Is even a linking word

adverb.
Even is an adverb. We use even to refer to something surprising, unexpected, unusual or extreme: He didn’t even have enough money to pay the rent.

It can be an adjective – an even surface, an even number, an even balance, an even temperature – or it can be a verb – to even the score (although, as a verb, it is more commonly used with the particle out). Even can also be an adverb and here it has three main uses.

Is even an adverb?

The word ‘even’ can be used as an adverb and an adjective.

Is even a conjunction?

A conjunction is a word that connects two sentences together, such as, ‘and’, ‘because’, and ‘but’. Even alone cannot be used as a conjunction. It needs to be combined with if or though to connect two clauses.

What part of speech is even though?

adverb
Note that even if, even when and even though are conjunctions, linking two clauses. Even so like though, meaning however, is an adverb and is used for introducing a statement that seems surprising after what has been said before.

What part of speech is each?

The dictionary says “each” can be an adjective, pronoun or adverb.

Is even if a preposition?

The expressions though, although, even though and even if are conjunctions. They are followed by clauses. Despite and in spite of are prepositions followed by nouns or gerunds. While these expressions have very similar meanings, they are used in different structures.

What is even though in grammar?

‘Even though’ precedes a statement of fact. It means ‘despite/in spite of’ the fact. It is more emphatic or stronger than ‘though’ or ‘although’. Even though John is rich, he lives in a small house.

Is even a linking word?

Although / even though
These linking words are the same, and they are both followed by a clause (subject + verb). Even though is stronger, more emphatic than although. Besides, even though is used when the given condition is negative but the outcome/result is positive.

What type of conjunction is even?

A CONJUNCTION is a word that connects or joins together words, phrases, clauses, or sentences. There are two kinds of conjunctions, a primary class of COORDINATING conjunctions and a secondary class called SUBORDINATING or SUBORDINATE conjunctions.

What kind of conjunction is even?

D. SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS

Is even though an conjunction?

Though, although and even though are subordinating conjunctions. They introduce a dependent clause that needs to be attached to an independent clause.

Which type of adverb is even?

adverb
Even is an adverb. We use even to refer to something surprising, unexpected, unusual or extreme: He didn’t even have enough money to pay the rent.

Is even though a contrast word?

Even though, even if
Even though is similar to although but it makes a stronger contrast: Even though I cycle to work, I don’t feel very fit. Even if means ‘whether or not’: Even if you run, you’ll still be late.

What is odd even rule?

Follow. The odd-even scheme of the Delhi government is a traffic rationing measure under which private vehicles with registration numbers ending with an odd digit will be allowed on roads on odd dates and those with an even digit on even dates.

Which is the following number is even?

Even numbers are those numbers that can be divided into two equal groups or pairs and are exactly divisible by 2. For example, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and so on. Suppose you have 10 candies.
Even Numbers.

What are odd and even numbers?

A number which is divisible by 2 and generates a remainder of 0 is called an even number. An odd number is a number which is not divisible by 2. The remainder in the case of an odd number is always “1”.

Is the word every an adjective?

What type of word is every? As detailed above, ‘every’ is a determiner.

Is the word other an adjective?

Like many English words, other possesses great flexibility in meaning and function. Over the past few centuries, it has served as an adjective, an adverb, a noun, and a pronoun.

Which part of speech is the word he?

pronoun
The word ‘he’ can be a pronoun, adjective, or noun. It is used as a pronoun in this sentence: He gave me his lunch money when I lost mine.

Can a sentence start with even?

Even is used for emphasis mainly before a word, a phrase, or a clause beginning with ‘as’, ‘if’, or ‘though’. When emphasizing verbs, even comes before an ordinary verb: They even served champagne at breakfast. But even comes after an auxiliary verb, a modal verb, or the verb ‘to be’: She doesn’t even know his name.

“Even” is an interesting word. It can be used for a variety of specific meanings that may be hard to generalise, and can raise particular confusion when it comes to its place in a sentence. It can add emphasis to examples (“I don’t like ducks – not even small ones.”) or verbs (“I didn’t even know the man!”). It can show unavoidable results (“Even when we tried our hardest, we failed.”). It can even show contrasts (“I like them, even though I hate their dog.”). So, how can you use it in sentences?

The meaning of “even”

As an adverb, on its own, even gives the idea of a surprising extreme. It describes verbs, other adverbs or adjectives. Even says something is ‘more than expected’.

• She can even speak Chinese.
• That dog is fast. But the cat is even faster.

Not even is used for extreme negatives, suggesting ‘less than expected’.

• He is not even nice to children.

Where to place “even” in a sentence

When used with a verb, even usually comes with a verb, in the middle position. This means it comes after auxiliary verbs such as have, do, and be (important for the perfect and continuous tenses and question, negative or modal forms); or it comes before a main verb on its own.

I have heard every genre of music. I have even heard gypsy swing music. (After auxiliary verb, before main verb.)

• He broke all the plates. He even broke her favourite plate. (Before main verb.)

