Is perception a word

Perception is a great word. Besides “the ability to see and hear” it also means a way in which something is understood or interpreted.

Let’s look at some examples:

Dopamine and Serotonin Play Key Role in Perception and Cognition (action or process of acquiring knowledge), Study Finds.  (ability to see and hear)

Study of 2020 Protests Shows Difference Between Reality and Perception.  (a way people see or interpret something)

I like your perception of the whole COVID thing. (a way people see or interpret something)

It’s a cool, advanced level word.

It’s pronounced as /pərˈsɛpʃən/ in American English. In the British version the R is omitted /pəˈsep.ʃən/. The stress is on the second syllable in both dialects: pə(r)ˈsɛpʃən

And it sounds much cooler than simple “understanding”. I often use the word perception when speaking about the different types of mentality and differences between people from various cultures.

For instance:
My perception of the USA is different from Americans’ perception of their culture.

So, I liked to use this word and I did it quite often.

But at some point, I wanted to tell about perception using a verb and I found nothing better than just use the word “percept”. And I pronounced it as pərˈsɛpt stressing the second syllable.?

I was thinking if we can say translation (n) – translate (v) or interpretation (n) – interpret (v), we can say perception – percept.

It turned out that we can’t.

Percept: meaning

Although the word ‘percept’ does exist in English (thank God!) BUT it’s not a verb but a noun and it’s pronounced differently. The stress is on the first syllable in American English and on the second syllable in the British version. (Here you can listen to both).

Percept /ˈpɜrsɛpt/ has two meanings:

– an object of perception
– a mental concept that is developed as a consequence of the process of perception.

Let’s look at some examples:

“…. this is an ambiguous visual percept.” (an object of perception)

“So your brain is very good at merging what we receive, the view from the outside word from each eye, and merges them together to give our percept of the world.” (perception)

“Individuals claim they were lip-reading a vague visual percept but could not clearly see a face…” (voice hallucinations, an object of perception)

“So the invitation is to see if you can be with a percept without getting caught in your liking or disliking of the percept.” (an object of perception)

As you can see there’s no way to use “precept” as a verb.

So, what’s the right verb for perception?

Let’s get back to our first example.

Dopamine and serotonin play a key role in perception and cognition, the study finds.

It’s actually the title of the article. And if we start reading the article we’ll see which verb we can use to describe the perception.

“Dopamine and serotonin — two brain chemicals involved in reward processing and whose pathways are treatment targets for diseases such as Parkinson’s — also play a key role in controlling the way people perceive the world and make decisions based on those perceptions.”  

Yes, it’s “perceive” /pərˈsiv/ in American English; the R is omitted in the British version /pəˈsiːv/.

It has several meanings and one of them is “to have an opinion or a belief about something.”

Here’re more examples with “perceive” in a sentence:

How do the French perceive the British?

Actresses and actors are often perceived to be superficial.

How to Use ‘Perception’ in a Sentence [Examples from Youglish]:

(So you can shadow them)

“In ordinary waking states, we cannot perceive the passing of the moment. And so this perception, this… “

“their partner the way that other people perceive them..”

“I’ve mentioned before that the way you perceive something makes or breaks you.”

“I don’t perceive what I’m drawing as ice or water.”

“Nothing in our experience actually exists outside of our perception of it, our cognition, … You know, the world as it actually might ontologically bear no relation to the way in which we perceive it.” 

(here’s the link for practice these sentences)

“… started to experiment with altering their perception using psychedelic, i.e mind-manifesting drugs.”

” …it expands our horizons, it transforms our perception, it opens our minds and it touches our heart.”

“… feeling, a perception that people don’t have full control over a rapidly changing world.”

“First is perception, so how do you look at this situation, ..”

“And that perception has been changing over the last few years in the direction of more ignorance.”

“I don’t perceive what I’m drawing as ice or water.”

(here’s the link for practice these sentences)

P.S.
Okay, that’s it for this week. Let me know in the comments if you made the same mistake with percept and perception or with any other tricky couple of English words. And of course, I’m waiting for your own sentences with any of these three words. 

Do you want Weekly Vocabulary Tips in your Inbox? Sign up here. 

Perception is defined as the process by which an individual selects, organizes and interprets stimuli into a meaningful and coherent picture of the world.

It is a cognitive process by which people attend to incoming stimuli, organise and interpret such stimuli into behaviour.

Stimulus is any unit of input to any of the senses; examples of stimuli (i.e. Sensory inputs) include products, packages, brand names; advertisement and commercials. Sensory receptors are the human organs (the eyes, ears, nose, mouth and skin) that receive sensory inputs. These sensory functions are to see, hear, smell, taste and feel respective.

The study of perception is largely the study of what we subconsciously add to or subtract from raw sensory inputs to produce a private picture of the world.

Sensation is the immediate and direct response of the sensory organs to simple stimuli and advertisement, a package, a brand name. Human sensitivity refers to the experiences of sensation.

Perception Meaning

The word Perception comes from the Latin words, “percipio” meaning “receiving, collecting, action of taking possession, apprehension with the mind or senses”.

---

Perception Definition

a process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment

Stephen P. Robbins

Perception is an important meditative cognitive process through which persons make interpretations of the stimuli’s or situation they are faced with

Fred Luthans

---

Perception in Organisational Behavior

Why is perception important in the study of Organisational Behavior?

Simply because people’s behavior is based on their perception of what reality is, not on reality itself. The world as it is perceived is the world that is behaviorally important.

For example, in appraising performance, managers use their perceptions of an employee’s behaviour as a basis for evaluation. One work situation that highlights the importance of perception is the selection interview. Perception is also culturally determined. Based on our cultural backgrounds, we tend to perceive things in certain ways.

Read: What is Organizational Behavior?

---

Nature of perception

1. Perception is the process by which an individual gives meaning to the environment.
2. People‘s actions, emotions, thoughts and feelings are triggered by their perceptions of their surroundings.
3. Perception has been defined in a variety of ways; it basically refers to the manner in which a person experiences the world.
4. Perception is an almost automatic process and works in the same way within each individual, yet it typically yields different perceptions.

Read: Theories of Personality

---

Factors that Influence Perception

1. Characteristics of the Perceiver
2. Characteristics of the Target
3. Characteristics of the Situation

Characteristics of the Perceiver

Several characteristics of the perceiver can affect perception. When an individual looks at a target and attempts to interpret what he or she stands for, that interpretation is heavily influenced by personal characteristics of the individual perceiver.

The major characteristics of the perceiver influencing perception are:

1. Attitude
2. Motives
3. Interest
4. Experience
5. Expectation
6. Self-Concept

Attitude

The attitude and aptitude of employees influence perception formation. If they have positive attitudes towards the management, they directly perceive the stimuli given by management. In the case of negative attitudes, the employees suspect the management’s approach. Employees of high aptitude have a desire and attitude for growth. They behave positively toward the management of an organization.

