Is engineering a science how can we translate the word engineering

Exercise 8. Answer the
following questions:

1. Is engineering a science?

2. How can we translate the word
   <engineering>? What are the Ukrainian equivalents for this
   term?

3. What do civil engineers deal
   with?

4. What are the main
   subdivisions in the field of civil engineering?

5. What do mechanical engineers
   deal with?

6. What knowledge is necessary
   for a mechanical engineering?

7. What are the four main
   branches of electrical engineering?

8. What are the major
   developments in the field of communication systems?

9. What are the major
   developments in the field of computer engineering?

10. What is aerospace engineering
    concerned with?

11. What do naval architects
    design?

12. What is marine engineering
    devoted to?

13. What is the task of chemical
    engineers?

14. What is nuclear engineering
    concerned with?

15. What does mechanical
    engineering cover?

Exercise
9. Look through the text A once more and give the main points of the
text.

Exercise
10. Speak on the following problems :

• the most important branch of
  engineering;

• specialists working in
  different branches of engineering.

• Machine-tool building and
  metal working industries.

Exercise
11. Complete the table. Use the information from the text A:

V. Oral Practice.

Exercise
12. Compare the branches of engineering. What is common?

And
What is different?

Exercise
13. Speak on the topic “ What is engineering?”. Use the table of
ex. 11 as a plan.

VI. Reading.

Exercise
14. Read the text B without a dictionary and say what problems are
mentioned in the text:

Text
B.

Trends in the modern machine- building industry

The scientific and
technological progress will continue in engineering along two main
headlines. Firstly, it is automation, including the creation of
«unmanned» industries. Secondly, raising the reliability
and extending the service life of machines.

This certainly requires new
technology. The machine modules on a large scale are well suited for
«unmanned» industries.

Intense work is being carried
out on new robots. What we need is not merely manipulators which can
take up a workpiece and pass it on, but robots which can identify
objects, their position in space, etc.

We also need machines that
would trace the entire process of machining. Some have been designed
and are manufactured. Modern engineering thinking has created new
automated coal-digging complexes and machine systems, installations
for the continuous casting of steel, machine-tools for
electrophysical and electrochemical treatment of metals, unique
welding equipment, automatic rotor transfer lines and machine-tool
modules for flexible industries.

New technologies and
equipment have been designed for most branches of engineering.

In the shortest time
possible the engineers are to start producing new generations of
machines and equipment which would allow manufacturers to increase
productivity several times and to find a way for the application of
advanced technologies.

Large reserves in extending
service life for machines can be found in the process of designing.
At present, advanced methods have been evolved for designing machines
proceeding from a number of criteria. Automatic design systems allow
for an optimizing of the solutions in design and technology when new
machines are still in the blueprint stage.

A promising reserve in
increasing the life of pans is strengthening treatment. In recent
years new highly efficient methods have been round.

First and foremost of them is
the vacuum plasma methods for coating components with hard alloy
compounds, such as nitrides and carbides of titanium, tungsten and
boron. Methods have been designed for reinforcing machine parts most
vulnerable to wear and tear, such as in grain harvesters, to make
them last several times longer.

Thus, it is not merely
quantity engineers and scientists are after, rather it is a matter of
major characteristics. In other words, this is a matter of quality,
and not of the mere number of new machines, apparatuses and
materials.

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Part 2

Part 1

Exercise 5. Control reading of the text. Read and answer the questions. Give title to each part of the text

Exercise 3. Answer the questions

Exercise 2. Vocabulary. Learn by heart the following words

appliance n приспособление, прибор

apply v обращаться (for-за помощью, справкой, to-к кому-л)

branch n ветвь, филиал, отрасль

concern v касаться, относиться, интересовать

conflict with nature противоречить природе, бороться с природой

deal (with) v иметь дело с чем-л., кем-л.

divide (into) v делить, разделять

distinguish (from) v отличать

execute v выполнять

harbour n гавань

lead (to) v вести (к)

protect oneself against защищаться от чего-л.

sustain v поддерживать, выдерживать

…in amore extended sense в более широком смысле

The former…, while the latter… первый (имеется в виду из двух

упомянутых

Here are some fields of

Civil engineering. Вот некоторые области строительства.

1. What does the word “engineering” mean?

2. Is engineering a science?

3. What branches is Civil engineering divided into?

4. How old is the profession of a Civil engineer?

5. What distinct meanings has the term “Civil engineering”?

6. What fields of Civil engineering do you know?

7. What are the most important branches of Civil engineering?

8. What invention laid the foundation for mechanical engineers?

9. When was electrical engineering developed?

10. What are the main subdivisions of the electrical engineering?

Exercise 4. Give Russian equivalents to the following international words without a dictionary. Learn them by heart.

start mechanics

mechanism economics

principle mathematics

architecture thermodynamics

energy communication

material utilization

form fortification

construction application

element general

In general, engineering is a science that deals with design, construction and operation of structures, machines, engines and other devices. Engineer is a person who has received technical education and has a basic knowledge of other engineering fields, because most engineering problems are complex and interrelated. The term engineering is difficult to translate into Russian because it has a lot of meanings. Most of ten it is translated as: инженерное дело, техника, машиностроение, строительство. There exist the following main branches of engineering:

Civil engineering deals with the design of large buildings, roads, bridges, dams, canals, railway lines, airports, tunnels and other constructions. A civil engineer must have a thorough knowledge of the properties and mechanics of construction materials, the mechanics of structures and soils, and of hydraulics and fluid mechanics. Among the main subdivisions in this field are construction engineering (строительство), transports engineering (дорожный транспорт) and hydraulic engineering (гидротехника).

Exercise 2.Answer the questions:

1. Is engineering a science?

2. How can we translate the word «engineering»? What are the Russian equivalents for this term?

3. What do civil engineers deal with?

4. What are the main subdivisions in the field of civil engineering?

1. appropriate

2. essential

3. property

4. speed

5. to assist

6. to create

7. to reduce

8. to require

9. to select

10. to suggest

11. to transmit

1. отбирать

2.передавать

3.помогать

4.предлагать

5.свойство

6.скорость

7.создавать

8.сокращать

9.соответствующий

10.существенный

11.требовать

Exercise 4. Read and translate the following word combinations:

design of large buildings

construction materials

to operate machinery of all types

electric power and signals

engineering problems

electronic circuits

important developments

to transmit power

to reduce power losses

communication systems

speed of computer operations

techniques of modern shipbuilding

particular requirements of production

to withstand the high temperatures

to reduce accidents

Engineering is the use of scientific principles to design and build machines, structures, and other items, including bridges, tunnels, roads, vehicles, and buildings.^[1] The discipline of engineering encompasses a broad range of more specialized fields of engineering, each with a more specific emphasis on particular areas of applied mathematics, applied science, and types of application. See glossary of engineering.

The term engineering is derived from the Latin ingenium, meaning «cleverness» and ingeniare, meaning «to contrive, devise».^[2]

Definition

The American Engineers’ Council for Professional Development (ECPD, the predecessor of ABET)^[3] has defined «engineering» as:

The creative application of scientific principles to design or develop structures, machines, apparatus, or manufacturing processes, or works utilizing them singly or in combination; or to construct or operate the same with full cognizance of their design; or to forecast their behavior under specific operating conditions; all as respects an intended function, economics of operation and safety to life and property.^[4][5]

History

Engineering has existed since ancient times, when humans devised inventions such as the wedge, lever, wheel and pulley, etc.

The term engineering is derived from the word engineer, which itself dates back to the 14th century when an engine’er (literally, one who builds or operates a siege engine) referred to «a constructor of military engines.»^[6] In this context, now obsolete, an «engine» referred to a military machine, i.e., a mechanical contraption used in war (for example, a catapult). Notable examples of the obsolete usage which have survived to the present day are military engineering corps, e.g., the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.

The word «engine» itself is of even older origin, ultimately deriving from the Latin ingenium (c. 1250), meaning «innate quality, especially mental power, hence a clever invention.»^[7]

Later, as the design of civilian structures, such as bridges and buildings, matured as a technical discipline, the term civil engineering^[5] entered the lexicon as a way to distinguish between those specializing in the construction of such non-military projects and those involved in the discipline of military engineering.

