express their tense forms. But in the case of ‘begin,’ we don’t use auxiliary verbs for its past participle form. 

As noted by GMEU, linguists have made examples of phrases like ‘has began’ as “careless speech” and “writing” since 1951–– a writer’s worst nightmare, if you ask us (Garner 102). To avoid these embarrassing call-outs, avoid pairing auxiliary verbs with “began” at all costs!

Correct:

• “He will begin.” 
• “She has begun.” 
• “We have begun.”
• “I will have begun.” 

Incorrect:

• “He will began.” 
• “She has began.” 
• “We have began.” 
• “I will have began.” 

Want to learn more about verbs?

If you enjoyed learning about began vs. begun, check out our recent posts on verbs like:

• Inquire vs. enquire?
• Is vs. are?
• Lets vs. let’s?
• Into vs. in to?
• Chose vs. choose?

Test Yourself!

Confusing words like began and begun have a bad rap for a reason. See how well you understand their differences with the following multiple-choice questions. 

1. True or false: “began” and “begun” are different forms of the verb “begin.”
   a. True
   b. False
2. The word ____________ is the past participle form of begin. 
   a. Began
   b. Begin
   c. Begun
   d. Beginning
3. The word ____________ is the simple past tense form of begin.
   a. Began
   b. Beginning
   c. Begun
   d. Begin
4. Forms of the irregular verb “begin” don’t include _____________.
   a. Begins
   b. Beginner
   c. Beginner
   d. Began
5. The future tense of the verb “begin” is _____________.
   a. Beginning
   b. Began
   c. Begun
   d. Begin

Answers

1. A
2. C
3. A
4. B
5. D

Sources

1. “Begin.” Garner’s Modern American Usage, 3rd ed., Oxford University Press, 2009, pp. 102.
2. “Begin.” Lexico, Oxford University Press, 2020.
3. “Begin.” The Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster Inc., 2020.
4. “Begin.” The New Oxford American Dictionary, 3rd ed., Oxford University Press, 2010, pp. 150. 
5. “Beginner.” The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 5th ed., Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company, 2020. 
6. “Beginning.” The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 5th ed., Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company, 2020. 
7. “Irregular verbs: overview and list.” OWL at Purdue, Purdue University, 2020. 
8. “To begin.” Reverso Conjugation, Reverso-Softissimo, 2020. 

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What is the Difference Between Began and Begun?

Began and begun are both different forms of the same verb. Therefore, they have the same definition, but are appropriate in different tenses and grammatical contexts.

Began is the simple past tense form of begin, which means to start.

• It all began one day about ten years ago.

Begun is the past participle form of begin.

• We can’t stop this process once it has begun.

Now, let’s look at the specific ways to use these conjugations of begin, as well as how to avoid common mistakes.

Using Began in a Sentence

When to use began: Began is the simple past tense form of begin. It means to commence or to start.

For example,

• You’re late! Dinner began at 7 o’clock and it is now almost 8:30!
• The snow began falling early in the evening last night and had accumulated to over two feet by early this morning.

There are several idioms and expressions that use the word begin. A couple of these, which are listed below, can also occur in the simple past:

• a journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step: a big project starts with a small action
  • The race to find a cure for the horrible disease began with a single step: the discovery of bacteria.
• to begin to see: to start to understand
  • When my sister stole my money I began to see that she had become a criminal.

Began occurs more frequently than begun.

Using Begun in a Sentence

When to use Begun: Begun is the past participle form of begin. It appears after the helping verb have in the perfect tenses.

For example,

• You can’t stop the process now. It has already begun.
• By the time the racer realized he had forgotten his shoes, the race had begun.
• Have you begun your homework yet?

There is one proverb that uses begun:

• well begun is half done: if you get a good start to a project, completing the rest of it will be easy
  • I know you’re worried about writing a ten-page essay, but you know what they say! Well begun is half done. You’ve already done the research and you’re an expert on the topic. Now all you have to do is write down what you already know.

Between the synonyms begin, start, and commence, start is the most common and commence is the most formal.

Remembering Began vs. Begun

It is possible to use the spelling of these words to remember the meanings.

