From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Hooliganism is disruptive or unlawful behavior such as rioting, bullying and vandalism, usually in connection with crowds at sporting events.
Etymology[edit]
There are several theories regarding the origin of the word hooliganism, which is a derivative of the word hooligan. The Compact Oxford English Dictionary states that the word may have originated from the surname of a rowdy Irish family in a music hall song of the 1890s.[1][2] Clarence Rook, in his 1899 book, Hooligan Nights, wrote that the word came from Patrick Hoolihan (or Hooligan), an Irish bouncer and thief who lived in London. In 2015, it was said in the BBC Scotland TV programme The Secret Life of Midges[3] that the English commander-in-chief during the Jacobite rising of 1745, General Wade, misheard the local Scots Gaelic word for midge—meanbh-chuileag—and coined the word hooligan to describe his fury and frustration at the way the tiny biting creatures made the life of his soldiers and himself a misery;[clarification needed] this derivation may be apocryphal.
Early usage[edit]
The word first appeared in print in London police-court reports in 1894 referring to the name of a gang of youths in the Lambeth area of London—the Hooligan Boys,[4] and later—the O’Hooligan Boys.[5]
In August 1898 the murder of Henry Mappin in Lambeth committed by a member of the gang drew further attention to the word which was immediately popularised by the press.[6] The London newspaper The Daily Graphic wrote in an article on 22 August 1898, «The avalanche of brutality which, under the name of ‘Hooliganism’ … has cast such a dire slur on the social records of South London.»[2][7]
The inquest was carried out by Mr Braxton Hicks who «remarked that the activity of the gang he referred to was not confined to Lambeth, but extended to numerous other districts. It was composed of young fellows who scorned to do a stroke of work, and obtained a living by blackmailing. It was a common practice for three or four of these men to walk into a shop and offer the shopman the alternative of giving them a dollar for drink or having his shop wrecked. In connection with the Oakley-street tragedy intimidation had reached an unexampled case. Witnesses had been warned that it would be as much as their life was worth to give evidence against John Darcy. On Wednesday plain-clothes men escorted the witnesses from the court singly. He himself had been warned – not by anonymous letter but through a mysterious personal medium – that if seen in a certain neighbourhood he would be done for. A magistrate had also told him that he had been the recipient of a like indignity.»[8][9]
Arthur Conan Doyle wrote in his 1904 short story «The Adventure of the Six Napoleons», «It seemed to be one of those senseless acts of Hooliganism which occur from time to time, and it was reported to the constable on the beat as such.» H. G. Wells wrote in his 1909 semi-autobiographical novel Tono-Bungay, «Three energetic young men of the hooligan type, in neck-wraps and caps, were packing wooden cases with papered-up bottles, amidst much straw and confusion.»[7]
According to Life magazine (30 July 1941), the comic strip artist and political cartoonist Frederick Burr Opper introduced a character called Happy Hooligan in 1900; «hapless Happy appeared regularly in U.S. newspapers for more than 30 years», a «naive, skinny, baboon-faced tramp who invariably wore a tomato can for a hat.» Life brought this up by way of criticizing the Soviet U.N. delegate Yakov A. Malik for misusing the word. Malik had indignantly referred to anti-Soviet demonstrators in New York as «hooligans». Happy Hooligan, Life reminded its readers, «became a national hero, not by making trouble, which Mr. Malik understands is the function of a hooligan, but by getting himself help.»
