Is horse racing one word or two

Is horse racing one word?

horse·race A contest in which horses ridden by jockeys are raced against each other. 2. A closely fought contest or competition: “The election appears now to be a horse race” (New York Times). horse′rac′ing n.

Why is horse racing not a sport?

My lifelong obsession with horses finally has a purpose! Horse racing is a sport because it takes a lot of mental and physical energy for a jockey to keep themselves and their horse in shape, not to mention training the horse when it’s young and keeping it trained.

Is Horseracing a sport?

Horse racing is an equestrian performance sport, typically involving two or more horses ridden by jockeys (or sometimes driven without riders) over a set distance, for competition. Horse races vary widely in format and many countries have developed their own particular traditions around the sport.

Is horse racing a business?

As millions tune in Saturday for this year’s Kentucky Derby, the sport of horseracing faces some of the biggest financial hurdles in the event’s 135-year history. CNBC reports. It is America’s longest-running sporting event, the centerpiece of a multi-billion-dollar industry.

How do I get started in horse racing?

5 Steps on Starting Your Own Horse Racing Club

1. Securing Your Own Headquarters. The horses that you are going to host for the races need a lot of space to move around.
2. Acquire a License.
3. Join the National Thoroughbred Racing Association.
4. Start Breeding Your Own Horses.
5. Register the Horses with the Jockey Club.

How much does it cost to get into horse racing?

Entry Fees: Most people are surprised to find out that it does not cost anything to enter your horse in a race, unless the race is a stakes race (Kentucky Derby, Breeders’ Cup, etc.). Some stakes races, like many of the Breeders’ Cup Classic, cost in upwards of $120,000.

What is the cheapest horse breed?

The cheapest horse breeds tend to be Quarter Horses, Arabians, Thoroughbreds and wild Mustangs. Although you can usually find cheaper horses within each of these breeds, you will need to keep a few things in mind. There are special considerations that need to be taken with most inexpensive horses.

How much is the cheapest horse?

Those looking for a first-time horse will probably need to have anywhere from $1,500 to $3,000 in their budget for the purchase. You may be able to find a gem for less than this, but having that amount will give you the greatest number of choices. The more you have to spend, the more choices you will have.

What’s the most expensive horse ever sold?

Fusaichi Pegasus

Who is the richest horse owner?

Alain Wertheimer

What is the prettiest horse breed?

Friesian

What is the prettiest horse in the world?

Akhal-Teke Akhal-Teke horses

What is the ugliest horse breed?

American Quarter Horse

What’s the rarest horse color?

White. One of the rarest colors, a white horse has white hair and fully or largely unpigmented (pink) skin. These horses are born white, with blue or brown eyes, and remain white for life. The vast majority of so-called “white” horses are actually grays with a fully white hair coat.

What’s the rarest horse on earth?

Galiceños

What is the most dangerous horse breed?

Mustangs pose the largest threat to people wandering through their territory, especially if they travel by horse. There are anecdotes of Mustang stallions that have attacked people to attempt to steal their mare.

Does the queen own horses?

The British royal family has kept horses for generations and racing was given particular promotion by King George IV in the 1800s. Over the years stables that previously bred horses for combat and transport turned into breeding grounds for thoroughbred racing.

What is the rarest dog?

5 of the World’s Rarest Dog Breeds

1. Norwegian Lundehund. Dating back to the Ice Age, the Norwegian Lundehund is recognised as one of the rarest dogs on the planet due to its unique characteristics which aren’t shared by any other breed.
2. Lagotto Romagnolo.
3. Azawakh.
4. Otterhound.
5. Mudi.

What is the number 1 smartest dog breed?

Border Collie

What is the craziest dog breed?

Top Unique Dog Breeds

• Bergamasco Shepherd.
• Peruvian Inca Orchid.
• Norwegian Lundehund.
• Cambodian Razorback.
• Chow Chow.
• Puli.
• Lowchen. This dog is nicknamed the Lion Dog because of a popular breed haircut.
• Chinese Crested. We may have saved the weirdest dog breeds for last.

What dog has the highest IQ?

What dog has the highest IQ?

• Golden Retriever.
• Doberman Pinscher.
• Collie.
• Poodle.
• Rhodesian Ridgeback.
• American Pit Bull Terrier.
• Labrador Retriever.
• Papillon.

What is the scariest looking dog?

These are the most intimidating pups that are relatively common – you are probably already quite familiar with them.

• Pit Bull / Am. Staff.
• Akita. Akitas aren’t the biggest dogs in the world – most weigh about 90 to 100 pounds.
• Rottweiler.
• Doberman.
• German Shepherd.
• Great Pyrenees.
• Great Dane.
• Cane Corso.

What dog breed is lazy?

We’ve complied a list of the top 10 lazy dog breeds that make the perfect companion for your apartment lifestyle.

• Cavalier King Charles Spaniel. Photo: I Love My Cavalier King Charles Spaniel.
• English Bulldog. Photo: The English Bulldog.
• Miniature Pinscher.
• Italian Greyhound.
• Pug.
• Basset Hound.
• Boston Terrier.
• Chow Chow.

What is the cleanest breed of dog?

The Cleanest Dog Breeds You Can Own

• Poodle.
• Whippet.
• Xoloitzcuintli.
• Bichon frise. Let a groomer do the work.
• Dalmatian. Their short coat is easy to maintain.
• German pinscher. They have minimal grooming needs.
• Pharaoh hound. Their coat is easy to maintain.
• Maltese. Just take them to a groomer, and you’ll be fine.

Are some dogs naturally lazy?

Well, there are some dogs who enjoy being lazy but there are others that are lazy because their humans do not give them enough exercise and do not give them the lifestyle they need. Dogs are subservient and humans can teach them anything so it is up to you to ensure they are active and healthy.

What breed of dog is quiet and calm?

The quietest dog breeds include the Bulldog, Cavalier King Charles Spaniel, Bernese Mountain Dog, French Bulldog, Borzoi, Basenji, Soft-Coated Wheaten Terrier, and Scottish Deerhound.

What breed is the calmest?

The Best Calm Dog Breeds

• English Bulldogs. It’s easy to write these hefty pups off as lazy, but English Bulldogs welcome the frequent exercise they need in order to stay trim.
• Great Pyrenees.
• French Bulldogs.
• Bichon Frises.
• Greyhounds.
• Scottish Deerhound.
• Golden Retriever.

What is the best low maintenance dog?

Patch

• Greyhound. You might be surprised to hear that these stars of the racecourse are amongst the lowest maintenance dogs out there.
• Dachshund. One of the most popular small dog breeds, the Dachshund is a devoted and lively little pup.
• Shiba Inu.
• Basset Hound.
• French Bulldog.
• Bullmastiff.
• Chihuahua.
• Pug.

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I saw a documentary on the Naadam festival that happens in Mongolia during the summer. One of the features of it is a horse race across the plains that all the young men enter — some as young as 12 years old. It’s such a spectacular sight. It’s incredible to think that this is a tradition that has been going on for centuries.

Caitriona Balfe

PRONUNCIATION OF HORSE RACE

GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY OF HORSE RACE

Horse race is a noun.

WHAT DOES HORSE RACE MEAN IN ENGLISH?

