Is policy making one word


Asked by: Keyshawn Hills Sr.

Score: 5/5
(30 votes)

Merriam-Webster Unabridged doesn’t list “policy-maker” or “policymaker.” This may be taken to mean that MW considers it two words: “policy maker.” The American Heritage Dictionary, however, lists “policymaker” as one word, no hyphen.

Should decision-making have a dash?

In Merriam-Webster, our dictionary of choice, the hyphenated compound noun “decision-making” appears as such, so it’s always hyphenated. (Most adjective forms, on the other hand, can be left open after a noun, even if they are listed in the dictionary with a hyphen.)

Is decision-making hyphenated APA?

Many compound words (words that are composed of two or more words) are always hyphenated: self-esteem, decision-making, by-and-by, etc. Refer to the appropriate dictionary for proper hyphenation of compound words.

Is Shared decision-making hyphenated?

decision making, decision taking, decision-making, decision-taking. Do not hyphenate decision making or decision taking when these expressions are used as nouns. Decision making is the responsibility of the manager.

Should I hyphenate two words?

Generally, you need the hyphen only if the two words are functioning together as an adjective before the noun they’re describing. If the noun comes first, leave the hyphen out. This wall is load bearing. It’s impossible to eat this cake because it is rock hard.

31 related questions found

What is a hyphenated word?

The hyphen ‐ is a punctuation mark used to join words and to separate syllables of a single word. The use of hyphens is called hyphenation. Son-in-law is an example of a hyphenated word.

What does a hyphen between words mean?

A hyphen is a bit of punctuation used to join together two (or more) different words. When you use two words together as a single thought describing or modifying a noun and you put them before the noun, you should hyphenate them. For example: there’s off-street parking here.

Is decision making two words?

When the compound is used as a noun, the two words are separate (e.g., “future decision making by lenders and homeowners” Bank of America, NA v. Roberts, 217 Cal. App. 4th 1386, 1394 (2013)) but when used as an adjective, the hyphenated form is used (e.g., “the decision-making procedure” In re Vicks, 56 Cal.

What are the 3 types of decision making?

There are three types of decision in business:

  • strategic.
  • tactical.
  • operational.

How is decision making defined?

Decision making is the process of making choices by identifying a decision, gathering information, and assessing alternative resolutions. Using a step-by-step decision-making process can help you make more deliberate, thoughtful decisions by organizing relevant information and defining alternatives.

Why is decision making hyphenated?

Everyone in the team had a role in the decision-making. Traditionally, we would hyphenate decision-making when the two words acted as a unit with an adjectival meaning, e.g. decision-making paper. We would not hyphenate decision making in noun form, i.e. a noun+ gerund (noun derived from a verb).

Is reevaluate hyphenated?

First, you need a hyphen when you place a prefix onto a capitalized word: anti-American. Second, you need a hyphen to avoid creating a double i or a double a: anti-insect, ultra-active. (But a double e or double o is ok: reevaluate, cooperate.)

Is Low Income hyphenated APA?

Comparative and superlative adjectives in compound words should also have a hyphen when they come before a noun. Low-income families often face more stress than their higher-income counterparts. It is generally preferable to have a position as a higher-level executive than as a menial worker.

Is policy making one word?

Policy maker” and “policy making” are in transition. That’s why one dictionary makes them two words and another closes them into one, and you’ll sometimes see “policy-maker” and “policy-making.” I suspect that the words are closing up fastest among people who write about public policy.

What are some decision making skills?

Examples of decision-making skills

  • Problem-solving.
  • Leadership.
  • Reasoning.
  • Intuition.
  • Teamwork.
  • Emotional Intelligence.
  • Creativity.
  • Time management.

What is the difference between decision making and decision making?

So what is decision-making? Decision making is about how you get to the decision. It is about making sure you understand the whole decision process. … Decision making can involve deciding who needs to make the decision or be involved in the decision-making process.

What are the 2 types of decision-making?

The main types of decisions are as follows:

  • Programmed and Non-Programmed Decisions: Professor Herbert Simon has classified all managerial decisions as programmed and non-programmed decisions. …
  • Basic and Routine Decisions: …
  • Policy and Operative Decisions: …
  • Individual and Group Decisions:

What are the 5 types of decision-making?

After in-depth work on 1,021 of the responses, study authors Dan Lovallo and Olivier Sibony identified five decision-making styles. They are: Visionary, Guardian, Motivator, Flexible, and Catalyst.

