Is the letter a considered a word

How do you actually read R in English? Simple rules for reading the letter R

I am often asked the question — how to read R correctly in English. Sometimes in the same word, some R are read and some are not. In this tutorial, we will break down simple and working rules to help you understand how to read the English letter R.

With the English letter R, everything is really difficult, because

British not Always read R Americans always read R

The case when R is always readable regardless of accent

If R is not part of a special bundle (syllable with R), then R will be read (sounds like a soft R, as in the word bring). Usually, this is a situation where R comes before a vowel. In this case, the R is usually preceded by a consonant. Also R can start a new syllable. Examples of words:

ready, road, practice, craft, supreme, parable

Cases where vowel + R form a special syllable

This is not uncommon in the English language. The vowel + R refers to the same syllable and together they give a rather unusual sound for Russian speakers.

Interestingly, in vowel + R bundles, Americans will pronounce R, and it will be heard.

The British do not say R, they will instead stretch out a vowel. For the British, R in this case works like an «extension» for the previous vowel. This is the main difference between British and American accents. Listen to 2 ways the word sounds cardhttp://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/card

R at the end of a word in combinations or and er

Americans in this case will say R, they will pronounce it weakly, but you can hear it. The British won’t say R. But if the next word begins with a vowel, then even the British will say r. Hear mother and mother-in-law pronounced: http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/mother http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/mother-in-law

Syllable «vowel + R» in the middle of a word

There are a number of special combinations with r that give an unusual sound. / ɜː /. These are the bundles ir, ur, er and sometimes or. As in the word girl. Americans say r, British don’t. Http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/girl More examples: bird, turn, shirt, world, murder, Berlin Some syllables may have 2 vowels before R. Pronunciation, again, depends on the accent. We look at the picture.

To avoid misunderstandings, you need to decide with what accent the interlocutor speaks. The British version is still considered the reference, but almost the whole world uses the American one. You will gradually learn to hear the difference as you practice and listen to English. In the meantime, I recommend that you watch a video lesson with the rules for reading vowels in American English.

The last block deals with the reading of R in different types of syllables.

Useful articles on the topic:

Russian accent in English: 5 mistakes that give you Russian
All the secrets of English pronunciation
How do you actually read R in English? Simple rules for reading the letter R.

Source: https://ok-english.ru/pronunciation-r/

In English lessons, students moan, «Why are reading rules in English so confusing?»

One of the reasons is that English has borrowed words from many languages. Sometimes they kept their spelling, sometimes they changed them for themselves. In good old England, words were often spelled the way they were read, so that one word could be spelled differently. Take, for example, Shakespeare’s manuscripts — all this chaos is there at a glance.

Ultimately, the spelling of words was standardized and entered into dictionaries, but as you study English, you will notice that a word is often read completely differently from how it is spelled. And there are usually historical reasons for this.

There is good news, too. Although many English words are written, it would seem, «as God puts it on his soul,» there are a number of rules. But be careful, there is an exception for every rule.

English has over 1100 ways to record 44 individual sounds — more than any other language. But let study be a game for you, not a duty.

Learn with our tips!

1. Jot down the words you are having trouble with in your notebook. Underline the part of the word that is most difficult for you.
2. Use a dictionary, not a spell checker! Unfortunately, you cannot always trust her.
3. Learn words with all sorts of prefixes and suffixes, for example: biography — autobiography, child — childhood, etc.
4. Learn the rules, but don’t rely on them. We have already said: there is an exception to any rule. We will talk about this below.

“I” is written before “e” (exception — after “c”)

One of the first reading rules taught in English class. The rule works for words in which a long “ee” is pronounced, as in shield.

Examples: piece (part), niece (niece), priest (priest), thief (thief).

But after “c”: conceive (to comprehend, to conceive), receive (to receive), receipt (receipt; not to be confused with recipe — recipe).

For words in which the sound «a» or «i» is pronounced, the opposite is true:

“A”: eight, neighbor, reign, weight

«I»: either (any; or), height (height), feisty (absurd), sleight (agility)

Exceptions: seize, weird, conscience, efficient, etc.

silent letters

English is full of unpronounceable letters. The question arises: why do the British insert letters into words, and then they simply do not pronounce them? ..

Silent witness, or What is an unpronounceable letter

A silent letter is a letter that should appear in a word, even if we do not read it. More than half of the letters of the alphabet can be unpronounceable. They can be at the beginning of a word, at the end or in the middle — from the sound of the word, you will not understand that they are there.

Examples of unpronounceable letters:
a — thread, bread, tread
B — lamb (lamb), bomb (bomb), womb (womb)
c — scissors, science, scent
d — edge, bridge, badge e — see below

h — honor, honest, school

Source: https://skyeng.ru/articles/pravila-chteniya-anglijskogo-yazyka

Rules for reading English for beginners: a table of letters and diphthongs with transcription and pronunciation

30.05.2019

Transcription is a recording of the sound of a letter or word in the form of a sequence of special phonetic symbols.

The transcription may not be interesting to everyone, but it is undoubtedly useful. Knowing the transcription, you will correctly read the unfamiliar word without assistance. In the classroom, you yourself can read the transcription of a word (for example, from the blackboard) without asking others, thereby facilitating the process of assimilating lexical material, etc.

At first, there will be errors in the correct reading, tk. there are always some subtleties in pronunciation. But this is just a matter of practice. A little later, if necessary, you can transcribe the words yourself.

Transcription is directly related to reading rules… In English, not everything that is seen (letter combinations) is read (as in Russian and Spanish, for example).

When textbooks (mostly Russian) tell about the rules of reading, much attention is paid to the type of syllable. Usually about five of these types are described.

But such a detailed theoretical presentation of the rules of reading does not greatly facilitate the fate of a beginner, and may even mislead him.

It must be remembered that a good knowledge of the rules of reading is a great merit of practice, not theory.

Your attention will be presented the basic rules for reading individual letters and letter combinations. «Behind the scenes» will remain some phonetic moments that are difficult to convey in writing.

A little patience! Both transcription and reading rules are easy to learn in a short time. Then you will be surprised: «How easy it has become to read and write!»

Note! However, do not forget that, despite its widespread distribution, the English language does not cease to be a LANGUAGE, full of exceptions, stylistic and other delights. And at any stage of language learning, and especially at the initial stage, often look into the dictionary.