Definition of horse race in the English dictionary

The definition of horse race in the dictionary is an organized race between jockeys and their mounts, particularly as part of a horse racing event.

WORDS THAT RHYME WITH HORSE RACE

TRANSLATION OF HORSE RACE

Find out the translation of horse race to 25 languages with our English multilingual translator.

TENDENCIES OF USE OF THE TERM «HORSE RACE»

The term «horse race» is quite widely used and occupies the 27.768 position in our list of most widely used terms in the English dictionary.

Principal search tendencies and common uses of horse race

FREQUENCY OF USE OF THE TERM «HORSE RACE» OVER TIME

2 QUOTES WITH «HORSE RACE»

Famous quotes and sentences with the word horse race.

10 ENGLISH BOOKS RELATING TO «HORSE RACE»

Discover the use of horse race in the following bibliographical selection. Books relating to horse race and brief extracts from same to provide context of its use in English literature.

10 NEWS ITEMS WHICH INCLUDE THE TERM «HORSE RACE»

Find out what the national and international press are talking about and how the term horse race is used in the context of the following news items.

REFERENCE

« EDUCALINGO. Horse race [online]. Available <https://educalingo.com/en/dic-en/horse-race>. Apr 2023 ».

noun. the back of a horse.

Is the meaning of horseback?

If you do something on horseback, you do it while riding a horse. Horseback is also an adverb. Many people in this area ride horseback.

What is a sentence for horseback?

Horseback Sentence Examples Men on horseback were riding in haste toward the front. mile was the forest of Soignies with great numbers of stags, red and roe deer, that were hunted on horseback even under the ramparts of the town. I rode horseback nearly every evening and once I rode five miles at a fast gallop.

What is a horseback rider?

: a person riding on a horse.

What’s another word for horseback rider?

equestrian

What is the word for horseback riding?

What is another word for horse-riding?

equestrian	riding
mounted	equine
horseracing	horsy
horse riding	on horseback
in the saddle	show jumping

What is a female equestrian called?

…male horse is called a stallion, the female a mare. A stallion used for breeding is known as a stud. A castrated stallion is commonly called a gelding.

What is a Equestrian girl?

Amazon.com: Equestrian Girl – A Girl Who Loves Horses T Shirt: Clothing.

What is a 4 year old horse called?

Filly for under 4 years old and a mare is 4 years or older. What is a female colt called? There is no such thing as a female colt. A colt is a male horse under 4 years old.

What is H in horse gender?

What does H stand for in horse gender? 2 Answers. Believe it or not, it stands for “horse.” In Thoroughbred racing, an intact male five years old or older is called a horse. If he is younger, he is a colt. A female aged 5+ is called a mare; a younger female is a filly.

Is a 3 year old horse a baby?

Originally Answered: What is a 3 year old horse called? Female foals are fillies and male foals are colts. Once foals reach a year old, they are called yearlings. A yearling is between 1 and 2 years.

What is a old horse called?

What is another word for old horse?

nag	crowbait
inferior horse	tired-out horse
stallion	mare
gelding	filly
colt	yearling

What age is a horse fully grown?

It is said that most horse breeds reach their final height at four to five years old. They spend an additional two to three years filling out. Some breeds take a bit longer to reach maturity. Most consider a five-year-old horse an adult, but the only true way to see if they’re done growing is through X-rays.

What is a fixed female horse called?

When intact, a mature male horse is called a stallion or stud. Intact mature female horses are called mares. If a stallion is neutered, it is called a gelding. A spayed mare is still called a mare, although it is very rare to spay a mare.

What are good female horse names?

Top Mare and Filly Names

• Prada.
• Misty.
• Ivy.
• Daisy.
• Sugar.
• Holly.
• Sierra.
• Poppy.

What is a horse with no balls called?

A cryptorchid, also called a ridgling, is a male horse in which one or both testicles do not descend into the scrotum. A cryptorchid, also called a ridgling, is a male horse in which one or both testicles do not descend into the scrotum.

What is it called when a horse is pregnant?

A mare is pregnant. When the mare is foaling, she is actually in labor and giving birth. We say, “A mare foaled” when she gives birth. The foal is the young horse after birth. The newborn male is a colt and the new born female is a filly.

Can male horses have babies?

Young horses grow to full maturity at around five or six years old! Once there, they can begin mating and continuing that cycle of life. Geldings, as mentioned before, cannot have baby horses. This is because, when kept by humans, certain males do not behave the way they are expected to.

Is a filly a horse?

These horses generally compete on the flat and the best of them will be used for breeding after their racing career. Filly – A female horse aged four years or younger is known as a filly. There are many flat races which are open only to fillies, as they would often be at a disadvantage if asked to run against colts.

Why is a female horse called a filly?

What is a filly? This is just one of several words used to describe a horse’s age and gender. The word is used to differentiate between a young male and female horse. All baby horses are called foal, but a filly or filly foal means that the foal is female.

Horse racing

Horse racing at Golden Gate Fields, 2017
Highest governing body	Generally regulated by assorted national or regional governing bodies
Characteristics
Contact	Yes
Mixed-sex	Yes
Type	Outdoor
Equipment	Horse, appropriate horse tack
Venue	Turf, dirt or synthetic surface race track suitable for horses
Presence
Country or region	Worldwide

Horse racing is an equestrian performance sport, typically involving two or more horses ridden by jockeys (or sometimes driven without riders) over a set distance for competition. It is one of the most ancient of all sports, as its basic premise – to identify which of two or more horses is the fastest over a set course or distance – has been mostly unchanged since at least classical antiquity.^[1]

Horse races vary widely in format, and many countries have developed their own particular traditions around the sport. Variations include restricting races to particular breeds, running over obstacles, running over different distances, running on different track surfaces, and running in different gaits. In some races, horses are assigned different weights to carry to reflect differences in ability, a process known as handicapping.^[2]

While horses are sometimes raced purely for sport, a major part of horse racing’s interest and economic importance is in the gambling associated with it,^[3] an activity that in 2019 generated a worldwide market worth around US$115 billion.^[4]

History[edit]

Horse racing has a long and distinguished history and has been practiced in civilizations across the world since ancient times. Archaeological records indicate that horse racing occurred in Ancient Greece, Ancient Rome, Babylon, Syria, and Egypt.^[5] It also plays an important part of myth and legend, such as in the contest between the steeds of the god Odin and the giant Hrungnir in Norse mythology.

Chariot racing was one of the most popular sports of ancient Greece, Rome and the Byzantine Empire. By 648 BCE both chariot and mounted horse racing events were part of the ancient Greek Olympics,^[6] and were important in the other Panhellenic Games. Chariot racing was dangerous to both driver and horse, often leading to serious injury and even death. In the Roman Empire, chariot and mounted horse racing were major industries.^[7] From the mid-fifth century BCE, spring carnival in Rome closed with a horse race. Fifteen to twenty riderless horses, originally imported from the Barbary Coast of North Africa, were set loose to run the length of the Via del Corso, a long, straight city street. The race lasted about two-and-a-half minutes.

