Is the word going a verb

• #1

Hi everyone.
I prepare myself to an English exam. One of the questions that I will be possibly asked (happened to my friend before) is:

How many verbs are there in this sentence?

Going to Africa has totally changed John’s world perception.

My real question is:

Is «going» in this sentence a verb or a noun? When I am asked how many verbs are there, I say

a) one: has changed
b) two: going , has changed
c) three: going, has, changed.

What do you say?

• #2

I don’t suppose you would have the space to explain why you said three, which is a pity.

• #3

What do you mean Panjandrum? In your opinion all three count?

• #4

When I am asked how many verbs are there, I say

a) one: has changed
b) two: going , has changed
c) three: going, has, changed.

What do you say?

Everything depends on how you define «a verb», Gochna.

If your examiners are asking this sort of question, then they should have given guidance on what they consider to be «a verb». Can you tell us what that guidance is?

My preferred answer is that there is only one verb in the sentence, but that could be quite wrong in your examiners’ eyes.

• #5

Unless the course on which you are being tested, or the test itself, is clear on what is meant by «verb», then I would call this a «trick question».

The three words you have identified are all verbs or based on verbs. The first is a gerund (a «verbal«), the second is an auxiliary verb (so it’s a verb), the third is the main verb of the sentence, and is certainly a verb.

Have you done exercises on this in the course? Is there a similar count-the-verbs exercise? If so what was the answer? Presumably the test will take the same view.

Last edited: Sep 1, 2008

• #6

Wow, thanks guys. The problem is that this really is a tricky questions. The exam that I have to take is checking my level of general English, so they ask questions about grammar and vocabulary, but there is no guidance of any kind. And as the examination is organized by the government, there is no possibility to ask the examinator before

Answering Matching-Mole’s question — no, I haven’t done any exercise of this kind so I don’t know what were the correct answers. The bad part is that as it’s a test and checked by a computer, I won’t be able to write my «explanatory» answer. …

Well, if anyone has something to add, please feel free. You helped me a lot, because I was on the edge of thinking that the question was easy, and only me quite stupid…

• #7

Hi everyone.
I prepare myself to an English exam. One of the questions that I will be possibly asked (happened to my friend before) is:

How many verbs are there in this sentence?

Going to Africa has totally changed John’s world perception.

My real question is:

Is «going» in this sentence a verb or a noun? When I am asked how many verbs are there, I say

a) one: has changed
b) two: going , has changed
c) three: going, has, changed.

What do you say?

I say «a) one: has changed».

your sentence can be regrouped such that …
[Going to Africa] [has totally changed] [John’s world perception.]

=> Subj + verb + object

The word «going» on its own, is a verb. However, in this case, it is used as a fact (of going to Africa).

• #8

Is «going» in this sentence a verb or a noun? When I am asked how many verbs are there, I say

a) one: has changed
b) two: going , has changed
c) three: going, has, changed.

Are these your possibilities or your teacher’s?

On syntactical bases the sentence has two verbs: has and changed.

Although it is a verbal derivative, going in this instance is a noun, it is the head of a noun phrase that is the subject of has. Has is the finite verb in this sentence and functions as an auxiliary to help the lexical verb change express its tense and aspect.

It would not be a traditional point of view to see has changed as one verb, although it is one slot of the verbal paradigm of change. It is way more common to analyse it as auxiliary plus past participle, hence two verbs.

• #9

What do you mean Panjandrum? In your opinion all three count?

I should really avoid being cryptic — but you got the message just the same. As you said at (c) and Moley explained further, there are three «verby» things in the sentence.
As Loob said, it depends what you define as a «verb».
As BODYholic said, you could present an argument in favour of (a).

So if only you were able to explain your answer, any of the three would be fine. But if your answer is to be marked blindly, without considering explanation, I have no idea which would be considered correct.

Edit: I hadn’t read Joannes’s post before submitting this. Please don’t think I’m disagreeing.

• #10

Dear Joannes,

the a) b) c) are my possibilities. I didn’t want to make any suggestions, that’s why I put it that way.

Thank you for all opinions guys!

• #11

You helped me a lot, because I was on the edge of thinking that the question was easy, and only me quite stupid…

It seems that:

Going to Word Reference has totally changed Gochna’s perception.

• #12

Hello there,

Here’s my take on this conundrum based on my experience with standardized tests and how general English grammar knowledge is tested. Note the emphasis on general. If it were a test for advanced linguistics, the answer could very well be different.

My understanding of the question is how many words are functioning as verbs in the sentence.

Going while certainly based on a verb is, as pointed out earlier, functioning as a noun and is therefore a gerund — a verbal noun. In this case it does not count as a verb because it is not functioning as a verb.

Has is functioning as an auxiliary or helper verb to the verb changed. In my basic grammar texts — remember that this is a general English test in question here — has changed would be counted as one verb.

Let’s compare with another sentence.

John, who runs to work every day, bought six pairs of shoes this year and threw out all his old shoes.

In this sentence, we do have 3 verbs.

Runs functions as a verb in the subordinate clause «who runs to work every day.» Who is the subject of runs.

bought is one of two main verbs of the independent clause. John is the subject of bought.

threw out is the second main verb of the independent clause. John is the subject of this verb as well. In this case the verb is a phrasal verb.

Orange Blossom

• #13

Moderator Note:

Let’s stay on topic please. We are here to discuss language, not standardized tests.

Thanks.

• #14

There is only one

finite

verb in the sentence, but there are three verb

forms

. A finite verb is a word that makes a phrase into a predicate. The finite verb is the part of the predicate that carries the person and tense.

Going is not a verb but a gerund, changed is part of a verb phrase, but it’s a participle, not a verb.

Look for more information about what is expected, such as a sample question and answer supplied by the test maker. Otherwise, I would count finite verbs, or, equivalently, predicates or verb phrases, and hope that’s what was meant.