Transcription icons and their pronunciation

[ b ]	[ б ]	Single sounds
[ d ]	[ д ]	[ Λ ]	[ а ] — a short
[ f ]	[ ф ]	[ a:]	[ а ] — deep
[ 3 ]	[ ж ]	[ i ]	[ и ] — a short
[ d3 ]	[ j ]	[ i: ]	[ и ] — long
[ g ]	[ г ]	[ o ]1	[ о ] — a short
[ h ]	[ х ]	[ o: ]	[ о ] — deep
[ k ]	[ к ]	[ u ]	[ у ] — a short
[ l ]	[ л ]	[ u: ]	[ у ] — long
[ m ]	[ м ]	[ e ]	as in the word «plеd «
[ n ]	[ н ]	[ ε: ]	as in the word «mёd «
[ p ]	[ п ]	Diphthongs
[ s ]	[ с ]	[ əu ]	[ OU ]
[ t ]	[ т ]	[ au ]	[ ay ]
[ v ]	[ в ]	[ ei ]	[ Hey ]
[ z ]	[ з ]	[ oi ]	[ ой ]
[ t∫]	[ ч ]	[ ai ]	[ ouch ]
[∫]	[ ш ]
[ r ]	Soft [ р ] as in a word рUssky
[ о	The sign of softness as in the Russian letter Ё (ёlka)
[ θ ]	[ æ ]
[ ð ]
[ ŋ ]	Nasal, in the French manner, sound [ n ]	[ ə ]4	[neutral sound]
[ w ]

Notes:

1. In many school textbooks and in some domestic dictionaries, this sound is denoted as [ o ]. But, in modern English dictionaries, this sound is usually denoted as shown in the table.
2. Diphthong Is a complex sound with two sounds. In most cases, a diphthong can be «split» into two sounds, but not in writing. Since in many cases one of the constituent sounds of the diphthong, if used separately, will have a different designation. For example diphthong [ au ]: separately such a transcriptional icon as [ a ] — Does not exist. Therefore, most diphthongs are indicated not by a set of different transcription symbols, but by their own sign.
3. In many school textbooks and in some domestic dictionaries, this sound is denoted as [ ou ], which is more descriptive. But, in modern English dictionaries, this sound is usually denoted as shown in the table.
4. This sign often denotes unstressed vowel sounds in transcription, regardless of the letters (combinations) that this sound give.

Reading rules

English words have several types of syllables. However, to understand the whole system, it is necessary to remember and distinguish between the following two types: open и закрытый.

Open syllable ends in a vowel: game

Source: https://crownenglishclub.ru/baza-znanij/pravila-chteniya-anglijskogo-yazyka-dlya-nachinayushhih-tablitsa-bukv-i-diftongov-s-transkriptsiej-i-proiznosheniem.html

English alphabet with transcription and Russian pronunciation: familiarity with letters and sounds

Linguistic and psychological studies show that teaching a child a foreign language is one of the best ways of his intellectual development. Learning a foreign language will serve as a solid foundation for your child’s future achievements. And the beginning of this business is, of course, the study of the English alphabet.

Why is it easier for babies to learn a language?

Children are born with a special genetic mechanism that allows them to quickly absorb a new language, even without the help of teachers or educators. Therefore, the English alphabet is usually not difficult for children.

If an adult has to include logical analysis when studying a new language system, then the child practically «absorbs» the new alphabet. This is due to the fact that babies have not yet developed that part of the prefrontal cortex of the brain, which is responsible for logical perception.

Scientists estimate that if children did not have this special «linguistic» mechanism, it would take them about a century to master their native language.

When to start learning the alphabet?

Many parents note that as early as 2-3 years old, a child may begin to be interested in letters. At this age, it is useful to tell your baby what a certain letter means, but for now, you should not overload him with unnecessary information.

If one of the letters attracted his attention, you do not need to immediately tell him about all the sounds and letters of the English alphabet..  You can simply repeat the pronunciation of this letter with him, name any word that begins with it.

To read words correctly, an adult can use transcriptions of English sounds.

One of the difficulties of English is that a large number of letters have different sound variations. At an early age, you should limit yourself to the simplest explanations, choosing those words in which the sound most resembles the letter of the alphabet itself. For example, the word “Book” would fit the letter “B” as the simplest one.

for learning english

When toddler starts learning the English alphabet, it is much easier for him to do it playfully. There are many techniques that can motivate a child. After all, if you just put a four-five-year-old student at a desk, and make him learn English letters and sounds — nothing good will come of it.

Therefore, it is good with children to learn the English alphabet by songs, watch a video about the English alphabet. Now you can find a large number of videos — fortunately, the authors of various schools and teachers do not skimp on materials. It will be very interesting for the kid to sing the sounds of the English alphabet, repeating them for the host of the video. Also, the parent can sing these simple songs with the baby.

It is always important for children that mom and dad support them.

In the following video, the letters of the alphabet are compared with the names of animals.:

And in this video for children, the English alphabet can be heard in the form of a funny song:

Some time after the kid has watched the video about the English alphabet, it is helpful to ask him about the letters.

For example, draw or show a child a letter and ask if he remembers what it is called, what are the words that begin with it. At the same time, it is better to praise the kid for the correct answer.

Don’t take your child’s success for granted. After all, otherwise the child’s self-esteem will suffer, and interest in classes will come to naught.

Preparation for school

If it is necessary to prepare for schoolwork, it is useful for the kid to start learning the written English alphabet.. At this time, you should also not overload the child very much.

After all, a lot of time must pass before the baby «gets his hand full.» Remember how hard it is for a first grader to write letters.

Therefore, at this stage, short sessions with prescriptions will be quite enough.

Learn English Alphabet: Educational Games

What games will make learning the alphabet more interesting for a child? Learn the English alphabet for kids in a fun and effective way using games:

• The little ones will love a game called Letter Soup. To carry it out, you will need any saucepan or bowl, as well as cards with letters and corresponding words. It’s good if, in addition to the standard «Apple» and «Book», there is something entertaining like «Snail» or «Frog». The kid must get any card at random, name a letter, as well as the word, the first letter of which corresponds to the name of the letter of the alphabet. This will be his «lunch» for today. It is especially fun for young children to extract snails, toads, and spiders for lunch. This is yummy!
• An exercise called «ABC» is suitable for schoolchildren. To complete it, you first need to ask the child to tell the entire English alphabet. Then ask him to do this, starting with the letter «C», then with the letter «D», and so on. The exercise should be completed to the very end of the alphabet. This is a rather long exercise — it will take about half an hour. However, the result will be very good.
• The most commonplace (but also the most effective) method of learning English with a child is to use special flashcards. They can be purchased or made yourself. For this, small squares are taken, cut out of paper or cardboard, a letter and an image of the desired object are drawn or pasted on them. For example, a card with the letter «C» may contain a picture of a cloud — «Cloud». Kids really like bright pictures, so in this respect it is better not to “reinvent the wheel” and use the old-fashioned proven method.
• Drawing up the alphabet. And this method is well suited for working with the sounds of the English alphabet.. To complete it, you will also need all the cards with the names of the letters. An adult starts recording with a song of the English alphabet, and stops it at any point. The kid needs to lay out the alphabet from the cards to the place where the stop occurred.
• For the little ones, learning the alphabet with the help of creativity is suitable. For example, you can make a drawing with the letters of the alphabet in the form of animals or funny fairy-tale creatures. Or draw your own dictionary. You can sculpt letters of the alphabet from plasticine.

