Is gotten a word oxford

From Sarah Woodbury’s website: Romance and Fantasy in Medieval Wales

On the use of the word ‘gotten’

Several UK readers have wondered about the use of the word ‘gotten’ in my medieval mysteries. Since the word is not in common usage in England right now, it seems odd to them to read it at all, and a glaring ‘Americanism’ in a book set in the medieval period. At first glance, this might appear to be yet another instance of ‘two countries separated by a common language,’ but as it turns out, the history of the word ‘gotten’ is a lot more interesting than that.

‘Gotten’ is, in fact, an ancient English word that was in use in England at the time America was colonized by the English. Over the centuries, the Americans kept on using it and the English did not.

Origin: 1150-1200(v.) Middle English geten < Old Norse geta to obtain, beget; cognate with Old English –gietan (> Middle English yeten), German-gessen, in vergessen to forget; (noun) Middle English: something gotten, offspring, derivative of the v.

The British author quotes from reference.dot.com, whose the page is now obsolete.

“British English discontinued the use of “have gotten” as a form of the past participle for “get” over 300 years ago. […]. It is now rarely used in the British version of the English language. American English continues to use “have gotten” to emphasis the action performed. In American English language “has got” implies possession. It is assumed that if “has got” is used that it is referencing what the person has in their possession. On the other hand, “has gotten” implies that the person acquired, received or obtained an item.”

In brief, gotten is a perfectly legitimate word with a long and glorious history.

receive/obtain

1. [transitive, no passive] get something to receive something
   • I got a call from Dave this morning.
   • What (= What presents) did you get for your birthday?
   • He gets (= earns) about $40 000 a year.
   • This room gets very little sunshine.
   • I got a shock when I saw the bill.
   • I will report back when I get a chance.
   • I get the impression that he is bored with his job.
   • Where did you get the idea from?
   • It’s the best way to get a sense of what’s actually going on here.
   • She got great satisfaction from seeing his embarrassment.

   Want to learn more?

   Find out which words work together and produce more natural-sounding English with the Oxford Collocations Dictionary app. Try it for free as part of the Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary app.

   

   

2. [transitive, no passive] to obtain something
   • He has just got a new job.
   • I’ll get the money somehow.
   • She opened the door wider to get a better look.
   • Try to get some sleep.
   • You can also get information on careers in social work from their website.
   • I think someone’s trying to get your attention.
   • She really knows how to get results.
3. [transitive] to buy something
   • get something Where did you get that skirt?
   • Did you manage to get tickets for the concert?
   • (North American English) Can I get a Coke? For example, when ordering in a cafe or restaurant. In British English, we are more likely to say: Can I have a Coke?
   • get something for somebody Did you get a present for your mother?
   • get somebody/yourself something Did you get your mother a present?
   • Why don’t you get yourself a car?
   • $100 will get you the basic model.
   • You can get yourself the basic model for $100.
4. [transitive, no passive] to obtain or receive an amount of money by selling something
   • get something If you sell it at auction you can expect to get roughly £800.
   • get something for something How much did you get for your car?
   • We got £420 000 for the house.

bring

5. [transitive] to go to a place and bring somebody/something back synonym fetch
   • get somebody/something Quick—go and get a cloth!
   • Somebody get a doctor!
   • She went to get help.
   • I have to go and get my mother from the airport (= collect her).
   • get something for somebody Get a drink for John.
   • get somebody/yourself something Get John a drink.

   Extra Examples

   • She’s gone to get a few more chairs.
   • Could you go upstairs and get my wallet for me, please?
   • Can I get you anything to eat or drink?

mark/grade

6. [transitive, no passive] get something to achieve or be given a particular mark or grade in an exam
   • He got a ‘C’ in Chemistry and a ‘B’ in English.

illness

7. [transitive, no passive] get something to start to develop an illness; to suffer from a pain, etc.
   • I got this cold off (= from) you!
   • She gets (= often suffers from) really bad headaches.
   • I think I’m getting a cold.