Modern usage[edit]
Later, as the meaning of the word shifted slightly, none of the possible alternatives had precisely the same undertones of a person, usually young, who belongs to an informal group and commits acts of vandalism or criminal damage, starts fights, and who causes disturbances but is not a thief.[7] Hooliganism is now predominately related to sport.[10]
Violence in sports[edit]
The words hooliganism and hooligan began to be associated with violence in sports, in particular from the 1970s in the UK with football hooliganism. The phenomenon, however, long preceded the modern term; for example, one of the earliest known instances of crowd violence at a sporting event took place in ancient Constantinople. Two chariot racing factions, the Blues and the Greens, were involved in the Nika riots which lasted around a week in 532 CE; nearly half the city was burned or destroyed, in addition to tens of thousands of deaths.[11]
Sports crowd violence continues to be a worldwide concerning phenomenon exacting at times a large number of injuries, damage to property and casualties. Individual, contextual, social and environmental factors interact and influence one another through a dynamic process occurring at different levels.[12] Macro-sociological accounts suggest that structural strains, experiences of deprivation or a low socio-economic background can at times be instrumental to the acceptance and reproduction of norms that tolerate great levels of violence and territoriality, which is a common feature of football hooliganism.[13] Furthermore, social cleavages within societies facilitate the development of strong in-groups bonds and intense feelings of antagonism towards outsiders which in turn can facilitate group identification and affect the likelihood of fan violence.[13]
In British sports[edit]
Beginning in at least the 1960s, the United Kingdom gained a reputation worldwide for football hooliganism; the phenomenon was often dubbed the British or English Disease.[14][15][16][17][18][19][excessive citations]However, since the 1980s and well into the 1990s the UK government has led a widescale crackdown on football related violence. While football hooliganism has been a growing concern in some continental European countries in recent years, British football fans now tend to have a better reputation abroad. Although reports of British football hooliganism still surface, the instances now tend to occur at pre-arranged locations rather than at the matches themselves.
In American sports[edit]
Football (soccer) and other sports hooliganism overall is rare in the United States in part because of stricter legal penalties for vandalism and physical violence, club markets having their own territory of fans, venues banning weapons, stricter security during games, and a stronger taboo on politics, class, race, and religion into the American sporting culture. Although isolated drunken fights at games do occur, they rarely escalate to major brawling comparable to Europe and Latin America.[20]
In the Soviet Union and Russia[edit]
In the Soviet Union the word khuligan (Russian: хулиган – transliteration of the English word) was used to refer to scofflaws. Hooliganism (Russian: хулиганство, khuliganstvo) was listed as a criminal offense, similar to disorderly conduct in some other jurisdictions, and used as a catch-all charge for prosecuting unapproved behavior.[2][21]
Olympic medalist Vasiliy Khmelevskiy was convicted of hooliganism for setting a costumed person on fire during a celebration in Minsk in 1979 and sentenced to five years of imprisonment.[22] Mathias Rust was convicted of hooliganism, among other things, for his 1987 Cessna landing on Bolshoy Moskvoretsky Bridge next to Red Square.
Since the fall of the Soviet Union, nowadays, hooliganism is defined generally in the Criminal Code of Russia as an average gravity crime.[23]
More recently, the same charge has been leveled against members of the feminist punk group Pussy Riot for which three members each received a two-year sentence on 17 August 2012. Hooliganism charges were also levelled against the Greenpeace protesters in October 2013.[24] In March 2022, Marina Ovsyannikova, a Russian journalist who held up a banner protesting the Russian invasion of Ukraine during a national news broadcast, was convicted of flouting Russian anti-protest laws and fined ₽30,000 for her actions. The Kremlin called her actions an act of hooliganism.[25]
In film[edit]
- A Clockwork Orange (1971)
- The Asphalt Jungle (1950)[26]
- Awaydays (2009)
- Cass (2008)
- Eden Lake (2008)
- EuroTrip (2004)
- The Firm (1988)
- The Firm (2009)
- The Football Factory (2004)
- Green Street (2005)
- Green Street 2: Stand Your Ground (2009)
- Green Street 3: Never Back Down (2013)
- I.D. (1995) and ID2: Shadwell Army (2016)
- Neds (2010)
- Rise of the Footsoldier (2007)
- Tash Force (2011)
- Training Day (2001)
See also[edit]
- Abuse
- Collective effervescence
- Crowd psychology
- Disorderly conduct
- Breach of the peace
- Football hooliganism
- Juvenile delinquency
- Violent disorder
- List of hooligan firms
- List of violent spectator incidents in sports
References[edit]
- ^ «hooligan». Compact Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford English Dictionary. Retrieved 15 October 2008.[dead link]
- ^ a b c Harper, Douglas. «hooligan». Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 15 October 2008.
- ^ Scotland, BBC. «The Secret Life of Midges». BBC website. BBC. Retrieved 23 October 2015.
- ^ «Who were the original Hooligans?». Daily News. quezi.com. 24 April 1894. Archived from the original on 3 January 2010. Retrieved 12 March 2009.