What is the lexicographic decision rule?

According to the lexicographic decision rule, a decision alternative is better than another alternative if and only if it is better than the other alternative in the most important attribute on which the two alternatives differ.

What is another word for decision making?

In this page you can discover 16 synonyms, antonyms, idiomatic expressions, and related words for decision making, like: decision-taking, analyzing, accountability, decisionmak, , risk management, firm-level, analysing, governance, participation and public-policy.

Is long term hyphenated?

Long-term with a hyphen, as in long-term disability, is the correct form. The confusion probably comes from the fact that a similar adjective, longtime, is now widely accepted in dictionaries and stylebooks as hyphenless. That isn’t the case with long-term, though, at least in the short-term.

Is data driven hyphenated?

Missing hyphen in compound adjectives

follow-up < This is an adjective, as in “He placed a follow-up call.” It describes “call”. … Data is an adjective describing the noun “drive”. data-driven < This is an adjective describing something else, possibly your marketing plan or your inventory strategy.

Does year end have a hyphen?

2) Year-end is hyphenated when it is used as an adjective. It is not considered a noun. Example: We’ll go over your work objectives again at the year-end review. Bad Example: We plan to have the project completed by year-end.

What’s the difference between a dash and a hyphen?

They might all look like lines on a page, but hyphens and dashes serve different purposes. To begin, a hyphen (-) is shorter than a dash (–). Hyphens join words together and dashes indicate range.

What is an example of a hyphen?

Use a hyphen to join two or more words that stand for a single adjective (describing word) before a noun. Examples: chocolate-covered donuts. well-known doctor.

  • 1
    policy-making

    policy-making [ˊpɒləsɪˏmeɪkɪŋ]

    n

    разрабо́тка, формули́рование или проведе́ние (определённого) полити́ческого ку́рса

    Англо-русский словарь Мюллера > policy-making

  • 2
    policy making

    , упр. определение [разработка] политики

    *

    See:

    Англо-русский экономический словарь > policy making

  • 3
    policy-making

    ˈpɔlɪsɪˌmeɪkɪŋ сущ. разработка, проведение политического курса, политики
    n разработка, формулирование или проведение (определенного) политического курса
    policy-making разработка, формулирование или проведение (определенного) политического курса

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > policy-making

  • 4
    policy making

    English-Russian big medical dictionary > policy making

  • 5
    policy-making

    [ˈpɔlɪsɪˌmeɪkɪŋ]

    policy-making разработка, формулирование или проведение (определенного) политического курса

    English-Russian short dictionary > policy-making

  • 6
    policy making

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > policy making

  • 7
    policy making

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > policy making

  • 8
    policy-making

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > policy-making

  • 9
    policy-making

    [`pɔlɪsɪˏmeɪkɪŋ]

    разработка, проведение политического курса, политики

    Англо-русский большой универсальный переводческий словарь > policy-making

  • 10
    policy making

    (n) принятие политических решений; процесс выработки политики; процесс выработки политического курса; процесс формирования политики; процесс формирования политического курса

    * * *

    выработка политического курса, определение политики

    Новый англо-русский словарь > policy making

  • 11
    policy-making

    Англо-русский дипломатический словарь > policy-making

  • 12
    policy making

    политическое проектирование и принятие решений

    English-Russian dictionary of military NATO peacekeeping forces > policy making

  • 13
    policy-making

    [‘pɔləsɪˌmeɪkɪŋ]

    сущ.

    разработка, проведение политического курса, политики

    Англо-русский современный словарь > policy-making

  • 14
    policy-making

    n

    процесс формирования, выработки политики, политического курса

    English-russian dctionary of diplomacy > policy-making

  • 15
    policy making

    Англо-русский словарь по исследованиям и ноу-хау > policy making

  • 16
    policy-making institutions

    эк.