Ancient era

The Ancient Romans built aqueducts to bring a steady supply of clean and fresh water to cities and towns in the empire.

The pyramids in ancient Egypt, ziggurats of Mesopotamia, the Acropolis and Parthenon in Greece, the Roman aqueducts, Via Appia and Colosseum, Teotihuacán, and the Brihadeeswarar Temple of Thanjavur, among many others, stand as a testament to the ingenuity and skill of ancient civil and military engineers. Other monuments, no longer standing, such as the Hanging Gardens of Babylon and the Pharos of Alexandria, were important engineering achievements of their time and were considered among the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World.

The six classic simple machines were known in the ancient Near East. The wedge and the inclined plane (ramp) were known since prehistoric times.^[8] The wheel, along with the wheel and axle mechanism, was invented in Mesopotamia (modern Iraq) during the 5th millennium BC.^[9] The lever mechanism first appeared around 5,000 years ago in the Near East, where it was used in a simple balance scale,^[10] and to move large objects in ancient Egyptian technology.^[11] The lever was also used in the shadoof water-lifting device, the first crane machine, which appeared in Mesopotamia circa 3000 BC,^[10] and then in ancient Egyptian technology circa 2000 BC.^[12] The earliest evidence of pulleys date back to Mesopotamia in the early 2nd millennium BC,^[13] and ancient Egypt during the Twelfth Dynasty (1991-1802 BC).^[14] The screw, the last of the simple machines to be invented,^[15] first appeared in Mesopotamia during the Neo-Assyrian period (911-609) BC.^[13] The Egyptian pyramids were built using three of the six simple machines, the inclined plane, the wedge, and the lever, to create structures like the Great Pyramid of Giza.^[16]

The earliest civil engineer known by name is Imhotep.^[5] As one of the officials of the Pharaoh, Djosèr, he probably designed and supervised the construction of the Pyramid of Djoser (the Step Pyramid) at Saqqara in Egypt around 2630–2611 BC.^[17] The earliest practical water-powered machines, the water wheel and watermill, first appeared in the Persian Empire, in what are now Iraq and Iran, by the early 4th century BC.^[18]

Kush developed the Sakia during the 4th century BC, which relied on animal power instead of human energy.^[19]Hafirs were developed as a type of reservoir in Kush to store and contain water as well as boost irrigation.^[20] Sappers were employed to build causeways during military campaigns.^[21] Kushite ancestors built speos during the Bronze Age between 3700 and 3250 BC.^[22]Bloomeries and blast furnaces were also created during the 7th centuries BC in Kush.^{[23][24][25][26]}

Ancient Greece developed machines in both civilian and military domains. The Antikythera mechanism, an early known mechanical analog computer,^[27][28] and the mechanical inventions of Archimedes, are examples of Greek mechanical engineering. Some of Archimedes’ inventions as well as the Antikythera mechanism required sophisticated knowledge of differential gearing or epicyclic gearing, two key principles in machine theory that helped design the gear trains of the Industrial Revolution, and are still widely used today in diverse fields such as robotics and automotive engineering.^[29]

Ancient Chinese, Greek, Roman and Hunnic armies employed military machines and inventions such as artillery which was developed by the Greeks around the 4th century BC,^[30] the trireme, the ballista and the catapult. In the Middle Ages, the trebuchet was developed.

Middle Ages

The earliest practical wind-powered machines, the windmill and wind pump, first appeared in the Muslim world during the Islamic Golden Age, in what are now Iran, Afghanistan, and Pakistan, by the 9th century AD.^{[31][32][33][34]} The earliest practical steam-powered machine was a steam jack driven by a steam turbine, described in 1551 by Taqi al-Din Muhammad ibn Ma’ruf in Ottoman Egypt.^[35][36]

The cotton gin was invented in India by the 6th century AD,^[37] and the spinning wheel was invented in the Islamic world by the early 11th century,^[38] both of which were fundamental to the growth of the cotton industry. The spinning wheel was also a precursor to the spinning jenny, which was a key development during the early Industrial Revolution in the 18th century.^[39]

The earliest programmable machines were developed in the Muslim world. A music sequencer, a programmable musical instrument, was the earliest type of programmable machine. The first music sequencer was an automated flute player invented by the Banu Musa brothers, described in their Book of Ingenious Devices, in the 9th century.^[40][41] In 1206, Al-Jazari invented programmable automata/robots. He described four automaton musicians, including drummers operated by a programmable drum machine, where they could be made to play different rhythms and different drum patterns.^[42] The castle clock, a hydropowered mechanical astronomical clock invented by Al-Jazari, was the first programmable analog computer.^[43][44][45]

A water-powered mine hoist used for raising ore, ca. 1556

Before the development of modern engineering, mathematics was used by artisans and craftsmen, such as millwrights, clockmakers, instrument makers and surveyors. Aside from these professions, universities were not believed to have had much practical significance to technology.^[46]: 32

A standard reference for the state of mechanical arts during the Renaissance is given in the mining engineering treatise De re metallica (1556), which also contains sections on geology, mining, and chemistry. De re metallica was the standard chemistry reference for the next 180 years.^[46]

Modern era

The application of the steam engine allowed coke to be substituted for charcoal in iron making, lowering the cost of iron, which provided engineers with a new material for building bridges. This bridge was made of cast iron, which was soon displaced by less brittle wrought iron as a structural material

The science of classical mechanics, sometimes called Newtonian mechanics, formed the scientific basis of much of modern engineering.^[46] With the rise of engineering as a profession in the 18th century, the term became more narrowly applied to fields in which mathematics and science were applied to these ends. Similarly, in addition to military and civil engineering, the fields then known as the mechanic arts became incorporated into engineering.

Canal building was an important engineering work during the early phases of the Industrial Revolution.^[47]

John Smeaton was the first self-proclaimed civil engineer and is often regarded as the «father» of civil engineering. He was an English civil engineer responsible for the design of bridges, canals, harbors, and lighthouses. He was also a capable mechanical engineer and an eminent physicist. Using a model water wheel, Smeaton conducted experiments for seven years, determining ways to increase efficiency.^[48]: 127 Smeaton introduced iron axles and gears to water wheels.^[46]: 69 Smeaton also made mechanical improvements to the Newcomen steam engine. Smeaton designed the third Eddystone Lighthouse (1755–59) where he pioneered the use of ‘hydraulic lime’ (a form of mortar which will set under water) and developed a technique involving dovetailed blocks of granite in the building of the lighthouse. He is important in the history, rediscovery of, and development of modern cement, because he identified the compositional requirements needed to obtain «hydraulicity» in lime; work which led ultimately to the invention of Portland cement.

Applied science lead to the development of the steam engine. The sequence of events began with the invention of the barometer and the measurement of atmospheric pressure by Evangelista Torricelli in 1643, demonstration of the force of atmospheric pressure by Otto von Guericke using the Magdeburg hemispheres in 1656, laboratory experiments by Denis Papin, who built experimental model steam engines and demonstrated the use of a piston, which he published in 1707. Edward Somerset, 2nd Marquess of Worcester published a book of 100 inventions containing a method for raising waters similar to a coffee percolator. Samuel Morland, a mathematician and inventor who worked on pumps, left notes at the Vauxhall Ordinance Office on a steam pump design that Thomas Savery read. In 1698 Savery built a steam pump called «The Miner’s Friend.» It employed both vacuum and pressure.^[49] Iron merchant Thomas Newcomen, who built the first commercial piston steam engine in 1712, was not known to have any scientific training.^[48]: 32

The application of steam-powered cast iron blowing cylinders for providing pressurized air for blast furnaces lead to a large increase in iron production in the late 18th century. The higher furnace temperatures made possible with steam-powered blast allowed for the use of more lime in blast furnaces, which enabled the transition from charcoal to coke.^[50] These innovations lowered the cost of iron, making horse railways and iron bridges practical. The puddling process, patented by Henry Cort in 1784 produced large scale quantities of wrought iron. Hot blast, patented by James Beaumont Neilson in 1828, greatly lowered the amount of fuel needed to smelt iron. With the development of the high pressure steam engine, the power to weight ratio of steam engines made practical steamboats and locomotives possible.^[51] New steel making processes, such as the Bessemer process and the open hearth furnace, ushered in an area of heavy engineering in the late 19th century.