Does an adult need an alphabet?

And finally, the most important thing is that the parent himself must know the alphabet. After all, we can transfer only the knowledge that we ourselves possess. Therefore, do not hesitate to use the same methods with which we teach children. Here, the English alphabet with transcription and Russian pronunciation will be a good help. Having mastered it, you can safely start classes with your child.

In addition, an adult himself may be interested in learning a foreign language, and, in particular, the alphabet. Indeed, in everyday life, sometimes you have to deal with the process of spelling — spelling words in transliteration. The transcription of Russian words into English will help here. With the help of this transcription, you can correctly sign a student’s notebook in English.

How to write a Russian surname in English? The transliteration table from Russian to English will help you with this, with its help you can write any letter of the Russian alphabet through the English alphabet.

The pronunciation of English letters and sounds is conveyed using Russian letters — this is the so-called practical transcription of the English language. There is a table with transcription of letters and sounds in English.

A table of phonetic transcription signs for vowels and consonants is given. Phonetic transcription characters of the English language are used to graphically represent sounds.

Speaking audio table of sounds is a kind of phonetic game. When you hover the mouse over a letter, a sound is pronounced. English vowel and consonant sounds, consonant combinations, pronunciation of example words are given.

Classic English Alphabet Song (ABC) — British and American version.

English alphabet video, each letter Alphablox makes its own sound. Phonetic song of letters.

Funny blocks of letters — Alphablox, several versions of the video, the letters sing their letters in alphabetical order, in another video they speak and sing the sounds they make when pronouncing, that is, how they are read in words. Phonetic song of letters. This video can be shown in English lessons for children to consolidate the alphabet and when teaching children to read in English.

English alphabet with transcription — vowels and consonants.

English alphabet — we find out how many letters are in it, what vowels and consonants are. table english alphabet with transcription, uppercase and lowercase letters.

Triple consonant combinations — str shr thr spr.

Pronunciation of a combination of consonants with bright pictures and names of objects starting with these combinations of consonants.

English alphabet — uppercase and lowercase letters.

Source: https://tutorblog.ru/uprazhneniya/anglijskij-alfavit-s-transkriptsiej-i-russkim-proiznosheniem-znakomstvo-s-bukvami-i-zvukami.html

How To Read English Correctly | English letter combination table — SPEAK ENGLISH

01.07.2019

Consider letter combinations in English in the key of the rules of reading and pronunciation with the ability to listen to each letter combination in the examples. For brevity, the basic rules for reading letter combinations are given in the tables.

Reading vowel combinations

The table below shows the basic (common) set of vowel combinations (see table 1), Russian and English transcriptions with examples of words and notes.

Table # 1. Reading vowel combinations Letter combination Transcription Examples (listen) Notes

ee, ea	[i:] (AND	see [si:], sea [si:]
ai, ai	[ei] (HEY)	straight [streit], May [mei]
oo	[u:] (U	too [tu:]	before a consonant letter, except for k, r; also at the end of a word
oo	[u] (Ooh)	book [buk]	before the letter k; exception: good [gud]
ear	[ɔ:] (Ouch	door [dɔ:]
ow	[au] (au), [u] (eu)	now [nau], window [‘windəu]	under stress in monosyllabic words; at the end of two-syllable words in an unstressed position
oi, oi	[ɔi] (OH)	coin [kɔin], employ [im’plɔi]
ou	[au]	out [aut]
oa	[əu] (EU)	coat [kəut]

Reading letter combinations with consonants

Below (in table 2) are the main consonant combinations.

Table 2. Letter combinations in English. Reading consonant combinations Letter (combination of letters) Transcription When used Examples (listen)

b	[B]	in all cases	begin [bi’gin]
mb	[m]	b is not read at the end of a word after the letter m	climb [climb]
c	[s]	before vowels e, i, y	city ​​[‘siti], nice [nais], cycle [saikl]
[k]	in all other cases	cap [kaep]
k	[k]	in all cases	kite
ck	[k]	in all cases	black [blaek]
kn	[n]	at the beginning of a word	know [nəʊ]
g	[ʤ]	before vowels e, i, y	gentleman
[g]	in all other cases	gate [geit] Exceptions: give [giv], get [get]
j	[ʤ]	in all cases	jacket [ˈʤækɪt]
z	[z]	in all cases	zoo [zuː]
h	[H]	in all cases	happy [ˈhæpɪ]
sh	[ʃ]	in all cases	she [ʃiː]
tch	[ʧ]	in all cases	catch [[kæʧ]
ch	[ʃ]	in words of French origin	champagne [ʃæmˈpeɪn]
[k]	in words of Greek origin	school [skuːl], chemistry [ˈkemɪstrɪ]
[ʧ]	in all other cases	chalk [ʧɔːk]
th	[θ]	at the beginning and end of significant words	think [θɪŋk]
[ð]	at the beginning of service words (pronouns, articles)	the [ðiː]
in significant words between vowels	clothes [kləʊz]
x	[ks]	before a consonant and at the end of words	text [text]
[gz]	before the stressed vowel	exam [ɪgˈzaæm]
ph	[f]	photo [ˈfəʊtəʊ]

Source: https://ekaterina-alexeeva.ru/nachinayushhim/kak-pravilno-chitat-na-anglijskom-yazyke-tablitsa-sochetaniya-anglijskih-bukv.html

Reading rules in English

For beginners in learning English, reading rules are often difficult due to their vastness. Indeed, in a foreign alphabet there are 26 letters and 44 sounds, which are pronounced differently in different combinations. In this article, we will analyze the most common cases.

Characteristics of English pronunciation

Each foreign language has its own complex of sounds. And even if some of them are similar at first glance, for example, t — t or m — m, they are pronounced differently. This is the main difficulty in reading letters.

This is mainly due to articulation. The British constantly tighten their lips and open their mouths wider during speech. That is why, when a Russian speaks English for a long time, his cheekbones begin to hurt.

There are four main forms of reading:

• Open syllable — it ends in a vowel, even an unpronounceable one.
•  Closed syllable — there is a consonant at the end.
•  Vowel combined with the letter «r». Such a combination of letters in English affects pronunciation: it becomes extended.
•  A vowel with «r» followed by a vowel again. In this fourth type of reading, the consonant is unpronounceable.

Let’s fix these rules of reading English for beginners in the form of a table in our lesson.

Ah [hey — ei]	O [oh — ou]	E [and: — i:]	I [ah — ai]	Y [wai — wai]	U [yu: — ju:]
1 type	make [ei]	rose [ou]	he[i:]	vine[ai]	type[ai]	fume [ju:]
2 type	sad [uh]	spot [o]	pet[e]	fit[i]	myth[i]	bus[a]
3 type	card [a:]	fork [about:]	stern [eh:]	girl [e:]	byrd [eh:]	curl [eh:]
4 type	fare [uh]	core [about:]	sere [ie]	mire [aie]	tire [aie]	during [juе]

What is transcription for and how it helps beginners in reading

Unlike the Russian language, where all letters are always pronounced the same way as they are written, in English the situation is the opposite. For example, the word word consists of 4 letters and is read using 3 sounds: [ˈwɜːd].