Motives

The motives and desires of employees cause them to view
stimuli differently as per their level and angle. Helpful motives of the
employees will always assist the management. If they desire to develop
themselves and the organization, they will perceive objects and situations
positively. Employees having low motives will not work sincerely. The
perception will differ depending on different types of motives.

Interest

The interest of individuals draws more attention and
recognition to stimuli. Less attention and recognition lowers the impact of
stimuli or objects on behaviour. If employees lack interest, behaviour pattern
will be less effective, and the perception will be weak.

Experience

The experience of employees results in different levels of
perception. A young employee takes time to understand the object and situation.
Experienced employees generally understand objects quickly and correctly.
However, in contradictory situations, it is difficult to correct aged persons,
whereas the young are easily moulded towards achieving the objectives of the
organization.

Expectation

Expectations distort perceptions. People see what they
expect to see. If they see the object and the situation differently from their
expectations, they get frustrated. They are unable to modify their behaviour.
The employees may expect more pay and so they perceive the management from that
angle. The real stimuli are not properly perceived if expectations exist there
on. The management has to evolve expectations for proper perception.

Self-Concept

Another factor that can affect social perception is the perceivers’
selfconcept. An individual with a positive self-concept tends to notice
positive attributes in another person. In contrast, a negative self-concept can
lead a perceiver to pick out negative traits in another person. Greater
understanding of self allows us to have more accurate perceptions of others.

Read: What is Learning?

---

Characteristics of the Target

Characteristics in the target that is being observed can
affect what is perceived. Physical appearance plays a big role in our
perception of others. Extremely attractive or unattractive individuals are more
likely to be noticed in a group than ordinary looking individuals.

Motion, sound, size and other attributes of a target shape the way we see it.

1. Physical appearance
2. Verbal communication
3. Non-verbal communication
4. Objects

Physical appearance

Physical appearance plays a big role in our perception of
others. The perceiver will notice the target’s physical features like height,
weight, estimated age, race and gender. Perceivers tend to notice physical
appearance characteristics that contrast with the norm, that are intense, or
that are new or unusual.

Verbal communication

Verbal communication from targets also affects our
perception of them. We listen to the topics they speak about, their voice tone,
and their accent and make judgements based on this input.

Non-verbal communication

Non-verbal communication conveys a great deal of information
about the target. The perceiver deciphers eye contact, facial expressions, body
movements, and posture all in an attempt to form an impression of the target.

Targets are not looked at in isolation; the relationship of
a target to its background influences perception because of our tendency to
group close things and similar things together.

Objects

Objects that are close to each other will tend to be
perceived together rather than separately. As a result of physical or time
proximity, we often put together objects or events that are unrelated.

People, objects or events that are similar to each other
also tend to be grouped together. The greater the similarity, the greater the probability
we will tend to perceive them as a group.

Read: What is Attitude?

---

Characteristics of the Situation

Change in situation leads to incorrect perception about a person.

The factor that influence the perception are:

1. Time
2. Work setting
3. Social setting

Time

For Example, a person decked up for a party may not be noticeable but the same dress in office would be noticed distinctly, though the person has not changed.

Work setting

You would have very frequently heard people say that their manager is different during working hours and 1800 opposite while in a social setting.

The strength of the situational cues also affects social perception. Some situations provide strong cues as to appropriate behaviour. In these situations, we assume that the individual’s behaviour can be accounted for by the situation and that it may not reflect the individual’s disposition. This is the discounting principle in social perception.

For example, you may encounter an automobile salesperson who has a warm and personable manner, asks you about your work and hobbies, and seems genuinely interested in your taste in cars. Can you assume that this behaviour reflects the salesperson’s personality? You probably cannot, because of the influence of the situation. This person is trying to sell you a car, and in this particular situation, he probably treats all customers in this manner.

---

Go to Section

What is Perception? | Perception Meaning | Perception Definition | Perception in Organisational Behavior | Nature of perception | Factors that Influence Perception | Importance of Perception | Perception in Consumer Behavior | Perception Bias

---

Managerial Implications of Perception

People in organisations are always judging each other. Managers must appraise their subordinate’s performance. Let us look at the more obvious applications of perceptions in organisations.

1. Employment Interview
2. Performance Evaluation
3. Performance Expectations
4. Employee Loyalty

Employment Interview

A major input into who is hired and who is rejected in any organisation is the employment interview. Evidence indicates that interviewers often make inaccurate perceptual judgements. Interviewers generally draw early impressions that become very quickly entrenched.

Performance Evaluation

An employee’s performance appraisal very much depends on the perceptual process. The performance appraisal represents an assessment of an employee’s work. While this can be objective, many jobs are evaluated in subjective terms. Subjective measures are, by definition, judgemental.

Performance Expectations

A manager’s expectations of an individual affect both the manager’s behaviour towards the individual and the individual’s response.

Employee Loyalty

Another important judgement that managers make about employees is whether they are loyal to the organisation. Few organisations appreciate employees, especially those in the managerial ranks openly disparaging the firm.

Perception is an important process in an organisation. It plays a vital role in forming the basis of one’s behaviour by which one formulates a view of the world.

---

Implications of Perception on Performance and Satisfaction

1. Productivity
2. Absenteeism and Turnover
3. Job Satisfaction

Productivity

What individuals perceive from their work situation will influence their productivity. More than the situation itself than whether a job is actually interesting or challenging is not relevant. How a manager successfully plans and organizes the work of his subordinates and actually helps them in structuring their work is far less important than how his subordinates perceive his efforts. Therefore, to be abl

Absenteeism and Turnover

Absence and Turnover are some of the reactions to the individual’s perception. Managers must understand how each individual interprets his job. and where there is a significant difference between what is seen and what exists and try to eliminate the distortions.

Job Satisfaction

Job satisfaction is a highly subjective, and feeling of the benefits that derive from the job. Clearly his variable is critically linked to perception. Clearly his variable is critically linked to perception. If job satisfaction is to be improved, the worker’s perception of the job characteristics, supervision and the organisation as a whole must be positive.

Read: What is Motivation?

---

Perception in Consumer Behavior

Different Perceptions of Consumers: People can emerge with different perceptions of the same object because of these perceptual processes

1. Selective Attention
2. Selective Distortion
3. Selective Retention

Selective Attention

People are exposed to a huge amount of daily stimuli in the form of advertisement but a person cannot possibly give attention to all the advertisements.