One of the most famous engineers of the mid 19th century was Isambard Kingdom Brunel, who built railroads, dockyards and steamships.

The Industrial Revolution created a demand for machinery with metal parts, which led to the development of several machine tools. Boring cast iron cylinders with precision was not possible until John Wilkinson invented his boring machine, which is considered the first machine tool.^[52] Other machine tools included the screw cutting lathe, milling machine, turret lathe and the metal planer. Precision machining techniques were developed in the first half of the 19th century. These included the use of gigs to guide the machining tool over the work and fixtures to hold the work in the proper position. Machine tools and machining techniques capable of producing interchangeable parts lead to large scale factory production by the late 19th century.^[53]

The United States census of 1850 listed the occupation of «engineer» for the first time with a count of 2,000.^[54] There were fewer than 50 engineering graduates in the U.S. before 1865. In 1870 there were a dozen U.S. mechanical engineering graduates, with that number increasing to 43 per year in 1875. In 1890, there were 6,000 engineers in civil, mining, mechanical and electrical.^[51]

There was no chair of applied mechanism and applied mechanics at Cambridge until 1875, and no chair of engineering at Oxford until 1907. Germany established technical universities earlier.^[55]

The foundations of electrical engineering in the 1800s included the experiments of Alessandro Volta, Michael Faraday, Georg Ohm and others and the invention of the electric telegraph in 1816 and the electric motor in 1872. The theoretical work of James Maxwell (see: Maxwell’s equations) and Heinrich Hertz in the late 19th century gave rise to the field of electronics. The later inventions of the vacuum tube and the transistor further accelerated the development of electronics to such an extent that electrical and electronics engineers currently outnumber their colleagues of any other engineering specialty.^[5]Chemical engineering developed in the late nineteenth century.^[5] Industrial scale manufacturing demanded new materials and new processes and by 1880 the need for large scale production of chemicals was such that a new industry was created, dedicated to the development and large scale manufacturing of chemicals in new industrial plants.^[5] The role of the chemical engineer was the design of these chemical plants and processes.^[5]

Aeronautical engineering deals with aircraft design process design while aerospace engineering is a more modern term that expands the reach of the discipline by including spacecraft design. Its origins can be traced back to the aviation pioneers around the start of the 20th century although the work of Sir George Cayley has recently been dated as being from the last decade of the 18th century. Early knowledge of aeronautical engineering was largely empirical with some concepts and skills imported from other branches of engineering.^[56]

The first PhD in engineering (technically, applied science and engineering) awarded in the United States went to Josiah Willard Gibbs at Yale University in 1863; it was also the second PhD awarded in science in the U.S.^[57]

Only a decade after the successful flights by the Wright brothers, there was extensive development of aeronautical engineering through development of military aircraft that were used in World War I. Meanwhile, research to provide fundamental background science continued by combining theoretical physics with experiments.

Main branches of engineering

Engineering is a broad discipline that is often broken down into several sub-disciplines. Although an engineer will usually be trained in a specific discipline, he or she may become multi-disciplined through experience. Engineering is often characterized as having four main branches:^[58][59][60] chemical engineering, civil engineering, electrical engineering, and mechanical engineering.

Chemical engineering

Chemical engineering is the application of physics, chemistry, biology, and engineering principles in order to carry out chemical processes on a commercial scale, such as the manufacture of commodity chemicals, specialty chemicals, petroleum refining, microfabrication, fermentation, and biomolecule production.

Civil engineering

Civil engineering is the design and construction of public and private works, such as infrastructure (airports, roads, railways, water supply, and treatment etc.), bridges, tunnels, dams, and buildings.^[61][62] Civil engineering is traditionally broken into a number of sub-disciplines, including structural engineering, environmental engineering, and surveying. It is traditionally considered to be separate from military engineering.^[63]

Electrical engineering

Electrical engineering is the design, study, and manufacture of various electrical and electronic systems, such as broadcast engineering, electrical circuits, generators, motors, electromagnetic/electromechanical devices, electronic devices, electronic circuits, optical fibers, optoelectronic devices, computer systems, telecommunications, instrumentation, control systems, and electronics.

Mechanical engineering

Mechanical engineering is the design and manufacture of physical or mechanical systems, such as power and energy systems, aerospace/aircraft products, weapon systems, transportation products, engines, compressors, powertrains, kinematic chains, vacuum technology, vibration isolation equipment, manufacturing, robotics, turbines, audio equipments, and mechatronics.

Bioengineering

Bioengineering is the engineering of biological systems for a useful purpose. Examples of bioengineering research include bacteria engineered to produce chemicals, new medical imaging technology, portable and rapid disease diagnostic devices, prosthetics, biopharmaceuticals, and tissue-engineered organs.

Interdisciplinary engineering

Interdisciplinary engineering draws from more than one of the principle branches of the practice. Historically, naval engineering and mining engineering were major branches. Other engineering fields are manufacturing engineering, acoustical engineering, corrosion engineering, instrumentation and control, aerospace, automotive, computer, electronic, information engineering, petroleum, environmental, systems, audio, software, architectural, agricultural, biosystems, biomedical,^[64] geological, textile, industrial, materials,^[65] and nuclear engineering.^[66] These and other branches of engineering are represented in the 36 licensed member institutions of the UK Engineering Council.

New specialties sometimes combine with the traditional fields and form new branches – for example, Earth systems engineering and management involves a wide range of subject areas including engineering studies, environmental science, engineering ethics and philosophy of engineering.

Other branches of engineering

Aerospace engineering

The InSight lander with solar panels deployed in a cleanroom

Aerospace engineering covers the design, development, manufacture and operational behaviour of aircraft, satellites and rockets.

Marine engineering

Marine engineering covers the design,development,manufacture and operational behaviour of watercraft and stationary structures like oil platforms and ports.

Computer engineering

Computer engineering (CE) is a branch of engineering that integrates several fields of computer science and electronic engineering required to develop computer hardware and software. Computer engineers usually have training in electronic engineering (or electrical engineering), software design, and hardware-software integration instead of only software engineering or electronic engineering.

Geological engineering

Geological engineering is associated with anything constructed on or within the Earth. This discipline applies geological sciences and engineering principles to direct or support the work of other disciplines such as civil engineering, environmental engineering, and mining engineering. Geological engineers are involved with impact studies for facilities and operations that affect surface and subsurface environments, such as rock excavations (e.g. tunnels), building foundation consolidation, slope and fill stabilization, landslide risk assessment, groundwater monitoring, groundwater remediation, mining excavations, and natural resource exploration.

Practice

One who practices engineering is called an engineer, and those licensed to do so may have more formal designations such as Professional Engineer, Chartered Engineer, Incorporated Engineer, Ingenieur, European Engineer, or Designated Engineering Representative.

Methodology

Design of a turbine requires collaboration of engineers from many fields, as the system involves mechanical, electro-magnetic and chemical processes. The blades, rotor and stator as well as the steam cycle all need to be carefully designed and optimized.

In the engineering design process, engineers apply mathematics and sciences such as physics to find novel solutions to problems or to improve existing solutions. Engineers need proficient knowledge of relevant sciences for their design projects. As a result, many engineers continue to learn new material throughout their careers.

If multiple solutions exist, engineers weigh each design choice based on their merit and choose the solution that best matches the requirements. The task of the engineer is to identify, understand, and interpret the constraints on a design in order to yield a successful result. It is generally insufficient to build a technically successful product, rather, it must also meet further requirements.

Constraints may include available resources, physical, imaginative or technical limitations, flexibility for future modifications and additions, and other factors, such as requirements for cost, safety, marketability, productivity, and serviceability. By understanding the constraints, engineers derive specifications for the limits within which a viable object or system may be produced and operated.

