Is said a short i word

Welcome to this Seattle Learning Academy video lesson.

How to pronounce the short i sound

The short i sounds like (short i). It’s the vowel sound in the word sit (s sound, short i, t sound).

The short i sound is created with the tongue rounded upward. You’ll probably be able to feel your top side teeth with the sides of your tongue.

(short i) sit (s sound, short i, t sound)
(short i) sit (s sound, short i, t sound)

Repeat the short i after me: (short i)

Our short i key word is sit: sit

When saying the short i sound, be careful that the front of the tongue isn’t too high. If it’s too high, a long e sound (long e) will result. Listen to the difference between the short i sound and the long e sound (short i, long e), ship/sheep, grin/green.

Common spellings

The short i sound has two common spellings: the consonant-i-consonant spelling and the consonant-y-spelling spelling.

Examples of consonant-i-consonant are:

sit
lip
fish

The initial consonant is not necessary for the consonant-i-consonant spelling. So if I can have a short i sound in the word sit, I can also have it in the word it.

Examples of consonant-y-consonant include the words:

myth
symbol
system

Be careful of the consonant-y-consonant spelling, though, because this spelling can also be used to spell the long i sound, which sounds like (long i). An example of this is the word cycle.

Short i in suffixes

The short i sound is also an unexpected vowel sound in of a number of common suffixes. While the -ing suffix is phonetic and pronounced /ɪŋ/, with a short i sound, just as we’d expect, the -ive, -ed, and -ate suffixes are less intuitive and have some considerable complications.

The -ive suffix is pronounced /ɪv/, with a short i sound, despite the final letter e. Listen to the -ive suffix in the following words:

active
excessive
alternative

The -ed is ending pronounced /ɪd/ with a short i sound when -ed follows a d sound or a t sound. Listen to the -ed ending in the following words:

acted
limited
invited

Examples of words with the -ed ending pronounced without a vowel sound include the words dressed and smiled.

Finally, listen to the -ate suffix, pronounced /ɪt/, with a short i sound, in the following words:

accurate
passionate
certificate

The -ate suffix is especially tricky because it’s only pronounced as /ɪt/ when it’s used for adjectives (like accurate and passionate) or nouns (like certificate).

When the -ate suffix is used for verbs, it’s pronounced as /eɪt/ with the long a sound. Examples include evaluate and decorate. This is unusual; most suffixes don’t have different pronunciations based on parts of speech.

Non-phonetic words

In addition to the complex suffix patterns for the short i sound, there are also a few non-phonetic words to be aware of. The following words are all pronounced with a short i sound though we couldn’t guess it based on their spelling:

give
busy
build
building

Practice

1. with
2. this
3. still
4. since
5. kid
6. win
7. pick
8. city
9. listen
10. sister
11. visit
12. middle
13. kitchen
14. finish
15. specific

Thank you for watching this Seattle Learning Academy video lesson.

EXIT: a kitten sitting in the kitchen

На основании Вашего запроса эти примеры могут содержать грубую лексику.

На основании Вашего запроса эти примеры могут содержать разговорную лексику.

короткое слово

коротким словом

короткого слова

краткое слово

короткое словечко

For example, it can show time or a short word on a drink.

Например, она способна показать на напитке время или короткое слово.

As opposed having one short word, add a longer explanation.

В отличие от имеющих одно короткое слово, добавьте больше объяснений.

Committed is a short word to say who broke the safety net there and went as he pleased.

Совершены коротким словом сказать, кто нарушил защиты там и пошел в свое удовольствие.

They call themselves the short word «skins».

That word processor had a feature where you could define a short word or sequence as an abbreviation.

В этом текстовом процессоре была возможность определения короткого слова или последовательности в качестве сокращения.

Om is a surprise for such a short word…

The happiness is such a short word, but it absorbs all human needs, dreams and desires.

Счастье — такое короткое слово, но оно впитывает в себя все человеческие желания, мечты, стремления.

It is a short word but has a huge meaning.

One of the most typical peculiarities of English is a short word.

Одна из характернейших особенностей английского языка — короткое слово.

How many negative emotions can hide this short word for many people — an allergy!

Сколько отрицательных эмоций может скрывать для многих людей это короткое слово — аллергия!

It is a short word that can be used as a verb, adverb or adjective, depending on its place in a sentence.