• #15

Dear Waylink,
Yes it has

Dear Orange Blossom,
I think that your explanation is exactly what I needed. The test itself is not so complicated, so I should just look for simple answers without entering into details.

Dear Forero,
I will try to look for more information, but as I have written before, it just says: general English knowledge. But definitely, if I have this question, I will count only finite verbs/predicates/verb phrases.

Good day guys!

One of the big challenges faced by English language learners is the proper way to use verbs.

If you didn’t grow up learning the
rules of English grammar, you might find yourself confused about verb tenses one particularly challenging verb to learn is “go” and its different variations “goes”, “going”, “went” and “gone”.

Common meanings of the word “go”

“Go”, “goes”, “going”, “went”, or “gone” are verbs, words that describe an action. “Go” is the main verb, while the others are its tenses. 

According to the Cambridge Dictionary, the verb “go” means to travel. It’s used to describe the act of moving from one place to another. 

It is also used to describe being in the process of moving. Such as when we say “go up” stairs, someone is moving up the stairs.

You can also use “go” if you want to say you are leaving. “I have to go” is a common English phrase that is used to take your leave or
say goodbye. 

These are the three most common ways that native English speakers use the word “go”. Simple enough right? What trips many people up is when we bring the tenses in it.

Go: Present Tense

Mostly, go is used in the present tense, so it is something that is happening now. It can be used with first-person and second-person pronouns and in singular or plural.

Go: Future Tense

“Go” can also be used when you are talking in the future tense. The future tense means that you are describing an action that will be taking place in the future.

If you are going to visit the store in the evening, you say:

I will go to the store.

If it is Steve’s turn to go to the store later, you will say:

Steve will go to the store.

“Go” in the future tense can also be used with first person, second person, and third-person pronouns, both singular and plural.

Goes: Third-person singular, present tense

Goes is the
present tense, third-person singular of the verb “go”. 

Since “goes” is a verb in the present tense, you use it when you are describing an action that is happening now. However, since it is the third-person singular, you can only use it if you are describing someone else’s actions.

For example, if you are on your way to the store and someone asks you what you are doing, you use “go”, like so:

I go to the store.

However, if you want to say that Steve is about to go to the store, you use “goes” because you’re talking about an action that someone else is taking.

Steve goes to the store.

You can also use “goes” with third-person singular pronouns.

He/She goes to the store

Going: The Present Participle 

A present participle is a word that is formed from a verb with the suffix “-ing” attached. A present participle is either used as an adjective or in verb tenses.

So, “go” plus “ing” is “going”. There aren’t really any common examples of going being used as an adjective, but it is used in plenty of verb tenses. We’ll look at the different verb tenses that “going” can take below

Going: Present Continuous Tense

The present continuous tense, means your describing an action that is ongoing or that you are in the midst of performing. 

“Going” can be used here in the first, second, and third person and singular or plural 

Going: Past Continuous 

“Going” is also used in
the past continuous tense. Past continuous is also known as past progressive and you use it to describe a continuing action or when you want to say that something happened at a particular point in the past.  

Going can also be used in the first, second, and third person and singular and plural. 

Going: Future Continuous

Also known as future progressive,
the future continuous tense is used when you want to say that something is going to happen in the future and will continue for an expected length of time. 

Going in the future continuous tense can also be used in the first, second, and third person and singular and plural.

Going: Perfect Progressive 

The
perfect progressive tense is used to describe actions that were:

• Repeated over a certain time period

• Continuing in the present and/or

• Will continue in the future

Going: Past Perfect

You use
the past perfect tense if you want to talk about an action that took place in once or many times before another point in the past. 

Going: Future Perfect

This tense is used when you are talking about an action that will be completed between now and some point in the future. 

Going: A Conditional Verb

Going can also be used as a conditional verb, which is used to create conditional sentences. Conditional sentences describe unlikely or hypothetical situations.

When used as a conditional verb, you can use “going” in the present or the perfect tense.

Present Tense:

Perfect Tense:

Went: The Past Tense

When we want to say that an action took place in the past and is finished, we use a verb in the past tense. 

The past tense of “go” is “went”. So, going back to our example about the store. If someone asked where you were, you can say: 

I went to the store

If you want to say that Steve has come from the store:

Steve went to the store

This works with first, second, and third-person pronouns as well, in the singular and plural.

Gone: Past Participle

“Gone” is the past participle of “go”. A
past participle is a word formed by a verb with one of the following suffixes: -ed, -d, -t, -en, or -n. 

You can use “gone” in the present perfect tense, the past perfect tense, and the future perfect tense.

Gone: Present Perfect

 A verb in the present perfect tense refers to an action or state that:

• Happened at an indefinite time in the past

• Started in the past and continued to the present

The present perfect tense is formed by placing have/has in front of the past participle of the verb. So, in the case of “gone”, it is “has/have gone”.

Gone: Past Perfect

You use can use “gone” in the past perfect tense if you want to talk about something that was completed in the past. 

Gone: Future Perfect

Gone can also be used in the future perfect tense. The future perfect tense is used if you are talking about an action that will be done before another action happens.

For example, if you want to say you will be going to the store while Steve is in school:

I will have gone to the store by the time Steve gets back from school.

The future perfect tense of “go” is formed by taking the past participle “gone” and adding either “will” or “shall” and “have” before it.

So, you could also have said:

I shall have gone to the store by the time Steve gets back from school

Conclusion

If you really want to learn how to properly use these different verbs and more, you need to practice using them in daily speech. Practice makes perfect after all.

The best way to practice and memorize the rules for when you should use “go”, “goes”, “going”, “went”, or “gone”, it to work on using them in conversation with an online native English-speaking tutor. Your tutor can provide you real-time corrections on your verb usage and your pronunciation and accent. This will help ensure that, when you need to use these words in a conversation, you can confidently “go” to the right one. 

What is the part of speech of going in the following sentences?