Most of the advertisements (stimuli) are screened out. A person perceives only that stimulus (ad of the product) which he needs or which have a unique selling proposition. People would like to notice the following types of stimuli:

• People are more likely to notice stimuli that relate to the current need.
• People are more likely to notice stimuli that they anticipate.
• People are more likely to notice stimuli whose deviations are large in relation to the normal size of stimuli. Ads that are larger in size or that use four colours or are novel and provide contrast are more likely to be noticed.

People differ in terms of the kind of information they prefer. They also have varying preference for media. Some are more interested in appearance, some in social prestige and some in price. Some prefer elaborate ads where as some like simple messages. Consumers show wide variation in their selective attention to commercial stimuli.

Selective Distortion

It describes the tendency of people to twist information into personal meaning. People interpret information in a way that will support rather than challenge their preconceptions.

Selective Retention

People tend to retain information that supports their attitudes and beliefs (selective retention). It has been found that consumers are much more likely to recall seeing advertisements of those brands that they are using or want to use.

Because of these perceptual factors (selective attention, selective distortion, selective retention), marketers use drama and repetition in sending messages to their target market.

---

Perception Bias

Below are the list of 6 perception bias:

1. Primacy effect
2. Recency effect
3. Central traits
4. Implicit personality theories
5. Projection
6. Stereotyping

Primacy effect

The tendency for a perceiver to rely on early cues or first impressions.

Recency effect

The tendency for a perceiver to rely on recent cues or last impressions.

Central traits

Personal characteristics of a target person that are of particular interest to a perceiver

Implicit personality theories

Personal theories that people have about which personality characteristics go together.

Projection

The tendency for perceivers to attribute their own thoughts and feelings to others.

Stereotyping

The tendency to generalize about people in a certain social category and ignore variations among them.

---

Consumer Imagery

An image is a total perception of something that individuals form by processing all the information they are exposed to over time. Research indicates that consumers develop enduring perceptions or images about brands, prices, stores and companies. These inferences are consumers’ beliefs about products or services.

Consumers may associate an Omega or Rolex watch with quality because of their advertising or word-of-mouth communications from friends. Individuals develop a self-image of themselves and certain brands carry a symbolic value for them. Some products seem to match this self-image of an individual while others do not.

According to Russell W Belk, consumers attempt to enhance or preserve their self-images by purchasing products that they believe correspond to or agree with their self-images and avoid buying products that do not fit their self-images.

Consumers also tend to buy from those outlets that seem to be consistent with their self-image. Many large retail stores and chains in India have started focusing on the need to build their identity to attract certain classes of consumers and create store loyalty among them.

Read Complete: Consumer Imagery

---

Go to Section:

What is Perception? | Perception Meaning | Perception Definition | Perception in Organisational Behavior | Nature of perception | Factors that Influence Perception | Importance of Perception | Perception in Consumer Behavior | Perception Bias

---

Reference

1. Robbins, Stephen P. 2010. Organizational Behaviour. New Delhi, Prentice-Hall.
2. Furnham, A. (1997). The Psychology of Behaviour at Work. Sussex: Taylor & Francis.
3. Zalkind, S.S. and Costello, T.W. (1962). Perception: Some Recent Research and Implications for Administration. Administrative Science Quarterly, 7,218-235.

---

Go On, Share & Help your Friend

Did we miss something in Organizational Behavior Tutorial or You want something More? Come on! Tell us what you think about our post on Perception, Definition, Nature, Factors Influence Perception| Organisational Behavior in the comments section and Share this post with your friends.

Perception (from Latin perceptio ‘gathering, receiving’) is the organization, identification, and interpretation of sensory information in order to represent and understand the presented information or environment.^[2] All perception involves signals that go through the nervous system, which in turn result from physical or chemical stimulation of the sensory system.^[3] Vision involves light striking the retina of the eye; smell is mediated by odor molecules; and hearing involves pressure waves.

Perception is not only the passive receipt for of these signals, but it is also shaped by the recipient’s learning, memory, expectation, and attention.^[4][5] Sensory input is a process that transforms this low-level information to higher-level information (e.g., extracts shapes for object recognition).^[5] The process that follows connects a person’s concepts and expectations (or knowledge), restorative and selective mechanisms (such as attention) that influence perception.

Perception depends on complex functions of the nervous system, but subjectively seems mostly effortless because this processing happens outside conscious awareness.^[3] Since the rise of experimental psychology in the 19th century, psychology’s understanding of perception has progressed by combining a variety of techniques.^[4] Psychophysics quantitatively describes the relationships between the physical qualities of the sensory input and perception.^[6] Sensory neuroscience studies the neural mechanisms underlying perception. Perceptual systems can also be studied computationally, in terms of the information they process. Perceptual issues in philosophy include the extent to which sensory qualities such as sound, smell or color exist in objective reality rather than in the mind of the perceiver.^[4]

Although people traditionally viewed the senses as passive receptors, the study of illusions and ambiguous images has demonstrated that the brain’s perceptual systems actively and pre-consciously attempt to make sense of their input.^[4] There is still active debate about the extent to which perception is an active process of hypothesis testing, analogous to science, or whether realistic sensory information is rich enough to make this process unnecessary.^[4]

The perceptual systems of the brain enable individuals to see the world around them as stable, even though the sensory information is typically incomplete and rapidly varying. Human and other animal brains are structured in a modular way, with different areas processing different kinds of sensory information. Some of these modules take the form of sensory maps, mapping some aspect of the world across part of the brain’s surface. These different modules are interconnected and influence each other. For instance, taste is strongly influenced by smell.^[7]

Process and terminology[edit]

The process of perception begins with an object in the real world, known as the distal stimulus or distal object.^[3] By means of light, sound, or another physical process, the object stimulates the body’s sensory organs. These sensory organs transform the input energy into neural activity—a process called transduction.^[3][8] This raw pattern of neural activity is called the proximal stimulus.^[3] These neural signals are then transmitted to the brain and processed.^[3] The resulting mental re-creation of the distal stimulus is the percept.

To explain the process of perception, an example could be an ordinary shoe. The shoe itself is the distal stimulus. When light from the shoe enters a person’s eye and stimulates the retina, that stimulation is the proximal stimulus.^[9] The image of the shoe reconstructed by the brain of the person is the percept. Another example could be a ringing telephone. The ringing of the phone is the distal stimulus. The sound stimulating a person’s auditory receptors is the proximal stimulus. The brain’s interpretation of this as the «ringing of a telephone» is the percept.

The different kinds of sensation (such as warmth, sound, and taste) are called sensory modalities or stimulus modalities.^[8][10]

Bruner’s model of the perceptual process[edit]

Psychologist Jerome Bruner developed a model of perception, in which people put «together the information contained in» a target and a situation to form «perceptions of ourselves and others based on social categories.»^[11][12] This model is composed of three states:

1. When people encounter an unfamiliar target, they are very open to the informational cues contained in the target and the situation surrounding it.
2. The first stage does not give people enough information on which to base perceptions of the target, so they will actively seek out cues to resolve this ambiguity. Gradually, people collect some familiar cues that enable them to make a rough categorization of the target.
3. The cues become less open and selective. People try to search for more cues that confirm the categorization of the target. They actively ignore and distort cues that violate their initial perceptions. Their perception becomes more selective and they finally paint a consistent picture of the target.