Это короткое слово, которое может быть использовано в качестве глагол, прилагательное наречие или, в зависимости от его места в предложении.

So, more ideas for creating a logo will form, and clients will be able to remember one short word easier than several long ones.

Так появится больше идей при создании лого, да и клиенту будет намного проще запомнить короткое слово, чем несколько длинных.

One of the most typical peculiarities of English is a short word.

Морфологические особенности английского языка Одной из наиболее характерных особенностей является короткое слово.

Therefore, his e-motional body could probably be best described by one short word: NUMB.

Таким образом, его эмоциональное тело можно лучше всего описать одним коротким словом — ОЦЕПЕНЕВШЕЕ.

It turns out that in the ancient Türkic languages this short word meant «great.»

Оказывается, в древнетюркских языках это короткое слово означало «великий».

In order not to think about your desire during the stargazing, it is enough to say one short word «I KNOW».

Чтобы не думать над своим желанием во время звездопада, достаточно произнести одно короткое слово «ЗНАЮ».

The most striking morphological feature of the English language is its «short word.»

Наиболее яркой морфологической особенностью английского языка является его «короткое слово».

NYĀYA: This short word means «logical reasoning».

This style is particular for its combination words, where two or three words or a common phrase are abbreviated into one short word.

Этот стиль характеризуется такой особенностью, как комбинирование слов, когда два или три слова, а то и целая фраза сокращаются до одного короткого слова.

In TM the meditator learns first to forget the rest of the world and to concentrate only on the mantra (usually a short word, a name of a deity such as Ram or OM).

В ТМ медитирующий прежде всего учится забывать об окружающем мире и сосредотачиваться на одной лишь мантре (как правило, она представляет собой короткое слово, имя какого-нибудь божества).

Ничего не найдено для этого значения.

Результатов: 56. Точных совпадений: 56. Затраченное время: 111 мс

Documents

Корпоративные решения

Спряжение

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Справка и о нас

Индекс слова: 1-300, 301-600, 601-900

Индекс выражения: 1-400, 401-800, 801-1200

Индекс фразы: 1-400, 401-800, 801-1200

Tchrist’s answer citing the Oxford English Dictionary pretty much says it all (so please vote for it so that it will move higher up on the page!), but I thought I’d post an answer with some supplementary material that I think is useful.

Here is a Grammarphobia blog post on the subject: A pronouncing primer.

Relevant quotations:

The word for the elementary textbook was pronounced with a short “i”
(rhyming with “trimmer”) when it first showed up in English in the
14th century.

Americans still pronounce it that way. But in the late 19th century,
the British began pronouncing it with a long “i” to rhyme with “timer”
and that’s now the usual pronunciation in the UK, according to the
Oxford English Dictionary.

But English speakers on both sides pronounce “primer” with a long “i” (as in “timer”) when it’s used in other senses (such as an undercoat of paint or a cap used to ignite an explosive).

So, the pronunciation with a «long i» dipthong /aɪ/ is more recent, but both pronunciations exist in modern speech. All I would add is that, evidently, some Americans also rhyme the word with «timer» for all senses.

The earliest example for the textbook sense is from “The Prioress’s
Tale” in Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales (circa 1390): “This litel child
his litel book lernynge, / As he sat in the scole at his prymer.”

Side note: as far as I know, the spelling in this example is consistent with either pronunciation; that is, the Middle English spelling «prymer» is ambiguous about vowel length. A single vowel letter before a single intervocalic consonant could in general correspond to either a «short» or «long» vowel in Middle English pronunciation—for example, a common spelling of «ridden» in manuscripts of Chaucer is «riden»—and I believe «y» could in general correspond to either the long or short pronunciation of «i» (for example, «living» is spelled «lyuyng»). Apparently the use of «y» for «i» in Middle English was especially common next to the letter «m» or «n» (as in «hym» for «him») and here the letter comes before «m» (Complete Works Of Geoffrey Chaucer, W.W. Skeat).

The spelling does suggest a long vowel to a modern English speaker’s eye, but does no more than suggest it: many words like body, camel, lemon and model have short vowels before single intervocalic consonant letters. Heck, the word gamut is spelled with a single «m» even though based on the etymology and pronunciation it «should» have two! Modern English spelling doesn’t perfectly reflect either current pronunciation or historical pronunciation (or etymology, for that matter).