• I hate going shopping.
• Do you like going sightseeing when you are on holiday?

Update:

All words belong to categories called word classes (or parts of speech) according to the part they play in a sentence.

The main word classes …: Noun, Verb, Adjective, Adverb, Pronoun, Preposition, Conjunction, Determiner and Exclamation

Oxford Dictionaries

I have some understanding of gerund and participle, but I don’t know what they are exactly

anyway, each part of speech has some rules you can apply on it. so if I can determine what is the part of speech of the word then I can know how to use the rules.

as example, if the word «going» in the above sentence is verb, so I can change the tense of the statement by changing it. In the other hand, if it is noun so I can use adjectives with it … and so on.

Assume it is Noun (compound noun), so I can add adjective to it as following:

I hate virtual going shopping.

Assume it is verb, so it should be continuous tense and continuous tenses need auxiliary verb (be). So I will assume that auxiliary verb is omitted. and I can change it to other tense as following.

I hate (I am) going shopping (now). >> I hate I was going shopping and … .

Note: maybe the examples and assumptions are wrong, and I have misunderstanding of some topics of English grammar, but I’m trying to find point that I can start from it.

For those interested in a little info about this site: it’s a side project that I developed while working on Describing Words and Related Words. Both of those projects are based around words, but have much grander goals. I had an idea for a website that simply explains the word types of the words that you search for — just like a dictionary, but focussed on the part of speech of the words. And since I already had a lot of the infrastructure in place from the other two sites, I figured it wouldn’t be too much more work to get this up and running.

The dictionary is based on the amazing Wiktionary project by wikimedia. I initially started with WordNet, but then realised that it was missing many types of words/lemma (determiners, pronouns, abbreviations, and many more). This caused me to investigate the 1913 edition of Websters Dictionary — which is now in the public domain. However, after a day’s work wrangling it into a database I realised that there were far too many errors (especially with the part-of-speech tagging) for it to be viable for Word Type.

Finally, I went back to Wiktionary — which I already knew about, but had been avoiding because it’s not properly structured for parsing. That’s when I stumbled across the UBY project — an amazing project which needs more recognition. The researchers have parsed the whole of Wiktionary and other sources, and compiled everything into a single unified resource. I simply extracted the Wiktionary entries and threw them into this interface! So it took a little more work than expected, but I’m happy I kept at it after the first couple of blunders.

Special thanks to the contributors of the open-source code that was used in this project: the UBY project (mentioned above), @mongodb and express.js.

Currently, this is based on a version of wiktionary which is a few years old. I plan to update it to a newer version soon and that update should bring in a bunch of new word senses for many words (or more accurately, lemma).

• I am going to swim. — Я собираюсь поплавать.
• You are going to be fine. — С тобой все будет в порядке.
• He (she, it) is going to come back. — Он вернется.
• We are going to work. — Мы собираемся работать.
• You are going to get rich. — Вы разбогатеете.
• They are going to regret it. — Они об этом пожалеют.

Оборот going to в отрицательной форме

В отрицательной форме добавляется частица not перед «going»:

Подлежащее	Глагол to be	not going to	Инфинитив
We	are	not going to	leave

• I am not going to do that. — Я не собираюсь этого делать.
• You are not going to sleep tonight. — Сегодня ты не поспишь.
• He (she, it) is not going to be welcome here. — Ему здесь не будут рады.
• We are not going to leave. — Мы не собираемся уходить.
• You are not going to like it. — Тебе это не понравится.
• They are not going to find us. — Они нас не найдут.

Оборот going to в вопросительной форме

В вопросительной форме глагол to be ставится перед подлежащим.

Глагол to be	Подлежащее	Going to	Инфинитив
Are	you	going to	win?

• Am I going to stay here? — Останусь ли я здесь?
• Are you going to help me? — Ты поможешь мне?
• Is he (she, it) going to be here? — Он будет здесь?
• Are we going to join them? — Мы к ним присоединимся?
• Are you going to win? — Вы собираетесь выиграть?
• Are they going to wait? — Они подождут?

Употребление to be going to в настоящем времени: правила и примеры предложений

Если говорить коротко, то to be going to в основном используется для обозначения действия, запланированного на ближайшее будущее:

I am going to drink coffee with Mary. — Я собираюсь попить кофе с Мэри.

They are going to get married. — Они (скоро) поженятся.

Либо действия, которое вот-вот произойдет:

It‘s going to rain. — (Вот-вот) пойдет дождь.

Look! He is going to fall! — Смотрите! Он сейчас упадет!

Но если разобраться детальнее, обнаружатся некоторые нюансы.

Итак, оборот to be going to используется в двух случаях:

1. Когда действие запланировано на будущее еще до момента речи

Действие запланировано на будущее, причем план возник до момента речи. Иначе говоря, я уже принял решение и сообщаю об этом. К примеру, я твердо решил, что завтра уволюсь с работы:

I‘m going to quit my job tomorrow. — Я собираюсь завтра уволиться с работы.

Рон и Джейн договорились поиграть в теннис вечером. Джейн говорит об этом подруге:

We are going to play tennis tonight. — Мы собираемся поиграть в теннис вечером.

Люси надумала купить новые туфли на следующей неделе:

I‘m going to buy new shoes next week. — Я собираюсь купить новые туфли на следующей неделе.

Если же решение принято не заранее, а в момент речи, используют глагол will. Сравните два примера:

Пример 1: 

— We are out of coffee. — У нас закончился кофе.

— Yes, I know. I‘m going to go and buy some later. — Да, я знаю, я пойду куплю (собираюсь пойти купить) попозже.

Здесь используется оборот to be going to, потому что действие (купить кофе) было запланировано заранее.

Пример 2:

— We are out of coffee. — У нас закончился кофе.

— Really? I will go and buy some. — Правда? Я пойду куплю.

Используется вспомогательный глагол will, потому что решение принято в момент речи.