In later times, Thoroughbred racing became popular with British royalty and aristocrats, earning it the title of «Sport of Kings».^[8]

Historically, equestrians honed their skills through games and races. Equestrian sports provided entertainment for crowds and displayed the horsemanship required for battle. Horse racing evolved from impromptu competitions among riders and drivers. The various forms of competition, which required demanding and specialized skills from both horse and rider, resulted in the systematic development of specialized breeds and equipment. The popularity of equestrian sports throughout the centuries has resulted in the preservation of skills that would otherwise have vanished once horses were no longer used in combat.^[9]

In Britain, horse racing became well-established in the 18th century, and continued to grow in popularity. King Charles II (reigned 1649 to 1685) was an avid sportsman who gave Newmarket its prominence. By 1750 the Jockey Club was formed as a way to control the Newmarket races, set the rules of the game, prevent dishonesty, and create a level field.^[10] The Epsom Derby began in 1780. The first of the five classic races began with the St Leger Stakes in 1776, In 1814 the system was complete with five annual races.^[11] While Newmarket and the Jockey Club set the standards, most of the racing took place in landowners’ fields and in rising towns for small cash prizes and enormous local prestige. The system of wagering was essential to funding and growing of the industry, and all classes, from paupers to royalty. participated. Members of high society were in control, and they made a special effort to keep out the riff-raff and to keep the criminal element away from the wagering. With real money at stake, the system needed skilled jockeys, trainers, grooms, and experts at breeding, which opened up new careers for working-class rural men. Every young ambitious stable boy could dream of making it big.^[12]

Horse racing was one of the few sports that continued during the 2020 COVID-19 crisis,^[13] with the Australian and Hong Kong racing jurisdictions carrying on, albeit with no crowds. The United States, the United Kingdom, and France were some of the more prominent racing bodies to either postpone or cancel all events.

Types of horse racing[edit]

There are many types of horse racing, including:

• Flat racing, where horses gallop directly between two points around a straight or oval track.
• Jump racing, or Jumps racing, also known as Steeplechasing or, in the UK and Ireland, National Hunt racing, where horses race over obstacles.
• Harness racing, where horses trot or pace while pulling a driver in a sulky.^[14]
• Saddle Trotting, where horses must trot from a starting point to a finishing point under saddle
• Endurance racing, where horses travel across country over extreme distances, generally ranging from 25 to 100 miles (40 to 161 km). Anything less than 25 miles qualifies as a limited distance ride or LD.

Different breeds of horses have been bred to excel in each of these disciplines. Breeds that are used for flat racing include the Thoroughbred, Quarter Horse, Arabian, Paint, and Appaloosa.^[15] Jump racing breeds include the Thoroughbred and AQPS. In harness racing, Standardbreds are used in Australia, New Zealand and North America. In Europe, Russian and French Trotters are used with Standardbreds. Light cold blood horses, such as Finnhorses and Scandinavian Coldblood Trotters are also used in harness racing within their respective geographical areas.

There are also races for ponies: both flat and jump^[16] and harness racing.^[17]

Flat racing[edit]

Flat racing is the most common form of horse racing seen worldwide. Flat racing tracks are typically oval in shape and are generally level, although in Great Britain and Ireland there is much greater variation, including figure-of-eight tracks like Windsor and tracks with often severe gradients and changes of camber, such as Epsom Racecourse. Track surfaces vary, with turf most common in Europe and dirt more common in North America and Asia. Newly designed synthetic surfaces, such as Polytrack or Tapeta, are seen at some tracks.

Individual flat races are run over distances ranging from 440 yards (400 m) to more than four miles (6.4 km), although races longer than two miles (3.2 km) are quite rare, and distances between five and twelve furlongs (1.0 and 2.4 km) are the most common. Short races are generally referred to as «sprints», while longer races are known as «routes» in the United States or «staying races» in Europe. Although fast acceleration («a turn of foot») is usually required to win either type of race, in general sprints are seen as a test of speed, while long-distance races are seen as a test of stamina. The most prestigious flat races in the world, such as the Prix de l’Arc de Triomphe, Melbourne Cup, Japan Cup, Epsom Derby, Kentucky Derby and Dubai World Cup, are run over distances in the middle of this range and are seen as tests of both speed and stamina to some extent.

In the most prestigious races, horses are generally allocated the same weight to carry for fairness, with allowances given to younger horses and female horses running against males. These races are called conditions races and offer the biggest purses. There is another category of races called handicap races where each horse is assigned a different weight to carry based on its ability.^[18] Besides the weight they carry, horses’ performance can also be influenced by position relative to the inside barrier, gender, jockey, and training.

Jump racing[edit]

Jump (or jumps) racing in Great Britain and Ireland is known as National Hunt racing (although, confusingly, National Hunt racing also includes flat races taking place at jumps meetings; these are known as National Hunt flat races). Jump racing can be subdivided into steeplechasing and hurdling, according to the type and size of obstacles being jumped. The word «steeplechasing» can also refer collectively to any type of jump race in certain racing jurisdictions, particularly in the United States.

Typically, horses progress to bigger obstacles and longer distances as they get older, so that a European jumps horse will tend to start in National Hunt flat races as a juvenile, move on to hurdling after a year or so, and then, if thought capable, move on to steeplechasing.

Harness racing[edit]

A type of racing where horses go around a track while pulling a sulky and a driver behind them. In this sport, Standardbreds are used. These horses are separated into two categories, trotters and pacers. Pacers move the legs on each side of their body in tandem, while trotters move their diagonal legs together. The latter are typically faster than the former due to the gaits used.^[19] Occasionally a horse will break their gait into an actual canter or gallop. This could cause the loss of a race or even a disqualification.^[20] Notable races include the Breeder’s Crown series.^[21]

Saddle trot racing[edit]

Ridden trot races are more common in places such as Europe and New Zealand. These horses are trotters who race on the flat under saddle with a jockey on their backs.^[22]

Endurance racing[edit]

The length of an endurance race varies greatly. Some are very short, only ten miles, while other races can be up to one hundred miles. There are a few races that are even longer than one hundred miles and last multiple days.^[23] These different lengths of races are divided into five categories: pleasure rides (10–20 miles), non-competitive trail rides (21–27 miles), competitive trail rides (20–45 miles), progressive trail rides (25–60 miles), and endurance rides (40–100 miles in one day, up to 250 miles (400 km) in multiple days).^[24] Because each race is very long, trails of natural terrain are generally used.

Contemporary organized endurance racing began in California around 1955, and the first race marked the beginning of the Tevis Cup^[25] This race was a one-hundred-mile, one-day-long ride starting in Squaw Valley, Placer County, and ending in Auburn. Founded in 1972, the American Endurance Ride Conference was the United States’ first national endurance riding association.^[24] The longest endurance race in the world is the Mongol Derby, which is 1,000 km (620 mi) long.^[26]

Breeds[edit]

In most horse races, entry is restricted to certain breeds; that is, the horse must have a sire (father) and a dam (mother) who are studbook-approved individuals of whatever breed is racing.^{[citation needed]} For example, in a normal harness race, the horse’s sire and dam must both be pure Standardbreds. The exception to this is in Quarter Horse racing, where an Appendix Quarter Horse may be considered eligible to race against (standard) Quarter Horses. The designation of «Appendix» refers to the addendum section, or Appendix, of the Official Quarter Horse registry. An Appendix Quarter Horse is a horse that has either one Quarter Horse parent and one parent of any other eligible breed (such as Thoroughbred, the most common Appendix cross), two parents that are registered Appendix Quarter Horses, or one parent that is a Quarter Horse and one parent that is an Appendix Quarter Horse. AQHA also issues a «Racing Register of Merit», which allows a horse to race on Quarter Horse tracks, but not be considered a Quarter Horse for breeding purposes (unless other requirements are met).^[27]

A stallion who has won many races may be put up to stud when he is retired. Artificial insemination and embryo transfer technology (allowed only in some breeds) have brought changes to the traditions and ease of breeding.