Etymological considerations don’t tell us how to pronounce the word

Primer is etymologically related to prime, but alternations in vowel length are common in etymologically related words. Another word related to these two with a short /ɪ/ is primitive. More distantly related are prince and principal, which aside from having /ɪ/, also show a change of m to n before the consonant c.

So, just why is the vowel traditionally «short»?

Moving on to the actual question: why does the historical pronunciation have /ɪ/? It’s a difficult question, which is probably why none of the previous answers have really addressed it.

I don’t have enough knowledge to confidently state the answer, so all that follows is just speculation. However, I will reference facts I found that seem relevant.

First, the general tendency in English for vowels to be «long» when written before a single consonant followed by another vowel seems to stem from the historical process of open syllable lengthening. Here is Wikipedia’s description of the process:

Around the 13th century, short vowels were lengthened in an open
syllable (i.e. when followed by a single consonant that in turn is
followed by another vowel). In addition, non-low vowels were lowered:
/i/ > /eː/, /e/ > /ɛː/, /u/ > /oː/, /o/ > /ɔː/. This accounts, for
example, for the vowel difference between staff and the alternative
plural staves (Middle English staf vs. stāves, with open-syllable
lengthening in the latter word). This process was restricted in the
following ways:

1. It did not occur when two or more syllables followed, due to the
   opposing process of trisyllabic laxing.
2. It only occasionally applied
   to the high vowels /i/ and /u/, e.g. OE wudu > ME /woːd/ > wood; OE
   wicu > ME /weːk/ > week. Most instances of /i/ and /u/ remained as
   such, e.g. OE hnutu > NE nut, OE riden > NE ridden.

The effects of open-syllable lengthening and trisyllabic laxing often led to differences in the stem vowel between singular and plural/genitive. Generally these differences were regularized by analogy in one direction or another, but not in a consistent way:

• ME path, pāthes > NE path, paths, but ME whal, whāles > NE whale, whales
• ME crādel, cradeles > NE cradle, cradles, but ME sādel, sadeles > NE saddle, saddles

The Oxford English Dictionary’s earliest citation for primer is from the fourteenth century, in 1378; unfortunately, I’m not sure how open syllable lengthening applied in that time. Anyway, one interesting point here is the note about how open syllable lengthening generally did not apply to short /i/. This brings up a new question: when the word «primer» entered English, was the vowel short, or long?

If the word came through French, the vowel would probably be expected to be short

On the one hand, some French words spelled with I were imported, at some time before the Great Vowel Shift, with long /iː/: for example, tiger and cider. However, I think this was mainly a thing for I that occurred before a final syllable containing the vowel schwa (for example, the antecedent French forms of these two words are tigre and sidre/cidre, ending in «e muet» which was originally pronounced as a schwa in French).

In the Anglo-Norman form that the OED mentions, primer, the syllable with the I would have come before a syllable pronounced with an unreduced vowel in French (English speakers tend to hear such syllables in French as «stressed» when they occur at the end of a prosodic phrase). The vowel would therefore be expected to be short; for comparison, we see a «short» vowel in the first syllables of chisel (which the OED says is from «Old Northern French chisel (= central Old French cisel, in modern French ciseau«), vigil (from French vigile), and river (which the OED says is from «Anglo-Norman rivere, river, riveir, rivier, rivre, revere, rievere«). You can see other similar examples in Jespersen’s Modern English Grammar, §3.112.

If the word came through Latin, the vowel wouldn’t necessarily have been long

The OED says that the Latin etymon is primarius. Although (as Janus Bahs Jacquet said in a comment below) this word had a «long» /iː/ in Classical Latin, contrastive vowel length was lost in the traditions of pronouncing Latin that had the most influence on English pronunciation. A system of non-contrastive vowel length based on the position of the stress came to be used instead.

The word primarius has stress on the second syllable. Because the first syllable is unstressed, I think English speakers of the relevant time periods might have pronounced the I as short, although I’m far from certain of this (Jespersen (§4.66) actually suggests that at one point, it was regular for vowels in pre-tonic syllables to be lengthened in the «schoolboy» English pronunciation of Latin; however, I don’t know to what extent this would have been applied to words that passed into common use).