2. Когда некие признаки указывают на то, что действие обязательно произойдет

Говорящий как бы предсказывает событие, основываясь на неких явных признаках или своем опыте, и сообщает: что-то вот-вот случится.

«Предсказание» может относиться к довольно отдаленному времени, например:

It’s so cold! I think it is going to snow. — Так холодно! Я думаю, пойдет снег.

Имеется в виду, что снег пойдет не через секунду-две, а скоро — в неопределенном ближайшем будущем. Может, завтра, а может через неделю. На то что снег непременно произойдет, указывает признак (холод).

I have broken my sister’s vase. She is going to kill me! — Я разбил вазу сестры. Она меня убьет!

Сестра убьет нашего героя в ближайшем будущем, как только заметит разбитую вазу. На то что это произойдет, указывает опыт говорящего (он отлично знает нрав своей сестры).

Часто «предсказание» относится к ближайшему будущему, когда что-то вот-вот произойдет:

Look at the dog. It‘s goint to bite you. — Посмотри на собаку. Она тебя сейчас укусит.

Get back! The bomb is going to explode. — Назад! Бомба сейчас взорвется!

Для «предсказаний» может использоваться и будущее время с глаголом will, но в этом случае обычно речь идет о мнении, не подкрепленном очевидными признаками или опытом.

I think the cop will spot us. — Я думаю, коп нас заметит.

Это мнение ничем не подкреплено. А вот это подкреплено:

The cop has got a flashlight! He is going to spot us. — У копа фонарик! Он нас заметит.

Оборот to be going to в прошедшем времени

В прошедшем времени предложения с to be going to строятся так же, как и в настоящем, но глагол to be принимает форму прошедшего времени — was (единственное число) или were (множественное число).

I was going to call you. — Я собирался тебе позвонить.

We were going to buy a new TV. — Мы собирались купить новый телевизор.

Когда оборот to be going to используется в прошедшем времени, обычно имеется в виду, что говорящий хотел, планировал, собирался что-то сделать, но в итоге так и не сделал.

Примеры предложений:

I was going to call you but I lost your phone number. — Я собирался позвонить тебе, но потерял твой номер телефона.

It was going to rain but suddenly the sun appeared. — Собирался дождь, но внезапно появилось солнце.

We were going to buy a new TV but then we changed our minds. — Мы собирались купить новый телевизор, но потом передумали.

Оборот to be going to на русский язык переводится, как собираться сделать что-то. В английской речи эта фраза встречается очень часто. Оборот используется для выражений будущих намерений, которые уже были решены. Чтобы правильно использовать это выражение, давайте разберем, ситуации в которых оно употребляется и какие имеются тонкости данной конструкции. Многие носители языка произносят в слове going конечную букву [гоинГ], но в стандартном английском произношении употребляют в речи по такой транскрипции [ˈgəʊɪŋ], то есть звук G не произноситься.

be going to правила и примеры образования оборота:

глагол To be (am/is/are) going to + Infinitive

– I’m going to study for exams – Я собираюсь готовиться к экзаменам.
– I am going to visit my stepfather this evening – Я собираюсь навестить своего отчима сегодня вечером.

Для беглой речи часто сокращают глагол to be с местоимениями – I’m, he’s, she’s.

Формы предложений конструкции Be going to

Вы уже знаете, что конструкция to be going to в английском языке имеет три формы предложения: утвердительная, отрицательная и вопросительная. Чтобы быстрее понять, как строятся предложения с оборотом, мы отобразили все в таблицах.

Таблица образования утвердительных и отрицательных предложений

Для утвердительных предложений мы используем формулу:

Subject + the verb to be (am/is/are) + going to + infinitive + rest of sentence.

Для отрицания формула такая же. Только отрицательная частица not стоит после глагола to be. В отрицательных предложениях можно сокращать двумя способами: He isn’t или He’s not.

Subject Подлежащее	Positive (утверждение)	Negative (отрицание)	base form of the verb основная форма глагола	rest of sentence остальное предложение
I	am going to	am not going to (I’m not)	paint	the kitchen tomorrow.
He / She / It	is going to	isn’t (is not) going to
You / We / They	are going to	aren’t (are not) going to

More examples:

– We are going to sing a song at the concert tomorrow – Завтра на концерте мы споем песню.
– My parents are going to buy new furniture – Мои родители собираются купить новую мебель.
– I’m not going to Los Angeles for the summer holidays – Я не поеду в Лос-Анджелес на летние каникулы.

Вопросительная форма be going to – Общий вопрос

Вопросительные предложения начинаются с глагола to be (am, is, are) или (isn’t, aren’t для отрицательных вопросов), затем выберите подлежащее, после следует оборот + основная форма глагола.

The verb To be	Subject Подлежащее	Оборот going to + verb (глагол)	rest of sentence остальное предложение
Am	I	going to see	the dentist tomorrow?
Is / Isn’t	he / she / it
Are/ Aren’t	you / we / they

Examples:

– Is she going to have another baby?  Oh boy, she is crazy – У нее будет еще один ребенок? Боже, она сумасшедшая.
– Your car is very dirty. Is your son going to wash it this afternoon? – Твоя машина очень грязная. Твой сын собирается ее помыть?

[qsm quiz=59]

Специальный вопрос

Wh-questions – это вопросы, которые требуют дополнительной информации в своих ответах.
Вопросительные слова: what, where, when, which, why, who, how, how many, how much.
Для образования специального вопроса, начните предложение с вопросительного слова, затем добавьте нужный глагол to be, подлежащее, оборот и инфинитив.

Wh- word Вопросительное слово	The verb to be Глагол to be	Subject подлежащее	Оборот going to + verb (глагол)	rest of sentence остальное предложение
Why	am	I	going to watch	the interview with the Queen?
is / Isn’t	he / she / it
are/ aren’t	you / we / they

Examples:

– Why isn’t he going to buy that computer? – Почему он не купит себе компьютер?
– What are you going to do tonight? – Что ты собираешься делать сегодня вечером?