Pedigrees of stallions are recorded in various books and websites, such as Weatherbys Stallion Book, the Australian Stud Book and Thoroughbred Heritage.^{[citation needed]}

Thoroughbred[edit]

There are three founding sires that all Thoroughbreds can trace back to in the male line: the Darley Arabian, the Godolphin Arabian, and the Byerley Turk, named after their respective owners Thomas Darley, Lord Godolphin, and Captain Robert Byerly. They were taken to England, where they were mated with mares from English and imported bloodlines.^[28] The resultant foals were the first generation of Thoroughbreds, and all modern Thoroughbreds trace back to them. Thoroughbreds range in height, which is measured in hands (a hand being four inches). Some are as small as 15 hands while others are over 17. Thoroughbreds can travel medium distances at fast paces, requiring a balance between speed and endurance. Thoroughbreds may be bay, black, dark bay/brown, chestnut, gray, roan, white or palomino. Artificial insemination, cloning and embryo transfer are not allowed in the Thoroughbred breed.^[29]

Standardbred[edit]

The standardbred is a breed of horse used for a variety of purposes, but they are largely bred for harness racing. They are descended from thoroughbreds, morgans, and extinct breeds. Standardbreds are typically docile and easy to handle. They do not spook easily and are quite versatile in what they can do. They can be jumpers, dressage, and pleasure riding horses.^[30]

Arabian horse[edit]

The Arabian horse was developed by the Bedouin people of the Middle East specifically for stamina over long distances, so they could outrun their enemies. It was not until 1725 that the Arabian was introduced into the United States.^[31] Arabians appeared in the United States in colonial times, though were not bred as purebreds until about the time of the Civil War. Until the formation of the Arabian Horse Registry of America in 1908, Arabians were recorded with the Jockey Club in a separate subsection from Thoroughbreds.

Arabians must be able to withstand traveling long distances at a moderate pace. They have an abundance of type I muscle fibers, enabling their muscles to work for extended periods of time. Also, the muscles of the Arabian are not nearly as massive as those of the Quarter Horse, which allow it to travel longer distances at quicker speeds. The Arabian is primarily used today in endurance racing but is also raced over traditional race tracks in many countries.

Arabian Horse Racing is governed by the International Federation of Arabian Horse Racing.^[32]

Quarter Horse[edit]

The ancestors of the Quarter Horse were prevalent in America in the early 17th century. These horses were a blend of Colonial Spanish horses crossed with English horses that were brought over in the 1700s. The native horse and the English horse were bred together, resulting in a compact, muscular horse. At this time, they were mainly used for chores such as plowing and cattle work. The American Quarter Horse was not recognized as an official breed until the formation of the American Quarter Horse Association in 1940.^[33]

In order to be successful in racing, Quarter Horses need to be able to propel themselves forward at extremely fast sprinter speed. The Quarter Horse has much larger hind limb muscles than the Arabian, which make it less suitable for endurance racing.^[34] It also has more type II-b muscle fibers, which allow the Quarter Horse to accelerate rapidly.

When Quarter Horse racing began, it was very expensive to lay a full mile of track so it was agreed that a straight track of four hundred meters, or one-quarter of a mile, would be laid instead.^[35] It became the standard racing distance for Quarter Horses and inspired their name. With the exception of the longer, 870-yard (800 m) distance contests, Quarter Horse races are run flat out, with the horses running at top speed for the duration. There is less jockeying for position, as turns are rare, and many races end with several contestants grouped together at the wire. The track surface is similar to that of Thoroughbred racing and usually consists of dirt.

In addition to the three main racing breeds above and their crosses, horse racing may be conducted using various other breeds: Appaloosa, American Paint Horse, Selle Français, AQPS^[36] and Korean Jeju.^[37]

Horse breeds and muscle structure[edit]

Muscles are bundles of contractile fibers that are attached to bones by tendons. These bundles have different types of fibers within them, and horses have adapted over the years to produce different amounts of these fibers.^[38][39]

Type 1[edit]

Type I muscle fibers are adapted for aerobic exercise and rely on the presence of oxygen. They are slow-twitch fibers. They allow muscles to work for longer periods of time resulting in greater endurance.

Type 2[edit]

Type II muscles are adapted for anaerobic exercise because they can function in the absence of oxygen.

Type II-a fibers are intermediate, representing a balance between the fast-twitch fibers and the slow-twitch fibers. They allow the muscles to generate both speed and endurance. Thoroughbreds possess more Type II-a muscle fibers than Quarter Horses or Arabians. This type of fiber allows them to propel themselves forward at great speeds and maintain it for an extended distance.

Type II-b fibers are fast-twitch fibers. These fibers allow muscles to contract quickly, resulting in a great deal of power and speed.

Training[edit]

The conditioning program for the horses varies depending on the race length. Genetics, training, age, and skeletal soundness are all factors that contribute to a horse’s performance.^[40] The muscle structure and fiber type of horses depends on the breed; therefore, genetics must be considered when constructing a conditioning plan. A horse’s fitness plan must be coordinated properly in order to prevent injury or lameness. If these are to occur, they may negatively affect a horse’s willingness to learn.^[40] Sprinting exercises are appropriate for training two-year-old racehorses, but the number is limited by psychological factors as well as physical.^[40] A horse’s skeletal system adapts to the exercise it receives. Because the skeletal system does not reach full maturity until the horse is at least six years of age, young racehorses often suffer injuries.^[40]

Horse racing by continent[edit]

North America[edit]

United States[edit]

In the United States, Thoroughbred flat races are run on surfaces of either dirt, synthetic or turf. Other tracks offer Quarter Horse racing and Standardbred racing, on combinations of these three types of racing surfaces. Racing of other breeds, such as Arabian horse racing, is found on a limited basis. American Thoroughbred races are run at a wide variety of distances, most commonly from 5 to 12 furlongs (0.63 to 1.50 mi; 1.0 to 2.4 km); with this in mind, breeders of Thoroughbred race horses attempt to breed horses that excel at a particular distance (see dosage index).

Horse racing in the United States and on the North American continent dates back to 1665, which saw the establishment of the Newmarket course in Salisbury, New York, a section of what is now known as the Hempstead Plains of Long Island, New York.^[41] This first racing meet in North America was supervised by New York’s colonial governor, Richard Nicolls. The area is now occupied by the present Nassau County, New York, a region of Greater Westbury and East Garden City. The South Westbury section is still known as Salisbury.

The first record of quarter-mile length races dated back to 1674 in Henrico County, Virginia. Each race consisted of only two horses, and they raced down the village streets and lanes. The Quarter Horse received its name from the length of the race.