Problem solving

A drawing for a steam locomotive. Engineering is applied to design, with emphasis on function and the utilization of mathematics and science.

Engineers use their knowledge of science, mathematics, logic, economics, and appropriate experience or tacit knowledge to find suitable solutions to a particular problem. Creating an appropriate mathematical model of a problem often allows them to analyze it (sometimes definitively), and to test potential solutions.^[67]

More than one solution to a design problem usually exists so the different design choices have to be evaluated on their merits before the one judged most suitable is chosen. Genrich Altshuller, after gathering statistics on a large number of patents, suggested that compromises are at the heart of «low-level» engineering designs, while at a higher level the best design is one which eliminates the core contradiction causing the problem.^[68]

Engineers typically attempt to predict how well their designs will perform to their specifications prior to full-scale production. They use, among other things: prototypes, scale models, simulations, destructive tests, nondestructive tests, and stress tests. Testing ensures that products will perform as expected but only in so far as the testing has been representative of use in service. For products, such as aircraft, that are used differently by different users failures and unexpected shortcomings (and necessary design changes) can be expected throughout the operational life of the product.^[69]

Engineers take on the responsibility of producing designs that will perform as well as expected and, except those employed in specific areas of the arms industry, will not harm people. Engineers typically include a factor of safety in their designs to reduce the risk of unexpected failure.

The study of failed products is known as forensic engineering. It attempts to identify the cause of failure to allow a redesign of the product and so prevent a re-occurrence. Careful analysis is needed to establish the cause of failure of a product. The consequences of a failure may vary in severity from the minor cost of a machine breakdown to large loss of life in the case of accidents involving aircraft and large stationary structures like buildings and dams.^[70]

Computer use

As with all modern scientific and technological endeavors, computers and software play an increasingly important role. As well as the typical business application software there are a number of computer aided applications (computer-aided technologies) specifically for engineering. Computers can be used to generate models of fundamental physical processes, which can be solved using numerical methods.

Graphic representation of a minute fraction of the WWW, demonstrating hyperlinks

One of the most widely used design tools in the profession is computer-aided design (CAD) software. It enables engineers to create 3D models, 2D drawings, and schematics of their designs. CAD together with digital mockup (DMU) and CAE software such as finite element method analysis or analytic element method allows engineers to create models of designs that can be analyzed without having to make expensive and time-consuming physical prototypes.

These allow products and components to be checked for flaws; assess fit and assembly; study ergonomics; and to analyze static and dynamic characteristics of systems such as stresses, temperatures, electromagnetic emissions, electrical currents and voltages, digital logic levels, fluid flows, and kinematics. Access and distribution of all this information is generally organized with the use of product data management software.^[71]

There are also many tools to support specific engineering tasks such as computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) software to generate CNC machining instructions; manufacturing process management software for production engineering; EDA for printed circuit board (PCB) and circuit schematics for electronic engineers; MRO applications for maintenance management; and Architecture, engineering and construction (AEC) software for civil engineering.

In recent years the use of computer software to aid the development of goods has collectively come to be known as product lifecycle management (PLM).^[72]

The engineering profession engages in a wide range of activities, from large collaboration at the societal level, and also smaller individual projects. Almost all engineering projects are obligated to some sort of financing agency: a company, a set of investors, or a government. The few types of engineering that are minimally constrained by such issues are pro bono engineering and open-design engineering.

By its very nature engineering has interconnections with society, culture and human behavior. Every product or construction used by modern society is influenced by engineering. The results of engineering activity influence changes to the environment, society and economies, and its application brings with it a responsibility and public safety.

Engineering projects can be subject to controversy. Examples from different engineering disciplines include the development of nuclear weapons, the Three Gorges Dam, the design and use of sport utility vehicles and the extraction of oil. In response, some western engineering companies have enacted serious corporate and social responsibility policies.

Engineering is a key driver of innovation and human development. Sub-Saharan Africa, in particular, has a very small engineering capacity which results in many African nations being unable to develop crucial infrastructure without outside aid.^{[citation needed]} The attainment of many of the Millennium Development Goals requires the achievement of sufficient engineering capacity to develop infrastructure and sustainable technological development.^[73]

All overseas development and relief NGOs make considerable use of engineers to apply solutions in disaster and development scenarios. A number of charitable organizations aim to use engineering directly for the good of mankind:

• Engineers Without Borders
• Engineers Against Poverty
• Registered Engineers for Disaster Relief
• Engineers for a Sustainable World
• Engineering for Change
• Engineering Ministries International^[74]

Engineering companies in many established economies are facing significant challenges with regard to the number of professional engineers being trained, compared with the number retiring. This problem is very prominent in the UK where engineering has a poor image and low status.^[75] There are many negative economic and political issues that this can cause, as well as ethical issues.^[76] It is widely agreed that the engineering profession faces an «image crisis»,^[77] rather than it being fundamentally an unattractive career. Much work is needed to avoid huge problems in the UK and other western economies. Still, the UK holds most engineering companies compared to other European countries, together with the United States.

Code of ethics

Many engineering societies have established codes of practice and codes of ethics to guide members and inform the public at large. The National Society of Professional Engineers code of ethics states:

Engineering is an important and learned profession. As members of this profession, engineers are expected to exhibit the highest standards of honesty and integrity. Engineering has a direct and vital impact on the quality of life for all people. Accordingly, the services provided by engineers require honesty, impartiality, fairness, and equity, and must be dedicated to the protection of the public health, safety, and welfare. Engineers must perform under a standard of professional behavior that requires adherence to the highest principles of ethical conduct.^[78]

In Canada, many engineers wear the Iron Ring as a symbol and reminder of the obligations and ethics associated with their profession.^[79]

Relationships with other disciplines

Science

Scientists study the world as it is; engineers create the world that has never been.

There exists an overlap between the sciences and engineering practice; in engineering, one applies science. Both areas of endeavor rely on accurate observation of materials and phenomena. Both use mathematics and classification criteria to analyze and communicate observations.^{[citation needed]}

Scientists may also have to complete engineering tasks, such as designing experimental apparatus or building prototypes. Conversely, in the process of developing technology, engineers sometimes find themselves exploring new phenomena, thus becoming, for the moment, scientists or more precisely «engineering scientists».^[83]

In the book What Engineers Know and How They Know It,^[84] Walter Vincenti asserts that engineering research has a character different from that of scientific research. First, it often deals with areas in which the basic physics or chemistry are well understood, but the problems themselves are too complex to solve in an exact manner.

There is a «real and important» difference between engineering and physics as similar to any science field has to do with technology.^[85][86] Physics is an exploratory science that seeks knowledge of principles while engineering uses knowledge for practical applications of principles. The former equates an understanding into a mathematical principle while the latter measures variables involved and creates technology.^[87][88][89] For technology, physics is an auxiliary and in a way technology is considered as applied physics.^[90] Though physics and engineering are interrelated, it does not mean that a physicist is trained to do an engineer’s job. A physicist would typically require additional and relevant training.^[91] Physicists and engineers engage in different lines of work.^[92] But PhD physicists who specialize in sectors of engineering physics and applied physics are titled as Technology officer, R&D Engineers and System Engineers.^[93]

An example of this is the use of numerical approximations to the Navier–Stokes equations to describe aerodynamic flow over an aircraft, or the use of the Finite element method to calculate the stresses in complex components. Second, engineering research employs many semi-empirical methods that are foreign to pure scientific research, one example being the method of parameter variation.^{[citation needed]}

As stated by Fung et al. in the revision to the classic engineering text Foundations of Solid Mechanics:

Engineering is quite different from science. Scientists try to understand nature. Engineers try to make things that do not exist in nature. Engineers stress innovation and invention. To embody an invention the engineer must put his idea in concrete terms, and design something that people can use. That something can be a complex system, device, a gadget, a material, a method, a computing program, an innovative experiment, a new solution to a problem, or an improvement on what already exists. Since a design has to be realistic and functional, it must have its geometry, dimensions, and characteristics data defined. In the past engineers working on new designs found that they did not have all the required information to make design decisions. Most often, they were limited by insufficient scientific knowledge. Thus they studied mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology and mechanics. Often they had to add to the sciences relevant to their profession. Thus engineering sciences were born.^[94]

Although engineering solutions make use of scientific principles, engineers must also take into account safety, efficiency, economy, reliability, and constructability or ease of fabrication as well as the environment, ethical and legal considerations such as patent infringement or liability in the case of failure of the solution.^[95]

Medicine and biology

The study of the human body, albeit from different directions and for different purposes, is an important common link between medicine and some engineering disciplines. Medicine aims to sustain, repair, enhance and even replace functions of the human body, if necessary, through the use of technology.