- ^ «Who were the original Hooligans?». Reynolds Newspaper. quezi.com. 29 April 1894. Archived from the original on 3 January 2010. Retrieved 12 March 2009.
- ^ «Who were the original Hooligans?». The Penny Illustrated Paper and Illustrated Times. quezi.com. 13 August 1898. Archived from the original on 3 January 2010. Retrieved 12 March 2009.
- ^ a b c Quinion, Michael (27 June 1998). «Hooligan». World Wide Words. Retrieved 30 June 2010.
- ^ «REIGN OF TERROR IN SOUTH LONDON. OAKLEY STREET MURDER. WITNESSES THREATENED». Lloyd’s Weekly Newspaper. 24 July 1898 – via British Newspaper Archive.
- ^ «LAMBETH TRAGEDY. THE ARREST IN THE STRAND. ONE OF «HOOLIGAN’S GANG». Lloyd’s Weekly Newspaper. 17 July 1898 – via British Newspaper Archive.
- ^ Osman, Gusmusgul; Acet, Mehmet (2016). «The Open Sore of Football: Aggressive Violent Behaviour and Hooliganism». Physical Culture and Sport Studies and Research. 71 (1): 30–37. doi:10.1515/pcssr-2016-0015.
- ^ McComb, David (2 September 2004). Sports in World History (Themes in World History). Routledge. p. 25. ISBN 0-415-31812-2.
- ^ Nepomuceno, Thyago Celso C.; de Moura, Jadielson Alves; e Silva, Lúcio Câmara; Cabral Seixas Costa, Ana Paula (December 2017). «Alcohol and violent behavior among football spectators: An empirical assessment of Brazilian’s criminalization». International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice. 51: 34–44. doi:10.1016/j.ijlcj.2017.05.001. ISSN 1756-0616.
- ^ a b Dunning, E., Murphy, P., Waddington, I., & Astrinakis, A. E. (Eds.). (2002). Fighting fans: Football hooliganism as a world phenomenon. Dublin: University College Dublin Press
- ^ Asser, Martin (19 June 2000). «Analysis: Soccer violence an international problem». BBC. Retrieved 3 November 2020.
- ^ «A Day Of Horror And Shame». Sports Illustrated. 10 June 1985. Retrieved 3 December 2020.
- ^ «FIG FACT-SHEET FOUR: HOOLIGANISM». Football Industry Group, University of Liverpool. Archived from the original on 13 September 2008. Retrieved 20 March 2011.
- ^ Stott, Clifford; Pearson, Geoff (2007). Football Hooliganism: Policing the War on the English Disease. Pennant Books. ISBN 978-1-906015-05-3.
- ^ Cacciottolo, Mario (6 April 2007). «The return of the English disease?». BBC. Retrieved 20 March 2011.
- ^ «Another sorry outbreak of the English disease». The Independent on Sunday. London. 17 June 2004. Archived from the original on 11 April 2008. Retrieved 20 March 2011.
- ^ Gallo, D. J. (18 October 2017). «Unfriendly confines: the unsung history of America’s low-key hooliganism». The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 14 April 2020.
- ^ Silverglate, Harvey (2009). Harvey Silverglate on ‘Three Felonies a Day’ (YouTube). 3 minutes in. Archived from the original on 11 December 2021. Retrieved 12 February 2013.
- ^ «Вечно третий или бронза тоже благородный металл – Популярные статьи – Библиотека международной спортивной информации». BMSI.ru. Retrieved 7 February 2018.
- ^ Johnson, Ben (1 August 2012). «Why Are Pussy Riot’s Alleged Crimes Called ‘Hooliganism’?». Slate Magazine.
- ^ «Greenpeace piracy charges ‘dropped’«. BBC News. 23 October 2013. Retrieved 7 February 2018.
- ^ «Court slaps fine on Russian woman after on-air TV protest». Reuters. 15 March 2022.
- ^ Becker, Peter Heath. «The Asphalt Jungle». The Criterion Collection. Retrieved 5 August 2015.
According to the Oxford dictionary (UK), the term «hooligan» originated either from the name of a rowdy Irish family or a rowdy Irish bouncer named Hoolihan.