The American Stud Book was started in 1868, prompting the beginning of organized horse racing in the United States. There were 314 tracks operating in the United States by 1890; and in 1894, the American Jockey Club was formed.^[42]

The Pleasanton Fairgrounds Racetrack at the Alameda County Fairgrounds is the oldest remaining horse racing track in America,^[43] dating from 1858, when it was founded by the sons of the Spaniard Don Agustín Bernal.

Belmont Park is located at the western edge of the Hempstead Plains. Its mile-and-a-half main track is the largest dirt Thoroughbred racecourse in the world, and it has the sport’s largest grandstand.

One of the latest major horse tracks opened in the United States was the Meadowlands Racetrack, opened in 1977 for Thoroughbred racing. It is the home of the Meadowlands Cup. Other more recently opened tracks include Remington Park, Oklahoma City, opened in 1988, and Lone Star Park in the Dallas–Fort Worth Metroplex, opened in 1997; the latter track hosted the prestigious Breeders’ Cup series of races in 2004.

Thoroughbred horse racing in the United States has its own Hall of Fame in Saratoga Springs, New York. The Hall of Fame honors remarkable horses, jockeys, owners, and trainers.

The traditional high point of US horse racing is the Kentucky Derby, held on the first Saturday of May at Churchill Downs in Louisville, Kentucky. Together, the Derby; the Preakness Stakes, held two weeks later at Pimlico Race Course in Baltimore, Maryland; and the Belmont Stakes, held three weeks after the Preakness at Belmont Park on Long Island, form the Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing for three-year-olds. They are all held early in the year, throughout May and the beginning of June. In recent years the Breeders’ Cup races, run at the end of the year, have challenged the Triple Crown events as determiners of the three-year-old champion. The Breeders’ Cup is normally held at a different track every year; however, the 2010 and 2011 editions were both held at Churchill Downs, and 2012, 2013 and 2014 races were held at Santa Anita Park. Keeneland, in Lexington, Kentucky, hosted the 2015 Breeders’ Cup.

The corresponding Standardbred event is the Breeders Crown. There is also a Triple Crown of Harness Racing for Pacers and a Triple Crown of Harness Racing for Trotters.

For Arabians, there is the Arabian Triple Crown, consisting of Drinkers of the Wind Derby in California, the Texas Six Shooter Stakes, and the Bob Magness Derby in Delaware.

American betting on horse racing is sanctioned and regulated by the state where the race is located.^[44] Simulcast betting exists across state lines with minimal oversight except the companies involved through legalized parimutuel gambling. A takeout, or «take», is removed from each betting pool and distributed according to state law, among the state, race track and horsemen. A variety of factors affect takeout, namely location and the type of wager that is placed.^[45] One form of parimutuel gaming is Instant Racing, in which players bet on video replays of races.

Advanced Deposit Wagering is a form of gambling on the outcome of horse races in which the bettor must fund his or her account before being allowed to place bets. ADW is often conducted online or by phone. In contrast to ADW, credit shops allow wagers without advance funding; accounts are settled at month-end. Racetrack owners, horse trainers and state governments sometimes receive a cut of ADW revenues.

Canada[edit]

The most famous horse from Canada is generally considered to be Northern Dancer, who after winning the Kentucky Derby, Preakness and Queen’s Plate in 1964 went on to become the most successful Thoroughbred sire of the twentieth century; his two-minute-flat Derby was the fastest on record until Secretariat in 1973. The only challenger to his title of greatest Canadian horse would be his son Nijinsky II, who is the last horse to win the English Triple Crown. Woodbine Racetrack (1956) in Toronto is home of the Queen’s Plate (1860), Canada’s premier Thoroughbred stakes race, and the North America Cup (1984), Canada’s premier Standardbred stakes race. It is the only race track in North America which stages Thoroughbred and Standardbred (harness) meetings on the same day. The Canadian International and Woodbine Mile (1981) are Canada’s most important Grade I races worth Can$1,000,000 each, and have been won by many renowned horses such as Secretariat and Wise Dan respectively. Other key races include Woodbine Oaks (1956), Prince of Wales Stakes (1929), Breeders’ Stakes (1889) and Canadian Derby (1930).

Europe[edit]

Belgium[edit]

Horse racing in Belgium takes place at three venues – Hippodrome Wellington in Ostend (opened in 1883 in honour of Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington), Hippodroom Waregem in Waregem in Flanders and Hippodrome de Wallonie in Mons, Wallonia.

Czech Republic[edit]

There are 15 racecourses in the Czech Republic, most notably Pardubice Racecourse, where the country’s most famous race, the Velka Pardubicka steeplechase, has been run since 1874.^[46] However, the first official race was organized back in 1816 by Emperor Francis II near Kladruby nad Labem. The Czech horse racing season usually starts at the beginning of April and ends sometime in November. Racing takes place mostly at weekends and there is usually one meeting on a Saturday and one on Sunday.^[47] Horse races, as well as Thoroughbred horse breeding, is organized by Jockey Club Czech Republic, founded in 1919.^[48]

France[edit]

France has a major horse racing industry. It is home to the famous Prix de l’Arc de Triomphe held at Longchamp Racecourse, the richest race in Europe and the second richest turf race in the world after the Japan Cup, with a prize of 4 million Euros (approximately US$5.2 million). Other major races include the Grand Prix de Paris, the Prix du Jockey Club (the French Derby) and the Prix de Diane. Besides Longchamp, France’s other premier flat racecourses include Chantilly and Deauville. There is also a smaller but nevertheless important jumps racing sector, with Auteil Racecourse being the best known. The sport’s governing body is France Galop.

Great Britain[edit]

Horse racing in Great Britain is predominantly thoroughbred flat and jumps racing. It was in Great Britain in the 17th to 19th centuries that many of the sport’s rules and regulations were established. Named after Edward Smith-Stanley, 12th Earl of Derby, The Derby was first run in 1780. The race serves as the middle leg of the British Triple Crown, preceded by the 2000 Guineas and followed by the St Leger. The name «Derby» has since become synonymous with great races all over the world, and as such has been borrowed many times in races abroad.^[50]

The Grand National is the most prominent race in British culture, watched by many people who do not normally watch or bet on horse racing at other times of the year.^[51] Many of the sport’s greatest jockeys, most notably Sir Gordon Richards, have been British. The sport is regulated by the British Horseracing Authority. The BHA’s authority does not extend to Northern Ireland; racing in Ireland is governed on an All-Ireland basis.

Greece[edit]

Despite having an ancient tradition with well-documented history, all racetracks in Greece have ceased operation due to the Greek government-debt crisis.^[52]

Hungary[edit]

Hungary has a long-standing horse racing tradition. The first horse racing in Pest was noted on June 6, 1827.^{[citation needed]} Although racing in Hungary is neither as popular nor as prestigious as it is in Western Europe, the country is notable for producing some fine international racehorses. Foremost of these is Kincsem, foaled in 1874 and the most successful Thoroughbred racehorse ever, having won 54 races in 54 starts. The country also produced Overdose, a horse who won his first 12 races, including group races in Germany and Italy, and finished fourth in the King’s Stand Stakes at Royal Ascot.