Случаи употребления be going to

После того, как вы научились строить предложения, давайте посмотрим в каких же случаях можно использовать наше сегодняшнее выражение.

• 1. Действия, которые должны быть выполнены в ближайшем будущем.

Let’s look at some examples:

– She’s going to visit her sister tomorrow – Завтра она собирается навестить свою сестру.
– Chris is going to take a few days off next week – Крис собирается взять несколько выходных на следующий неделе.
– I am going to buy a new car tomorrow – Я собираюсь купить новую машину завтра.

• 2. Запланированные действия или намерения.

– We’ve decided. We are going to get married – Мы решили. Мы собираемся пожениться.
– I’m going to meet my husband in town – Я собираюсь встретиться с мужем в городе.
– He is going to be promoted – Его повысят. ( Босс уже так решил).

• 3. Очевидные действия, которые произойдут в ближайшем будущем:

– Look at the sky! The clouds are so dark! It is going to rain – Посмотри на небо! Облака такие темные. Пойдет дождь.
– Look out! That dog is going to bite you! – Берегись! Эта собака тебя укусит!
– Look at the sun! It’s going to be a wonderful day – Посмотри на солнце! Сегодня будет замечательный день.

• 4. Конструкцию можно использовать, когда мы приказываем.

(Родитель ребенку)
– You are going to clean up that mess right now! – Ты уберешь этот бардак прямо сейчас!

В таких случаях можно использовать и Present Continuous.
– I’m sorry, you are not taking my iPad.

• 5. Мы используем оборот с такими словами маркерами – in one year, tomorrow, next week, etc.

– We are going to fly to Washington next week – Мы полетим в Вашингтон на следующей неделе.
– They are going to have a picnic tomorrow – Они собираются устроить пикник завтра.

+Бонус

Также в английском языке есть фразы be about to, to be on the point of на русский переводится точно также как и выражение be going to (собираться сделать что-то). Be about to употребляется, когда что-то случится в ближайшем будущем. To be on the point of – литературное выражение.

– Researchers say they are on the point of discovering a new anti-wrinkles cream – Исследователи говорят, что они на пороге открытия нового крема против морщин.
– The parents are about to arrive – Родители вот-вот приедут.

Подробно об этих и остальных выражениях вы можете посмотреть в статье Другие способы выражения будущего времени.

Note:

В английском языке со словами go и come, мы используем The Present Continuous Tense, нежели “be going to”.

Example:

– She is going to Costa Rica next month Rather than She is going to go…

Немного нужно отдохнуть и расслабиться. Посмотри видео, как носители языка употребляют оборот be going to.

Was going to – Прошедшая форма

Was going to выражает невыполненные договоренности или планы в прошлом, или действия, которые намеривались сделать, но не смогли.
Example:

– My first few days in the city were so unpleasant that I was going to move straight back home – Мои первые несколько дней в городе были настолько неприятными, что я собирался переехать обратно домой.
– I was going to quit my job and leave town forever –Я собирался бросить работу и навсегда уехать из города.

Что означает “gonna”?

Когда носители языка разговариваю быстро, они часто употребляют сокращенную форму “gonna” вместо правильной формы.

Например:

Ralph is dirty. I’m gonna wash him.

Это означает: I’m going to wash him.

В вопросительных предложениях, are опускается со вторым лицом единственного числа (you)  и с первым и вторым лицом множественного числа (we, you).

Посмотрим еще на примеры:

– Be careful, you’re gonna hit the wall – Осторожно, ты врежешься в стену.
– She’s gonna faint – Она упадет в обморок.
– What we gonna do now? – Что нам теперь делать?
– I’m gonna to Manchester tomorrow – Я собираюсь поехать в Манчестер завтра.
– He’s gonna work until late tomorrow – Завтра он будет работать допоздна.
– What’s she gonna wear on her birthday party? – Что она собирается надеть на свой день рождения?
– Which skirt you gonna wear for the party tonight? – Какую юбку ты наденешь сегодня на вечеринку?

Такая сокращенная форма встречается очень часто в неформальной разговорной речи, например, с друзьями. Не обязательно использовать эти выражения в своей речи, но очень важно их распознавать, когда общаетесь с носителями языка.

Но будьте осторожны, когда используете – “gonna”. Если вы находитесь на собеседовании или на других официальных мероприятиях не используйте такую форму.
Но все же “gonna” встречается довольно часто. В английском языке очень много таких сокращений. Например, “Dunno” – это означает “I Don’t know”. “Wanna” – “I want to”.
Сокращения Gotta, wanna and gonna регулярно использовались в заголовках или популярных песнях с 1950-х годов или даже раньше.

Разница между Future Simple To be going to

В чем отличие между will и be going to? По образованию, конечно же, разные, но по употребление все же есть небольшое отличие в котором нужно разобраться.

Predictions – предсказания

Употребляй will, если думаешь, что что-то произойдет. (Личное мнение)

– I think she will be a good actress – Я думая, она будет хорошей актрисой.
– If you ask her, she’ll probably go out with you – Если ты ее попросишь, возможно, она согласиться пойти с тобой на свидание.

Используй be going to, если видишь, что что-то произойдет. (Такие предсказания основаны на существующих доказательствах).

– Look! He is going to fall – Смотри! Он сейчас упадет!

Иногда есть небольшая разница между will и be going to для предсказаний. Сравните:

– The lesson starts in 5 minutes. We are going to be late – Урок начнется через пять минут. Мы опаздываем. (=Я знаю, что мы не можем быть на уроке через пять минут).
– We must hurry up. We will be late for the lesson – Нам надо поторопиться. Мы опоздаем на урок. (=Я думая, что мы опоздаем).