Modern medicine can replace several of the body’s functions through the use of artificial organs and can significantly alter the function of the human body through artificial devices such as, for example, brain implants and pacemakers.^[96][97] The fields of bionics and medical bionics are dedicated to the study of synthetic implants pertaining to natural systems.

Conversely, some engineering disciplines view the human body as a biological machine worth studying and are dedicated to emulating many of its functions by replacing biology with technology. This has led to fields such as artificial intelligence, neural networks, fuzzy logic, and robotics. There are also substantial interdisciplinary interactions between engineering and medicine.^[98][99]

Both fields provide solutions to real world problems. This often requires moving forward before phenomena are completely understood in a more rigorous scientific sense and therefore experimentation and empirical knowledge is an integral part of both.

Medicine, in part, studies the function of the human body. The human body, as a biological machine, has many functions that can be modeled using engineering methods.^[100]

The heart for example functions much like a pump,^[101] the skeleton is like a linked structure with levers,^[102] the brain produces electrical signals etc.^[103] These similarities as well as the increasing importance and application of engineering principles in medicine, led to the development of the field of biomedical engineering that uses concepts developed in both disciplines.

Newly emerging branches of science, such as systems biology, are adapting analytical tools traditionally used for engineering, such as systems modeling and computational analysis, to the description of biological systems.^[100]

Art

There are connections between engineering and art, for example, architecture, landscape architecture and industrial design (even to the extent that these disciplines may sometimes be included in a university’s Faculty of Engineering).^{[105][106][107]}

The Art Institute of Chicago, for instance, held an exhibition about the art of NASA’s aerospace design.^[108] Robert Maillart’s bridge design is perceived by some to have been deliberately artistic.^[109] At the University of South Florida, an engineering professor, through a grant with the National Science Foundation, has developed a course that connects art and engineering.^[105][110]

Among famous historical figures, Leonardo da Vinci is a well-known Renaissance artist and engineer, and a prime example of the nexus between art and engineering.^[104][111]

Business

Business Engineering deals with the relationship between professional engineering, IT systems, business administration and change management. Engineering management or «Management engineering» is a specialized field of management concerned with engineering practice or the engineering industry sector. The demand for management-focused engineers (or from the opposite perspective, managers with an understanding of engineering), has resulted in the development of specialized engineering management degrees that develop the knowledge and skills needed for these roles. During an engineering management course, students will develop industrial engineering skills, knowledge, and expertise, alongside knowledge of business administration, management techniques, and strategic thinking. Engineers specializing in change management must have in-depth knowledge of the application of industrial and organizational psychology principles and methods. Professional engineers often train as certified management consultants in the very specialized field of management consulting applied to engineering practice or the engineering sector. This work often deals with large scale complex business transformation or Business process management initiatives in aerospace and defence, automotive, oil and gas, machinery, pharmaceutical, food and beverage, electrical & electronics, power distribution & generation, utilities and transportation systems. This combination of technical engineering practice, management consulting practice, industry sector knowledge, and change management expertise enables professional engineers who are also qualified as management consultants to lead major business transformation initiatives. These initiatives are typically sponsored by C-level executives.

Other fields

In political science, the term engineering has been borrowed for the study of the subjects of social engineering and political engineering, which deal with forming political and social structures using engineering methodology coupled with political science principles. Marketing engineering and Financial engineering have similarly borrowed the term.

See also

Lists

• List of aerospace engineering topics
• List of basic chemical engineering topics
• List of electrical engineering topics
• List of engineering societies
• List of engineering topics
• List of engineers
• List of genetic engineering topics
• List of mechanical engineering topics
• List of nanoengineering topics
• List of software engineering topics

Glossaries

• Glossary of areas of mathematics
• Glossary of biology
• Glossary of chemistry
• Glossary of engineering
• Glossary of physics

Related subjects

• Controversies over the term Engineer
• Design
• Earthquake engineering
• Ecotechnology
• Engineer
• Engineering economics
• Engineering education
• Engineering education research
• Engineers Without Borders
• Environmental engineering science
• Environmental technology
• Forensic engineering
• Global Engineering Education
• Green engineering
• Green building
• Industrial design
• Infrastructure
• Mathematics
• Open-source hardware
• Planned obsolescence
• Reverse engineering
• Science
• Structural failure
• Sustainable engineering
• Technology
• Women in engineering

References

Further reading

External links

•   The dictionary definition of engineering at Wiktionary
•   Learning materials related to Engineering at Wikiversity
•   Quotations related to Engineering at Wikiquote
•   Works related to Engineering at Wikisource

Другие языки

МИНИСТЕРСТВО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ И
НАУКИ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ

ФЕДЕРАЛЬНОЕ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОЕ БЮДЖЕТНОЕ
ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНОЕ УЧРЕЖДЕНИЕ ВЫСШЕГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ «СЕВЕРО-КАВКАЗСКАЯ
ГОСУДАРСТВЕННАЯ ГУМАНИТАРНО-ТЕХНОЛОГИЧЕСКАЯ АКАДЕМИЯ»

СРЕДНЕПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНЫЙ КОЛЛЕДЖ

Фонд оценочных средств

для проведения текущего контроля и
промежуточной аттестации 

по учебной дисциплине

«Иностранный язык в профессиональной деятельности»

специальности   23.02.07 Техническое обслуживание и
ремонт

двигателей, систем и агрегатов автомобилей

форма проведения оценочной процедуры

дифференцированный зачет

г.Черкесск,
2018 г

Разработчик: Байтокова Р.Х..- преподаватель СПК
ФГБОУ ВО «СевКавГГТА» СПК

Одобрено на заседании цикловой комиссии ___________________

от ___  _________________ 2018 г.
протокол № ____

Председатель цикловой комиссии _______________    
_______________

                                                                  подпись                             
ф.и.о.

I. Общие
положения

         Фонд оценочных средств (ФОС) предназначен для контроля
и оценки образовательных достижений обучающихся, освоивших программу учебной
дисциплины Иностранный язык (английский) по специальности 23.02.07 Техническое
обслуживание и ремонт двигателей, систем и агрегатов автомобилей

         ФОС включает контрольные материалы для проведения текущего
контроля успеваемости и промежуточной аттестации в форме дифференциального
зачета.

II. Результаты
освоения дисциплины, подлежащие проверке

В результате контроля и оценки по дисциплине осуществляется комплексная
проверка следующих умений и знаний по показателям:

Результаты обучения	Критерии оценки	Методы оценки
Уметь: понимать общий смысл четко произнесенных высказываний на известные темы (профессиональные и бытовые); понимать тексты на базовые профессиональные темы; участвовать в диалогах на знакомые общие и профессиональные темы; строить простые высказывания о себе и о своей профессиональной деятельности; кратко обосновывать и объяснить свои действия (текущие и планируемые) ; писать простые связные сообщения на знакомые или интересующие профессиональные темы;  правила построения простых и сложных предложений на профессиональные темы Знать: правила построения простых и сложных предложений на профессиональные темы; основные общеупотребительные глаголы (бытовая и профессиональная лексика) ; лексический минимум, относящийся к описанию предметов, средств и процессов профессиональной деятельности; особенности произношения; правила чтения текстов профессиональной направленности	Понимать смысл и содержание высказываний на английском языке на профессиональные темы; Понимать содержание технической документации и инструкций на английском языке; Строить высказывания на знакомые профессиональные темы и участвовать в диалогах по ходу профессиональной деятельности на английском языке; Писать краткие сообщения на профессиональную тему.	Экспертное наблюдение за выполнением практических работ. Результаты выполнения контрольных работ Оценка устных и письменных ответов. Самостоятельная    работа. Тестирование. Контрольный перевод текста (со словарем), ответы на вопросы по содержанию текста

Результатом освоения
программы является также  освоение студентами  общих компетенций.