Saks and John’s three components to perception[edit]

According to Alan Saks and Gary Johns, there are three components to perception:^[13]

1. The Perceiver: a person whose awareness is focused on the stimulus, and thus begins to perceive it. There are many factors that may influence the perceptions of the perceiver, while the three major ones include (1) motivational state, (2) emotional state, and (3) experience. All of these factors, especially the first two, greatly contribute to how the person perceives a situation. Oftentimes, the perceiver may employ what is called a «perceptual defense,» where the person will only see what they want to see.
2. The Target: the object of perception; something or someone who is being perceived. The amount of information gathered by the sensory organs of the perceiver affects the interpretation and understanding about the target.
3. The Situation: the environmental factors, timing, and degree of stimulation that affect the process of perception. These factors may render a single stimulus to be left as merely a stimulus, not a percept that is subject for brain interpretation.

Multistable perception[edit]

Stimuli are not necessarily translated into a percept and rarely does a single stimulus translate into a percept. An ambiguous stimulus may sometimes be transduced into one or more percepts, experienced randomly, one at a time, in a process termed multistable perception. The same stimuli, or absence of them, may result in different percepts depending on subject’s culture and previous experiences.

Ambiguous figures demonstrate that a single stimulus can result in more than one percept. For example, the Rubin vase can be interpreted either as a vase or as two faces. The percept can bind sensations from multiple senses into a whole. A picture of a talking person on a television screen, for example, is bound to the sound of speech from speakers to form a percept of a talking person.

Types of perception[edit]

Vision[edit]

In many ways, vision is the primary human sense. Light is taken in through each eye and focused in a way which sorts it on the retina according to direction of origin. A dense surface of photosensitive cells, including rods, cones, and intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells captures information about the intensity, color, and position of incoming light. Some processing of texture and movement occurs within the neurons on the retina before the information is sent to the brain. In total, about 15 differing types of information are then forwarded to the brain proper via the optic nerve.^[14]

The timing of perception of a visual event, at points along the visual circuit, have been measured. A sudden alteration of light at a spot in the environment first alters photoreceptor cells in the retina, which send a signal to the retina bipolar cell layer which, in turn, can activate a retinal ganglion neuron cell. A retinal ganglion cell is a bridging neuron that connects visual retinal input to the visual processing centers within the central nervous system.^[15] Light-altered neuron activation occurs within about 5–20 milliseconds in a rabbit retinal ganglion,^[16] although in a mouse retinal ganglion cell the initial spike takes between 40 and 240 milliseconds before the initial activation.^[17] The initial activation can be detected by an action potential spike, a sudden spike in neuron membrane electric voltage.

A perceptual visual event measured in humans was the presentation to individuals of an anomalous word. If these individuals are shown a sentence, presented as a sequence of single words on a computer screen, with a puzzling word out of place in the sequence, the perception of the puzzling word can register on an electroencephalogram (EEG). In an experiment, human readers wore an elastic cap with 64 embedded electrodes distributed over their scalp surface.^[18] Within 230 milliseconds of encountering the anomalous word, the human readers generated an event-related electrical potential alteration of their EEG at the left occipital-temporal channel, over the left occipital lobe and temporal lobe.

Sound[edit]

Hearing (or audition) is the ability to perceive sound by detecting vibrations (i.e., sonic detection). Frequencies capable of being heard by humans are called audio or audible frequencies, the range of which is typically considered to be between 20 Hz and 20,000 Hz.^[19] Frequencies higher than audio are referred to as ultrasonic, while frequencies below audio are referred to as infrasonic.

The auditory system includes the outer ears, which collect and filter sound waves; the middle ear, which transforms the sound pressure (impedance matching); and the inner ear, which produces neural signals in response to the sound. By the ascending auditory pathway these are led to the primary auditory cortex within the temporal lobe of the human brain, from where the auditory information then goes to the cerebral cortex for further processing.

Sound does not usually come from a single source: in real situations, sounds from multiple sources and directions are superimposed as they arrive at the ears. Hearing involves the computationally complex task of separating out sources of interest, identifying them and often estimating their distance and direction.^[20]

Touch[edit]

The process of recognizing objects through touch is known as haptic perception. It involves a combination of somatosensory perception of patterns on the skin surface (e.g., edges, curvature, and texture) and proprioception of hand position and conformation. People can rapidly and accurately identify three-dimensional objects by touch.^[21] This involves exploratory procedures, such as moving the fingers over the outer surface of the object or holding the entire object in the hand.^[22] Haptic perception relies on the forces experienced during touch.^[23]

Gibson defined the haptic system as «the sensibility of the individual to the world adjacent to his body by use of his body.»^[24] Gibson and others emphasized the close link between body movement and haptic perception, where the latter is active exploration.

The concept of haptic perception is related to the concept of extended physiological proprioception according to which, when using a tool such as a stick, perceptual experience is transparently transferred to the end of the tool.

Taste[edit]

Taste (formally known as gustation) is the ability to perceive the flavor of substances, including, but not limited to, food. Humans receive tastes through sensory organs concentrated on the upper surface of the tongue, called taste buds or gustatory calyculi.^[25] The human tongue has 100 to 150 taste receptor cells on each of its roughly-ten thousand taste buds.^[26]

Traditionally, there have been four primary tastes: sweetness, bitterness, sourness, and saltiness. The recognition and awareness of umami, which is considered the fifth primary taste, is a relatively recent development in Western cuisine.^[27][28] Other tastes can be mimicked by combining these basic tastes,^[26][29] all of which contribute only partially to the sensation and flavor of food in the mouth. Other factors include smell, which is detected by the olfactory epithelium of the nose;^[7] texture, which is detected through a variety of mechanoreceptors, muscle nerves, etc.;^[29][30] and temperature, which is detected by thermoreceptors.^[29] All basic tastes are classified as either appetitive or aversive, depending upon whether the things they sense are harmful or beneficial.^[31]

Smell[edit]

Smell is the process of absorbing molecules through olfactory organs, which are absorbed by humans through the nose. These molecules diffuse through a thick layer of mucus; come into contact with one of thousands of cilia that are projected from sensory neurons; and are then absorbed into a receptor (one of 347 or so).^[32] It is this process that causes humans to understand the concept of smell from a physical standpoint.