The American definition of «hooligan»: «A violent person who fights or causes damage in public places» or «A violent young troublemaker, typically one of a gang.» So, he may be a lone-wolf bully (bully acting by himself) or may be affiliated with a gang. (And a «cyber-bully» is someone who will threaten, stalk, or insult someone online)
Two examples of «hooligans» in Russian theatre are, Vladimir Mayakovsky’s silent film, The Young Lady and the Hooligan (1918) and the ballet based on the film with the same title (premiered in 1962 at the Maly Opera Theatre). In this context, a hooligan is a bully — but who will protect the one he loves and will die for her, too!
I love the term «hooligan»! To me, it elicits some loathsome character straight out of a Dostoevsky novel translated into American English — you know the guy — there was, at least, one in each book — right? For instance, Raskolnikov, in Crime and Punishment, was described as a «hooligan» (because he hadn’t pay his hotel bill) and there was one described as a «hooligan» somewhere in Demons, as I recall.
In the States we don’t use the term «hooligan.» Rather, in the 50s, the actor, James Dean, played a «hoodlum» in three movies. I remember growing up in the 60s hearing the term «juvenile delinquent.» Juvenile delinquents were prone to some level of violence and often headed to «juvey,» meaning going to juvenile court and probably ending up in juvenile jail. Currently, we use the word «trouble—maker» or a «bully» to describe a «hooligan». But I should mention here, «hoodlum» and especially «thug» are two racially charged words that shouldn’t be used in the US. In the African American communities, these words have been revealed as code words for someone with black skin — a replacement of the «N-word». While whites will be referred to, innocently, as «troublemakers,» «rowdy» «letting off steam,» or even, «mentally ill», blacks, on the other hand, will be referred to «thugs» — even when no criminality is present.
Interestingly, there have been newspapers in the States that have used the word «hooliganism» when describing violence in sports — when a lone-wolf, gang, or mob has attacked players. Apparently, this usage began in the 70s in the UK, and is still used today by both the UK and the US. And in Russia, you may remember that three members of Pussy Riot were charged with «hooliganism» and sent to prison for two years!
: rowdy, violent, or destructive behavior
Example Sentences
Recent Examples on the Web
Automotive hooliganism is in the news.
—
Elana Scherr, Car and Driver, 4 Dec. 2022
Parental wisdom goes that skateboarding leads to hooliganism, but director Manjari Makijany suggests the opposite: For the aimless kids of the rural Rajasthan village in which her easygoing drama is set, the sport compels them to apply themselves and learn some discipline through practice.
—Charles Bramesco, Vulture, 23 June 2021
The establishment’s owner called the police, who charged the husband and wife with petty hooliganism.
—Valerie Hopkins Nanna Heitmann, New York Times, 15 Feb. 2023
Evidently, the presence of the encased meats was provoking hooliganism.
—Christian Schneider, National Review, 22 Dec. 2022
That chaotic, clumsily filmed 51-second eruption of indignation led to a show trial and convictions on charges of hooliganism motivated by religious hatred.
—Sebastian Smee, Washington Post, 16 Dec. 2022
In contrast, the English National Team was still tinged by a legacy of xenophobic hooliganism in its fan base and the brazen consumption of its stars.
—Roger Bennett, WSJ, 16 Nov. 2022
Violence and hooliganism have long been features of Indonesian football, especially in places such as Jakarta, the capital, but the scale of Saturday’s disaster in this town in Java has left the small community numb.
—Reuters, NBC News, 3 Oct. 2022
But violence and mismanagement have plagued the country’s soccer leagues for decades, with accounts of hooliganism and heavy-handed policing often reported, according to Indonesian sports analyst Dex Glenniza.
—Heather Chen, CNN, 3 Oct. 2022
See More
These examples are programmatically compiled from various online sources to illustrate current usage of the word ‘hooliganism.’ Any opinions expressed in the examples do not represent those of Merriam-Webster or its editors. Send us feedback about these examples.
Word History
First Known Use
1898, in the meaning defined above
Time Traveler
The first known use of hooliganism was
in 1898
Dictionary Entries Near hooliganism
Cite this Entry
“Hooliganism.” Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hooliganism. Accessed 14 Apr. 2023.
Share
More from Merriam-Webster on hooliganism
Last Updated:
3 Apr 2023
— Updated example sentences
Subscribe to America’s largest dictionary and get thousands more definitions and advanced search—ad free!