Ireland[edit]

Ireland has a rich history of horse racing; point to pointing originated there, and even today, jump racing is more popular than racing on the flat. As a result, every year Irish horse racing fans travel in huge numbers to the highlight event of the National Hunt calendar, the Cheltenham Festival, and in recent years Irish owned or bred horses have dominated the event.^{[citation needed]} Ireland has a thriving Thoroughbred breeding industry, stimulated by favorable tax treatment.^{[citation needed]} The world’s largest Thoroughbred stud farm, Coolmore Stud, has its main site there (in addition to major operations in the U.S. and Australia).

In recent years,^[when?] various Irish bred and trained horses achieved victory in one or more of the British 2000 Guineas, The Derby and the Prix de l’Arc de Triomphe, considered the three most prestigious races in Europe. In the six runnings of the Epsom Derby between 2008 and 2013, Irish horses filled 20 of the first 30 placings, winning the race 5 times.^{[citation needed]}

Italy[edit]

Historically, Italy has been one of the leading European horse-racing nations, albeit in some respects behind Great Britain, Ireland, and France in size and prestige. The late Italian horse breeder Federico Tesio was particularly notable. In recent years, however, the sport in the country has suffered a major funding crisis, culminating in its 2014 expulsion from the European Pattern.^[53]

Netherlands[edit]

In Wassenaar in the Hague there is a grass course at Duindigt.

Poland[edit]

Horse racing in Poland can be dated to 1777, when a horse owned by Polish noble Kazimierz Rzewuski beat the horse of the English chargé d’affaires, Sir Charles Whitworth, on the road from Wola to Ujazdów Castle. The first regular horse racing was organized in 1841 on Mokotów Fields in Warsaw by Towarzystwo Wyścigów Konnych i Wystawy Zwierząt Gospodarskich w Królestwie Polskim (in English, the Society of Horse Racing in Congress Poland). The main racetrack in Poland is Warsaw’s Służewiec Racecourse. The industry was severely limited during the Communist era, when gambling, the major source of funding, was made illegal.

Sweden[edit]

Harness racing (also known as trotting), is a popular sport in Sweden, with significant amounts of money wagered annually.

Oceania[edit]

Australia[edit]

Horse racing in Australia was founded during the early years of settlement and the industry has grown to be among the top three leading Thoroughbred racing nations of the world.^[54] The world-famous Melbourne Cup, the race that stops a nation, has recently attracted many international entries. In country racing, records indicate that Goulburn commenced racing in 1834.^[55] Australia’s first country racing club was established at Wallabadah in 1852 and the Wallabadah Cup is still held on New Year’s Day (the current racecourse was built in 1898).^[56]

In Australia, the most famous racehorse was Phar Lap (bred in New Zealand), who raced from 1928 to 1932. Phar Lap carried 9 st 12 lb (62.5 kg) to win the 1930 Melbourne Cup. Australian steeplechaser Crisp is remembered for his battle with Irish champion Red Rum in the 1973 Grand National. In 2003–2005 the mare Makybe Diva (bred in Great Britain) became the only racehorse to ever win the Melbourne Cup three times, let alone in consecutive years. In harness racing, Cane Smoke had 120 wins, including 34 in a single season, Paleface Adios became a household name during the 1970s, while Cardigan Bay, a pacing horse from New Zealand, enjoyed great success at the highest levels of American harness racing in the 1960s. More recently, Blacks A Fake has won four Inter Dominion Championships, making him the only horse to complete this feat in Australasia’s premier harness race.^[57]

Competitive endurance riding commenced in Australia in 1966, when the Tom Quilty Gold Cup was first held in the Hawkesbury district, near Sydney, New South Wales. The Quilty Cup is considered the National endurance ride and there are now over 100 endurance events contested across Australia, ranging in distances from 80 km to 400 km.^[58] The world’s longest endurance ride is the Shahzada 400 km Memorial Test which is conducted over five days traveling 80 kilometers a day at St Albans on the Hawkesbury River, New South Wales. In all endurance events, there are rigorous vet checks, conducted before, during and after the competition, in which the horses’ welfare is of the utmost concern.^[59]

New Zealand[edit]

Racing is a long-established sport in New Zealand, stretching back to colonial times.

Horse racing is a significant part of the New Zealand economy which in 2004 generated 1.3% of the GDP. The indirect impact of expenditures on racing was estimated to have generated more than $1.4 billion in economic activity in 2004 and created 18,300 full-time equivalent jobs. More than 40,000 people were involved in some capacity in the New Zealand racing industry in 2004. In 2004, more than one million people attended race meetings in New Zealand.^[60] There are 69 Thoroughbred and 51 harness clubs licensed in New Zealand. Racecourses are situated in 59 locations throughout New Zealand.

The bloodstock industry is important to New Zealand, with the export sale of horses – mainly to Australia and Asia – generating more than $120 million a year. During the 2008–09 racing season 19 New Zealand bred horses won 22 Group One races around the world.^[61]

Notable thoroughbred racehorses from New Zealand include Carbine, Nightmarch, Sunline, Desert Gold and Rising Fast.^[62][63] Phar Lap and Tulloch were both bred in New Zealand but did not race there.

The most famous New Zealand standardbred horse is probably Cardigan Bay. Stanley Dancer drove the New Zealand bred horse, Cardigan Bay to win $1 million in stakes in 1968, the first harness horse to surpass that milestone in American history.^[64] Other horses of note include Young Quinn, Christian Cullen, Lazarus and the trotter Lyell Creek.

Africa[edit]

Mauritius[edit]

On 25 June 1812, the Champ de Mars Racecourse was inaugurated by The Mauritius Turf Club which was founded earlier in the same year by Colonel Edward A. Draper. The Champ de Mars is situated on a prestigious avenue in Port Louis, the capital city and is the oldest racecourse in the southern hemisphere. The Mauritius Turf Club is the second oldest active turf club in the world.

Undeniably, racing is one of the most popular sports in Mauritius now attracting regular crowds of 20,000 people or more to the only racecourse of the island.

A high level of professionalism has been attained in the organization of races over the last decades preserving the unique electrifying ambiance prevailing on race days at the Champ de Mars.

Members of the British Royal Family, such as Queen Elizabeth II, Princess Margaret or the Queen Mother have attended or patronised races at the Champ de Mars numerous times.

Champ de Mars has four classic events a year such as: Duchess of York Cup, Barbé Cup, Maiden Cup and the Duke of York Cup.

Most of the horses are imported from South Africa but some are also acquired from Australia, the United Kingdom and France.^{[65][66][67][68][69][70][71][72]}

South Africa[edit]

Horse racing is a popular sport in South Africa that can be traced back to 1797. The first recorded race club meeting took place five years later in 1802.^[73] The national horse racing body is known as the National Horseracing Authority and was founded in 1882. The premier event, which attracts 50,000 people to Durban, is the Durban July Handicap, which has been run since 1897 at Greyville Racecourse. It is the largest and most prestigious event on the continent, with betting running into the hundreds of millions of Rands. Several July winners have gone on to win major international races, such as Colorado King, London News, and Ipi Tombe.^[74] However, the other notable major races are the Summer Cup, held at Turffontein Racecourse in Johannesburg, and The Sun Met, which is held at Kenilworth race track in Cape Town.