Smell is also a very interactive sense as scientists have begun to observe that olfaction comes into contact with the other sense in unexpected ways.^[33] It is also the most primal of the senses, as it is known to be the first indicator of safety or danger, therefore being the sense that drives the most basic of human survival skills. As such, it can be a catalyst for human behavior on a subconscious and instinctive level.^[34]

[edit]

Social perception is the part of perception that allows people to understand the individuals and groups of their social world. Thus, it is an element of social cognition.^[35]

Speech[edit]

Speech perception is the process by which spoken language is heard, interpreted and understood. Research in this field seeks to understand how human listeners recognize the sound of speech (or phonetics) and use such information to understand spoken language.

Listeners manage to perceive words across a wide range of conditions, as the sound of a word can vary widely according to words that surround it and the tempo of the speech, as well as the physical characteristics, accent, tone, and mood of the speaker. Reverberation, signifying the persistence of sound after the sound is produced, can also have a considerable impact on perception. Experiments have shown that people automatically compensate for this effect when hearing speech.^[20][36]

The process of perceiving speech begins at the level of the sound within the auditory signal and the process of audition. The initial auditory signal is compared with visual information—primarily lip movement—to extract acoustic cues and phonetic information. It is possible other sensory modalities are integrated at this stage as well.^[37] This speech information can then be used for higher-level language processes, such as word recognition.

Speech perception is not necessarily uni-directional. Higher-level language processes connected with morphology, syntax, and/or semantics may also interact with basic speech perception processes to aid in recognition of speech sounds.^[38] It may be the case that it is not necessary (maybe not even possible) for a listener to recognize phonemes before recognizing higher units, such as words. In an experiment, Richard M. Warren replaced one phoneme of a word with a cough-like sound. His subjects restored the missing speech sound perceptually without any difficulty. Moreover, they were not able to accurately identify which phoneme had even been disturbed.^[39]

Faces[edit]

Facial perception refers to cognitive processes specialized in handling human faces (including perceiving the identity of an individual) and facial expressions (such as emotional cues.)

[edit]

The somatosensory cortex is a part of the brain that receives and encodes sensory information from receptors of the entire body.^[40]

Affective touch is a type of sensory information that elicits an emotional reaction and is usually social in nature. Such information is actually coded differently than other sensory information. Though the intensity of affective touch is still encoded in the primary somatosensory cortex, the feeling of pleasantness associated with affective touch is activated more in the anterior cingulate cortex. Increased blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) contrast imaging, identified during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), shows that signals in the anterior cingulate cortex, as well as the prefrontal cortex, are highly correlated with pleasantness scores of affective touch. Inhibitory transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) of the primary somatosensory cortex inhibits the perception of affective touch intensity, but not affective touch pleasantness. Therefore, the S1 is not directly involved in processing socially affective touch pleasantness, but still plays a role in discriminating touch location and intensity.^[41]

Multi-modal perception[edit]

Multi-modal perception refers to concurrent stimulation in more than one sensory modality and the effect such has on the perception of events and objects in the world.^[42]

Time (chronoception)[edit]

Chronoception refers to how the passage of time is perceived and experienced. Although the sense of time is not associated with a specific sensory system, the work of psychologists and neuroscientists indicates that human brains do have a system governing the perception of time,^[43][44] composed of a highly distributed system involving the cerebral cortex, cerebellum, and basal ganglia. One particular component of the brain, the suprachiasmatic nucleus, is responsible for the circadian rhythm (commonly known as one’s «internal clock»), while other cell clusters appear to be capable of shorter-range timekeeping, known as an ultradian rhythm.

One or more dopaminergic pathways in the central nervous system appear to have a strong modulatory influence on mental chronometry, particularly interval timing.^[45]

Agency[edit]

Sense of agency refers to the subjective feeling of having chosen a particular action. Some conditions, such as schizophrenia, can cause a loss of this sense, which may lead a person into delusions, such as feeling like a machine or like an outside source is controlling them. An opposite extreme can also occur, where people experience everything in their environment as though they had decided that it would happen.^[46]

Even in non-pathological cases, there is a measurable difference between the making of a decision and the feeling of agency. Through methods such as the Libet experiment, a gap of half a second or more can be detected from the time when there are detectable neurological signs of a decision having been made to the time when the subject actually becomes conscious of the decision.

There are also experiments in which an illusion of agency is induced in psychologically normal subjects. In 1999, psychologists Wegner and Wheatley gave subjects instructions to move a mouse around a scene and point to an image about once every thirty seconds. However, a second person—acting as a test subject but actually a confederate—had their hand on the mouse at the same time, and controlled some of the movement. Experimenters were able to arrange for subjects to perceive certain «forced stops» as if they were their own choice.^[47][48]

Familiarity[edit]

Recognition memory is sometimes divided into two functions by neuroscientists: familiarity and recollection.^[49] A strong sense of familiarity can occur without any recollection, for example in cases of deja vu.

The temporal lobe (specifically the perirhinal cortex) responds differently to stimuli that feel novel compared to stimuli that feel familiar. Firing rates in the perirhinal cortex are connected with the sense of familiarity in humans and other mammals. In tests, stimulating this area at 10–15 Hz caused animals to treat even novel images as familiar, and stimulation at 30–40 Hz caused novel images to be partially treated as familiar.^[50] In particular, stimulation at 30–40 Hz led to animals looking at a familiar image for longer periods, as they would for an unfamiliar one, though it did not lead to the same exploration behavior normally associated with novelty.

Recent studies on lesions in the area concluded that rats with a damaged perirhinal cortex were still more interested in exploring when novel objects were present, but seemed unable to tell novel objects from familiar ones—they examined both equally. Thus, other brain regions are involved with noticing unfamiliarity, while the perirhinal cortex is needed to associate the feeling with a specific source.^[51]

Sexual stimulation[edit]

Sexual stimulation is any stimulus (including bodily contact) that leads to, enhances, and maintains sexual arousal, possibly even leading to orgasm. Distinct from the general sense of touch, sexual stimulation is strongly tied to hormonal activity and chemical triggers in the body. Although sexual arousal may arise without physical stimulation, achieving orgasm usually requires physical sexual stimulation (stimulation of the Krause-Finger corpuscles^[52] found in erogenous zones of the body.)

Other senses[edit]

Other senses enable perception of body balance, acceleration, gravity, position of body parts, temperature, and pain. They can also enable perception of internal senses, such as suffocation, gag reflex, abdominal distension, fullness of rectum and urinary bladder, and sensations felt in the throat and lungs.

Reality[edit]

In the case of visual perception, some people can see the percept shift in their mind’s eye.^[53] Others, who are not picture thinkers, may not necessarily perceive the ‘shape-shifting’ as their world changes. This esemplastic nature has been demonstrated by an experiment that showed that ambiguous images have multiple interpretations on the perceptual level.