ОК 1. Понимать сущность и социальную значимость своей будущей профессии, проявлять к ней устойчивый интерес.

ОК 2. Организовывать собственную деятельность, выбирать типовые методы и способы выполнения профессиональных задач, оценивать их эффективность и качество.

ОК 3. Принимать решения в стандартных и нестандартных ситуациях и нести за них ответственность.

ОК 4. Осуществлять поиск и использование информации, необходимой для эффективного выполнения профессиональных задач, профессионального и личностного развития.

ОК 5. Использовать информационно-коммуникационные технологии в профессиональной деятельности.

ОК 6. Работать в коллективе и команде, эффективно общаться с коллегами, руководством, потребителями.

ОК 10. Пользоваться профессиональной документацией на государственном и иностранном языках.

                              
( 2 курс, 3 семестр)

Самостоятельная   работа

I вариант

1) Соотнесите английские слова с русскими эквивалентами

1.To work for a company / a person	a) Важный человек, ключевая фигура (персона)
2.To meet smb	b) Страна-производитель автомобилей
3.To specialize in smth/in doing smth	c) Ездить из пригорода в город на работу
4.A car-producing country	d) Специализироваться в чём-либо
5.A key person	e) Быть родом из
6.A business trip	f)  Возглавлять компанию (руководить                                                                проектом)
7. To run a company (a project…)	g) Конкурировать с кем-либо
8.To come from	h)  Познакомиться с кем-либо
9.  To commute from…to…	i) Работать на компанию / человека
10. To compete with smb	j) Командировка

2) 

2.1. Образуйте прошедшую форму данных глаголов:

Act, happen, admit, delay, apply, boil, escape, suffer, try, stop,
repair, annoy

2.2.  Раскройте скобки, ставя глагол в Past Simple /Past Continuous

1) When I gave them the sandwiches, they …………..(eat) them all

2) When I saw the rat, it………..(run) through the kitchen

3) when I walked in, I……………… (not recognize) you straight away

4) when she was living in Tokyo, she ………….(send) me an e-mail
every week

5) she decided to go  walk faster because she …………..(get)
cold

   2.3 Выберите правильный ответ

1. While Tom______a book, Marhta______TV.

a) was reading, watched      c) was reading, was
watching

b) read, watched               
  d) read, was watching

2.  We called our friends in London yesterday to tell them
about the reunion that we______.

a) will plan              
         c) plan

b) were planning              
 d) have planned

3.I feel terrible. I think I______to be sick.

a) will                
              c) am going

b) go                
                d) will be going

I I вариант

1) Соотнесите английские слова с русскими эквивалентами

1.To make a phone call	a) Навещать кого—либо
2. To make an arrangement	b) Увеличивать(ся) издержки
3.To do activities	c) Назначить (договориться о) встречу
4.To have a flexitime	d) Заниматься разными видами деятельности
5.To communicate with smb	e) Опыт в чём-либо
6.To make an appointment	f)  Сделать звонок
7.To come to visit smb	g) Уменьшать  риск
8.To decrease a risk	h) Договариваться
9.To increase costs	i)  Общаться с кем-либо
10.To look forward to doing smth	j)  Иметь гибкий (скользящий) график работы
11. An experience in smth/doing smth	k)   Ждать с нетерпением чего-либо

2)   2.1. Образуйте прошедшую форму данных глаголов:

Begin, fly, run, win,
buy, give, spend, come, lose, take, put,
feel, grow   

  2.2. Раскройте скобки, ставя глагол в правильное время

I …………    (watch) Frank de la
Selva on TV last night. She …………(visit) the Prado Museum. I ……………(met) my best
friend when I was 6. When ………you ………(see) Borja? I …………(finish) my maths
homework yet.

  2.3.
Выберите правильный ответ

1.  Mr Smith said he will call you back ____________ 4pm.

1.     until

2.     in

3.     by

4.     on

2.  The new report contained __________ important
information?

1.    
many

2.    
another

3.    
an

4.    
a lot of

3.  His flight ____________ at 9am tomorrow.

1.    
is arriving

2.    
arrives

3.    
will be
arriving

4.    
will arrive

Ключи:

Вариант 1.

1) 1 – i, 2 – h, 3-d,
4-b, 5-a, 6-j, 7-f, 8-e, 9-c, 10-g

2)  2.1. Acted,
happened, admitted, delayed, applied, boiled, escaped, suffered, tried,
stopped, repaired, annoyed

     2.2.  1 ate, 2.
was running, 3. didn’t recognize, 4. sent, 5.
got,

     2.3   1. c

   
         2. d

   
         3. c

Вариант 2

1)   1 –
f, 2 – h, 3 – d, 4 – j, 5 – i, 6 – c, 7 – a, 8 – g, 9 – b, 10 – k, 11 – e

2)   2.1.   Began, flew,
ran, won, bought, gave, spent, came, lost, took, put, felt, grew

     
2.2.   1- watched, 2- visited, 3 – met, 4 –did see, 5 – haven’t finished

      2.3.   1-a, 2 – a, 3 – a

( 2 курс, 4 семестр)

Тестирование

Вариант 1

1.     Выберите правильный вариант ответа

    1. The north-east of England was famous for ………
shipbuilding industry.

                a) his
                   b) its
              c) her

     2. A man can leave …………… job and look for
another one that suits him.

                a) his
                   b) your
              c) her

     3. Some farm workers get most of …….. work in
summer.

                a) its
                   b) their
             c) her

      4. She explain how she had lost ………………job.

                a) my
                   b) your
             c) her

      5. A nation’s wealth depended on ……………..
owning precious metals.

               a) its
                   b) my
             c) their

      6. Merchants were people who made …………… money
through the buying and  selling goods.

               a) his
                   b) your
             c) their

      7. When you have collected the evidence, you
are ready to test ……….. theory.

               a) ——
                 b) your  
           c) its

       8. Each good has ………… own utility value
for the consumer.

               a) their
                b) its    
             c) my

       9. The price of goods is not always the
same as ……….. real cost.

               a) their
                  b) its  
               c) my

        10.Consumers want satisfaction from ……………………..
resources ( time and money).

               a) her
                    b) its
                c) their

                 2. Раскройте скобки, поставив
глагол в правильном времени

1. I (be) in a
hurry now.

2.My friends (wait)
for me now.

3. You (be) at
the theatre yesterday.

4. You (like)
the opera?

5. What you (do)
in your spare time?

6. Have you (get) any
hobbies?

7. Mary usually (phone)
me on Sundays but she (not/phone) last Sunday.

8. What (be)
the matter with her?.

9. What is she? She (to
be) an economist.

10. It (be)
usually dry here at this time of the year.

                                                     ТЕСТИРОВАНИЕ

Вариант 2

1.    
Выберите правильный вариант ответа

1. The tourist office has ……….. about
hotel accommodation.

           
a) information             b) informations

2. No news ………….. good news.

           
  a) is                  
           b) are

3. Money ………….. the world go round.

                 
   a) make                
        b) makes

4. Economics  ………… my favourite
subject at the Institute.

           
    a) is                
             b) are

   5. What  …………  the
government going to do about the problem of homelessness.

           
    a) is                
             b) are

6.There  ………….. $ 30
in my wallet, but now it’s gone.

           
    a) was                
          b) were

7.  How much  ……………  jeans?

           
    a) is this              
         b) are these

8. Have  ……………  arrived yet?

           
     a) businessmen             b)
a businessman

9.  Many students get  ……………
 at colleges and universities.

           
   a) knowledge              
 b) knowledges

  10. Cash   ………….  money
in the form of banknotes and coins.

           
      a) are              
              b) is  

                 2. Раскройте скобки, поставив глагол в правильном времени

1. I (be) in a
hurry now.

2.My friends (wait)
for me now.