Merriam-Webster unabridged
-
1
хулиганство
hooliganism
* * *
* * *
* * *
hooliganism
rowdyism
ruffianism
Новый русско-английский словарь > хулиганство
-
2
хулиганство
Русско-английский синонимический словарь > хулиганство
-
3
хулиганье
hooliganism
rowdyism
ruffianism
Новый русско-английский словарь > хулиганье
-
4
хулиганить
несовер.; без доп.
behave like a hooligan; engage in hooliganism* * *
behave like a hooligan; engage in hooliganism
* * *
rough-house
vandalize
Новый русско-английский словарь > хулиганить
-
5
злостное хулиганство
Универсальный русско-английский словарь > злостное хулиганство
-
6
однако данные преступления обычно квалифицируются не как преступления уголовные и притом на национальной почве (тем самым влекущие за собо
General subject:but such cases are usually filed not under racial crimes, which carry stiff penalties, but under «hooliganism»
Универсальный русско-английский словарь > однако данные преступления обычно квалифицируются не как преступления уголовные и притом на национальной почве (тем самым влекущие за собо
-
7
околофутбол
Универсальный русско-английский словарь > околофутбол
-
8
радиохулиганство
Универсальный русско-английский словарь > радиохулиганство
-
9
хулиганство
Универсальный русско-английский словарь > хулиганство
-
10
хулиганство при отягчающих обстоятельствах
Универсальный русско-английский словарь > хулиганство при отягчающих обстоятельствах
-
11
мелкое хулиганство
Русско-английский юридический словарь > мелкое хулиганство
-
12
П-392
НА ПОРУКИ взять, отдать, выпустить кого
PrepP
Invar
advresponsibility (taken by a person, group, or organization) for
s.o.
‘s,
usu.
an offender’s, good behavior
X взял Y-a — — X stood surety for Y
X took (accepted) responsibility for Y
X took Y on probationY-a выпустили П-392 = Y was granted (released on) probation.
Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > П-392
-
13
С-450
НА СОВЕСТИ чьей, кого, у кого лежать, бытье, иметься и т. п.
PrepP
Invarthe resulting
PrepP
is
subj-compl
with copula (
subj
:
usu. abstr
))
sth.
is (remains
etc
) morally burdensome to
s.o.
, a source of guilt, regret
etc
usu.in refer, to a reprehensible or unethical action, a promise
s.o.
failed to fulfill
etc
)
X лежит на Y-овой совести = X is (weighs, lies) on Y4s conscience.
Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > С-450
-
14
однако данные преступления обычно квалифицируются не как преступления уголовные и притом на национальной почве
General subject: but such cases are usually filed not under racial crimes, which carry stiff penalties, but under «hooliganism»
Универсальный русско-английский словарь > однако данные преступления обычно квалифицируются не как преступления уголовные и притом на национальной почве
-
15
на поруки
• НА ПОРУКИ взять, отдать, выпустить кого
=====
⇒ responsibility (taken by a person, group, or organization) for
s.o.
‘s,
usu.
an offender’s, good behavior:
♦ Дзержинский еще не отступился от старого стиля. Он принял О. М[андельштама] запросто и предложил взять брата на поруки (Мандельштам 1). Dzerzhinski had not yet given up the old ways He received Mlandelstam] in simple fashion and suggested he stand surety for his brother… (1a).
♦…Отголоском чьей-то тревоги за участь заключенных прозвучало письмо Каледина, адресованное генералу Духонину… в котором он настоятельно просил Корнилова и остальных арестованных на поруки (Шолохов 3)…. An echo of someone’s concern for the fate of the prisoners came in the shape of a letter from Kaledin to General Dukhonin.. in which Kaledin offered to accept responsibility for Kornilov and other arrested generals (3a)
♦ Обыск в квартире, где жил Константин Назаренко, 1935 года рождения, холостой, без определённых занятий, судимый в 1959 году за хулиганство и взятый на поруки коллективом производственных мастерских ГУМа, где он работал в то время экспедитором, ничего не дал (Семенов 1). A search of the flat inhabited by Konstantin Nazaryenko, born 1935, bachelor, of no fixed occupation, sentenced in 1959 for disorderly conduct and taken on probation by the production workers’ collective of the State Universal Stores, where he worked as a filing clerk, gave no results (1a).