From this you can see that every sound is displayed in the transcription. However, the main misconception of all newbies is that you can do without it. And it really is possible, because in English-speaking countries people learn English without even knowing about the presence of such an assistant.

However, the role of transcription in reading for Russian speakers is great. It shows the principles of pronunciation. Example — the Russian sound A is read as we see it. But in English it has as many as 6 versions: [æ], [eɪ], [ɑ:], [ə], [ɔ:], [ə].

Basic reading rules

We talked about the types of reading in English. Now let’s look at the main points that you need to know:

1.  Not all words correspond to the rules of their reading. After all, English is replete with a variety of exceptions to one or the other of the rules.
2. Each syllable is necessarily accompanied by a vowel sound. Because of this, the language was called vocal.
3. We are used to the letter «s» being read like [tse]. But it is not always the case. If there are «e», «l» or «y» next to it, then we pronounce [es]: cigarette [sɪɡəˈrɛt].

Source: https://tutskill.ru/grammatika/pravila-chteniya-v-anglijskom-yazyke

English reading rules for beginners

›Learning the language› Translation and reading ›Rules for reading English for beginners: a table of letters and diphthongs with transcription and pronunciation

Having studied the Russian alphabet, we can easily read any texts. But for correct reading in English, you will have to make more effort, because there are many discrepancies between spelling and pronunciation of words.

If you decide to master this language on your own and cannot understand how to read words in English correctly, then this material is exactly what you need. Today we will analyze the nuances of the pronunciation of English letters and letter combinations, and find out how easy it is to learn to read English from scratch.

And it will help to study the rules of reading English for beginners with a table in which all the letters and their sound are presented.

What are open and closed syllables?

First, let’s get acquainted with the most important law of reading in English — the rule of open and closed syllables. There is no similar norm in the Russian language, so we will analyze in detail what it is. Pay attention to the transcription.

An open syllable is a syllable that ends in a vowel sound. As a rule, it occurs in the following cases:

• The word ends in a vowel, respectively, the last syllable is always open: tfake [take]. *
• A vowel is followed by a consonant, followed by a vowel again: edlungstion [editing].
• There are two vowels in a word: cruel [cruel].

* Ultimate e in most cases, it is considered «dumb», that is, it is not pronounced, but appears at the base of the word precisely for the formation of an open syllable.

In open syllables, the vowel is always pronounced smoothly and stretched out. Accordingly, closed syllables are all those syllables in which the vowel sound is closed by a consonant and therefore sounds short and abrupt: cut [cat].

In addition, special reading rules in English are characteristic of syllables in which the vowel is closed by the letter r. The fact is that in the British version of the pronunciation of such syllables, the letter r is often completely omitted, i.e. not pronounced. Therefore, there are two options for reading such letter combinations:

1. In an open syllable, when r is surrounded by vowels, only both vowels are read: care [keea]. In such cases, the last e won’t be dumb.
2. In a closed syllable (vowel + r + acc.), R is also not readable, but it affects the sound of the vowel sound, making it more drawn out: start [staat]

The rule of open and closed syllables is the basic rule of reading in English, although there are many exceptions to it. But it is too early to learn exceptions without knowing the main rules. Therefore, now we will consider the options for the sound of all letters and letter combinations.

Rules for reading English for beginners — a table of correspondence of letters and sounds

Even if you started learning English and reading it from scratch, you probably already know the spelling and sound of all the letters of the English alphabet. But, as we already learned from the previous section, when reading, the pronunciation of letters depends on the type of syllable or letter combination.

Therefore, in the tables below, you can find several variants of the sound of the same letter at once. But do not be alarmed, for each case there will be an accessible explanation.

So, let’s continue to study English for beginners and learn the rules of reading in English.

Consonants

Let’s start with the easiest one: with a table of consonants, the pronunciation of which is similar to the Russian sound.

Letter	Transcription	Russian pronunciation
B	[B]	б
D	[D]	d *
F	[f]	ф
K	[k]	к
L	[l]	л
M	[m]	м
N	[n]	н
P	[p]	п
R	[r]	р
S	[s]	с
[z]	z (only in special positions: after voiced consonants, between two vowels, and in the -ism suffix.)
T	[t]	T*
V	[v]	в
W	[w]	v**
Z	[z]	з

* English d and t are pronounced more aspirated than their Russian counterparts.

** w is pronounced with lips extended into a tube, as a result, a cross between the Russian sounds в and у is obtained.

Now let’s deal with more complex letters.

Letter	Transcription	Pronunciation and explanations
C	[s]	c (before vowels i, e, y)
[k]	to (in other cases)
G	[dʒ]	j (before vowels i, e, y)
[g]	r (in other cases)
H	[H]	Very weakly pronounced Russian X (almost just a strong exhalation)
Q	[kW]	square
X	[ks]	ks (before a consonant or at the end of a word)
[gz]	z (between two vowels)
[z]	z (at the beginning of a word before a vowel)

And also we will study the letter combinations of consonants in English.

Combination	Transcription	Pronunciation
ck	[k]	к
ch	[tʃ]	ч
tch
ng	[ŋ]	nasal n
ph	[f]	ф
sh	[ʃ]	ш
th	[θ] [ð]	1) the sound is average between s and f (tongue between the teeth) 2) the sound is average between z and v (tongue between the teeth)
wr	[r]	р
wh	[w] [h]	y / in (just before o)
qu	[qw]	square

In addition, it is worth considering that the consonants at the very end of a word, the English language never allows stunning. Otherwise, you may not say at all what you wanted. For example: back [back] — behind, behind; bag [bag] — a bag, a bag.

Vowels

It is much more difficult to cope with reading English vowels, but the familiar rules of open and closed syllables will help us to understand it. We take them into service and learn how to read English vowels correctly.

Closed syllable
Letter	Transcription	Pronunciation	Examples
A	[æ]	э	bat, track, sad
E	[e]	э	pet, red, check
I	[ɪ]	и	pit, fill, tin, system, myth, lynx
Y
O	[ɒ]	о	spot, not, cross
U	[ʌ]	а	spun, truck, butter

Do not forget that in a closed syllable, all letters are pronounced briefly.

Open syllable
Letter	Transcription	Pronunciation	Examples
A	[ei]	Hey	game, flame, lake
E	[i:]	и	he, be, Pete
I	[aɪ]	ouch	mine,, nine, cry, bye, type
Y
O	[əʊ]	OU	bone, tone, rose
U	[jʊ]	ю	pupil, music, cube

And the vowels of an open syllable are always smooth and drawn out.