In any case, the modern English pronunciations of words from Latin sometimes have «unexpected» short vowels, e.g. syrinx has /ɪ/ instead of /aɪ/ in the first syllable. I don’t think the Latin etymology of primer clearly points to any one particular pronunciation of the I in the first syllable (particularly because, as Janus Bahs Jacquet notes, the English form shows other divergences from the Latin one, such as the use of E instead of A in the second syllable).

If the word did originally have a long vowel, it might possibly have been shortened by English sound changes

Alternately, if it did originally have long /iː/ in Middle English, the Wikipedia quote describes another process by which it might have been shortened to /i/: trisyllabic laxing, which apparently would occur in forms like the plural *primeres (hypothetical; I don’t know that this form actually existed) and then be generalized to the singular.

---

In a way, the spelling is stranger than the pronunciation: there are a number of words in English that have unetymologically doubled consonants after a short vowel (such as pillar, summer, hammer, stammer, ridden), but although double mm was used in the past to spell primer, the single-consonant spelling won out for some reason. This allowed the spelling pronunciation /praɪmər/ to eventually become established.

Bibliography

Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles, Part I: Sounds and Spellings. 1961.

One of the words that comes up most commonly in various types of writing, from fiction to academic writing, is the word “said.” Any time a writer is referencing the words or thoughts expressed by another person, whether that be thoughts expressed verbally or in writing, an appropriate way to introduce—or attribute—that person’s thoughts is with the phrase “said.” 

But if you’re incorporating a lot of quotations in your writing, you might find yourself repeating  the word “said” a lot. Repeating the same phrase in a piece of writing can start to feel monotonous, which is why incorporating synonyms or an oft-used word or phrase can make your writing more interesting and accurate. But here’s some good news: there are tons of other words for “said” out there for you to use! 

To help you build a repertoire of words to replace “said,” we’re going to do the following in this article: 

• Explain the importance of using word variety and avoiding repetition of the same word in your writing
• Explain when to use “said” and when not to use “said” 
• Provide a comprehensive list of alternative words for “said,” organized into categories based on emotion and intention

Ready to check out some synonyms for “said”? Then let’s get going!

To give you the most comprehensive and easy-to-navigate list, we’ve organized our list into two main categories: first, we’re including several lists of other words for “said” by emotion, and second, we’re including several lists of different words for “said” by intention or action. You can decide what meaning you’re trying to express in your writing, and use our lists accordingly!

Happy Words to Use Instead of “Said”

We’re going to kick off our list by giving you a lot of other words for “said” by emotion, starting with synonyms for “said” that convey a happy, joyful, or positive tone. 

Applauded	Congratulated	Prattled
Approved	Consoled	Preened
Assured	Cooed	Proclaimed
Babbled	Crowed	Professed
Bantered	Encouraged	Promised
Beamed	Giggled	Quipped
Blathered	Greeted	Reassured
Blithered	Hooted	Reckoned
Boasted	Jabbered	Remarked
Bragged	Jested	Remembered
Bubbled	Joked	Sang
Cheered	Laughed	Smiled
Chortled	Marveled	Soothed
Chorused	Nodded	Spoke
Chuckled	Offered	Teased
Comforted	Piped	Vowed
Confided	Praised	Yakked

Sad Words to Use Instead of “Said” 

Sadness is a common emotion expressed in writing—let’s look at a few synonyms for “said” that convey sadness. 

Bawled	Gurgled	Sobbed
Choked	Moaned	Wailed
Coughed	Sighed	Wept
Cried	Sniffed	Whimpered
Groaned	Sniffled	Whined

Angry Words to Replace “Said”

There are a ton of synonyms for “said” that express anger, and we’ve included several of them for you here. 

Accused	Disparaged	Rejected
Badgered	Fumed	Reprimanded
Barked	Griped	Reproached
Bellowed	Groused	Roared
Berated	Growled	Sassed
Boomed	Grunted	Scoffed
Censured	Harassed	Scolded
Chastised	Hissed	Scorned
Chided	Hollered	Shouted
Clucked	Interrupted	Smirked
Commanded	Jeered	Snapped
Complained	Jibed	Snarled
Corrected	Mocked	Sneered
Criticized	Muttered	Snickered
Demanded	Nagged	Snorted
Denied	Ranted	Stormed
Deried	Rebuked	Taunted
Dismissed	Rebuffed	Threatened

Different Words for “Said” That Express Shock or Surprise

When you want to communicate a tone of shock or surprise in your writing, try using these synonyms for “said”! 