Decisions – решения

Смело используй will, когда ты что-то решаешь в момент речи. (Мгновенное решение)

– “Oh, no. We run out of sugar.” “Don’t worry, I’ll buy some” – “О, нет. У нас закончился сахар”. “Наволнуйся, я куплю”.

Be going to употребляется для решений обычно которые уже были запланированы.

A: Have you decided where to go for your holidays? – Ты решила куда поедешь отдыхать?
B: Yes, I’m going to tour New-Zealand.  – Да, Я собираюсь в турне по Новой – Зеландии.

Compare these two sentences:

– ‘Dean said he needs to talk to you.’ ‘Oh, I didn’t know. I’ll call him in a minute.’ – ‘Дин сказал, что ему нужно с тобой поговорить’. ‘О, я не знала. Я позвоню ему через минуту’ (= Я принял этот решение во время этого разговора).
– ‘Dean said he needs to talk to you.’ ‘Yes, I know. I’m going to call him in a minute.‘ – ‘Дин сказал, что ему нужно с тобой поговорить’. ’Да, я знаю. Я позвоню ему через минуту’ (= Я принял это решение до этого разговора).

Ну, что? Поехали дальше? Теперь рассмотрим разницу между Present Continuous и оборотом be going to.

Разница между Be going to Present Continuous

Конструкция To be going to и Present Continuous (Настоящее длительное время) используются для выражения будущего времени. Так, например, если мы говорим, что что-то происходит или произойдет, это обычно уже решено или запланировано.

Example:

– I’m going to meet my parents tomorrow. (Be going to)
– I’m meeting my parents tomorrow. (Present Progressive)

Как вы видеть, оба предложения выражают почти одинаковую идею.

Для выражения одной и той же идеи можно использовать как Present Continuous, так и be going to. В некоторых случаях есть разница в значении.

Время Present Continuous часто используется с глаголами движения.

– Are they coming home?

Настоящее длительное время в основном используется, чтобы говорить о личных договоренностях и запланированных планов. Выражение Be going to также может быть использован для выражения той же идеи; однако, он делает дополнительный акцент на намерение.

– I’m going to get a new job – Я собираюсь найти новую работу. (Я намерен найти новую работу)
– I’m getting a new job – У меня будет новая работа. (Это уже решено / организовано.  Здесь акцент делается на договоренности).

– I’m visiting grandparents tomorrow – (Здесь акцент делается на уже существующую договоренность).
– I’m going to ask her to stop borrowing my clothes – Я попрошу ее перестать брать мои вещи. (Намерение говорящего).

Обычно Present Continuous не используется, когда мы говорим о вещах, которые мы не может контролировать.

Example:

– Look out! The ladder is going to fall.
– It’s going to snow.

Выражение Be going to используется только для будущих событий. Present Continuous может также использоваться для действий, которые происходят именно сейчас.

To be going to Упражнения на пройденную тему.

Приступим к упражнениям на пройденную тему и закрепим материал. Мы предлагаем вам самостоятельно сделать интересные упражнения с переводом на английский язык и пройти онлайн тестирование.

Exercise 1. Переведите предложения на английский язык, используя нужные времена, которые изучили в этой статье.

1. Он собирается прибраться в своей комнате.
2. Мы собираемся повесить картины на стены.
3.Сара собирается смотреть футбольный матч сегодня вечером?
4. Они купят новый ковер.
5. Смотри! Снег идет!
6. Мы арендуем парковочное место.
7. Она собирается надеть красное платье?
8. Мы посадим деревья.
9. Моей маме исполнится 45 лет на следующей недели.
10. Где они собираются спать?
11. Мы поедем в Лондон.
12. Мария, я тебя так сильно люблю. Ты выйдешь за меня?
13. Я не собираюсь петь сегодня вечером на концерте.
14. Я пока не совсем уверен, но мы, наверное, переедем в Ливерпуль.
15. Теперь, когда он переехал в большой дом, он собирается сделать бассейн в своем саду. Он копил на это месяцами.
16. Ты собираешься играть в шахматы сегодня?
17. Думаю, он станет хорошим врачом.
18. Ты пожалеешь об этом!
19. Назад! Бомба сейчас взорвется.
20. Моя машина не заводиться.

Exercise 2. Future Simple Present Continuous to be going to упражнения. Выберите подходящую форму.

[qsm quiz=7]

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

«Gonna» redirects here. For the Blake Shelton song, see Gonna (song). For the river of Saxony-Anhalt, Germany, see Gonna (Helme).

«Gonna» redirects here. Not to be confused with Gunna.

The going-to future is a grammatical construction used in English to refer to various types of future occurrences. It is made using appropriate forms of the expression to be going to.^[1] It is an alternative to other ways of referring to the future in English, such as the future construction formed with will (or shall) – in some contexts the different constructions are interchangeable, while in others they carry somewhat different implications.

Constructions analogous to the English going-to future are found in some other languages, including French, Spanish and some varieties of Arabic.

Origin[edit]

The going-to future originated by the extension of the spatial sense of the verb go to a temporal sense (a common change, the same phenomenon can be seen in the preposition before). The original construction involved physical movement with an intention, such as «I am going [outside] to harvest the crop.» The location later became unnecessary, and the expression was reinterpreted to represent a near future.

The colloquial form gonna and the other variations of it, as mentioned in the following section, result from a relaxed pronunciation of going to. They can provide a distinction between the spatial and temporal senses of the expression: «I’m gonna swim» clearly carries the temporal meaning of futurity, as opposed to the spatial meaning of «I’m going [in order] to swim», or «I’m going [in the pool] to swim».

Formation[edit]

The going-to idiom, used to express futurity is a semi-modal verb that consists of a form of the copula verb be, the word going followed by the word «to», for instance is going to. Like other modals, it is followed by the base infinitive of the main verb (compare with «ought to».) (An alternative description is that it uses the verb go in the progressive aspect, most commonly in present progressive form, serving as an auxiliary verb and having the to-infinitive phrase as its complement. However this description fails to take into account sentences in which the main verb is elided, such as «Yes, he’s going to.») It can be put into question and negative forms according to the normal rules of English grammar.