Open syllable with r
Letter	Transcription	Pronunciation	Examples
A	[eə]	ea	square
E	[ɪə]	ue	here
I	[aɪə]	aye	tired
Y
O	[ɔː]	Toothpaste	more
U	[jʊə]	yue	cycle

Remember that the letter r after a vowel is usually not pronounced.

Accordingcovered syllable with r
Letter	Transcription	Pronunciation	Examples
A	[ɑː]	aa	dark
O	[ɔː]	Toothpaste	sports
E	[ɜː]	ё	pert, bird, myrtle, burn
I
Y
U

Now we know how to read vowels in English words. But there is one more thing that needs to be learned for a perfect English reading.

Diphthongs and triphthongs in English

An important aspect of English for beginners is diphthongs and triphthongs, i.e. combinations of two or three letters with a special sound. Their pronunciation is called sliding, because

first, the main sound is strongly pronounced, and then it is smoothly transferred into a secondary sound. Diphthongs are a kind of exception and do not obey general grammatical laws, so you just have to memorize them.

The table below will help us learn the rules for reading English diphthongs for beginners.

English diphthongs
Combinations	Transcription	Pronunciation
air, ear, are	[eə]	uh *
ye, igh, uy, ie	[aɪ]	ouch
ea, ey, ai, ei, ei	[ei]	Hey
ere, eer, ier, ear	[ɪə]	uie
oy, oi	[ɔɪ]	ой
ou, ow	[au]	aah
ou, ow, oa, ol	[əu]	ooh
ure, ue, our, oor	[uə]	uue
English triphthongs
ower, our	[aʊə]	aaue
eur, ure	[juə]	yue
iet, ire, ier, iar, yre	[aɪə]	aye

* doubled letters indicate the length of the first sound in relation to the second.

So, we examined the basic nuances of reading in English. Treat the outlined rules responsibly: conduct reading lessons more often and be sure to learn to distinguish between the types of syllables in English. Otherwise, you will make gross mistakes in pronunciation, which will lead to a complete misunderstanding of the interlocutor of your words. Good luck in learning English and see you soon!

Rules for reading English for beginners: a table of letters and diphthongs with transcription and pronunciation Link to the main publication

Source: https://speakenglishwell.ru/pravila-chteniya-anglijskogo-yazyka-dlya-nachinayushhih/

18 tips for parents wanting to teach a child to read in English

Hello parents and teachers!

If you have a lively, intelligent and inquisitive child, you can start teaching both your native and foreign languages ​​even before school, as my friends do for their daughter Masha.

Masha is very interested in learning something new, so her parents recently decided to try to teach her easy English. And I decided to help them organize training.

Where does the study of a foreign language begin? Of course, from sounds, letters and reading simple words. In this article I will tell you how to teach a child to read in English: how to start acquaintance with a new language, how to teach you how to pronounce sounds and many other useful things.

Anyone who teaches their kid a foreign language will find this material useful.

Give it a try, and then share your experience in the comments — other parents and teachers will surely be interested to know how these tips are applied in practice.

Where to start?

Any child sooner or later masters speaking and writing. When adults speak their native language nearby, problems with understanding the language, learning to read and write, as a rule, do not arise.

The situation is a little different with a foreign language that needs to be learned for one reason or another.

Here you have to make much more effort and it does not hurt to know certain methodological techniques that will allow you to teach a child to read in English, for example, in the shortest possible time.

Step 1

You should start by learning the alphabet, as in the Russian language. First, we learn the names of the letters, then we introduce the child to the sounds that each letter can transmit. The child should clearly form the concept of a «letter-sound» relationship, because some letters in English can be pronounced differently from the way they are written (for example, Ss [s] [z], Сс [s] [k], etc.) …

Whether or not to teach a child to depict sounds (that is, transcriptions of the sound value of a letter) is up to you. Previously, educational institutions paid special attention to this, today in schools they can do without it. If your child is able to learn quickly, if he has a subtle sense of language and learning gives him pleasure, why not?

You can teach him transcription pictures so that he has an idea of ​​what basic English sounds look like on paper. Knowledge of transcription will give the child the opportunity to independently figure out how to read a particular word, understand many tasks in English textbooks, which certainly contain information about sounds, and correctly read words in dictionaries.

You can study letters with a child in the same way as the study of Russian letters took place — familiarization with their image in books, playing with cards, drawing them on paper, etc.

Children experience the biggest problems with those letters that outwardly resemble the letters of their native language (P, H, C, etc.). Since children have only recently learned these Russian letters, it is quite difficult for them to psychologically rebuild again. Don’t worry — calmness and repetition can easily solve this problem.

Sometimes children have difficulty reading the following letter combinations: sh, th, kn. Here, too, do not rush — sooner or later, children will learn these subtleties and remember them, because every child learns this literacy in his own way, at his own speed and according to his own system.

Step 2

The most important problem in learning to read English words, not only for children, but also for adults, is the inconsistency of the pronunciation of words with their visual image, with the spelling. At the same time, some quickly overcome this confusion, and some take quite a long time for this.

You should start with the simplest examples, with the shortest words, for example, Kate and cat, car and hare, spot, box, pot, dog, etc.

So the process of learning to read in English is faster for children, because according to the same system they learn to read in Russian too — they learn from a simple, from the ability to put letters into words.

Thus, the learning system will be understandable to the child, have a certain logic, which will increase the speed of learning. Gradually, as in Russian, the child will move from easier words to reading more complex and long ones.

Over time, you will understand when the child will need to complicate the task — then it will be possible to increase the number of practical exercises. It is very important for parents to have patience — remember how long it took you to teach your child to read in Russian, how much time has passed since the child learned to put letters into syllables and syllables into words.

Step 3

So, when the child already feels quite free when reading simple short words, you can move on to training reading more complex ones. Show your child how to read a particular difficult word each time. The child must memorize the whole word.

It is ideal to use audio materials for the words you read — they are now included with almost all beginner’s manuals. Invite your child to read with you or with a tape announcer and have him imitate his speech.

He may be funny and uncomfortable at first, but over time he will get better and better. In this case, you kill two birds with one stone — teach him not only reading, but also the correct pronunciation.

The same approach allows the child to learn to feel intonation, the breakdown of a sentence into semantic segments.

Here, as in all previous stages, regularity and systematic exercise, constant training and strict control of an adult play a huge role. The more exercise the better.

It is very important to control the child’s understanding of what he is reading aloud. Each time after reading a piece of text (a sentence, a paragraph, etc.), ask your child to retell this piece to you. The fact is that a person always learns and remembers much better what he understands. In addition, this way you teach your child to quickly master the information read, and not just mechanical reading of the text.

Try to avoid reading the same piece of text multiple times, memorizing whole chunks by heart. This may help develop his memory, but it will not improve his reading comprehension. Train each time texts of different content — this contributes to the development of thinking skills in English.

If you see that after reading the text the child does not understand anything at all, do not worry — this is quite natural and normal. Work with your child to translate each sentence. It is not at all necessary that this translation be literary, beautiful and accurate — let it be «clumsy» and illiterate from the point of view of the Russian language, but it will give the student a feel for the grammatical structure of the English language.