The confusing ambiguity of perception is exploited in human technologies such as camouflage and biological mimicry. For example, the wings of European peacock butterflies bear eyespots that birds respond to as though they were the eyes of a dangerous predator.

There is also evidence that the brain in some ways operates on a slight «delay» in order to allow nerve impulses from distant parts of the body to be integrated into simultaneous signals.^[54]

Perception is one of the oldest fields in psychology. The oldest quantitative laws in psychology are Weber’s law, which states that the smallest noticeable difference in stimulus intensity is proportional to the intensity of the reference; and Fechner’s law, which quantifies the relationship between the intensity of the physical stimulus and its perceptual counterpart (e.g., testing how much darker a computer screen can get before the viewer actually notices). The study of perception gave rise to the Gestalt School of Psychology, with an emphasis on holistic approach.

Physiology[edit]

A sensory system is a part of the nervous system responsible for processing sensory information. A sensory system consists of sensory receptors, neural pathways, and parts of the brain involved in sensory perception. Commonly recognized sensory systems are those for vision, hearing, somatic sensation (touch), taste and olfaction (smell), as listed above. It has been suggested that the immune system is an overlooked sensory modality.^[55] In short, senses are transducers from the physical world to the realm of the mind.

The receptive field is the specific part of the world to which a receptor organ and receptor cells respond. For instance, the part of the world an eye can see, is its receptive field; the light that each rod or cone can see, is its receptive field.^[56] Receptive fields have been identified for the visual system, auditory system and somatosensory system, so far. Research attention is currently focused not only on external perception processes, but also to «interoception», considered as the process of receiving, accessing and appraising internal bodily signals. Maintaining desired physiological states is critical for an organism’s well-being and survival. Interoception is an iterative process, requiring the interplay between perception of body states and awareness of these states to generate proper self-regulation. Afferent sensory signals continuously interact with higher order cognitive representations of goals, history, and environment, shaping emotional experience and motivating regulatory behavior.^[57]

Features[edit]

Constancy[edit]

Perceptual constancy is the ability of perceptual systems to recognize the same object from widely varying sensory inputs.^{[5]: 118–120 [58]} For example, individual people can be recognized from views, such as frontal and profile, which form very different shapes on the retina. A coin looked at face-on makes a circular image on the retina, but when held at angle it makes an elliptical image.^[20] In normal perception these are recognized as a single three-dimensional object. Without this correction process, an animal approaching from the distance would appear to gain in size.^[59][60] One kind of perceptual constancy is color constancy: for example, a white piece of paper can be recognized as such under different colors and intensities of light.^[60] Another example is roughness constancy: when a hand is drawn quickly across a surface, the touch nerves are stimulated more intensely. The brain compensates for this, so the speed of contact does not affect the perceived roughness.^[60] Other constancies include melody, odor, brightness and words.^[61] These constancies are not always total, but the variation in the percept is much less than the variation in the physical stimulus.^[60] The perceptual systems of the brain achieve perceptual constancy in a variety of ways, each specialized for the kind of information being processed,^[62] with phonemic restoration as a notable example from hearing.

Grouping (Gestalt)[edit]

The principles of grouping (or Gestalt laws of grouping) are a set of principles in psychology, first proposed by Gestalt psychologists, to explain how humans naturally perceive objects as organized patterns and objects. Gestalt psychologists argued that these principles exist because the mind has an innate disposition to perceive patterns in the stimulus based on certain rules. These principles are organized into six categories:

1. Proximity: the principle of proximity states that, all else being equal, perception tends to group stimuli that are close together as part of the same object, and stimuli that are far apart as two separate objects.
2. Similarity: the principle of similarity states that, all else being equal, perception lends itself to seeing stimuli that physically resemble each other as part of the same object and that are different as part of a separate object. This allows for people to distinguish between adjacent and overlapping objects based on their visual texture and resemblance.
3. Closure: the principle of closure refers to the mind’s tendency to see complete figures or forms even if a picture is incomplete, partially hidden by other objects, or if part of the information needed to make a complete picture in our minds is missing. For example, if part of a shape’s border is missing people still tend to see the shape as completely enclosed by the border and ignore the gaps.
4. Good Continuation: the principle of good continuation makes sense of stimuli that overlap: when there is an intersection between two or more objects, people tend to perceive each as a single uninterrupted object.
5. Common Fate: the principle of common fate groups stimuli together on the basis of their movement. When visual elements are seen moving in the same direction at the same rate, perception associates the movement as part of the same stimulus. This allows people to make out moving objects even when other details, such as color or outline, are obscured.
6. The principle of good form refers to the tendency to group together forms of similar shape, pattern, color, etc.^{[63][64][65][66]}

Later research has identified additional grouping principles.^[67]

Contrast effects[edit]

A common finding across many different kinds of perception is that the perceived qualities of an object can be affected by the qualities of context. If one object is extreme on some dimension, then neighboring objects are perceived as further away from that extreme.

«Simultaneous contrast effect» is the term used when stimuli are presented at the same time, whereas successive contrast applies when stimuli are presented one after another.^[68]

The contrast effect was noted by the 17th Century philosopher John Locke, who observed that lukewarm water can feel hot or cold depending on whether the hand touching it was previously in hot or cold water.^[69] In the early 20th Century, Wilhelm Wundt identified contrast as a fundamental principle of perception, and since then the effect has been confirmed in many different areas.^[69] These effects shape not only visual qualities like color and brightness, but other kinds of perception, including how heavy an object feels.^[70] One experiment found that thinking of the name «Hitler» led to subjects rating a person as more hostile.^[71] Whether a piece of music is perceived as good or bad can depend on whether the music heard before it was pleasant or unpleasant.^[72] For the effect to work, the objects being compared need to be similar to each other: a television reporter can seem smaller when interviewing a tall basketball player, but not when standing next to a tall building.^[70] In the brain, brightness contrast exerts effects on both neuronal firing rates and neuronal synchrony.^[73]

Theories[edit]

Perception as direct perception (Gibson)[edit]

Cognitive theories of perception assume there is a poverty of stimulus. This is the claim that sensations, by themselves, are unable to provide a unique description of the world.^[74] Sensations require ‘enriching’, which is the role of the mental model.

The perceptual ecology approach was introduced by James J. Gibson, who rejected the assumption of a poverty of stimulus and the idea that perception is based upon sensations. Instead, Gibson investigated what information is actually presented to the perceptual systems. His theory «assumes the existence of stable, unbounded, and permanent stimulus-information in the ambient optic array. And it supposes that the visual system can explore and detect this information. The theory is information-based, not sensation-based.»^[75] He and the psychologists who work within this paradigm detailed how the world could be specified to a mobile, exploring organism via the lawful projection of information about the world into energy arrays.^[76] «Specification» would be a 1:1 mapping of some aspect of the world into a perceptual array. Given such a mapping, no enrichment is required and perception is direct.^[77]

Perception-in-action[edit]

From Gibson’s early work derived an ecological understanding of perception known as perception-in-action, which argues that perception is a requisite property of animate action. It posits that, without perception, action would be unguided, and without action, perception would serve no purpose. Animate actions require both perception and motion, which can be described as «two sides of the same coin, the coin is action.» Gibson works from the assumption that singular entities, which he calls invariants, already exist in the real world and that all that the perception process does is home in upon them.