When even refers to a subject, it usually goes before the subject, for instance at the start of clause.

• Even the young boy was disappointed with the clown’s performance.

It can also before other words or phrases that you want to emphasise.

• Peter collects many types of coins, even plastic ones.
• I swim in the sea every day, even when it is raining.

With negatives, even comes after not.

“even if”, “even though” and “even when”

You should not use even as a conjunction, on its own, but with if, when or though it can be used as a conjunction. These emphasise contrasting clauses, as something that is surprising or unexpected.

• Even if I won the lottery, I would live in this house.
• I had a good time, even though I spilt my drink.
• He was unhappy, even when they bought him a new car.

The three expressions cannot always be used in the same way. Certain rules can help separate them:

Even though should be used for general rules or facts. It is particularly common for states.

• I like chocolate even though it is unhealthy.
• We met at the park even though it was raining.

Even if is used with imagined or rare ideas.

• I would not kiss him even if he was the last man on Earth.

Even when is used for events, which can be occasional, regular or one-off. It often shows an unavoidable result.

• He sits in the park, even when it rains.

“even so”

Even so is usually used at the start of a clause, meaning ‘however’, ‘in spite of that’, but particularly focusing on surprising or unexpected results. It is used to present a contrast to an idea that has already been given (unlike ‘even though’, which joins two ideas with a contrast).

• It is sunny now. Even so, I am staying at home.
• Even though it is sunny now, I am staying at home.

“Even so” is very much like the word “but” or “however.” “Even so” is different in that it is used with surprising or unexpected results.

Other uses of “even”

Even can also be used to mean something is flat, equal or neutral. For example an even surface is flat.

When a debt is paid, or something has been settled (such as a dispute), the involved subjects may be considered even.

• He owed me two pounds, but he paid, so we are even.

Even is also used to describe numbers that can be divided by 2 (2, 4, 6, 8 etc.). These even numbers are alternate numbers starting at 2. Alternate numbers starting at 1 (1, 3, 5, etc.) are called odd numbers.

Чтобы ваше письменная и устная речь не отличались от речи носителя языка, необходимо знать не только грамматику, но и использовать разнообразную лексику, в том числе и Linking Words. Слова-связки в английском — это слова и выражения, делающие вашу речь лаконичной и связной.

Использование подходящих слов-связок для письма и эссе по английскому поможет получить высокий балл на любом экзамене. Ведь проверяющий оценивает кроме языкового оформления текста и решения коммуникативной задачи еще и организацию текста, которая подразумевает правильное использование средств логической связи. Поэтому сегодня мы продолжим знакомить вас со словами-связками 2 типа: Contradiction, рассказывать о которых мы начали в предыдущей статье. Они пригодятся для написания личного письма ЕГЭ и эссе по английскому языку ЕГЭ. 

Союзы although, though, even though: разница в использовании

Despite, in spite of: разница в использовании

В наших следующих статьях мы познакомим вас с новыми линкерами данного типа. Так что следите за обновлениями и совершенствуйте свой английский вместе с АВС.

The definition of adverb from Webster’s College (1) and Collins (2; quoted from definition 1a), via thefreedictionary.com:

1. a member of a class of words functioning as modifiers of verbs, adjectives, other adverbs, or clauses, typically expressing some relation of place, time, manner, degree, means, cause, result, exception, etc. …
2. a word or group of words that serves to modify a whole sentence, a verb, another adverb, or an adjective

Modifying sentences as above is the function of even, thus it’s an adverb.

It’s not a conjunction because even doesn’t group or join things together. It neither defines collections (e.g. A, B or C) nor connects two parts of a sentence (e.g. I went to the store and bought some things). I would even go farther and say it separates things, by using emphasis to make them stand out. A verb, quality or condition marked with even is notably different from the norm; even provides emphasis, not connectivity. You can have conjunction phrases which include even, such as even so, but in these cases even serves to modify the meaning of the actual conjunction. If you remove even from such a conjunction, it will still be grammatical (though it may no longer be semantically correct). Even doesn’t join a clause to the rest of the sentence; it modifies the meaning of the clause itself.

Even may sometimes appear to function in a prepositional manner, just as it does in your example. But it’s not a preposition, because it doesn’t require a noun target (or any target, even) and it serves to modify a clause, not introduce one. In these cases, even stands at the beginning of an adverbial phrase. It’s grammatical and sensible to use a naked, targetless even at the end of a sentence, but it’s generally not to do so with a preposition. Observe:

1. We all went, even Steve.
2. We all went, even.

The two meanings are marginally different, but the general sense remains the same with or without Steve. Everyone was able to go, and this was unexpected or difficult to accomplish. Calling out Steve serves to indicate of the precise level of difficulty; presumably he is particularly unavailable or reluctant relative to the rest of the group.

No one can do it, even him.
And for my example above, what exactly do you call the boldface text … ?

I’d call it a clause functioning as an adverb. The clause emphasizes the whole sentence (no one can do it), by using whoever he is as a marker of difficulty, just as with Steve in my example.