Each time, before reading a new segment, remind your child to try to immediately delve into the meaning of what he read. Over time, even the most difficult-to-learn children get used to such a scheme of work and begin to understand the minimum meaning of sentences.

Good speed will come with time, but if the child’s pronunciation skill is wrong, it will be much more difficult to correct it, so it is better to set it right away. Besides, reading speed in itself is not important, not only in English, but also in Russian.

Dear parents, remember — your child needs your help and love! Be calm and patient, do not rush things! Sooner or later, your child will learn to read correctly, and if he has the right motivation (whether it be a trip abroad for summer holidays or just having a pleasant time with mom or dad), he will quickly cope with any task!

Source: http://1obuchenie.com/kak-nauchit-chitat-na-anglijskom-yazyke-rebenka.html

Lesson 1: Reading English

Lesson plan:

English alphabet

Vowel reading: 4 types of stressed syllables

Reading vowels in unstressed syllables

Reading combinations of vowels

Reading consonants with one reading option

Reading consonants with multiple readings

Reading various combinations of consonants

English alphabet

Learning to read must begin with mastering the correct pronunciation of the English alphabet. If it is not possible to turn to a private tutor for help, then a memo of the English alphabet with sounds and Russian pronunciation will come to the rescue.

1. The sound of the letters of the English alphabet is conveyed by special characters called transcription;
2. Transcription is written in square brackets — []

* The letter R in English only vaguely resembles the Russian «r». When pronouncing, the tongue is pulled back, and the sound «r» is, as it were, swallowed. To denote the English sound «p» in further articles, the letter «p» in parentheses — (p) will be adopted.

The English alphabet contains 26 letters, among which you should remember:

6 vowels: A, E, I, O, I, Y

20 consonants: B, C, D, F, G, H, J, K, L, M, N, P, Q, R, S, T, V, W, X, Z

Difficulties in reading English texts in most cases happen because the learning process does not take into account the fact that is studied separately, namely, how a letter is read in the alphabet differs from how it is pronounced in words. It should also be borne in mind that English letters, combined with each other in words, form 44 sounds, which contain 24 vowel sounds and 20 consonants.

Meanwhile, in Russian, only 6 vowels are pronounced and perceived by ear, as a result of which difficulties arise in mastering the English language.

Vowel reading: 4 types of stressed syllables

There are three groups of English vowel sounds:

1. Short vowels (not marked in any way in the transcription);
2. Long vowels (in transcription they are marked with a colon — «:»);
3. Diphthongs (a sound consisting of two vowels).

The sound of the vowels of the English alphabet in words depends on the type of syllable in which they are located.

There are 4 types of stressed syllables

1. Open syllable in English, a type of syllable that ends in a vowel. The reading of vowels in this type of syllable corresponds to their reading in the alphabet.

* The colon in the transcription denotes the duration of the sound.

1. Closed syllable is called the one in which one or more consonants are located behind the vowel. All sounds in a closed syllable are short. Reading consonants in a closed syllable differs from reading them in the alphabet.

1. Vowel + r — the third type of syllable, in which for a stressed vowel goes a letter r. Vowels in this position become long and are marked with a colon [:]

1. Vowel + r + vowel — the fourth type of syllable, in which the stressed vowel is followed by the combination of letters r + vowel. In this syllable, vowels are read as diphthongs (a sound consisting of two vowels)

* stress in the transcription of English words is indicated by the sign [‘] and is placed in front of the syllable on which the stress falls.

Also, for successful reading in English, you need to know how certain letter combinations sound.

Reading vowels in unstressed syllables

Unstressed syllables are those that are not stressed. In these types of syllables, letters can take on unexpected sounds.

Reading combinations of vowels

* ea — the rules for reading the English language contain many exceptions, one of such exceptions is the combination of letters «ea», which in most words is read like the sound [iː] — for example, tea, meat. However, in a number of words it reads like [e], for example, in the following words bread and head

** Both words dear (dear) and deer (deer) are read the same [dɪə] — die, although they are spelled differently. This phenomenon is called — homophones — words, the spelling of which is different, and the pronunciation is the same.

*** In the combination of letters eigh, the letters gh are not read at all. Thus, only the sound remains, which forms a combination of letters ei — eight [eɪt]. There is also a combination of letters igh, which reads as [aɪ], for example, in the following words: right [raɪt] — right, sight [saɪt] — site.

**** they — [ðeɪ] — (h) hey — the combination of the letters th gives a sound that can only be conditionally indicated by the Russian letter «z», so we indicate it in parentheses. TH — give the sound [ð]. It is pronounced as follows: the tongue is clamped between the upper and lower teeth and we try to pronounce the sound (h)

Reading consonants with one reading option

All consonant sounds in English can be divided into three groups:

1. Sounding similar to Russian;
2. Differing from the sounds of Russian speech (they can resemble the sound of Russian sounds, but in essence they differ);
3. English sounds that have nothing to do with any sound of Russian speech.

By the type of reading in words, one can conditionally divide the consonants of the English alphabet into two types: those that have only one reading option, and those that have several different sounds depending on the position in the word in relation to other letters.

Reading consonants with multiple readings

The sound of a consonant letter is related to which letters appear before or after it in the word.

Reading various combinations of consonants

Source: https://100urokov.ru/predmety/urok-1-chtenie-anglijskogo-yazyka

We teach a child to read English in 3 weeks!

Greetings to all parents and teachers who want to teach their children and young students to read in English quickly, painlessly and without wise rules. This page is for you, dear ones! From here we will begin our journey into the world of reading English words and sentences.

I have selected for you everything your child needs most in the process of learning to read in English, then I have broken the material into small lessons that you can master gradually, step by step. It can be every day or every other day — the best pace for the child when assimilating new material.

Who are these reading lessons for?

I will briefly say Who is this cycle of lessons for?.

1. Teachers and tutors who teach English to kids.
2. Parents who want to teach their child to read in English on their own even before school starts.
3. Parents and tutors (teachers) who want to help children who have difficulty reading English words and sentences (usually primary school).

And now also briefly about what the child is must already own before starting these classes.

If all this is a stage already passed, then you can safely proceed to my lessons. They are all voicedso even if you, as a parent, are not friends with English, you will succeed! In addition, you can print the lessons for convenience and sit on the cozy sofa listening, reading and repeating

How to work with lessons

1. Before each lesson, we explain to the child how a letter or a combination of letters (on which we are working) is read in the presented words — I also explain this in the audio — do not worry.
2. Next, the adult reads English words aloud or listens to the recording with the child.

   I recommend using a table with pictures first — it will help create a visual association and at the same time replenish your vocabulary. If you think that pictures are not needed, then you can work without them.

3. Then the child tries to read the words himself. Capital letters first, then lowercase letters.

As you already understood, this method does not involve learning any reading rules or learning English transcription. This is not necessary here! All you need to do is do the lessons regularly! You will soon see the result yourself. Good luck!