   Topics Health problemsa1

punishment

8. [transitive, no passive] get something to receive something as a punishment
   • He got ten years (= was sent to prison for ten years) for armed robbery.

internet/phone/broadcasts

9. [transitive, no passive] get something to connect to the internet or a phone network; to receive broadcasts from a particular television or radio station
   • 95 per cent of the UK can now get superfast broadband.
   • I couldn’t get any mobile phone reception.
   • We can’t get Channel 5 in our area.

contact

10. [transitive, no passive] get somebody to be connected with somebody by phone
    • I wanted to speak to the manager but I got his secretary instead.

arrive

11. [intransitive] + adv./prep. to arrive at or reach a place or point
    • We got to San Diego at 7 o’clock.
    • We’re aiming to get to the party at about nine.
    • You got in very late last night.
    • I got back an hour ago.
    • Wait till we get home.
    • What time did you get here?
    • Let me know when you get there.
    • I haven’t got very far with the book I’m reading.

move/travel

12. [intransitive, transitive] to move to or from a particular place or in a particular direction, sometimes with difficulty; to make somebody/something do this
    • + adv./prep. The bridge was destroyed so we couldn’t get across the river.
    • She got into bed.
    • He got down from the ladder.
    • We didn’t get (= go) to bed until 3 a.m.
    • Where do we get on the bus?
    • I’m getting off (= leaving the train) at the next station.
    • Where have they got to (= where are they)?
    • We must be getting home; it’s past midnight.
    • get somebody/something + adv./prep. We couldn’t get the piano through the door.
    • We’d better call a taxi and get you home.
    • The general had to get his troops across the river.
    • I can’t get the lid off.

    Extra Examples

    • How can we get to the other side of town?
    • I don’t know how he managed to get down from the roof.
    • It takes an hour to get from Oxford to London.
    • We only got as far as the next town.
    • You can get to the hotel by bus or taxi.
13. [transitive, no passive] get something to use a bus, taxi, plane, etc.
    • We’re going to be late—let’s get a taxi.
    • I usually get the bus to work.

    Extra Examples

    • Get a train to Newport and then get a bus from the station.
    • He got the next plane home.
    • I ran all the way to the station and just managed to get my train.
    • I’ll try and get a flight home tomorrow.
    • You won’t be able to get a plane there—there’s no airport.

    Topics Transport by bus and traina1

state/condition

14. linking verb to reach a particular state or condition; to make somebody/something/yourself reach a particular state or condition
    • + adj. to get angry/bored/hungry/fat
    • to get better/worse
    • You’ll soon get used to the climate here.
    • We ought to go; it’s getting late.
    • to get dressed/undressed (= to put your clothes on/take your clothes off)
    • They plan to get married in the summer.
    • She’s upstairs getting ready.
    • As he’s got older his tastes have changed.
    • She was getting sick of hearing him complain.
    • There’s nothing to get excited about.
    • He got drunk and passed out.
    • I was starting to get tired.
    • I wouldn’t go there alone; you might get (= be) mugged.
    • My car got (= was) stolen at the weekend.
    • get somebody/something + adj. Don’t get your dress dirty!
    • He got his fingers caught in the door.
    • She soon got the children ready for school.
15. [intransitive] get to do something to reach the point at which you feel, know, are, etc. something
    • After a time you get to realize that these things don’t matter.
    • You’ll like her once you get to know her.
    • His drinking is getting to be a problem.
    • She’s getting to be an old lady now.

get something done

16. [transitive] get something done to cause something to happen or be done
    • I must get my hair cut.
    • I’ll never get all this work finished.
    • She has a reputation for getting things done.

make/persuade

17. [transitive] to make, persuade, etc. somebody/something to do something
    • get somebody/something to do something I couldn’t get the car to start this morning.
    • He got his sister to help him with his homework.
    • You’ll never get him to understand.
    • get somebody/something doing something It’s not hard to get him talking—the problem is stopping him!
    • Can you really get that old car going again?

    Extra Examples

    • I finally got Michael to talk to them and he explained everything.
    • We had trouble getting enough people to sign up.

    Topics Discussion and agreementb2

start

18. [transitive] get doing something to start doing something
    • I got talking to her.
    • We need to get going soon.

opportunity

19. [intransitive] get to do something (informal) to have the opportunity to do something
    • He got to try out all the new software.
    • It’s not fair—I never get to go first.

meal

20. [transitive] (especially British English) to prepare a meal
    • get something Who’s getting the lunch?
    • You sit down and relax. I’ll get supper.
    • get something for somebody/yourself I must go home and get tea for the kids.
    • get somebody/yourself something I must go home and get the kids their tea.

telephone/door

21. [transitive, no passive] get something (informal) to answer the phone or a door when somebody calls, knocks, etc.
    • Will you get the phone?

catch/hit

22. [transitive] get somebody to catch or take hold of somebody, especially in order to harm or punish them
    • He was on the run for a week before the police got him.
    • to get somebody by the arm/wrist/throat
    • She fell overboard and the sharks got her.
    • He thinks everybody is out to get him (= trying to harm him).
    • (informal) I’ll get you for that!
23. [transitive] get somebody + adv./prep. to hit or wound somebody
    • The bullet got him in the neck.

understand

24. [transitive, no passive] get somebody/something (informal) to understand somebody/something
    • I don’t get you.
    • She didn’t get the joke.
    • I don’t get it—why would she do a thing like that?
    • I get the message—you don’t want me to come.