Some examples:

• The boys are going to fight. (subject the boys + copula are + going to + base-infinitive fight)
• I’m going to try the wine. (subject I + copula am + going to + base-infinitive phrase try the wine)
• He’s not going to make it. (negative form, copula negated with the addition of not)
• Are you going to bring Sue? (interrogative form, featuring subject–auxiliary inversion)
• Aren’t they (more formal: Are they not) going to wear coats? (negative interrogative form)
• We were going to tell you earlier. (past form of the going-to future, formed with the past copula were)
• Yes I’m going to. (main verb is elided).

The going to of this future construction is frequently contracted in colloquial English to (be) gonna, and in some forms of English the copula may also be omitted. Hence «You’re going to like it» could be said as «You’re gonna like it» or just «You gonna like it». In the first person, I’m gonna may further contract to I’m’n’a or Imma , or frequently . (For derived forms found in English-based creole languages, see below.) This is true even when the main verb is elided, as in «Yes, I’m/you’re/etc. gonna (do that).»

That the verb go as used in this construction is distinct from the ordinary lexical verb go can be seen in the fact that the two can be used together: «I’m going to go to the store now.» Also the lexical use of going to is not subject to the contractions to gonna and similar: «I’m gonna get his autograph» clearly implies the future meaning (intention), and not the meaning «I’m going [somewhere] [in order] to get his autograph.»

Usage[edit]

The going-to future is one of several constructions used in English to refer to future events (see Future tense § English). The basic form of the going-to construction is in fact in the present tense; it is often used when the speaker wishes to draw a connection between present events, situations, or intentions and expected future events or situations, i.e. to express the present relevance of the future occurrence.^[2] It may therefore be described as expressing prospective aspect, in the same way that the present perfect (which refers to the present relevance of past occurrences) is said to express retrospective (or perfect) aspect.

There is no clear delineation between contexts where going to is used and those where other forms of future expression (such as the will/shall future, or the ordinary present tense) are used. Different forms are often interchangeable. Some general points of usage are listed below.

• The going-to future is relatively informal; in more formal contexts it may be replaced by the will/shall future, or by expressions such as plan(s) to, expect(s) to, is/are expected to, etc.
• The ordinary present tense can be used to refer to the future when the context (or time adverbs) indicate futurity, and the reference is to some planned action: «We are painting the house tomorrow» (this could also be expressed with «… going to paint …»). It is usually the present progressive that is used, as in the preceding example, but the simple present can also be used, particularly for precisely scheduled events: «My train leaves at 4.15.» (See also the obligatory use of present tense with future meaning in some dependent clauses.)
• When the expression of futurity is combined with that of some modality, such as obligation or possibility, a modal verb (not marked specifically for the future) may be used: «We must/can do it tomorrow.» There is also the expression am to etc., which implies obligation or expectation as in «He is to deliver it this afternoon» (see the following section), and the expression to be about to (also to be on the point of and similar), implying immediacy («I am about to leave»).
• The going-to form sometimes indicates imminence, but sometimes does not; and it sometimes indicates intention, but sometimes does not (compare «It’s going to rain», which expresses imminence but not intention, and «I’m going to visit Paris someday», which expresses intention but not imminence).^[3]
• The will future is often used for announcing a decision at the time when it is made, while going to is more likely for a plan already in existence: compare «All right, I’ll help her» and «Yes, I’m going to help her».
• The will future is used more often than going to in conditional sentences of the «first conditional» type: «If it rains, you‘ll get wet» (although going to is also sometimes found in such sentences).
• In some contexts the going-to form can express unconditionality while the will form expresses conditionality («Don’t sit on that rock, it’s going to fall» means it’s going to fall regardless of what you do, while «Don’t sit on that rock, it will fall» means that it will fall conditional on your sitting on it). But in some contexts (particularly with «future in the past» – see the following section) the reverse can be true («After 1962 ended, I would be a star» unconditionally describes what subsequently did happen, while «After 1962 ended, I was going to be a star» describes only intention).^[4]

The be + to construction[edit]

English has a construction formed by a form of the copula be followed by to and the bare infinitive of the main verb (i.e. the copula followed by the to-infinitive). This is similar in form to the going-to future, with the omission of the word going. In the be + to construction only finite, indicative (or past subjunctive) forms of the copula can appear – that is, the copula used cannot be «be» itself, but one of the forms am, is, are, was, were (possibly contracted in some cases).

The meaning of this construction is to indicate that something is expected to happen at a future time (usually in the near future), as a result of either some duty (deontic modality) or some set plan. For example:

• I‘m to report to the principal this afternoon. (duty)
• The Prime Minister is to visit the West Bank. (plan)
• Troops are to be sent to war-torn Darfur. (plan; note passive voice)

In headline language the copula may be omitted, e.g. «Prime Minister to visit West Bank».

Compared with the will future, the be + to construction may be less expressive of a prediction, and more of the existence of a plan or duty. Thus «John will go …» implies a belief on the speaker’s part that this will occur, while «John is to go …» implies knowledge on the speaker’s part that there exists a plan or obligation entailing such an occurrence (the latter statement will not be falsified if John ends up not going). The be + to construction may therefore resemble a renarrative mood in some ways.

When was or were is used as the copula, the plan or duty is placed in past time (and quite often implies that it was not carried out). It may also be used simply as a way of expressing «future in the past» (see the following section). For example:

I was to visit my aunt, but I missed the train. (past plan, not in fact fulfilled)

This was the battle at which they were finally to triumph. (future in the past, also: they would finally triumph)

The construction also appears in condition clauses:

If you are to go on holiday, you need to work hard. (i.e. working hard is necessary for going on holiday)

If he was/were to speak, it would change things significantly. (also if he spoke)

When the verb in such a clause is were, it can be inverted and the conjunction if dropped: «Were he to speak, …» For details of these constructions, see English conditional sentences.