Asia[edit]

China[edit]

Horse racing in one form or another has been a part of Chinese culture for millennia. Horse racing was a popular pastime for the aristocracy at least by the Zhou Dynasty – 4th century B.C. General Tian Ji’s strategem for a horse race remains perhaps the best-known story about horse racing in that period. In the 18th and 19th centuries, horse racing and equestrian sports in China was dominated by Mongol influences.

Thoroughbred horse racing came to China with British settlements in the middle 1800s and most notably centered around the treaty ports, including the two major race courses in Shanghai, the Shanghai Racecourse and the International Recreation Grounds (in Kiang-wan), and the racecourses of Tianjin. The Kiang-wan racecourse was destroyed in the lead-up to the Second Sino-Japanese War and the Shanghai Race Club closed in 1954. The former Shanghai Racecourse is now People’s Square and People’s Park and the former club building was the Shanghai Art Museum.

As Hong Kong and Macau are Special Administrative Region, they’re allowed to exemption from ban of gambling on mainland China. (See below)

Horse racing was banned in the Republic of China from 1945, and the People’s Republic of China maintained the ban after 1949, although allowances were made for ethnic minority peoples for whom horse sports are a cultural tradition. Speed horse racing (速度赛马) was an event in the National Games of China, mainly introduced to cater to minority peoples, such as the Mongols. The racecourse was initially 5 km, but from 2005 (the 10th National Games) was extended to 12 km. The longer race led to deaths and injuries to participating horses in both 2005 and the 11th National Games in 2009. Also, with the entry into the sport of Han majority provinces such as Hubei, which are better funded and used Western, rather than traditional, breeding and training techniques, meant that the original purpose of the event to foster traditional horse racing for groups like the Mongols was at risk of being usurped. At the 2009 National Games, Hubei won both the gold and silver medals, with Inner Mongolia winning bronze. As a result of these factors, the event was abolished for the 12th National Games in 2013.

Club horse racing reappeared on a small scale in the 1990s. In 2008, the China Speed Horse Race Open in Wuhan was organized as the qualification round for the speed horse race event at the National Games the next year, but was also seen by commentators as a step towards legalizing both horse racing and gambling on the races.^[75] The Wuhan Racecourse was the only racecourse that organized races in China.^[76] In 2014, the Wuhan Jockey Club organized more than 80 races. Almost all Chinese trainers and jockeys stabled in Wuhan. However, with the demise of the event at the National Games and the government not relenting from the ban on commercial racing, various racecourses built in recent years are all in a state of disuse: The Nanjing Racecourse, which previously hosted National Games equestrian events, is now used as a car park;^[77] the Beijing Jockey Club was shut down in 2008. The racecourse in Inner Mongolia has not been active after 2012.

Horse racing eventually returned to mainland China on the year 2014 as the one-day, five-card event for foreign horses, trainers and jockeys.^[78]

Hong Kong[edit]

The British tradition of horse racing left its mark with the creation of one of the most important entertainment and gambling institutions in Hong Kong. Established as the Royal Hong Kong Jockey Club in 1884, the non-profit organization conducts nearly 700 races every season at the two race tracks: in Happy Valley and Sha Tin.

All horses are imported since there is no breeding operation.^{[citation needed]} The sport annually draws millions of dollars of tax revenue. Off-track betting is available from overseas bookmakers.

In the 1920s, the Hong Kong Jockey Club had race meetings for visitors already. Visitors were divided into public and member. The charges for these two types of visitors are different.

The charge for admission to the Public Enclosure is $1 per day for all while soldiers and sailors can enjoy half price. On the other hand, members are required to show their badges to obtain admission to the Members’ Enclosure. And also the charge for admission to the Members’ Enclosure is $2 per day.^[79] By comparing the lowest wage in 1929, we observe that the lowest wage is around $12 ( $0.4 per day) which has a large distance for the requirement enclosure.^[80] Therefore, we can observe that the race meetings are mainly opened for upper class mostly while grass-root has a lower chance to touch horse racing activity.

Nowadays, the Hong Kong Jockey Club is a cornerstone of modern Hong Kong. It donates all its profits to the Hong Kong government, charities and public institutions. It is the territory’s largest taxpayer, contributing 11% of the government’s revenues in 2000. In economic terms, the Hong Kong Jockey Club is an old-fashioned government-protected monopoly; all other forms of gambling are illegal in this industry.^[81]

Hong Kong—Sweepstakes[edit]

Sweepstakes were introduced in Hong Kong during the 1920s. There are three types of sweepstakes which are the Special Cash Sweeps, the Last Race Sweep and the Ordinary Cash Sweeps. Special Cash Sweeps were at first drawn twice a year, and increased to three times a year later given its popularity. It carried the highest prize money amongst three types of sweepstakes. The Last Race Sweep commanded higher prize money then Ordinary Cash Sweeps, which were drawn for almost every race and therefore carried the lowest prize money.^[82]

Sweepstakes could be purchased either at sweepstakes stations or from sweepstakes vendors throughout Hong Kong. With different numbers print on each sweepstake, one sweepstake is drawn and assigned, for each horse participating in the race, and the sweepstake attached to the winning horse would win the first prize. Likewise, the number of the first runner-up and second runner-up would win the second and third prize, respectively, with the rest winning consolation prizes. With the introduction of new bet types in horse racing and the launch of the Mark Six lottery in the 1970s, the club finally stopped selling sweepstakes in 1977.^[82]

Macau[edit]

Jockey Club of Macau was established for harness racing. It started to conduct horse races in 1989.^[83]

India[edit]

India’s first racecourse was set up in Madras in 1777. Today India has nine racetracks operated by seven racing authorities.^{[citation needed]}

Japan[edit]

Japan has two governing bodies that control its horseracing – the Japan Racing Association (JRA), and National Association of Racing (NAR). Between them they conduct more than 21,000 horse races a year. The JRA is responsible for ‘Chuo Keiba’ (meaning ‘central horse racing’), taking place on the ten main Japanese tracks. The NAR, meanwhile, is responsible for ‘Chihou Keiba’ (meaning ‘local horse racing’). Racing in Japan is mainly flat racing, but Japan also has jump racing and a sled-pulling race known as Ban’ei (also called Draft Racing).

Japan’s top stakes races are run in the spring, autumn, and winter. These include the country’s most prominent race – the Grade 1 Japan Cup, a 2,400 m (about 1½ mile) invitational turf race run every November at Tokyo Racecourse for a purse of ¥476 million (about US$5.6 million), one of the richest turf races in the world. Other noted stakes races include the February Stakes, Japanese Derby, Takamatsunomiya Kinen, Yasuda Kinen, Takarazuka Kinen, Arima Kinen, Satsuki Sho, Kikka Sho, and the Tenno Sho races run in the spring and fall. Japan’s top jump race is the Nakayama Grand Jump, run every April at Nakayama Racecourse.