As an aside, this sentence is unsemantic, because he is a member of the group who are unable to perform the action. But the negative is applied to the subject rather than the verb, so this suggests he can do it, because no one is contrasted with him. Adding not before even will fix this problem, by keeping him inside the negated group.

Сегодня мы поговорим о словах-связках (linking words) и фразах-связках в английском языке.

Содержание статьи:

Что такое linking words and phrases?

Таблицы linking words с переводом.

Упражнения на отработку linking words and phrases.

Что такое linking words and phrases?

В английской речи или на письме Вы можете использовать слова-связки (linking words) или короткие фразы (linking phrases), которые помогут организовать Вашу речь и сделать ее более логичной и понятной для того, кто Вас слушает или читает.

Слова-связки могут быть разными частями речи. Linking words важны для написания достойного и связного эссе (essay writing).

Обратите внимание, на использование слов-связок: неправильное использование linking words в английском языке может полностью изменить смысл того, что вы пытаетесь сказать.

Ниже приводятся таблицы слов-связок и фраз-связок с переводом. Этот перечень не является исчерпывающим. Будьте осторожны: хотя linking words and phrases сгруппированы в наших таблицах по сферам применения, слова-связки в каждой из таблиц не являются синонимичными – для их правильного применения необходимо уточнить перевод, а также место в предложении.

Некоторые слова-связки и фразы используются в нескольких таблицах, так как могут иметь различное (логическое) значение.

Примеры с переводом

Firstly, it could be rather risky, secondly, we don’t have enough qualification.  – Во-первых, это может быть очень рискованно, во-вторых, у нас нет достаточной квалификации.

And, moreover, Greg was a man of stainless character. – И, более того, Грег был человеком с честным характером.

Примеры с переводом:

And, besides, I did not know the whole truth myself then. – И, кроме того, я и сам-то всей правды тогда не знал.

Molly is not only intelligent but also beautiful. – Молли не только умна, но и красива.

Примеры с переводом

Development banks, likewise, increased their loan commitments in 1999. — Банки развития также увеличили объем своих кредитов в 1999 году.

Примеры с переводом:

Three students were mentioned, namely John, Sarah and Sylvia. – Трое студентов были упомянуты, а именно Джон, Сара и Сильвия.

China, for example, faces increasing export difficulties – Китай, к примеру, все больше сталкивается с проблемами в области экспорта.

Примеры с переводом:

I wish in conclusion to express the view of the Group. —  В заключение я хотел бы выразить мнение Группы.

But overall, the situation has not changed much. — Однако в целом ситуация существенно не изменилась.

Примеры с переводом:

Alternatively, we can assume that price changes stay large even as the period gets shorter. –В качестве альтенативы, можно предположить, что изменения цен остаются значительными, даже в случае сокращения периода.

Примеры с переводом:

Central Asia thus remains only weakly integrated into the world economy. – Центральная Азия, таким образом, остается лишь ограниченно интегрированной в мировую экономику.

In these circumstances, there will be temporary financial loss to fishermen. – В таких обстоятельствах рыбаки будут терпеть временные финансовые потери.

 Примеры с переводом:

«I’ve obviously missed something,»– Видимо, я что-то недопонял.

He was, after all, a humorless child. — Он, в общем, и в детстве обладал не слишком развитым чувством юмора.

Примеры с переводом:

Admittedly, the dates haven’t been fixed yet. – Правда, сроки еще не указаны.

More importantly, nine new services will be offered to our customers. – И, что еще важнее, клиентам будут предложены девять новых видов услуг.

Linking words exercises. Упражнения на слова-связки.

Exercise 1. Choose the correct answers to the given text.

There are many reasons for visiting the city of Rome. _________ (1) , it is a city with an interesting history.__________ (2), it was the capital of the Roman Empire. _________ (3), Rome is very beautiful, _________ (4) its many palaces, churches and squares. __________ (5), many of the city’s classical monuments have been preserved, __________ (6) it is possible to see how the city used to be. ___________ (7), many people travel to Rome every year. ____________ (8), I believe that, ___________ (9) a trip to Rome may be expensive, it is well worth visiting such a wonderful city.

Exercise 2. Choose the correct linking word.

1. I have never been here before… (as/but/and) my friend has.
2. We took a taxi… (in short/but/because) we were late.
3. This house is beautiful… (In addition to/ However/ Because), it is in poor condition.
4. I was tired, … (so/for example/since) I went to bed early.
5. … (All in all / Despite / Although) she felt ill, she didn’t call the doctor.
6. Some foods, … (moreover/as a result/such as) chocolate, are very fattening.
7. Everyone attended the meeting… (whose / whereas / apart from) Steve, who was on holiday.
8. Is this the boy… (whose/which/ what) parents own the factory.

Ответы к упражнениям на linking words.

Ex. 1.

1c, 2a, 3b, 4a, 5c, 6b, 7c, 8a, 9b

Ex. 2.

1 but, 2 because, 3 however, 4 so, 5 although, 6 such as, 7 apart from, 8 whose

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