The constructivist view, held by such philosophers as Ernst von Glasersfeld, regards the continual adjustment of perception and action to the external input as precisely what constitutes the «entity,» which is therefore far from being invariant.^[78] Glasersfeld considers an invariant as a target to be homed in upon, and a pragmatic necessity to allow an initial measure of understanding to be established prior to the updating that a statement aims to achieve. The invariant does not, and need not, represent an actuality. Glasersfeld describes it as extremely unlikely that what is desired or feared by an organism will never suffer change as time goes on. This social constructionist theory thus allows for a needful evolutionary adjustment.^[79]

A mathematical theory of perception-in-action has been devised and investigated in many forms of controlled movement, and has been described in many different species of organism using the General Tau Theory. According to this theory, «tau information», or time-to-goal information is the fundamental percept in perception.

Evolutionary psychology[edit]

Many philosophers, such as Jerry Fodor, write that the purpose of perception is knowledge. However, evolutionary psychologists hold that the primary purpose of perception is to guide action.^[80] They give the example of depth perception, which seems to have evolved not to aid in knowing the distances to other objects but rather to aid movement.^[80] Evolutionary psychologists argue that animals ranging from fiddler crabs to humans use eyesight for collision avoidance, suggesting that vision is basically for directing action, not providing knowledge.^[80] Neuropsychologists showed that perception systems evolved along the specifics of animals’ activities. This explains why bats and worms can perceive different frequency of auditory and visual systems than, for example, humans.

Building and maintaining sense organs is metabolically expensive. More than half the brain is devoted to processing sensory information, and the brain itself consumes roughly one-fourth of one’s metabolic resources. Thus, such organs evolve only when they provide exceptional benefits to an organism’s fitness.^[80]

Scientists who study perception and sensation have long understood the human senses as adaptations.^[80] Depth perception consists of processing over half a dozen visual cues, each of which is based on a regularity of the physical world.^[80] Vision evolved to respond to the narrow range of electromagnetic energy that is plentiful and that does not pass through objects.^[80] Sound waves provide useful information about the sources of and distances to objects, with larger animals making and hearing lower-frequency sounds and smaller animals making and hearing higher-frequency sounds.^[80] Taste and smell respond to chemicals in the environment that were significant for fitness in the environment of evolutionary adaptedness.^[80] The sense of touch is actually many senses, including pressure, heat, cold, tickle, and pain.^[80] Pain, while unpleasant, is adaptive.^[80] An important adaptation for senses is range shifting, by which the organism becomes temporarily more or less sensitive to sensation.^[80] For example, one’s eyes automatically adjust to dim or bright ambient light.^[80] Sensory abilities of different organisms often co-evolve, as is the case with the hearing of echolocating bats and that of the moths that have evolved to respond to the sounds that the bats make.^[80]

Evolutionary psychologists claim that perception demonstrates the principle of modularity, with specialized mechanisms handling particular perception tasks.^[80] For example, people with damage to a particular part of the brain are not able to recognize faces (prosopagnosia).^[80] Evolutionary psychology suggests that this indicates a so-called face-reading module.^[80]

Closed-loop perception[edit]

The theory of closed-loop perception proposes dynamic motor-sensory closed-loop process in which information flows through the environment and the brain in continuous loops.^{[81][82][83][84]}

Feature integration theory[edit]

Anne Treisman’s feature integration theory (FIT) attempts to explain how characteristics of a stimulus such as physical location in space, motion, color, and shape are merged to form one percept despite each of these characteristics activating separate areas of the cortex. FIT explains this through a two part system of perception involving the preattentive and focused attention stages.^{[85][86][87][88][89]}

The preattentive stage of perception is largely unconscious, and analyzes an object by breaking it down into its basic features, such as the specific color, geometric shape, motion, depth, individual lines, and many others.^[85] Studies have shown that, when small groups of objects with different features (e.g., red triangle, blue circle) are briefly flashed in front of human participants, many individuals later report seeing shapes made up of the combined features of two different stimuli, thereby referred to as illusory conjunctions.^[85][88]

The unconnected features described in the preattentive stage are combined into the objects one normally sees during the focused attention stage.^[85] The focused attention stage is based heavily around the idea of attention in perception and ‘binds’ the features together onto specific objects at specific spatial locations (see the binding problem).^[85][89]

Other theories of perception[edit]

• Enactivism
• The Interactive Activation and Competition Model
• Recognition-By-Components Theory (Irving Biederman)

Effects on perception[edit]

Effect of experience[edit]

With experience, organisms can learn to make finer perceptual distinctions, and learn new kinds of categorization. Wine-tasting, the reading of X-ray images and music appreciation are applications of this process in the human sphere. Research has focused on the relation of this to other kinds of learning, and whether it takes place in peripheral sensory systems or in the brain’s processing of sense information.^[90] Empirical research show that specific practices (such as yoga, mindfulness, Tai Chi, meditation, Daoshi and other mind-body disciplines) can modify human perceptual modality. Specifically, these practices enable perception skills to switch from the external (exteroceptive field) towards a higher ability to focus on internal signals (proprioception). Also, when asked to provide verticality judgments, highly self-transcendent yoga practitioners were significantly less influenced by a misleading visual context. Increasing self-transcendence may enable yoga practitioners to optimize verticality judgment tasks by relying more on internal (vestibular and proprioceptive) signals coming from their own body, rather than on exteroceptive, visual cues.^[91]

Past actions and events that transpire right before an encounter or any form of stimulation have a strong degree of influence on how sensory stimuli are processed and perceived. On a basic level, the information our senses receive is often ambiguous and incomplete. However, they are grouped together in order for us to be able to understand the physical world around us. But it is these various forms of stimulation, combined with our previous knowledge and experience that allows us to create our overall perception. For example, when engaging in conversation, we attempt to understand their message and words by not only paying attention to what we hear through our ears but also from the previous shapes we have seen our mouths make. Another example would be if we had a similar topic come up in another conversation, we would use our previous knowledge to guess the direction the conversation is headed in.^[92]

Effect of motivation and expectation[edit]