Expressions using going to as relative future form[edit]

The going-to construction, as well as other constructions used in English refer to future events, can be used not only to express the future relative to the present time, but also sometimes to express the future relative to some other time of reference (see relative tense).^[5]

Some reference points appear more suitable for use in relative future than others. The following are universally attested:

• Future relative to a past reference point is formed using the past tense of the copula, e.g. «I was going to eat dinner» (instead of the present «I am going to eat dinner»). This may express past intention («I was going to eat dinner») or prediction («It was going to rain»).
• Ongoing intention or prediction existing up to the present time is also attested, based on the present perfect progressive of the copula. For example, «I have been going to do it for some time» (but I haven’t gotten around to it) or «It has been going to rain all afternoon» (but it hasn’t started). Similar sentences can be formed on the past perfect progressive (e.g. «I had been going to eat»).
• Future relative to a past subjunctive is attested in a condition clause: «If I was/were going to eat…»

The following relative futures are more nebulous:

• Future event relative to a future reference point. In theory, one could string two going-to futures together («I’m going to be going to eat»), or, to more easily disambiguate them, use the modular future for the reference point («I will be going to eat»). A strong example might be one that incorporates the precise difference in time between the reference point and the event: «We can’t visit Louise in June, because she’ll be going to have a baby three weeks from then.»
  • However, it is not clear that English speakers would agree on the naturalness of this construction or on the interpretation. In fact, some have argued that such a construction does not occur in English or other natural languages with the intended meaning;^[6] the latter «going to» in these constructions may signify the main verb to go as in «to move from one place to another.»
  • Others have speculated about this grammatical lacuna. Hans Reichenbach’s scheme of tenses identifies a sequence S-R-E, i.e. speech act followed by reference point followed by event, but it does not correspond to an English tense in a strict sense.^[7] Latin had a form that may have corresponded to this use, e.g. in the phrase «abiturus ero», which could be translated «I shall be one of those who will leave.»^[8] Other authors have argued that the future of the future is «not attested in natural languages.»^[9] The South Indian language Kannada has a posterior future tense that might correspond to this usage, but reportedly denotes «to need to.»^[10]
  • Some have speculated that the lacuna, if it exists, may have a semantic origin; that is, the future is already difficult to specify, and there is simply little occasion in human experience for using a future event as a reference point for a further future event.
• Future relative to a hypothetical (conditional) state: «I would be going to eat.» A similar interpretation to future relative to future may arise instead: «I would be going (on my way) to eat.»
• Future relative to unspecified time: the infinitive (or occasionally present subjunctive) of the copula can be used, e.g. «To be going to die is not a good feeling.» The infinitive can be used in a variety of constructions, in line with the normal uses of the English infinitive; for example, «He is said to be going to resign.» Speakers may differ on the interpretation of such constructions.

Relative future is also possible for a limited number of uses of the modular «will» or «shall» in their so-called past tense forms, respectively «would» and «should» (see future in the past).

Periphrastic phrases may be able to express some relative future meanings that are otherwise unattested. For example, the phrase «to be about to» means that in the very near future, one will do something. Hence, «I will be about to leave» expresses a future event relative to a future reference point.

Another construction, «to be to», also has similar denotations in some constructions, e.g. «I was to see the Queen the next day.» However, its use is restricted to simple finite forms of the copula, namely the present indicative («I am to do it»), the past indicative («I was to do it»), and the past subjunctive («if I were to do it» or «were I to do it»; these last have somewhat different implications, as described at English conditional sentences).

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Some creole languages have a marker of future time reference (or irrealis mood) modeled on the verb «go» as found in the going-to future of the English superstrate.^[12]

Examples include Jamaican English Creole^[13] /de go hapm/ «is going to happen», /mi a go ɹon/ «I am going to run», Belizean Creole English /gwein/ or /gouɲ/, Gullah Uh gwine he’p dem «I’m going to help them», Hawaiian Creole English^[14] /Ai gon bai wan pickup/ «I gonna buy one pickup», /Da gai sed hi gon fiks mi ap wit wan blain deit/ «The guy said he gonna fix me up with one blind date», and Haitian Creole^[15] /Mwen va fini/ «I go finish».

Analogous forms in other languages[edit]

Similarly to English, the French verb aller («to go») can be used as an auxiliary verb to create a near-future tense (le futur proche).^[16] For example, the English sentence «I am going to do it tomorrow» can be translated by Je vais le faire demain (literally «I go it to do tomorrow»; French does not have a distinct present progressive form, so je vais stands for both «I go» and «I am going»). As in English, the French form can generally be replaced by the present or future tense: Je le fais demain («I am doing it tomorrow») or Je le ferai demain («I will do it tomorrow»).

Likewise, the Spanish verb ir («to go») can be used to express the future: Mi padre va a llegar mañana («My father is going to arrive tomorrow»). Here the preposition a is used, analogous to the English to; the French construction does not have this.

In Welsh, a Brittonic and Celtic language, the verb mynd («to go») is used much like the English verb go. In the sentence dw i’n mynd i wneud e yfory («I am going to do it tomorrow») mynd is followed by the preposition i («to, for») which is itself followed by the verb gwneud («to do») in mutated form (hence the missing initial ‘g’). This forms a going-to future as found in English.

The form is well established in urban varieties of Irish, using Tá (the Irish verb ‘to be’), the preposition ‘chun’ («to», «towards») and the verbal noun moved by transformation to the end of the verbal phrase. So «tá mé chun an bus a thógáil» — («I am going to take the bus»). It is much less used in rural dialects, where the plain future tense is still preferred.

See also[edit]

• Grammatical aspect
• Grammatical tense
• Shall and will

References[edit]

External links[edit]

• Use and Form of Be going to + Exercises
• Exercises and explanation