These words are spelled exactly the same except for the a and the u difference. Usually, when students of English learn the three forms of irregular verbs, they learn in the order of base form, simple past tense form, and past participle form (like go, went, gone). Just as the past tense comes before the past participle form, a comes before u alphabetically.

Alternatively, there are many other irregular verbs that include a stem change from i to a to u from base form to past simple to past participle. Some examples of verbs in that order include swim, swam, swum; drink, drank, drunk; sing, sang, sung; and ring, rang, rung.

Outside Examples

• Hundreds of fans began airing their complaints via social media that they had trouble streaming the pre-fight show via Showtime. –New York Post
• They had been waiting out the storm Saturday in Yeselia Castro’s home, but then the waters began pouring in. They tried putting the children on tables and on the bed to keep out of the water. Their brother-in-law, Jesus, even got on the roof. –LA Times
• Both Cabrera and Wilson have begun the appeals process, Ausmus said before Friday’s game against the Chicago White Sox. –USA Today
• The great eclipse migration has begun. And for those hitting the road late, maybe pack a lunch. Oh, and don’t forget some extra gas. You’re probably already too late for eclipse glasses or a place to stay. –Denver Post

Quiz: Begun vs. Began

Instructions: Fill in the blank with the correct word, either begun or began, in the correct form.

• I may not have __________ this fight, but I sure will finish it!
• The play has already _____________ so the theater won’t let the patrons enter.
• The whole rivalry _______________ about 100 years ago.

Article Summary

Should I use began or begun? These two words are both different forms of the past tense of begin. To know which one to use, you must know if you are using the simple past tense or the perfect tense.

• Began should occur in the simple past tense, for actions that completed in the past.
• Begun should occur in the perfect tenses, as the past participle.

Make sure you are aware of this difference when choosing which of these words to use.

Quiz Answers

• begun
• begun
• began

When speaking or writing English, using the past tense can be confusing. There are many types of tenses when referring to events that have already happened. To make matters worse, English contains many irregular verbs that are conjugated in ways that don’t immediately make sense.

This lack of consistency can (and does) lead to quite a few mistakes. One of the easiest mistakes to make is to misuse began and begun, which are two forms of the irregular verb begin.

In spoken English, the two words are often used interchangeably, but in academic and professional writing, knowing the difference between these words is important.

What is the difference between began and begun? In this article, I’ll explain the differences between began and begun, use these words in a sentence, and demonstrate how to choose began or begun and use each correctly.

When to Use Began

What does began mean? Began and begun are both conjugations of the irregular verb “to begin,” which means to start or proceed with something.

Began is the simple past tense form of begin. It does not need any helping, or auxiliary verbs, like had.

So, while you might say,

• Gavin began to open the package.

You would not say,

• Gavin had began to open the package.

Began is never used with a helping verb.

When to Use Begun

What does begun mean? Begun, meanwhile, is the past participle form of the same verb. It, therefore, should be used with helping verbs.

You could say,

• Yasmin had begun to eat the cake.

But you wouldn’t say,

• Yasmin begun to eat the cake.

If you’re using begun, it needs a helping verb in order to be correct.

This brings us to the differences between simple past and past participles. Simple past tense describes things that happened in the past. The sentence “Gavin began to open the package” describes an event that happened in the past. The past participle describes something that happened in the past in conjunction with other events in the past.

“Yasmin had begun to eat the cake” describes one of a sequence of events. For instance, one could say,

• Yasmin had already begun to eat the cake by the time we sang to her.

As you can see, began is not used with a helping verb.

Begun, on the other hand, is always used with a helping verb.

Trick to Remember the Difference

Because began and begun are so similar, it can be difficult to remember which word is which.

If you find yourself confused, remember that begun rhymes with one, and since begun is a past participle, it needs one more word to go with it: a helping verb.

Summary: Begun vs. Began

Began and begun are two forms of the irregular verb begin.

Began is the simple past conjugation. Began is not used with any helping verb.

Begun is the past participle form. Begun must always have a helping verb to be correct.