    институты, определяющие политику

    *

    See:

    Англо-русский экономический словарь > policy-making institutions

  • 17
    policy-making body

    1. орган, ответственный за разработку политики

    Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > policy-making body

  • 18
    policy-making body

    орган по формированию политической линии

    Politics english-russian dictionary > policy-making body

  • 19
    policy-making document

    Politics english-russian dictionary > policy-making document

  • 20
    policy-making authorities

    органы, определяющие политику ; директивные органы ;

    Англо-Русский словарь финансовых терминов > policy-making authorities

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См. также в других словарях:

  • policy-making — UK US /ˈpɒləsiˌmeɪkɪŋ/ noun [U] ► GOVERNMENT, POLITICS, ECONOMICS the activity of deciding new policies for a government, political party, etc.: »Evidence based on research is vital to the process of policy making …   Financial and business terms

  • policy-making — also policymaking N UNCOUNT: oft N n Policy making is the making of policies. The Central Committee is the party s policymaking body… He will play a key background role in government policy making …   English dictionary

  • policy-making — adjective concerned with policy, not administration • Similar to: ↑political …   Useful english dictionary

  • Policy — This article is about policies in general. For government policy, see Public policy. For other uses, see Policy (disambiguation). A policy is typically described as a principle or rule to guide decisions and achieve rational outcome(s). The term… …   Wikipedia

  • Policy-based evidence making — The term Policy based evidence making is a pejorative term which refers to the commissioning of research in order to support a policy which has already been decided upon. The name has been suggested as a corollary to evidence based policy making …   Wikipedia

  • policy — [[t]pɒ̱lɪsi[/t]] ♦ policies 1) N VAR A policy is a set of ideas or plans that is used as a basis for making decisions, especially in politics, economics, or business. …plans which include changes in foreign policy and economic reforms. …the… …   English dictionary

  • making — mak|ing [ˈmeıkıŋ] n [U] 1.) the process of making something making of ▪ companies involved in the making of nuclear weapons cheese making/cider making etc ▪ a region famous for its cheese making 2.) decision making/policy making the process of… …   Dictionary of contemporary English

  • making — mak|ing [ meıkıŋ ] noun uncount * the activity, process, or business of creating or producing something: a new system of policy making Years of research went into the making of the model. be the making of to make someone succeed or improve very… …   Usage of the words and phrases in modern English

  • making */ — UK [ˈmeɪkɪŋ] / US noun [uncountable] the activity, process, or business of creating or producing something a new system of policy making Years of research went into the making of the model. • be the making of have the makings of in the making of… …   English dictionary

  • Making Europe Unconquerable — Making Europe Unconquerable: The Potential of Civilian Based Deterrence and Defence   …   Wikipedia

  • policy — pol‧i‧cy [ˈpɒlsi ǁ ˈpɑː ] noun plural policies 1. [countable] also inˈsurance ˌpolicy INSURANCE a contract with an insurance company, or an official written statement giving all the details of such a contract: • She did not realize that her… …   Financial and business terms

разработка, проведение политического курса, политики

существительное

- разработка, проведение политического курса, политики

Мои примеры

Словосочетания

policy making — выработка тактики  
policy-making organs — руководящие органы; директивные органы  
policy-making position — руководящая должность  
approach to policy-making — метод выработки политики  
economic policy making — осуществление экономической политики  
policy-making agency — директивный орган  
policy-making body — орган по выработке государственной политики; орган по выработке директив  
policy-making institutions — институты, осуществляющие экономическую политику  
policy-making post — руководящая должность  
policy-making process — процесс осуществления политики  


На основании Вашего запроса эти примеры могут содержать грубую лексику.


На основании Вашего запроса эти примеры могут содержать разговорную лексику.

Предложения


Members discussed how to enhance LDCs’ policy-making and policy ownership capacities.



Делегаты обсудили вопрос о путях укрепления директивного потенциала НРС и расширения их возможностей для самостоятельной разработки политики.


The international organizations were viewed as having comparable policy-making responsibilities and relatively broad mandates.



Было сделано предположение о том, что международные организации имеют сопоставимые директивные функции и относительно широкие мандаты.


The key policy-making organ drew several hundred attendees, state television showed on Monday.



Заседание ключевого политического органа собрало несколько сотен участников, как видно на кадрах, показанных государственным телевидением КНДР в понедельник.


Second, surveillance is now engrained in policy-making.


Transparent and accountable policy-making requires broad-based participation.


Conceptualising permits political debate, which in turn permits policy-making.



Концептуализация дает возможность для политических дебатов, которые, в свою очередь, позволяют разработку политики.


Much policy-making has focused on products.


Regulation should be separate from sectoral policy-making.


Civil society must be actively involved in both policy-making and implementation.



Гражданское общество должно активно участвовать как в разработке политики, так и в ее проведении в жизнь.