3. You (be) at
the theatre yesterday.

4. You (like)
the opera?

5. What you (do)
in your spare time?

6. Have you (get) any
hobbies?

7. Mary usually (phone)
me on Sundays but she (not/phone) last Sunday. 8. What (be) the
matter with her?.

8. What is she? She (to
be) an economist.

9. It (be)
usually dry here at this time of the year.

10. What you (do)
in your spare time?

Ключи:

1 вариант

1.    
1-b, 2-a, 3-b, 4-c,
5-a, 6-c, 7-c, 8-b, 9-b,10-c

2.    
 1-am, 2-are waiting,
3- was, 4-Do you like the opera?, 5- What do you do…? 6-got, 7-phones, didn’t
phone, 8-is, 9-is, 10-is.

2 вариант

1.    
1 – a, 2 – a, 3 – b, 4
– a, 5 – a, 6 – a, 7 – b, 8 – b, 9 – b, 10 – b

2.    
1-am, 2-are waiting,
3- was, 4-Do you like the opera?, 5- What do you do…? 6-got, 7-phones, didn’t
phone, 8-is, 9-is, 10-is.

( 3 курс, 5 семестр)

Контрольный перевод текста   (со словарем) и работа по тексту

Вариант 1

1.    
Read
correctly. Translate from English into Russian.

In the auto
repair workshop

         An automobile repair shop (also known as a
garage) is a repair shop where auto mechanics and electricians repair
automobiles. Automotive technicians must have all kinds of mechanic tools: a
jack, Allen wrenches, adjustable and ratchet wrenches, socket and pipe
wrenches. We perform general repair works: Brake System repairs, suspension
System repairs, cooling System repairs, transmission System repairs, repair of
Exhaust Systems, Repair of petrol engines. We also perform specialized repair
works: Repairs of diesel engines, Computer diagnostics of automobiles, Repairs
of Electrical System, Repairs of wheels, Body Repairs, restoration of hand
brake, speedometer, accelerator, bonnet, gear lever, etc.). We provide vehicle
transportation, inspection and maintenance services and deliver broken cars to
car repair workshops. We prepare vehicles for technical inspection, for the
winter season, and carry out preventive checks.

Answer the questions.

1.    
What tools does an
automotive technician use in his work?

2.    
What repair works do
automotive technicians perform?

2. Translate the words.

Автомеханик, сцепление,
система зажигания, расход топлива, техническое обслуживание, домкрат, техосмотр.

3. Open the brackets in the correct form:

1.    
I (to repair) the
engine now.

2.    
A man
(repaired/repairing) the automobile is my friend.

Вариант 2.

1.    
Read
correctly. Translate from English into Russian.

Automobile production

         Specialists in automobile industry deal
with designing and manufacturing cars, they should know that the production of
the automobile comprises the following phases: designing, working out the
technology of manufacturing processes, laboratory tests, road tests, mass
production (manufacturing). It is important to know them as before the
automobile (car or truck) is put into mass production, it should be properly
designed and the automobile must meet up-to-date requirements. The automobile
must have high efficiency, long service life, driving safety, ease of
maintenance and pleasant appearance. The modern automobile must be rapid in
acceleration, must have smooth acting clutch, silent gearbox, dependable brakes
and steering system.

2. Answer the
questions.

1.    
What phases does the
production of the automobile comprise?

2.    
What requirements must
the automobile meet?

3. Translate the words.

Автомеханик,
техобслуживание, проектирование, производственный процесс, система зажигания,
сцепление, расход топлива.

4. Open the brackets in the correct
form:

1.    
He (to check) the
ignition system by 2 p.m.

2.    
We deliver
(broken/braking) cars to auto repair shops.

Перевод текста

Вариант 1.

В авторемонтной мастерской

         Авторемонтная мастерская (также известная как гараж)
— это ремонтная мастерская, где автомеханики и электрики ремонтируют
автомобили.   Автомобильные техники должны иметь все виды механических
инструментов: домкрат, шестигранные ключи, разводные и храповые ключи, торцевые
и трубные ключи. Выполняем общие ремонтные работы: ремонт тормозной системы,
ремонт подвески, ремонт системы охлаждения, ремонт трансмиссии, ремонт
выхлопных систем, ремонт бензиновых двигателей. Мы также выполняем
специализированные ремонтные работы: ремонт дизельных двигателей, компьютерная
диагностика автомобилей, ремонт электрооборудования, ремонт колес, ремонт
кузова, восстановление ручного тормоза, спидометр, акселератор, капот, рычаг
переключения передач и т. д.). Мы предоставляем услуги по транспортировке,
проверке и техническому обслуживанию автомобилей, а также доставляем сломанные
автомобили в мастерские по ремонту автомобилей. Мы готовим автомобили к
техническому осмотру, к зимнему сезону и проводим профилактические проверки.

3. Переведите слова.

Automechanic, clutch,
ignition system, fuel consumption, maintenance, jack, technical inspection.

4. Раскройте
скобки, употребив глагол в правильной форме:

1. Он (для проверки)
системы зажигания к 2 часам вечера.2. Доставляем (сломанные / тормозные)
автомобили в автосервисы.

1.    
I am repairing the
engine now.

2.    
A man repairing the
automobile is my friend.

Вариант 2.

Перевод текста

         Автомобильное производство

         Специалисты в автомобильной промышленности
занимаются проектированием и изготовлением автомобилей, они должны знать, что
производство автомобиля включает в себя следующие этапы: проектирование,
отработка технологии производственных процессов, лабораторные испытания,
дорожные испытания, серийное производство (производство). Важно знать их, как
до того, как автомобиль (легковой или грузовой автомобиль) будет запущен в
серийное производство, он должен быть правильно спроектирован и автомобиль
должен соответствовать современным требованиям. Автомобиль должен обладать
высокой экономичностью, длительным сроком службы, безопасностью вождения,
простотой обслуживания и приятным внешним видом. Современный автомобиль должен
быть быстрым в ускорении, должен иметь плавную работу сцепления, бесшумную
коробку передач, надежные тормоза и систему рулевого управления.

3. Переведите слова.

Automechanic, maintenance,
design, production process, ignition system, clutch, fuel consumption.

4. Раскройте
скобки, употребив глагол в правильной форме:

1.    
He checked the
ignition system by 2 p.m.

2.    
We deliver broken cars
to auto repair shops.

3 курс, 6
семестр

Контрольный перевод
текста   (со словарем)

Вариант 1

What is Engineering?

         Engineering is a science that
deals with design, construction and operation of structures, machines, engines,
and other devices. Engineer is a person who has a basic knowledge of other
engineering fields, because most engineering problems are complex and interrelated.
The term engineering is difficult to translate into Russian because it has a
lot of meanings. Most often it is translated as: инженерное дело, техника, машиностроение, строительство.There exist the following main branches
of engineering: Civil Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Electrical and
Electronic engineering, Electric Power and Machinery, Electronic engineering,
Communications and Control, Computers engineering, Safety Engineering.

Задание: ответить на вопросы

1.    
Is engineering a
science?

2.    
How can we translate
the word “engineering”?

3.    
What do civil
engineers deal with?

4.    
What do mechanical
engineers deal with?

5.    
What are the four main
branches of electrical engineering?

( 3 курс, 6 семестр)

Контрольный перевод
текста   (со словарем)

Вариант 2

WHAT IS A COMPUTER?

The term computer is used to describe a device made up
of a combination of electronic and electromechanical (part electronic and part
mechanical) components. Computer has no intelligence by itself and is referred
to as hardware. A computer system is a combination of five elements:

•        Hardware

•        Software

•        People

•        Procedures

•        Data/information

When one computer system is set up to communicate with
another computer system, connectivity becomes the sixth system element. In other
words, the manner in which the various individual systems are connected — for
example, by phone lines, microwave transmission, or satellite — is an element
of the total computer system.

Software is the term used to describe the instructions
that tell the hardware how to perform a task. Without software instructions,
the hardware doesn’t know what to do. People, however, are the most important
component of the computer system: they create the computer software
instructions and respond to the procedures that those instructions present.