A perceptual set (also called perceptual expectancy or simply set) is a predisposition to perceive things in a certain way.^[93] It is an example of how perception can be shaped by «top-down» processes such as drives and expectations.^[94] Perceptual sets occur in all the different senses.^[59] They can be long term, such as a special sensitivity to hearing one’s own name in a crowded room, or short-term, as in the ease with which hungry people notice the smell of food.^[95] A simple demonstration of the effect involved very brief presentations of non-words such as «sael». Subjects who were told to expect words about animals read it as «seal», but others who were expecting boat-related words read it as «sail».^[95]

Sets can be created by motivation and so can result in people interpreting ambiguous figures so that they see what they want to see.^[94] For instance, how someone perceives what unfolds during a sports game can be biased if they strongly support one of the teams.^[96] In one experiment, students were allocated to pleasant or unpleasant tasks by a computer. They were told that either a number or a letter would flash on the screen to say whether they were going to taste an orange juice drink or an unpleasant-tasting health drink. In fact, an ambiguous figure was flashed on screen, which could either be read as the letter B or the number 13. When the letters were associated with the pleasant task, subjects were more likely to perceive a letter B, and when letters were associated with the unpleasant task they tended to perceive a number 13.^[93]

Perceptual set has been demonstrated in many social contexts. When someone has a reputation for being funny, an audience is more likely to find them amusing.^[95] Individual’s perceptual sets reflect their own personality traits. For example, people with an aggressive personality are quicker to correctly identify aggressive words or situations.^[95]

One classic psychological experiment showed slower reaction times and less accurate answers when a deck of playing cards reversed the color of the suit symbol for some cards (e.g. red spades and black hearts).^[97]

Philosopher Andy Clark explains that perception, although it occurs quickly, is not simply a bottom-up process (where minute details are put together to form larger wholes). Instead, our brains use what he calls predictive coding. It starts with very broad constraints and expectations for the state of the world, and as expectations are met, it makes more detailed predictions (errors lead to new predictions, or learning processes). Clark says this research has various implications; not only can there be no completely «unbiased, unfiltered» perception, but this means that there is a great deal of feedback between perception and expectation (perceptual experiences often shape our beliefs, but those perceptions were based on existing beliefs).^[98] Indeed, predictive coding provides an account where this type of feedback assists in stabilizing our inference-making process about the physical world, such as with perceptual constancy examples.

Embodied cognition challenges the idea of perception as internal representations resulting from a passive reception of (incomplete) sensory inputs coming from the outside world. According to O’Regan (1992), the major issue with this perspective is that it leaves the subjective character of perception unexplained.^[99] Thus, perception is understood as an active process conducted by perceiving and engaged agents (perceivers). Furthermore, perception is influenced by agents’ motives and expectations, their bodily states, and the interaction between the agent’s body and the environment around it.^[100]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

Citations[edit]

Sources[edit]

Bibliography[edit]

• Arnheim, R. (1969). Visual Thinking. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-24226-5.
• Flanagan, J. R., & Lederman, S. J. (2001). «‘Neurobiology: Feeling bumps and holes. News and Views», Nature, 412(6845):389–91. (PDF)
• Gibson, J. J. (1966). The Senses Considered as Perceptual Systems, Houghton Mifflin.
• Gibson, J. J. (1987). The Ecological Approach to Visual Perception. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. ISBN 0-89859-959-8
• Robles-De-La-Torre, G. (2006). «The Importance of the Sense of Touch in Virtual and Real Environments». IEEE MultiMedia,13(3), Special issue on Haptic User Interfaces for Multimedia Systems, pp. 24–30. (PDF)

External links[edit]

• Theories of Perception Several different aspects on perception
• Richard L Gregory Theories of Richard. L. Gregory.
• Comprehensive set of optical illusions, presented by Michael Bach.
• Optical Illusions Examples of well-known optical illusions.
• The Epistemology of Perception Article in the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
• Cognitive Penetrability of Perception and Epistemic Justification Article in the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy

Last Updated:
12 Apr 2023
— Updated example sentences

восприятие, ощущение, понимание, осознание, перцепция, сбор, завладение, получение

существительное ↓

Словосочетания

children’s perceptions of the world — детское восприятие мира  
a man admired for the depth of his perception — мужчина, вызывавший восхищение глубиной своего восприятия  
a person’s subjective perception of the world — субъективное восприятие мира человеком  
depth perception — ощущение глубины  
human perception — человеческое восприятие  
speech perception — восприятие речи  
aural perception — слуховое восприятие  
signal perception — восприятие сигнала  
visual perception threshold — порог видимости  
kinaesthetic perception — кинестетическое восприятие  
binocular perception — бинокулярное восприятие  
blaze perception — восприятие блеска  

Примеры с переводом

Возможные однокоренные слова

percept  — объект или результат перцепции
perceptional  — перцепционный
misperception  — неправильное восприятие
imperception  — отсутствие понимания, нарушение или отсутствие восприятия, нарушение восприятия

Формы слова

noun
ед. ч.(singular): perception
мн. ч.(plural): perceptions

Educalingo cookies are used to personalize ads and get web traffic statistics. We also share information about the use of the site with our social media, advertising and analytics partners.

Download the app
educalingo

If the doors of perception were cleansed everything would appear to man as it is, infinite.

William Blake

ETYMOLOGY OF THE WORD PERCEPTION

From Latin perceptiō comprehension.

PRONUNCIATION OF PERCEPTION

GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY OF PERCEPTION

Perception is a noun.

WHAT DOES PERCEPTION MEAN IN ENGLISH?

Definition of perception in the English dictionary

The first definition of perception in the dictionary is the act or the effect of perceiving. Other definition of perception is insight or intuition gained by perceiving. Perception is also the ability or capacity to perceive.

WORDS THAT RHYME WITH PERCEPTION

SYNONYMS OF «PERCEPTION»

The following words have a similar or identical meaning as «perception» and belong to the same grammatical category.

TRANSLATION OF PERCEPTION

Find out the translation of perception to 25 languages with our English multilingual translator.

TENDENCIES OF USE OF THE TERM «PERCEPTION»

The term «perception» is very widely used and occupies the 10.333 position in our list of most widely used terms in the English dictionary.

Principal search tendencies and common uses of perception

FREQUENCY OF USE OF THE TERM «PERCEPTION» OVER TIME

10 QUOTES WITH «PERCEPTION»

Famous quotes and sentences with the word perception.

10 ENGLISH BOOKS RELATING TO «PERCEPTION»

Discover the use of perception in the following bibliographical selection. Books relating to perception and brief extracts from same to provide context of its use in English literature.

10 NEWS ITEMS WHICH INCLUDE THE TERM «PERCEPTION»

Find out what the national and international press are talking about and how the term perception is used in the context of the following news items.

REFERENCE

« EDUCALINGO. Perception [online]. Available <https://educalingo.com/en/dic-en/perception>. Apr 2023 ».

Полезное