♦ Дядя был исключен из партии, снят с должности завгара [заведующего гаражом], осужден на год за злостное хулиганство, однако взят на поруки из уважения к фронтовым и трудовым заслугам… (Евтушенко 2). Uncle was expelled from the party, fired from his job as head of the garage, and sentenced to a year in jail for malicious hooliganism. However, he was granted probation in view of his wartime and labor record (2a)
Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > на поруки
-
16
на совести
• НА СОВЕСТИ чьей, кого, у кого лежать, быть, иметься и т.п.
[
PrepP
;
Invar
; the resulting
PrepP
is
subj-compl
with copula (
subj
:
usu. abstr
)]
=====
⇒
sth.
is (remains
etc
) morally burdensome to
s.o.
, a source of guilt, regret
etc
(
usu.
in refer, to a reprehensible or unethical action, a promise
s.o.
failed to fulfill
etc
):
— X лежит на Y-овой совести≈ X is (weighs, lies) on Y’s conscience.
♦ «Уголовная кличка «Вася Сивый». Привлекался за хулиганство, карманные и квартирные кражи, за угон частных автомашин, мотоциклов. Словом, на Васиной совести много всякой всячины» (Чернёнок 1). «His underground name is Vasya Sivy. He’s been arrested for hooliganism, holdups, break-ins, car and motorcycle theft. In a word, there’s a lot on Vasya’s conscience» (1a).
♦…Вспоминая времена нашей юности… я не помню ни одной истории, которая осталась бы на совести, которую было бы стыдно вспомнить (Герцен 1). Recalling the days of our youth…I do not remember a single incident which would weigh on the conscience, which one would be ashamed to think of (1a)
Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > на совести
-
17
хулиганство
ср.
hooliganism, ruffianism
Russian-english psychology dictionary > хулиганство
-
18
злостное хулиганство
Русско-английский политический словарь > злостное хулиганство
-
19
хулиганство
disorderly and insulting behavior, hooliganism
Русско-английский политический словарь > хулиганство
-
20
хулиганство
Русско-английский словарь Смирнитского > хулиганство
См. также в других словарях:
-
Hooliganism — refers to unruly and destructive behaviour. Such behaviour is commonly associated with sports fans, particularly supporters of professional football and university sports. In some countries, the hooligan elements of a group of supporters are… … Wikipedia
-
hooliganism — 1898, from HOOLIGAN (Cf. hooligan) + ISM (Cf. ism) … Etymology dictionary
-
hooliganism — [[t]hu͟ːlɪgənɪzəm[/t]] N UNCOUNT Hooliganism is the behaviour and actions of hooligans. …police investigating football hooliganism … English dictionary
-
hooliganism — noun Hooliganism is used after these nouns: ↑football … Collocations dictionary
-
Hooliganism — Ernest Weekly, in his Romance of Words (1912), says the original Hooligans were a spirited Irish family of that name whose activities enlivened the drab monotony of life in Southwark, England, about fourteen years earlier. Clarence Rook s… … Dictionary of eponyms
-
hooliganism — hooligan ► NOUN ▪ a violent young troublemaker. DERIVATIVES hooliganism noun. ORIGIN possibly from Hooligan, the surname of a fictional rowdy Irish family in a music hall song of the 1890s … English terms dictionary
-
hooliganism — noun Date: 1898 rowdy, violent, or destructive behavior … New Collegiate Dictionary
-
hooliganism — See hooligan. * * * … Universalium
-
hooliganism — noun Unruly aggressive behavior; behavior associated with hooligans … Wiktionary
-
hooliganism — hoo·li·gan·ism || huËlɪgÉ™nɪzm n. characteristic behavior of hoodlums or hooligans … English contemporary dictionary
-
hooliganism — hoo·li·gan·ism … English syllables
Educalingo cookies are used to personalize ads and get web traffic statistics. We also share information about the use of the site with our social media, advertising and analytics partners.
Download the app
educalingo
I am rather in favour of dealing with teenage hooliganism.
James Callaghan
PRONUNCIATION OF HOOLIGANISM
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY OF HOOLIGANISM
Hooliganism is a noun.
A noun is a type of word the meaning of which determines reality. Nouns provide the names for all things: people, objects, sensations, feelings, etc.