For your convenience, I have collected all the lessons in pdf and mp3 formats in one archive. You just have to get them to your e-mail and use.

Due to popular demand, I will briefly tell you about 3 printed manuals that can become indispensable helpers on the way to competently reading English words and sentences:

 Is a very interesting textbook for children. What is very remarkable, in parallel with learning to read, there is an acquaintance with the English-speaking culture. This awakens the child’s interest and curiosity in the language And interest, as you know, is already 50% of success! If not more

 — I am also familiar with this manual and can safely recommend it. Here, first there is a detailed rule for reading letters in different types of words, and then there are many colorful and varied tasks for each rule, aimed at developing the child’s ability to read English words. An important feature of this book is that here the child not only learns to read, but also replenishes his vocabulary with new words.

 — a good analogue to the previous edition. With regular activities with the child, progress is guaranteed.

 — I decided to add this edition here, as it is fresh (2018). Its structure is similar to the previous ones — a short rule and a lot of training exercises based on it. You can study both in class and at home — as additional material and to consolidate what has been learned.

In fact, each of these tutorials will help your child learn to read English with interest and hassle. Choose by price and cover.

After mastering these reading lessons, you can continue learning already with the help of the reading rules, which are given in beautiful tablets. Learn the rules in two parts: Part 1   и   Part 2

• For those who want to find a tutor for their child at home or via Skype (in English or any other subject), I can advise base of tutors. Find and connect with the teacher you like. Good luck!
• The online course will be very useful for those who are not yet very friendly with the alphabet and English speech «» from Puzzle English. I have a video where I talk about him in more detail.

I will be glad if you leave your comments, feedback or questions under this post, as well as share an article on social networks — I am trying for you and therefore I humbly ask you to take a moment for these actions And also do not forget to subscribe to my delicious portions of English — I will delight you only with useful materials!

All success and new victories!

Source: https://lizasenglish.ru/anglijskij-dlya-detej/uchim-rebenka-chitat-uroki.html

Why your child can’t read English: 5 common mistakes

English for children → From six to ten years old →

It often happens that a child learns and learns English, knows a lot of letters, and can even recite the English alphabet by heart.

However, as soon as it comes to reading in English, even simple words cause difficulties for him: sometimes children cannot connect the letters at all, sometimes they seem to pronounce the words in the text correctly, but do not understand its meaning.

Why it happens? Let’s see what common mistakes children make when reading in English and how to avoid or minimize them.

I must say right away that many of the mistakes that children make are the result of their age characteristics, and not at all laziness and negligence (as many parents think). Therefore, trying to prevent these mistakes and facilitate the process of learning a foreign language for your child, you must first of all pay attention to the general development of the child.

Mistake number 1: the child reads a word by the name of the letters

For example, a kid sees a simple word dog, he knows the names of all the letters that make it up and starts reading something like [di: — əu- dʒiː] instead of [dɔg], or even falls into a stupor.

It must be remembered that in English, some letters can denote several sounds at once. Since abstract-logical thinking is not yet sufficiently formed in children under 8-10 years old, it is generally not easy for them to realize the close relationship between letters and sounds, especially when many sounds correspond to a letter (or letter combination).

Note

Here’s a simple sentence that reads the letter A differently in each word: Kate has a cat, a scarf and a hare.

There can be only one solution here.

It is important not to scold the child for negligence, but to explain and prompt him the correct pronunciation over and over again, until the child establishes clear connections when reading between the English letter and the sounds of speech corresponding to it.

Mistake number 2: we «read» the English word in Russian

When a child already speaks Russian well and knows the letters of the Russian alphabet, it is very difficult for him not to succumb to the temptation and not start reading the letters of an unfamiliar language in the usual way.

So instead of apple [æpl] it turns out something like [arle]. Adults often make a lot of confusion too, who, trying to make it easier for the child to learn English, offer him Russian transcription of foreign words. For example, the sentence This is a table is tried to be read as [Zis from e table].

Unfortunately, this method will not lead to anything other than the creation of persistent incorrect pronunciation, which in the future is very difficult to eradicate. And this is not to mention the fact that words like mouth-mouse, where the only difference when reading aloud is the sound [θ], which is absent in Russian, will cause a serious obstacle in the child.

Therefore, we immediately teach the baby to read correctly, although this method is not too fast.

Mistake # 3: the child «reads» words without understanding their meaning

Even if this is a simple practice of reading skills, you need to try to select words that are already familiar to the baby so that he can immediately correlate the graphic image of the word with its meaning.

About the reading engine

From a psychophysiological point of view, reading goes something like this: the eyes quickly jump from one word to another in a sentence, and almost at the same time the reader correlates graphic images of words with their meanings, which are already stored in long-term memory.

If the child does not understand most of the words from the text (that is, they are simply unfamiliar to him or are not fixed in long-term memory), then there is no need to talk about full-fledged reading in English. In order to establish normal reading of texts, it is necessary to go back with the child up to the moment where the necessary words were «lost».

Then follows:

• speak English words out loud several times;
• use images to consolidate the connection word / its meaning;
• use puzzles and charades to reinforce the correct form of the word;
• only then return to the text.

Mistake # 4: the child «adds» words from their constituent letters

Even if children have already gone through the stage of establishing connections between the English letter and the sounds that it stands for (see Mistake # 1), meeting with such common words as daughter, nephew, beautiful, information, they begin to read them, who is into what.

Having noticed such a wrong reading, adults need to show patience and endurance and remember that it is not for nothing that English is called the language of exceptions and sometimes even jokes about English words that “Liverpool is spelled, but Manchester is pronounced”.

Go back to difficult words with your child over and over again, and in the end, your patience will be rewarded!

Mistake # 5: the child forgot the reading rule

For example, he meets the word good or shelf, or take in the text. Their meanings are familiar to him, as well as the graphic form, but the kid simply forgot how to read a complex letter combination. So he reads the word and himself understands that something is wrong, but what exactly?

Here, the adult needs to immediately stop the wrong reading option, remind the child of the meaning of the word, the reading rule. Remember yourself that it is best to remember any reading rules in English because of the psychological and pedagogical characteristics of children «in action»:

• with the help of games with cards;
• using puzzles and charades;
• with the help of multiple repetitions in a fun way (when watching educational cartoons, songs, poems and counting rhymes).

Hopefully, these simple tips will help you figure out why your toddler doesn’t know how to read English words, or can’t understand the meaning of the text he read.

You may have to go back more than once, to those words that were missed, forgotten, or never learned at all.

Try to do this in a playful way, and surely after a while the result will be noticeable. In addition, this approach will not only teach the child to read or speak in English, but also develop his logic, memory, fantasy and thinking in general.

Source: https://englishlittle.ru/razvitie-rebenka/ot-shesti-do-desati-let/oshibki-pri-chtenii-na-anglijskom.html

Transcription and reading rules in English

Transcription Is a recording of the sound of a letter or word in the form of a sequence of special phonetic symbols.