Blurted	Gawked	Spouted
Divulged	Leered	Started
Exclaimed	Let slip	Wondered
Gaped	Ogled
Gasped	Spilled

Other Words for “Said” That Express Fear

The last emotion it might be helpful to be able to express accurately and vividly in your writing is fear. Here’s a list of synonyms for “said” that you can use to demonstrate a feeling of fear. 

Agonized	Hesitated	Shrilled
Begged	Implored	Shuddered
Beseeched	Mumbled	Spluttered
Blanched	Murmured	Spooked
Bleated	Paled	Sputtered
Brooded	Panicked	Squeaked
Cautioned	Panted	Stammered
Confessed	Pleaded	Started
Cowered	Quaked	Tensed
Cringed	Quavered	Trembled
Croaked	Quivered	Warned
Faltered	Recoiled	Whispered
Fretted	Screamed	Worried
Gasped	Shivered	Yelped
Gulped	Shrieked

Words to Replace “Said” That Are Expository

If you’re working with a quote in which the speaker is clarifying information or explaining something, you can try out these words instead of “said”!

Added	Depicted	Rejoined
Advised	Elucidated	Remarked
Answered	Explained	Replied
Clarified	Illuminated	Responded
Defined	Illustrated	Retorted
Delineated	Portrayed	Returned

Other Words for “Said” That Are Argumentative

When you incorporate quotes or dialogue that make an argument, use these synonyms for “said” in your attributions.

Advanced	Claimed	Insisted
Appealed	Contended	Maintained
Argued	Corroborated	Posited
Attested	Countered	Proposed
Authenticated	Declared	Refuted
Bespoke	Defended	Substantiated
Certified	Emphasized
Challenged	Held

Words to Use Instead of “Said” That Are Critical 

If a speaker in a quote or piece of dialogue is forming a critique, incorporate one of these different words for “said” in your attribution.

Analyzed	Critiqued	Gauged
Appraised	Estimated	Interposed
Assayed	Evaluated	Interpreted
Assessed	Examined	Judged
Concluded	Explicated	Reviewed
Considered	Figured	Surveyed

Words to Use Instead of “Said” That Are Implicative

Try using these alternative words for “said” that imply meaning. 

Adumbrated	Hinted	Predicted
Alluded	Implied	Professed
Connoted	Indicated	Signaled
Foreshadowed	Insinuated	Signified
Forewarned	Intimated	Stated
Heralded	Portended	Suggested

Words to Replace “Said” That Seek Information

Sometimes you need to include an attribution that shows a speaker is searching for information. These synonyms for “said” can help you establish a tone of inquisitiveness!

Adjured	Inquired	Questioned
Asked	Inspected	Quizzed
Begged	Interrogated	Requested
Demanded	Perused	Researched
Exhorted	Pondered	Scrutinized
Explored	Probed	Searched
Implored	Queried

Words to Replace “Said” That Reveal Information

Finally, if you need a word other than “said” that reveals information, try out the options in the list below. 

Accepted	Conceded	Owned
Acknowledged	Confessed	Recognized
Admitted	Disclosed	Reported
Affirmed	Divulged	Revealed
Alleged	Exposed	Volunteered
Allowed	Granted
Betrayed	Imparted

When to Use Different Words for “Said” in Your Writing…And When Not To

In most cases, deciding when to use words other than “said” in your writing is up to your discretion. But there are actually some situations when it’s correct to use “said” exclusively to attribute a piece of dialogue or a quote in your writing. This depends on the type of writing, so we’re going to break down the situations when you should definitely use “said” here!

Journalism

The first situation where you can expect to see writers exclusively using “said” is in any type of writing that relies on AP Style. “AP” stands for “Associated Press,” and this set of style guidelines is the standard for journalistic writing. This includes writing for newspapers, magazines, and public relations in the United States. AP Style provides a lot of rules about grammar, spelling, punctuation, and language use, and using “said” for quote attribution is one of those rules.