If you have trouble deciding which word to use, remember that begun rhymes with one and always needs one helping verb in grammatically correct English.

Being able to use each word accurately when speaking or writing signifies intelligence and professionalism. If you’re having trouble deciding whether to use began or begun, you can always revisit this article as a quick refresher.

Примеры из текстов

Having uttered these words Dmitri ceased speaking as suddenly as he had begun.

Произнеся это, Дмитрий Федорович так же внезапно умолк, как внезапно влетел в разговор.

Dostoevsky, Fyodor / The brothers KaramazovДостоевский, Фёдор / Братья Карамазовы

Братья Карамазовы

Достоевский, Фёдор

© Издательство «Художественная литература», 1988

The brothers Karamazov

Dostoevsky, Fyodor

The justice of the peace had ruled that a large number of the arrests made by the police chief were illegal and had begun proceedings against him.

Судья посчитал, что значительная часть арестов, производившихся указанным комиссаром, носила незаконный характер и имелись явные основания для возбуждения против него дела.

© Организация Объединенных Наций, 2010 год

For that matter, it might already have begun, there to the east.

Что до этого, то сражение могло бы уже и начаться — там, на востоке.

Jordan, Robert / The Fires of HeavenДжордан, Роберт / Огни небес

Огни небес

Джордан, Роберт

The Fires of Heaven

Jordan, Robert

© 1993 by The Bandersnatch Group, Inc.

Dear Lord, thy work is but begun!

Дело твое, великий боже, едва только начато!

Lewis, Sinclair / Elmer GantryЛьюис, Синклер / Элмер Гентри

Элмер Гентри

Льюис, Синклер

© Издательство «Правда», 1965

Elmer Gantry

Lewis, Sinclair

© 2002 by Literary Classics of the United States, Inc., New York, N.Y.

© 1927 by Harcourt, Inc.

© renewed 1955 by Michael Lewis

His hand, which had been resting lightly on Mai’s waist, had begun to show the first signs of scales.

На руке, которой он легко обнимал Май за талию, проявились первые чешуйки.

Asprin, Robert / Dragons WildАсприн, Роберт / Игры драконов

Игры драконов

Асприн, Роберт

© 2008 by Bill Fawсett & Associates

© Перевод. И. Самоцветов, 2009

© Школа перевода В. Баканова, 2009

© ООО Издательство «АСТ МОСКВА», 2009

Dragons Wild

Asprin, Robert

© 2008 by Bill Fawcett & Associates

«Birth is nothing but death begun, so hear my prayer.

— Рождение — ничто иное, как начало смерти, поэтому услышь мою молитву.

King, Stephen / The Dark tower 7: The Dark TowerКинг, Стивен / Темная башня 7: Темная башня

Темная башня 7: Темная башня

Кинг, Стивен

© Stephen King, 2004

© Перевод. В.А.Вебер, 2005

© ООО «Издательство АСТ», 2005

The Dark tower 7: The Dark Tower

King, Stephen

But space – measured by metal rods and rulers – and time – measured by the most accurate of watches – had suddenly begun to bend, to stretch and flatten.

Но пространство, измеренное металлическими стержнями и линейками, время, отмеренное совершеннейшими часами, вдруг стали искривляться, растягиваться и сплющиваться.

Grossman, Vasily / Life and FateГроссман, Василий / Жизнь и судьба

Жизнь и судьба

Гроссман, Василий

© Издательство «Книжная палата», 1988

Life and Fate

Grossman, Vasily

© 1980 by Editions L’Age D’Homme

© 1985 by Collins Harvill

People had for some time begun shuffling their feet, blowing their noses, coughing, and doing everything that people do when a lecturer, whoever he may be, keeps an audience for longer than twenty minutes at a literary matinee.

Давно уже началось шарканье, сморканье, кашель и всё то, что бывает, когда на литературном чтении литератор, кто бы он ни был, держит публику более двадцати минут.

Dostoevsky, Fyodor / The possessedДостоевский, Фёдор / Бесы

Бесы

Достоевский, Фёдор

© Издательство «Художественная литература», 1989

The possessed

Dostoevsky, Fyodor

The fourth edition, which was begun in 1952 and consists of 20 volumes, most of them in several parts, is edited by E. Muller.