The transcription may not be interesting to everyone, but it is undoubtedly useful. Knowing the transcription, you will correctly read the unfamiliar word without assistance. In the classroom, you yourself can read the transcription of a word (for example, from the blackboard) without asking others, thereby facilitating the process of assimilating lexical material, etc.

At first, there will be errors in the correct reading, tk. there are always some subtleties in pronunciation. But this is just a matter of practice. A little later, if necessary, you can transcribe the words yourself.

Transcription is directly related to reading rules… In English, not everything that is seen (letter combinations) is read (as in Russian and Spanish, for example).

When textbooks (mostly Russian) tell about the rules of reading, much attention is paid to the type of syllable. Usually about five of these types are described. But such a detailed theoretical presentation of the rules of reading does not greatly facilitate the fate of a beginner, and may even mislead him. It must be remembered that a good knowledge of the rules of reading is a great merit of practice, not theory.

Your attention will be presented the basic rules for reading individual letters and letter combinations. «Behind the scenes» will remain some phonetic moments that are difficult to convey in writing.

A little patience! Both transcription and reading rules are easy to learn in a short time… Then you will be surprised: «How easy it has become to read and write!»

However, do not forget that, despite its widespread distribution, the English language does not cease to be a LANGUAGE, full of exceptions, stylistic and other delights. And at any stage of language learning, and especially at the initial stage, often look into the dictionary.

Symbols. Consonant Sounds	Sound pronunciation (similar Russian)	Symbols. Vowel sounds	Sound pronunciation (similar Russian)
[b]	[b]	Single sounds
[d]	[d]	[Λ]	[a] — short
[f]	[f]	[a:]	[a] — deep
[3]	[f]	[i]	[and] — short
[d3]	[j]	[i:]	[and] — long
[g]	[ G ]	[o] 1	[o] — short
[h]	[ NS ]	[o:]	[o] — deep
[k]	[ To ]	[u]	[y] — short
[l]	[l]	[u:]	[y] — long
[m]	[m]	[e]	as in the word «plaid»
[n]	[n]	[ε:]	as in the word «honey»
[p]	[ NS ]	Diphthongs2
[s]	[ with ]	[əu] 3	[ OU ]
[t]	[ T ]	[au]	[ay]
[v]	[ v ]	[ei]	[ Hey ]
[z]	[h]	[oi]	[ Oh ]
[t∫]	[h]	[ai]	[ay]
[∫]	[ NS ]
[r]	Soft [r] as in the word Russian
[ O	The sign of softness as in the Russian letter Ё (Christmas tree)
Sounds without analogies in Russian
[θ]	[æ]
[ð]
[ŋ]	Nasal, in French style, sound [n]	[ə] 4	[neutral sound]
[w]

Notes:

1. In many school textbooks and in some Russian dictionaries, this sound is designated as [o]. But, in modern English dictionaries, this sound is usually denoted as shown in the table.

2. Diphthong Is a complex sound with two sounds. In most cases, a diphthong can be «split» into two sounds, but not in writing.

   Since in many cases one of the constituent sounds of the diphthong, if used separately, will have a different designation. For example diphthong [au]: there is no transcriptional mark like [a] separately.

   Therefore, most diphthongs are indicated not by a set of different transcription symbols, but by their own sign.

3. In many school textbooks and in some Russian dictionaries, this sound is designated as [ou], which is more descriptive. But, in modern English dictionaries, this sound is usually denoted as shown in the table.

4. This sign often denotes unstressed vowel sounds in transcription, regardless of the letters (combinations) that this sound give.

English words have several types of syllables. However, to understand the whole system, it is necessary to remember and distinguish between the following two types: open and closed.

Open syllable ends in a vowel: game,, stone — a vowel in a word is read in the same way as in the alphabet.

Closed syllable ends in a consonant: pen, cat, bus — a vowel in a syllable gives a different sound.

Stress in transcription and words is indicated by a vertical bar before the stressed syllable.

Single vowel sounds

Sound	Rules
[e]	usually gives the letter e in a closed syllable: get [get], vet [vet] as well as the combination of letters ea: dead [ded], pleasure [´ple3ə] Note: the same combination of letters often gives the sound [i:] (see below)
[i]	usually gives the letter i in the closed syllable: hit [hit], kill [kil] and also the letter y in the closed syllable: gym [d3im], cylinder [´silində] Note: the same letters in an open syllable give the sound [ai] (see below)
[i:]	occurs in the following letter combinations: e + e (always): meet [mi: t], deep [di: p]; letter e in an open syllable: tree [tri:], Steve [sti: v]; in letter combination e + a : meat [mi: t], beam [bi: m] Note: the same letter combination (ea) often gives the sound [e] (see above)
[o]	usually gives the letter o in a closed syllable: pot [pot], lottery [´lotəri], and also the letter a in a closed syllable after w: wasp [wosp], swan [swon]
[o:]	occurs in the following letter combinations: o + r: corn [ko: n], fortress [´fo: trəs]; more [mo:] almost always in a + u: fauna [´fo: nə], taunt [to: nt]; the exception is only a few words, for example, aunt Consonant (except w) + a + w: dawn [do: n], hawk [ho: k]. always in the combination of letters a + ll: tall [to: l], small [smo: l] The letter combination a + ld (lk) also gives this sound: bald [bo: ld], talk [to: k] Not often, but you can find the combination of letters ou + r, giving this sound: pour [po:], mourn [mo: n].
[æ]	usually gives the letter a in a closed syllable: flag [flæg], married [´mærid]
[Λ]	usually gives the letter u in a closed syllable: dust [dΛst], Sunday [´sΛndei]. Also: ouble: double [dΛbl], trouble [trΛbl] ove: glove [glΛv], dove [dΛv] Note: there are also exceptions : move [mu: v] — (see below); flood [flΛd], blood [blΛd] — (see above)
[a:]	occurs in the following letter combinations: a + r: dark [da: k], farm [fa: m] (see note) regularly the letter a in a closed syllable: last [la: st], father [fa: ðə] — therefore it is necessary to check with the dictionary, because a closed syllable traditionally gives the sound [æ] as in cat [kæt]; consonant + alm also gives this sound stably: palm [pa: m], calm [ka: m] + note Note: 1. very rarely a + r gives the sound [o:] warm [wo: m]; 3. Rarely: salmon [sæmən]
[u] [u:]	the length of this sound in most cases varies for historical reasons rather than spelling. That is, for each word, it is determined individually. This difference in longitude does not carry a huge meaningful load, as in other sounds. And in oral speech, it does not need to be specially emphasized. This sound occurs in the following cases: always o + o: foot [fut], boot [bu: t], took [tuk], moon [mu: n]

Source: https://www.study.ru/article/fonetika-angliyskogo/transkripciya-i-pravila-chteniya