Malaysia[edit]

In Malaysia, horse racing was introduced during the British colonial era and remains to the present day as a gambling activity. There are three race courses in Peninsular Malaysia, namely Penang Turf Club, Perak Turf Club and Selangor Turf Club. Within and only within the turf clubs, betting on horse racing is a legal form of gambling. Racing in Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore is conducted and governed under the Rules of the Malayan Racing Association and betting in Malaysia is operated and organized by Pan Malaysian Pools Sdn Bhd. In East Malaysia, races are governed independently by the Royal Sabah Turf Club^[84] and the Sarawak Turf Club.^[85]

Mongolia[edit]

Mongolian horse racing takes place during the Naadam festival. Mongolia does not have Thoroughbred horse racing. Rather, it has its own Mongolian style of horse racing in which the horses run for at least a distance of 25 kilometers.^[86]

Pakistan[edit]

Horse races are held in Pakistan at four clubs. In Lahore at Lahore Race Club, Rawalpindi at Chakri, in Karachi at Karachi Race Club and in Gujrat at Gujrat Race Club.

Philippines[edit]

Horseracing in the Philippines began in 1867. The history of Philippine horseracing has three divisions according to the breeds of horses used. They are the Philippine-pony era (1867–1898), the Arabian-horse era (1898–1930), and the Thoroughbred-era (1935–present).^[87]

Singapore[edit]

Horse racing was introduced to Singapore by the British during the colonial era and remained one of the legal forms of gambling after independence. It remains a highly popular form of entertainment with the local Singaporean community to this day. Races are typically held on Friday evenings and Sundays at the Singapore Turf Club in Kranji. Horse racing has also left its mark in the naming of roads in Singapore such as Race Course Road in Little India, where horse racing was first held in Singapore, and Turf Club Road in Bukit Timah where Singapore Turf Club used to be situated before moving to its current location in 1999.^{[citation needed]}

South Korea[edit]

Horse racing in South Korea dates back to May 1898, when a foreign language institute run by the government included a donkey race in its athletic rally. However, it wasn’t until the 1920s that modern horse racing involving betting developed. The nation’s first authorised club, the Chosun Racing Club, was established in 1922 and a year later, the pari-mutuel betting system was officially adopted for the first time.^[88]

The Korean War disrupted the development of horse racing in the country, but after the Seoul Olympics in 1988, the Olympic Equestrian Park was converted into racing facilities named Seoul Race Park, which helped the sport to develop again.^[88]

Turkey[edit]

Horses have been an important role in Turks’ lives throughout history. After the modern Republic Of Turkey was established in 1923 by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, the number of breeding and racing Arabian and thoroughbred racehorses accelerated rapidly especially after the beginning of the 1930s. The Jockey Club of Turkey, founded in 1950, was the turning point of both the Turkish breeding and racing industries.

United Arab Emirates[edit]

The big race in the UAE is the Dubai World Cup, a race with a purse of US$10 million, which was the largest purse in the world until being surpassed by the Pegasus World Cup, an American race with a $12 million purse that held its first edition in 2017. The Dubai World Cup is once again the world’s richest horse race. The Pegasus World Cup had its purse reduced in 2019 to make room for a new turf race.^[89] Other races include the Dubai Kahayla Classic with a purse of US$250,000.

The Meydan Racecourse in Dubai, reportedly the world’s largest race track, opened on March 27, 2010, for the Dubai World Cup race. The race track complex contains two tracks with seating for 60,000, a hotel, restaurants, theater and museum.

There is no parimutuel betting in the UAE as gambling is illegal.^[90]

South America[edit]

Argentina[edit]

In Argentina the sport is known as turf. Some of the most famous racers are Irineo Leguisamo, Vilmar Sanguinetti, Marina Lezcano, Jorge Valdivieso, Pablo Falero and Jorge Ricardo.

Carlos Gardel’s tango Por una cabeza is about horse racing, a sport of which he was a known fan. Gardel was a good friend of Irineo Leguisamo, who is the most recognized Uruguayan jockey, who raced numerous years in Argentine.^{[citation needed]}

Betting[edit]

At many horse races, there is a gambling station, where gamblers can stake money on a horse. Gambling on horses is prohibited at some tracks; Springdale Race Course, home of the nationally renowned TD Bank Carolina Cup and Colonial Cup Steeplechase in Camden, South Carolina, is known as one of the tracks where betting is illegal, due to a 1951 law. Where gambling is allowed, most tracks offer parimutuel betting where gamblers’ money is pooled and shared proportionally among the winners once a deduction is made from the pool. In some countries, such as the UK, Ireland, and Australia, an alternative and more popular facility is provided by bookmakers who effectively make a market in odds. This allows the gambler to ‘lock in’ odds on a horse at a particular time (known as ‘taking the price’ in the UK). Parimutuel gambling on races also provides not only purse money to participants but considerable tax revenue, with over $100 billion wagered annually in 53 countries.^[91]

Dangers[edit]

Anna Waller, a member of the Department of Emergency Medicine at the University of North Carolina, co-authored a four-year-long study of jockey injuries and stated to The New York Times that «For every 1,000 jockeys you have riding [for one year], over 600 will have medically treated injuries.» She added that almost 20% of these were serious head or neck injuries. The study reported 6,545 injuries during the years 1993–1996.^[92][93] More than 100 jockeys were killed in the United States between 1950 and 1987.^[94]

Horses also face dangers in racing. 1.5 horses die out of every 1,000 starts in the United States.^{[citation needed]} The U.S. Jockey Club in New York estimates that about 600 horses died at racetracks in 2006. Another estimates there are 1,000 deaths annual in the US.^[95] The Jockey Club in Hong Kong reported a far lower figure of 0.58 horses per 1,000 starts. There is speculation that drugs used in horse racing in the United States, which are banned elsewhere, are responsible for the higher death rate in the United States.^[96]

In the Canadian province of Ontario, a study of 1,709 racehorse deaths between 2003 and 2015 found that the majority of deaths were attributable to «damage during exercise to the horses’ musculoskeletal system», including fractures, dislocations, and tendon ruptures.^[97] Mortality rates were eight times higher for thoroughbreds than standardbreds, and highest amongst young horses. The study also found that the incidence of off-track deaths was twice as high for thoroughbreds.

In the United Kingdom, 186 horses were killed as a direct result of racing in 2019. Of these 145 died in National Hunt (jump) racing and 41 in flat racing.^[98] A report published in 2005 estimated that «around 375 horses who are entered into races each season die from their injuries, or they are killed because they are considered of no further commercial value, even though they are young enough to continue racing.» It added, «Reasons for horses being destroyed include broken legs, back, neck and pelvis; fatal spinal injuries, exhaustion, heart attack, and burst blood vessels in the lungs.»^[99]

See also[edit]

• Australian and New Zealand punting glossary
• Commercial animal cloning
• Fully automatic time
• Glossary of North American horse racing
• Going (horse racing)
• Horse length
• Horse racing equipment
• Jockey Challenge
• List of films about horse racing
• List of historical horses
• List of horse racing tracks
• List of jockeys
• Match race

References[edit]

Bibliography[edit]

• Edwards, Elwyn Hartley (1994). The Encyclopedia of the Horse. DK. ISBN 978-1564586148. ASIN 1564586146.
• «Horse-racing» . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911.

External links[edit]

• The dictionary definition of horse racing at Wiktionary