Четвертое издание, начатое в 1952 г., содержит 16 томов, большинство из которых состоит из нескольких частей. Редактор этого издания — Э. Мюллер.

March, Jerry,Smith, Michael B. / March’s advanced organic chemistry: reactions, mechanisms, and structureМарч, Джерри / Органическая химия. Реакции, механизмы и структура. Том 4

Органическая химия. Реакции, механизмы и структура. Том 4

Марч, Джерри

© 1985 by John Wiley & Sons. Inc.

© перевод на русский язык, «Мир». 1988

March’s advanced organic chemistry: reactions, mechanisms, and structure

March, Jerry,Smith, Michael B.

© 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

But the evening’s orgy was only begun.

Но вечерняя оргия еще только началась.

Lewis, Sinclair / ArrowsmithЛьюис, Синклер / Эрроусмит

Эрроусмит

Льюис, Синклер

© «Государственное издательство художественной литературы», 1956

Arrowsmith

Lewis, Sinclair

© 2002 by Literary Classics of the United States, Inc., New York, N.Y.

© 1925 by Harcourt, Inc.

© renewed 1953 by Michael Lewis

Parsons had begun talking again.

Парсонс опять заговорил.

Orwell, George / Nineteen Eighty-FourОруэлл, Джордж / 1984

1984

Оруэлл, Джордж

© 1977, Sonia Brownell Orwell

© Издательство «Прогресс», 1989

© перевод, Голышев В. П.

Nineteen Eighty-Four

Orwell, George

© 1977, Sonia Brownell Orwell

© 2003, Thomas Pynchon

As soon as signs of decomposition had begun to appear, the whole aspect of the monks betrayed their secret motives in entering the cell.

Лишь только начало обнаруживаться тление, то уже по одному виду входивших в келью усопшего иноков можно было заключить, зачем они приходят.

Dostoevsky, Fyodor / The brothers KaramazovДостоевский, Фёдор / Братья Карамазовы

Братья Карамазовы

Достоевский, Фёдор

© Издательство «Художественная литература», 1988

The brothers Karamazov

Dostoevsky, Fyodor

I hadn’t dared to ask him about his strange reaction to the story the restaurant maître d‘ had told us, but it had opened up to me a sense that there might be stories more horrifying to my father even than the one he’d begun telling me.

Я не осмелилась расспрашивать, чем ему не угодила рассказанная ресторанным мэтром легенда, но у меня возникло чувство, что есть истории, повергающие отца в еще больший ужас, нежели та, которую он начал рассказывать мне.

Kostova, Elisabeth / The HistorianКостова, Элизабет / Историк

Историк

Костова, Элизабет

© Перевод. Г. Соловьева, 2005

© ООО «Издательство АСТ», 2005

© Elizabeth Kostova, 2005

The Historian

Kostova, Elisabeth

© 2005 by Elizabeth Kostova

Yes, it’s as if the creature in the middle has eaten up everything else around it.” I’d begun flippantly, but I finished slowly.

Да, как будто эта зверюга, что скрывается в середине, слопала все вокруг себя, — начал я легкомысленно, однако к концу фразы стал запинаться.

Kostova, Elisabeth / The HistorianКостова, Элизабет / Историк

Историк

Костова, Элизабет

© Перевод. Г. Соловьева, 2005

© ООО «Издательство АСТ», 2005

© Elizabeth Kostova, 2005

The Historian

Kostova, Elisabeth

© 2005 by Elizabeth Kostova

It was easy for me to find out, and I did soon find out, that Drummle had begun to follow her closely, and that she allowed him to do it.

Вскоре я убедился, – это было нетрудно, – что Драмл за ней ухаживает и что она это терпит.

Dickens, Charles / Great ExpectationsДиккенс, Чарльз / Большие надежды

Большие надежды

Диккенс, Чарльз

© Издательство «Художественная литература», 1960

Great Expectations

Dickens, Charles

© 2010 Ignatius Press, San Francisco

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