    Synonyms understandunderstandsee ▪ get ▪ follow ▪ grasp ▪ comprehendThese words all mean to know or realize something, for example why something happens, how something works or what something means.understand to know or realize the meaning of words, a language, what somebody says, etc.; to know or realize how or why something happens, how it works or why it is important:

    • I don’t understand the instructions.
    • Doctors still don’t understand much about the disease.

    see to understand what is happening, what somebody is saying, how something works or how important something is:

    • ‘It opens like this.’ ‘Oh, I see.’
    • Oh yes, I see what you mean.

    get (informal) to understand a joke, what somebody is trying to tell you, or a situation that they are trying to describe:

    • She didn’t get the joke.
    • I don’t get you.

    follow to understand an explanation, a story or the meaning of something:

    • Sorry—I don’t quite follow.
    • The plot is almost impossible to follow.

    grasp to come to understand a fact, an idea or how to do something:

    • They failed to grasp the importance of his words.

    understand or grasp?You can use understand or grasp for the action of realizing the meaning or importance of something for the first time: It’s a difficult concept for children to understand/​grasp. Only understand can be used to talk about languages, words or writing: I don’t grasp French/​the instructions. comprehend (often used in negative statements) (formal) to understand a fact, idea or reason:

    • The concept of infinity is almost impossible for the human mind to comprehend.

    Patterns

    • to understand/​see/​get/​follow/​grasp/​comprehend what/​why/​how…
    • to understand/​see/​grasp/​comprehend that…
    • to understand/​see/​get/​grasp the point/​idea (of something)
    • to be easy/​difficult/​hard to understand/​see/​follow/​grasp/​comprehend
    • to fully understand/​see/​grasp/​comprehend something

happen/exist

25. [transitive, no passive] get something (informal) used to say that something happens or exists
    • You get (= There are) all these kids hanging around in the street.
    • They still get cases of typhoid there.

confuse/annoy

26. [transitive, no passive] get somebody (informal) to make somebody feel confused because they do not understand something synonym puzzle
    • ‘What’s the capital of Bhutan?’ ‘You’ve got me there!’ (= I don’t know)
27. [transitive, no passive] get somebody (informal) to annoy somebody
    • What gets me is having to do the same thing all day long.

    Get is one of the most common words in English, but some people try to avoid it in formal writing.

Word OriginMiddle English: from Old Norse geta ‘obtain, beget, guess’; related to Old English gietan (in begietan ‘beget’, forgietan ‘forget’), from an Indo-European root shared by Latin praeda ‘booty, prey’, praehendere ‘get hold of, seize’, and Greek khandanein ‘hold, contain, be able’.

Idioms Most idioms containing get are at the entries for the nouns and adjectives in the idioms, for example get somebody’s goat is at goat. 

1. (of a person) to be becoming old
2. (of time) to be becoming late
   • The time’s getting on—we ought to be going.

1. (especially British English) to be nearly a particular time, age or number
   • It must be getting on for midnight.
   • He’s getting on for eighty.

1. (informal) used to say that you are shocked, surprised, etc. by something
   • I can’t get over how rude she was.

1. (informal) to have a short holiday in a place where you can relax

1. to leave a place in order to go somewhere else
   • It’s been lovely to see you, but it’s probably time we got going.
2. to start happening or being done
   • The project hasn’t really got going yet.

1. (informal) to make somebody angry, worried or excited

1. to succeed in starting a machine, vehicle, process, etc.
   • We finally managed to get the car going.

1. (informal) to be punished or spoken to angrily about something
   • If your dad finds out you’ll really get it!

1. (especially North American English, slang) to have sex with somebody

1. (slang) (of a man) to have an erection

1. to not help somebody make progress or succeed
   • This line of investigation is getting us nowhere.
   • Being rude to me won’t get you anywhere.

   Topics Difficulty and failurec2

1. to make some progress/no progress
   • After six months’ work on the project, at last I feel I’m getting somewhere.
   • I don’t seem to be getting anywhere with this letter.

1. to achieve your aim or complete a task
   • I’m sure you’ll get there in the end.
   • It’s not perfect but we’re getting there (= making progress).

   Topics Successc1

1. (informal, especially North American English) used to say that you are going to tell somebody something that they will find surprising or interesting
   • OK, get this guys—there are only two left!
   • So get this—I did all the work and he got the money.

1. (informal) used to express surprise or disapproval that somebody has been so selfish, stupid, etc.