WHAT DOES HOOLIGANISM MEAN IN ENGLISH?
Definition of hooliganism in the English dictionary
The definition of hooliganism in the dictionary is an instance or the fact of being a hooligan.
WORDS THAT RHYME WITH HOOLIGANISM
Synonyms and antonyms of hooliganism in the English dictionary of synonyms
SYNONYMS OF «HOOLIGANISM»
The following words have a similar or identical meaning as «hooliganism» and belong to the same grammatical category.
Translation of «hooliganism» into 25 languages
TRANSLATION OF HOOLIGANISM
Find out the translation of hooliganism to 25 languages with our English multilingual translator.
The translations of hooliganism from English to other languages presented in this section have been obtained through automatic statistical translation; where the essential translation unit is the word «hooliganism» in English.
Translator English — Chinese
流氓行为
1,325 millions of speakers
Translator English — Spanish
vandalismo
570 millions of speakers
Translator English — Hindi
गुंडागर्दी
380 millions of speakers
Translator English — Arabic
البلطجة
280 millions of speakers
Translator English — Russian
хулиганство
278 millions of speakers
Translator English — Portuguese
vandalismo
270 millions of speakers
Translator English — Bengali
গুণ্ডা
260 millions of speakers
Translator English — French
hooliganisme
220 millions of speakers
Translator English — Malay
Hooligan
190 millions of speakers
Translator English — German
Rowdytum
180 millions of speakers
Translator English — Japanese
フーリガン行為
130 millions of speakers
Translator English — Korean
> 난동
85 millions of speakers
Translator English — Javanese
Hooligan
85 millions of speakers
Translator English — Vietnamese
côn đồ
80 millions of speakers
Translator English — Tamil
கில்லாடி
75 millions of speakers
Translator English — Marathi
गुंडगिरी
75 millions of speakers
Translator English — Turkish
holigan
70 millions of speakers
Translator English — Italian
teppismo
65 millions of speakers
Translator English — Polish
chuligaństwo
50 millions of speakers
Translator English — Ukrainian
хуліганство
40 millions of speakers
Translator English — Romanian
huliganism
30 millions of speakers
Translator English — Greek
χουλιγκανισμού
15 millions of speakers
Translator English — Afrikaans
vandalisme
14 millions of speakers
Translator English — Swedish
huliganism
10 millions of speakers
Translator English — Norwegian
hooliganisme
5 millions of speakers
Trends of use of hooliganism
TENDENCIES OF USE OF THE TERM «HOOLIGANISM»
The term «hooliganism» is regularly used and occupies the 57.230 position in our list of most widely used terms in the English dictionary.
The map shown above gives the frequency of use of the term «hooliganism» in the different countries.
Principal search tendencies and common uses of hooliganism
List of principal searches undertaken by users to access our English online dictionary and most widely used expressions with the word «hooliganism».
FREQUENCY OF USE OF THE TERM «HOOLIGANISM» OVER TIME
The graph expresses the annual evolution of the frequency of use of the word «hooliganism» during the past 500 years. Its implementation is based on analysing how often the term «hooliganism» appears in digitalised printed sources in English between the year 1500 and the present day.
Examples of use in the English literature, quotes and news about hooliganism
2 QUOTES WITH «HOOLIGANISM»
Famous quotes and sentences with the word hooliganism.
I am rather in favour of dealing with teenage hooliganism.
I regret what happened. I saw no other possibility to achieve my goal. It was not hooliganism.
10 ENGLISH BOOKS RELATING TO «HOOLIGANISM»
Discover the use of hooliganism in the following bibliographical selection. Books relating to hooliganism and brief extracts from same to provide context of its use in English literature.
1
Understanding Football Hooliganism: A Comparison of Six …
This book will be essential reading for anyone interested in football culture, hooliganism and collective violence.
This book provides a highly readable introduction to the phenomenon of football hooliganism.
Steve Frosdick, Peter Marsh, 2013
3
Hooliganism: Crime, Culture, and Power in St. Petersburg, …
In this pioneering analysis of diffuse underclass anger that simmers in many societies, Joan Neuberger takes us to the streets of St. Petersburg in 1900-1914 to show us how the phenomenon labeled hooliganism came to symbolize all that was …
4
The Roots of Football Hooliganism (RLE Sports Studies): An …
Let us now turn to the second way in which football hooliganism is deeply rooted.