Those developments encompassed several issues which were likely to influence the region’s policy-making.



Эти факторы связаны с рядом вопросов, которые, вероятно, повлияют на формирование политики в регионе.


This would require introducing gender into the conceptual framework underlying economic analysis and policy-making.



Это потребует включения вопросов пола в концептуальные рамки, лежащие в основе проведения экономического анализа и разработки экономической политики.


Capacity-building is essential to good policy-making.



Наращивание потенциала имеет ключевое значение с точки зрения разработки правильной политики.


Developing countries should also be more involved in international macroeconomic policy-making.



Вместе с тем развивающимся странам следует более активно участвовать в формировании макроэкономической политики на международном уровне.


The second requires careful policy-making and appropriate institutional support.



Второе требует тщательного подхода к определению политики и соответствующей организационной поддержки.


Scientific assessments are increasingly important in policy-making for sustainable development.



При разработке политики в интересах устойчивого развития все большее значение приобретают научные оценки.


Finally, an increasingly knowledge-based world economy has important consequences for policy-making.



И наконец, повышение роли знаний в мировой экономике имеет важные последствия для процесса выработки политики.


Indicators and data collected internationally must be of value for domestic policy-making.


Inadequate data on violence further impedes informed policy-making and analysis.



Отсутствие соответствующих данных о насилии создает дополнительные препятствия для выработки политики и проведения анализа на основе полной информации.


The underlying imperative is to guide policy-making in more sustainable directions.



Главная задача заключается в том, чтобы направить процесс разработки политики по пути более устойчивого развития.


It also ensures their greater contribution to the policy-making process.

Ничего не найдено для этого значения.

Предложения, которые содержат policy-making

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Table of Contents

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  1. What Is Policy Making?
  2. Policy Making Process
    1. #1. Agenda Building
    2. #2. Formulation And Adoption
    3. #3. Implementation
    4. #4. Evaluation and Termination
  3. Policy Making Definition
  4. What Is The Policy Making System?
  5. What Are The Policy Making Institutions?
  6. Policy Making Cycle
  7. What Is a Policy-Making Process?
  8. What Is the Importance of Policy-Making?
  9. What Are the Types of Policy?
  10. What Is an Example of Policy Making?
  11. Related Article

One way to improve the impact of your scientific research is to engage with policy. Doing so can create new opportunities for yourself and your research. The main challenges are knowing when and how to effectively communicate scientific results to policy. However, we will be discussing these terms: policy making, the process, definition, system, institutions, and cycle. 

What Is Policy Making?

A policy is a statement of intent and is in completion as a procedure or protocol. Thus it is a deliberate system of principles to guide decisions and achieve rational outcomes. However, it can also refer to the process of making important organizational decisions, including the identification of different alternatives such as programs or spending priorities, and choosing among them on the basis of the impact they will have.

However, policy making is the activity of deciding on new policies, especially by a government or political party. In policy making there are types of policies which can be:

  1. Regulatory Policies: they are plans specifying conditions and constraints for individual or collective behavior. For example, Environmental protection; migration policy; consumer protection.
  2. Redistributive Policies: these are policies modifying the distribution of existing resources. for example, Land reform; progressive taxation; welfare policy in more general terms.
  3. Distributive Policies: these are policies distributing new resources. For example, Agriculture; social issues; public works; subsidies; taxes.

 This includes the legislative process, which can be quite complex, with various stages for formulating, drafting legislation, consultation, and the passage of laws through committees and governmental systems. These policy making process affect timing and opportunities for input and influence. A policy established and carried out by the government goes through several stages from inception to conclusion. These are agenda building, formulation, adoption, implementation, evaluation, and termination.

#1. Agenda Building

Before a policy can be in creation, a problem must exist that is calling to the attention of the government. For example, is a crime. American society tolerates a certain level of crime; however, when crime rises dramatically or is in the notice to be rising dramatically, it becomes an issue for policymakers to address. Specific events can place a problem on the agenda. The flooding of a town near a river raises the question of whether homes should be approved to be built in a floodplain?

#2. Formulation And Adoption

Policy formulation means coming up with an approach to solving a problem. Congress, the executive branch, the courts, and interest groups may be involved. Different proposals are often on offer. Thus, the president may have one approach to immigration reform, and the opposition-party members of Congress may have another. The formulation has a tangible outcome: A bill goes before Congress or a regulatory agency drafts proposed rules. Therefore, the process continues with adoption. A policy is adopted when Congress passes legislation, the regulations become final, or the Supreme Court renders a decision in a case.