Impartiality and objectivity are two values that are extremely important in journalistic writing. Unlike many synonyms for “said,” which reveal a speaker’s feelings, attitude, or intentions, “said” doesn’t try to interpret the feelings, attitude, or intentions of the speaker. “Said” just states factual information: the words in the quote were spoken by a person or group of people. Using “said” allows the journalist to remain impartial and objective about the information, and it also lets readers interpret the meaning of quoted material on their own. 

Technical Writing

While not exactly a rule, using “said” is an unspoken expectation for quote attribution in technical writing. Technical writing is a style of writing used in business environments and some scientific fields, like engineering. It’s important for this style of writing to be clear, specific, and, in most cases, concise. In fact, readers of technical writing appreciate a writer’s ability to communicate directly and plainly by using short, direct words. That’s why “said” is the best choice for introducing quotes or paraphrases in technical writing: it’s clear, specific, and concise. 

Creative Writing 

Creative writing is a third situation that might require you to think strategically about when to use “said.” In creative writing—like fiction, for instance—when and how often to use “said” is pretty much up for debate. There are a lot of synonyms for “said” that you can use to convey the emotions or intentions of a character in dialogue, but you don’t necessarily have to use some flowery synonym for “said” every time you include a piece of dialogue in creative writing. In fact, sometimes it’s okay to strategically omit attributions altogether. 

Here’s one example of a way to present dialogue in creative writing that doesn’t overuse attributions: 

Even without attributions for every piece of dialogue in the example above, you can still get an idea of how the characters feel and what their intentions are through the dialogue beats (“She crossed her arms angrily,” and, “Paige shook her head”). Alternatively, dialogue attributions in creative writing are another place where word variety is important. Your attributions are a great way for you to add emotion and imagery to your work. That means sometimes you might simply use “said,” sometimes you might use a more expressive synonym for “said,” and other times you might forego attributions altogether.

Academic Writing

One final writing situation where you’ll find yourself needing to make decisions about when to use “said” is academic, research-based writing. In academic writing, it’s important to be clear about who you are quoting and to provide adequate context for the quote you include. For example, if the scholar you’re quoting is making an argument in the quote you include, it would be more accurate to say, “Dr. Garcia argued” or “Dr. Garcia claimed,” instead of “Dr. Garcia said.” Using a quote attribution that gives your reader a clearer sense of the speaker or writer’s purpose and tone. 

3 Reasons Why Word Variety Is Important in Writing

Word variety is important to any type of writing for three main reasons: using a variety of words can make your writing more engaging, more accurate, and more expressive.

First, using a variety of words can make your writing more engaging and interesting for the people who are reading it. In some types of writing, like poetry, repetition is used as a strategic stylistic device. In lots of cases, though, writers repeat the same word because they don’t know its synonyms. After a while, readers might feel a bit exhausted by repetitiveness in a piece of writing. That’s one reason why knowing and using synonyms for commonly repeated words is so important!

Second, word variety can make your writing more accurate. For example, while “said” is always going to accurately describe a piece of dialogue or a quote from an outside source, there are words to use instead of “said” that can reveal the intention behind dialogue or the information conveyed in a quote. 

Let’s say you incorporate a quote where the author is disagreeing with a point made by a scholar. Sure, you could introduce that quote with, “Dr. Smith said.” But you could be more accurate by introducing the quote with a word that indicates that the quote is going to express disagreement, like, “Dr. Smith countered” or “Dr. Smith responded.” 

Finally, your writing is expressive and vivid when you avoid repetition. When your word choice reflects the emotions or tone expressed by a quote or piece of dialogue that you include in your writing, your readers can get a better sense of your intended meaning. Using synonyms for “said” to create tone and imagery in your writing can help readers better understand your position and make them more willing to buy into your ideas. 

What’s Next? 

If you’re studying for the verbal portion of your SAT or ACT, we’ve got you covered. Here are our expert guides to the verbal portions of the SAT and ACT, and we even have tips and tricks to help you tackle the essay sections! These are just a few of the tons (and tons!) of resources we have, so be sure to check out our blog for more information.

This cheat sheet for ways to say “said” can be really helpful if you’re starting to write your college admissions essays. Learn how to start your essay off perfectly, and make sure you know the biggest mistakes you should avoid, too.

If you’re using this guide to help you write creatively, you might be a great fit for a creative writing degree! Here’s a guide to the best creative writing colleges and programs in the United States. 

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