In a report on football hooliganism published jointly by the Sports Council and the
Social Science Research Council (SSRC) in 1978, the authors concluded that …
Eric Dunning, Patrick J. Murphy, John Williams, 2014
5
Fighting fans: football hooliganism as a world phenomenon
This volume considers soccer hooliganism in 14 countries and shows that, despite its tendencies to be associated with English culture, it has long been a social problem worldwide.
This book captures the best stories from one of Irish America’s funniest raconteurs.
7
Football hooligans: knowing the score
This book examines how groups of young male fans come to be defined and identified as football `hooligans’ and challenges the assumption that violence is wholly central to the match-day experience for these supporters.
8
Hooliganism in England — typical for the British society?
Therefore, the following essay should explain whether Hooliganism can be named a typical symbol for the society or not. […] With few exceptions, for example riots of British supporters during the World Cup 2006 in Germany (but there will …
9
Football hooliganism in Europe: security and civil liberties …
Providing the first EU-wide study of the way football hooliganism has been defined by academics, law makers and enforcers, and the media since the 1960s, this book examines the regulation and policing of the phenomenon, which has been …
Anastassia Tsoukala, 2009
10
Encyclopedia of Soviet Law
Hooliganism as a crime was included in the previous Criminal Code (of 1926, Art.
74), but was not in any way circumscribed. Hooliganism, in fact, is more than a
crime, it is a type of behavior which perhaps is characteristic of one aspect of …
F. J. Ferdinand Joseph Maria Feldbrugge, Gerard Pieter Van den Berg, William Bradford Simons, 1985
10 NEWS ITEMS WHICH INCLUDE THE TERM «HOOLIGANISM»
Find out what the national and international press are talking about and how the term hooliganism is used in the context of the following news items.
Paris Metro Chelsea Fans ‘Used As Scapegoats’ — Sky News
… a racism row on the Paris metro are mere «scapegoats» used by police to show officers are acting against hooliganism, a court has heard. «Sky News, Jul 15»
Sidcup Chelsea fan used as ‘scapegoat’ in Paris Metro race row …
… are sung, accused police of bringing the cases solely because they were under pressure to be seen to crack down on football hooliganism. «News Shopper, Jul 15»
Meet ‘art terrorist’ AK47: The Art Kieda leader on exposing the …
… convictions and spells in jail for football hooliganism and for organising the biggest acid house rave in the north of England in the Eighties. «The Independent, Jul 15»
High Court Weakens Russia’s European Treaty Obligations, EU and …
Police are treating the attack on Nikolaichuk as hooliganism and the crime of impeding the legitimate activities of journalists and local council … «Transitions Online, Jul 15»
Teacher schooled by students with no class, Police blotter, Phnom …
A 32-year-old teacher got a lesson in hooliganism in the early hours of Tuesday morning. Police said the woman had arrived at her Sen Sok … «The Phnom Penh Post, Jul 15»
Again the lawyer not allowed to Dziadok
… District Court under Article 339, paragraph 2 (malicious hooliganism) and 218, paragraph 2 and 3 (willful destruction or damage to property). «Charter 97, Jul 15»
Russian riot grrls rule in unruly ‘This is Pussy Riot’ at CATF
Nadya (Libby Matthrews), Masha (Liba Vaynberg) and Katya (Katya Stepanov) are accused of “hooliganism” and religious hatred. «DC Theatre Scene, Jul 15»
On footy songs and never walking alone — Daily Review — Crikey
Football hooliganism is a big problem and the sectarianism that football songs can generate rarely helps. Nazis, nationalists and nut bags all … «Daily Review, Jul 15»
Students Terrorise Chanika Ward
Acts of hooliganism carried out by students have erupted in the locality worrying residents in the area. Some well-behaved students have … «AllAfrica.com, Jul 15»
Wanderers warn fans against violence
He expressed displeasure at the high rate of hooliganism and violence across match venues in the country. According to Nxumalo, there is no … «The Swazi Observer, Jul 15»
REFERENCE
« EDUCALINGO. Hooliganism [online]. Available <https://educalingo.com/en/dic-en/hooliganism>. Apr 2023 ».
Download the educalingo app
Discover all that is hidden in the words on 