1. you have to admit that something unpleasant is true

1. (informal) used to ask, especially in an angry way, what somebody is/was suggesting
   • I’m partly to blame? What exactly are you getting at?

   Topics Suggestions and advicec2

1. (informal) used to say that somebody has suddenly started to behave in a strange or different way
   • What’s got into Alex? He never used to worry like that.
   • I’m sorry for laughing like that—I don’t know what got into me.

See get in the Oxford Advanced American DictionarySee get in the Oxford Learner’s Dictionary of Academic English

Check pronunciation:
get

Oxford Word Skills, Intermediate, Gairns R., Redman S., 2008.

    Oxford Word Skills is a series of three books for students to learn, practise and revise new vocabulary.
Each book contains 80 units of vocabulary presentation and practice. Units are between one and three pages long, depending on the topic. New vocabulary is presented in manageable quantities for learners, with practice exercises following immediately, usually on the same page. The units are grouped together thematically in modules of five to ten units. At the end of each module there are further practice exercises in the review units, so that learners can revise and test themselves on the vocabulary learned.

I can talk about vocabulary learning.
Replace the words in italics with a single word that has the same meaning.
I looked at the pictures but didn’t understand the written part.      
1 I understood the general meaning of the text.    
2 We couldn’t recognize and decide what language they were speaking      
3 The way you use words together to make a sentence in German is different.    
4 He is from another country.    
5 You can guess the meaning from the words before and after the new word.   
6 There was a text which I had to change from one language into another.     

Circle the correct answer.
If you explain something, you make it easy to say/understand)
1 If you revise something, you say it again/study it again.
2 If something works, it is successful/difficult.
3 If you experiment with something, you try something/find something.
4 You can do/make a mistake.
5 A method is an opportunity to do something/а way of doing something.
6 A chat is a formal/an informal conversation.

Оглавление.
Introduction.
Starter unit.
Abbreviations and symbols.
Learning.
1 I can talk about vocabulary learning.
2 I can describe my progress and aims.
3 I can understand a learner’s dictionary.
4 I can talk about English punctuation.
Review.
People.
5 I can talk about appearance.
6 I can talk about character.
7 I can describe my feelings.
8 I can talk about relationships.
9 I can talk about families.
10 I can talk about weddings and funerals.
Review.
The world around us.
11 I can describe the universe.
12 I can talk about rivers and the sea.
13 I can describe the climate.
14 I can describe natural disasters.
15 I can describe animals and insects.
Review.
Daily life.
16 I can describe a range of food.
17 I can talk about diets and cooking.
18 I can talk about money.
19 I can talk about sleep.
20 I can talk about injuries.
21 I can talk about cars and driving.
22 I can describe travel problems and accidents.
23 I can talk about clothes and fashion.
Review.
Getting things done.
24 I can describe a visit to the dentist.
25 I can describe hospital procedures.
26 I can explain household tasks.
27 I can describe housework.
28 I can talk to a hairdresser.
Review.
Describing things.
29 I can describe urban life.
30 I can describe parts of a building.
31 I can describe objects.
32 I can describe the senses.
33 I can describe a painting.
34 I can describe actions.
Review.
Social and political issues.
35 I can talk about crime.
36 I can describe the justice system.
37 I can discuss health issues.
38 I can talk about politics.
39 I can talk about war and peace.
40 I can talk about events in history.
Review.
Media and entertainment.
41 I can understand newspapers.
42 I can talk about films.
43 I can talk about art and photography.
44 I can talk about music.
45 I can talk about people and places in sport.
46 I can describe sporting events.
47 I can talk about books.
48 I can describe festivals.
Review.
Work and study.
49 I can get through exams.
50 I can describe university life.
51 I can apply for a job.
52 I can describe jobs.
53 I can describe a career.
54 I can describe working conditions.
Review.
Business.
55 I can talk about finance.
56 I can talk about companies.
57 I can describe a successful business.
58 I can discuss marketing.
Review.
Social English.
59 I can express probability.
60 I can explain similarities and differences.
61 I can make arrangements to meet.
62 I can discuss my likes and dislikes.
63 I can give my opinion.
64 I can talk about rules.
65 I can discuss hopes and plans.
66 I can express dissatisfaction.
67 I can understand warnings.
Review.
Language.
68 I can use link words.
69 I can use a range of adjectives.
70 I can express time and place.
71 I can use prepositions in phrases.
72 I can use prefixes.
73 I can use suffixes.
74 I can use verb patterns.
75 I can use phrasal verbs.
76 I can use a range of adverbs.
Review.
Styles of English.
77 I can recognize informal English.
78 I can write a formal letter.
79 I can understand abbreviations and short forms.
80 I can understand American English.
Review.
Vocabulary building tables.
Answer key.
Answer key to-review units.
List of spotlight boxes.
Word list / Index.
Acknowledgements.