#3. Implementation

The implementation or carrying out of policy is most often accomplished by institutions other than those that formulated and adopted it. A statute usually provides just a broad outline of a policy. For example, Congress may mandate improved water quality standards, but the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) provides the details on those standards and the procedures for measuring compliance through regulations.

As noted earlier, the Supreme Court has no mechanism to enforce its decisions; other branches of government must implement its determinations. Thus, successful implementation depends on the complexity of the policy, coordination between those putting the policy into effect, and compliance. The Supreme Court’s decision in Brown v. Board of Education is a good example. The justices, however, realized that desegregation was a complex issue; however, they did not provide any guidance on how to implement it “with all deliberate speed.” Here, implementation depended upon the scrutiny of circuit and appeals court judges and local and state school board members who were often reluctant to push social change.

#4. Evaluation and Termination

Evaluation means determining how well a policy is working, and also it is not an easy task. Therefore, people inside and outside of government typically use cost-benefit analysis to try to find the answer. Thus, cost-benefit analysis is based on hard-to-come-by data that are subject to different, and sometimes contradictory, interpretations.

Policy Making Definition

In definition, it is the process of formulating policies, especially in politics. they are designed to achieve defined goals and present solutions to societal problems; yet in their definition, they can be conceived of as the main output of political systems. Although, policies in the definition are government statements of what it intends to do or not to do, including law, regulation, ruling, decision, or order.

But how are these policies actually made? on the other hand, the definition of policy making can also be defined as a more specific term, which refers to a long series of actions carried out to solve societal problems

What Is The Policy Making System?

Different countries have yet different legislative systems, which will also impact their administrative system. There are also different legal systems which are: civil law, common law, and religious law. There is sometimes also a written constitution for the country, which is not legislation but provides guiding principles for the country.

The process by which order comes into being and evolves over time. Also, people’s interests, problems, and concerns create political issues for government policymakers. Therefore, these issues shape the system, which in turn impacts people, generating more interest, problems, and concerns. Some countries are also part of a larger policy-making system, which can involve making with a number of countries such as the Southern African Development Community (SADC), the African Union, or the Association of Southeast Asian Nations – ASEAN).

In considering the policy making system, the following areas should be considered in the making.

  1. Administrative and enforcement systems
  2. The legislative system
  3. Policymaking processes
  4. Agenda setting: including priority of issues
  5. Timings: including possible plan ‘windows’/opportunities and timing for input/influence.
  6. Role of research and input
  7. Role of pilot projects
  8. Relevant conferences/events
  9. Role and influence of service delivery

Now we are done with policy making system, let us now take a look at the institutions.

What Are The Policy Making Institutions?

The branches of government charged with taking action on political issues. The U.S. Constitution established three policymaking institutions- Congress, the presidency, and the courts. Today, the power of the authority is so great that most political scientists consider it a fourth policymaking institution.

  1. Parliamentary System
  2. Federalism
  3. Legislature
  4. Executive
  5. Cabinet
  6. Prime Minister and his Council of Ministers
  7. National Development Council (NDC), and Planning Commission and Secretariat
  8. Civil Servants/Bureaucrats – to assist the Cabinet in the discharge of its functions
  9. Secretariats – Departments and Ministries
  10. Judiciary

Hope we are clear on the different policy making institutions? let us go over to its cycle.

Policy Making Cycle

The policy cycle is an idealized process that explains how the order should be drafted, implemented, and assessed. It serves more as an instructive guide for those new to it than as a practical strictly defined process, but many organizations aim to complete these using the system cycle as an optimal model.

The policy cycle is made up of roughly six stages and science can be incorporated into every step. How science supports these different stages are described below.

What Is a Policy-Making Process?

These are the process of policy making:

  1. Agenda Building
  2. Formulating & Adoption
  3. Implementation
  4. Evaluation & Termination

What Is the Importance of Policy-Making?

Policies govern how an organization operates by providing direction, consistency, accountability, efficiency, and clarity. This provides cooperative members with guidelines and principles to follow.

What Are the Types of Policy?