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Дата публикации: 27.02.2022 12:18 UTC

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учебник по английскому языку :: английский язык :: Gairns :: Redman

The word ‘get’ is one of the most common and versatile verbs in English. It can be used in lots of different ways, and is usually seen in informal writing or speaking. You can use the word ‘get’ on its own, with a preposition to make a phrasal verb, or with a participle in the passive voice.

Now we’re going to look at some of these uses in more detail. So, let’s get started!

1. Get = to obtain, to receive, to buy

The word ‘get’ can be used as a verb to express the actions of obtaining, receiving or buying. To form a sentence, we use get + direct object or get + indirect object + object.

Let’s take a look at some examples. Don’t forget ‘get’ is an irregular verb, so when we use the past simple we change (or conjugate) to ‘got’

To obtain

 

To receive

 

To buy

 

2. Get = to reach, to arrive

We can use ‘get’ when talking about arriving or reaching a place, to express movement or travel. To form a sentence, we use get + place expression. After the word ‘get’, we also normally use the preposition ‘to’.

To reach

 

To arrive

 

3. Get = to become

‘Get’ is also used to express a change of state or situation. To form a sentence, we use get + adjective.

To become

 

4. Get as a phrasal verb

‘Get’ can be used in phrasal verbs, which have various meanings. To form a sentence, use get + preposition/adverb. Here are a handful of common examples:

 

5. Get in the passive

We can also use the word ‘get’ in the passive form. Here it is used in place of the verb ‘to be’ to sound more informal. So, instead of using the standard passive be + participle, we can also use get + participle. For example:

 

We use the passive form when we want to emphasize the nature of the event, or the people involved instead of who does the action. For example:

 

‘Get’ is also very commonly used to describe negative events. For example:

 

6. Get something done

Our final use of the word get is a more informal way of saying ‘to have something done’ for us or to us. This is normally when we pay for some kind of service – such as at the hairdresser, mechanic or dentist. To form a sentence, we use the structure get + object + past participle.

To get something done

 

Enjoy this post? Check out our blog post: 10 phrasal verbs to help you become an English expert.

Glossary for Language Learners

Find the following words in the article and then write down any new ones you didn’t know.

Versatile (adj): able to be used for lots of different purposes.

Get started (exp): to begin.

Hairdresser (n): the place where you go for a haircut.

Key

adj = adjective

exp = adverb

n = noun

Study English at Oxford House Barcelona

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Если вы давно искали список самых распространенных слов и фраз, эта новость как раз для вас. Словарь английского языка Oxford English Dictionary ведет на сайте вкладку Words list. Там они собирают списки слов на английском по уровням знания языка. Пока что на сайте представлено три списка:

• Oxford 3000 and 5000 — наиболее важные слова, которые должен знать каждый, кто учит английский. Про 3000 самых распространенных английских слов мы уже рассказывали в одном из наших текстов;
• Oxford Phrasal Academic Lexicon — лексика, необходимая для академической речи или письма (очень пригодится, если, например, вы учитесь за рубежом);
• Oxford Phrase List — фразы и выражения, которые чаще всего употребляются в английском. 

Интересно, что лексика из первого и третьего списков разделена по уровням владения английским в соответствии с системой Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR): от А1 до С2. Благодаря этому вы можете выбрать не слишком простые, но и не слишком сложные для вас слова и выражения. В этом вам поможет специальный фильтр:

Еще английскую лексику можно учить в мобильном приложении онлайн-школы английского языка Skyeng. Вы просто добавляете в него нужные вам слова и выполняете несколько упражнений в день. Система сама определит, когда вы начали забывать то или иное слово, и даст его повторить. Причем акцент делается на словах из того самого списка самых распространенных 3000 слов. Возле них стоит пометка «Gold 3000». 

Как понять, много это или мало? Вообще 3000 слов — это первая глава поэмы Евгений Онегин, 15 страниц текста А4 12 кеглем, полчаса неторопливого чтения вслух. Словом, не так уж много. Но здесь начинается tricky thing. Нельзя выучить три тысячи любых слов и быть уверенным, что свободно знаешь язык. Это как пытаться составить слово «счастье» из известного набора букв.

Чтобы учить не только самые популярные слова, но и комплексно подтянуть английский, записывайтесь на первое бесплатное занятие с методистом школы. Он подберет для вас преподавателя по интересам, который поможет сформулировать цели изучения языка, поставить задачи и разобраться даже с самой трудной грамматикой.