There are types of policymaking, which are:

  1. Regulatory Policies:
  2. Redistributive Policies:
  3. Distributive Policies:

What Is an Example of Policy Making?

For example, a state can take away a bad driver’s license. Or, the government could give incentives, like tax breaks, to people who give money to the presidential campaign. They even use slogans like “Only you can stop forest fires” to get people to do the right thing.

Related Article

  1. What Is BUSINESS CYCLE?- Definition, Internal and External Causes
  2. Strategic Risk Management: Overview, Plans, Implementation (+ Free tips)
  3. Discretionary Fiscal Policy: 2023 Definitive Guide(+Detailed Examples)

  • #1

Dear members,

I have recently noticed different usages of policy and policies. Upon consulting the Oxford Dictionary, I found out that «policy» is sometimes regarded as a mass noun, but Oxford fail to give much explantion.

My question is, how do we know when to treat it as a mass noun; and when shall we treat it as a countable, plural noun?

From the top of my head, it probably depends on the speaker’s intention. If he is talking about policies (of a government on, let’s say the environment), but observing them as a collection of similar policies, then he’s likely to say «policy» (as a mass noun); however, if he decides that there are different policies regarding the matter, then it’s used as a plural noun.

I’m not sure if I have explained myself well enough. Your input will be greatly appreciated.

Thank you.

    • #2

    Good question. Since the words are often interchangeable, I think you’re right that the speaker’s intention makes a difference in the choice of word.

    Let’s say I work in an office. If I do something inappropriate (according to Human Resources) and the manager calls me in, he might say to me, «Company policy forbids this kind of behavior.» He’s treating the company and its policy as a single entity, putting me directly against the organization as a whole. It would be a less effective reprimand if he were to say, «what you did goes against one of the company’s policies».

    Later that day, I see my friend and I tell him about what happened. If I’m feeling really pissed off, I might say, «This company and its policies are a load of crap.» Even though this isn’t an eloquent phrase, my (unconscious) choice to use the word «policies» emphasize that the company has not one but many policies; or that these policies might be redundant, unnecessary or confusing; or make work life difficult; or even contradict other policies.

    In the first case, the manager is using Policy (as general, unchangeable rule of law) as the stick to beat me with. When I complain to my friend, I emphasize the fact that the company has not one but many rules, and that these rules aren’t so cohesive and logical as the company wants me (us) to believe.

    Does that make sense?

    • #3

    Thank you for sharing your thoughts, imua! Yes it makes sense. It was pretty much what I was trying to explain in my original post.

    Англо-русские и русско-английские словари и энциклопедии. English-Russian and Russian-English dictionaries and translations

    Англо-русский перевод POLICY MAKING

    выработка тактики


    Big English-Russian dictionary .

         Большой Англо-Русский словарь.
    2012


    Chapter five is again a rather theoretical one because the author deals with different types of policy and policymaking, policy analysis and electoral systems.


    Economic policymaking is indeed the subject of this book, but it does not really cover the period 1964-2000.


    During the 1980s, the new government tried to manage the economy independently of outside influences, and policymaking was dominated by domestic pressures.


    This gain is not present where the administering authority has no policymaking power.


    The privy council continues to be regarded as the main, corporate, advisory body and extra-conciliar counsel as antipathetical to the ‘ normal ‘ process of policymaking.


    Therefore, a division of competences persists in which the federal government is primarily responsible for policymaking, while state governments are primarily responsible for policy implementation.


    At the same time, the federal government is unlikely to abandon its role in policymaking.


    In the 1990s economic policymaking has been largely reactive : either to crises, like drought, or to donor pressure.


    The evidence suggests that the organization of central-local policymaking does indeed contribute to our understanding of differences across nations as well as across policy areas.


    Apparently, the first year of economic policymaking by the purple coalition has been — in retrospect — characterized by developing a new practice of negotiating incomes policy.


    The pensioners’ organisations that emerged as the welfare state matured have changed policymaking and gained considerable influence.


    Such loss of direct usability in policymaking and analysis is another drawback of physical indicators.


    Other virtues, however, especially the leadership virtues, manifested themselves throughout the 1973-96 period in the course of both policymaking and implementation.


    This is then applied to consider in turn the nature of the public sphere, policymaking, policy implementation and societal incorporation.


    This is because in democracies, multiple principals, including the public and the legislature, have increased access to the policymaking process and, hence, influence over bureaucrats.

    These examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors.

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