The basic job of computer is processing information.
Computers accept information in the form of instruction called a programmer and
characters called data to perform mathematical and logical operations, and then
give the results. The data is raw material while information is organized,
processed, refined and useful for decision making. Computer is used to convert
data into information.

   Задание: ответить на вопросы

      Answer the
questions:

1) What does the term
«computer» describe?

2) Is computer
intelligent?

3) What are five
components of computer system?

4) What is connectivity?

5) What is software?
What’s the difference between hardware and software?

6) Why people are the most
important component of a computer system?

7) In what way terms
«data» and «information» differ?

How does computer
convert data into information?

Перевод
текста  

Что такое инженерное дело?

         Инженерия — это наука, которая занимается
проектированием, строительством и эксплуатацией конструкций, машин, двигателей
и других устройств. Инженер — это человек, который имеет базовые знания в
других областях техники, потому что большинство инженерных проблем являются
сложными и взаимосвязанными. Термин инженерия трудно перевести на русский язык,
потому что он имеет много значений. Чаще всего это переводится как: инженерное
дело, техника, машиностроение, строительство. Существуют следующие основные
отрасли машиностроения: гражданское строительство, машиностроение,
электротехника и электроника, электроэнергетика и машиностроение, электроника,
связь и управление, вычислительная техника, техника безопасности.

Перевод
текста  

ЧТО ТАКОЕ КОМПЬЮТЕР?

         Термин «компьютер» используется для описания
устройства, состоящего из комбинации электронных и электромеханических
(частично электронных и частично механических) компонентов. Компьютер сам по
себе не обладает интеллектом и называется аппаратным обеспечением. Компьютерная
система представляет собой комбинацию из пяти элементов:

• Оборудование

• Программное обеспечение

• Люди

• Операции

• Данные / информация

         Когда одна компьютерная система настроена на связь
с другой компьютерной системой, связь становится шестым системным элементом.
Другими словами, способ, которым различные отдельные системы связаны —
например, телефонными линиями, микроволновой передачей или спутником — является
элементом всей компьютерной системы.

         Программное обеспечение — это термин, используемый
для описания инструкций, которые сообщают оборудованию, как выполнить задачу.
Без инструкций программного обеспечения аппаратное обеспечение не знает, что
делать. Люди, однако, являются наиболее важным компонентом компьютерной
системы: они создают инструкции компьютерного программного обеспечения и
отвечают на процедуры, которые эти инструкции представляют.

         Основная работа компьютера — обработка информации.
Компьютеры принимают информацию в форме инструкций, называемых программистом, и
символов, называемых данными, для выполнения математических и логических операций,
а затем выдают результаты. Данные являются сырьем, а информация организована,
обработана, уточнена и полезна для принятия решений. Компьютер используется для
преобразования данных в информацию.

( IVкурс, 7семестр)

Контрольный перевод текста   (со словарем)

Вариант 1

1.    
Read and
translate the text

How to get profession abroad

To become a car mechanic in the UK
students begin their training by studying car processes in manuals and then
work on older cars. Most mechanics find themselves in technical educational
programmers after finishing school. All car mechanics are required to be
certified. The best route is to serve an apprenticeship with a local garage or
dealership while attending a college or a training centre. NVQ (National
Vocational Qualification) — this is achieved by the collection of evidence in
the workplace that the apprentices can remove and replace components to
manufacturers guidelines. VRQ (Vocational Related Qualification) — this is also
sometimes called a “Tech cert” and is a series of tests designed to show that
the candidate under-stands how things work, i.e. engines, transmission,
chassis, etc.

2.     Answer the questions

What is best way to get profession of a car mechanic
in the UK?

What is a “Tech cert”?

3.     Translate the words.

Автомеханик, техобслуживание,
производственная практика, трещотка, система зажигания, сцепление, расход
топлива.

4.     Open the brackets in the correct
form:

They (to inspect) Brake System tomorrow at 6 p.m.

An automotive technician (worked/working) in the workshop
is my Dad.

Вариант 2.

Read and translate the text

The Саr and the Environment

Most of us know that cars cause air
pollution. What are some of the things we can do to help? Buy a fuel-efficient
car and keep it that way? Good gas is a way to stop pollution. Choose a car
that is friendly to the environment when you buy one. Keep your car tuned up

A car that badly tuned releases more
pollutants into the air. If you keep track of your gas mileage, you’ll know
when something is wrong. A badly tuned car uses almost 10% more gas than a
well-tuned car. Other ways to waste gas are: Idling your car
unnecessarily. If you are stopped for longer than a minute, it is more
fuel efficient to turn off your engine. Using dirty fuel filters. Dirty
fuel filters waste gas.

Air Conditioner
Maintenance. Our mechanics will have to make sure that there are no leaks,
and fix them if there are, before they can add any R-12 (freon) to our air
conditioning systems.

Answer the questions.

How can we protect our planet from waste gases?

What does it mean ‘to tune up a car’?

1.     Translate the words.

Автомеханик, техобслуживание,
выхлопные газы, технический фен, система зажигания, сцепление, расход топлива.

2.     Open the brackets in the correct
form:

She (to wash) her car by 3 p.m.

This is my new “Ford Focus (produced/producing) in
the USA.

Перевод
текста  

Вариант 1.

Как получить профессию за границей

         Чтобы стать автомехаником в
Великобритании, студенты начинают свое обучение, изучая автомобильные процессы
в учебных пособиях, а затем работают на старых автомобилях. Большинство
механиков оказываются в технических учебных программах после окончания школы.
Все автомеханики должны быть сертифицированы. Лучший способ — пройти обучение в
местном гараже или автосалоне, посещая колледж или учебный центр. NVQ (Национальная профессиональная квалификация) — это
достигается путем сбора на рабочем месте доказательств того, что ученики могут
удалять и заменять компоненты в соответствии с рекомендациями производителей. VRQ (Профессиональная квалификация) — его также иногда
называют «технологическим сертификатом» и представляет собой серию тестов,
призванных показать, что кандидат понимает, как все работает, то есть
двигатели, трансмиссия, ходовая часть и т. д.

3. Переведите слова.

Automechanic, maintenance, manufacturing
practice, rattler, ignition system, clutch, fuel consumption.

4. Раскройте
скобки, употребив глагол в правильной форме:

They will inspect Brake System tomorrow at 6 p.m.

An automotive technician working in the workshop is
my Dad.

Перевод
текста  

Вариант 2.

Машина и Окружающая среда

         Большинство из нас знает, что автомобили
вызывают загрязнение воздуха. Что мы можем сделать, чтобы помочь? Купить
экономичный автомобиль и сохранить его таким? Хороший газ — это способ
остановить загрязнение. Выбирайте автомобиль, который будет безопасен для
окружающей среды, когда вы его покупаете. Следите за новостями вашего
автомобиля. Автомобиль, который плохо настроен, выпускает больше загрязняющих
веществ в воздух. Если вы будете следить за пробегом бензина, вы будете знать,
когда что-то не так. Плохо настроенный автомобиль потребляет почти на 10%
больше газа, чем хорошо настроенный автомобиль. Другие способы отработанного
газа: бездельничать на автомобиле. Если вы остановились на более чем одну
минуту, это более экономичный способ выключить двигатель. Использование грязных
топливных фильтров. Грязные топливные фильтры отработавших газов. Обслуживание
кондиционеров. Наша механика должна убедиться, что нет утечек, и исправить их,
если они есть, прежде чем они смогут добавить R-12
(фреон) в наши системы кондиционирования воздуха.

3. Переведите слова.

Auto mechanic, maintenance, exhausts
gases, technical dryer, ignition system, clutch, fuel consumption.

4. Раскройте
скобки, употребив глагол в правильной форме:

She will have washed her car by 3 p.m.

This is my new “Ford Focus produced in the USA.

IVкурс,
8семестр

                                               
Самостоятельная
работа

Вариант 1

1. Соотнесите английский
термин и его русский эквивалент

1) power plant	a) сцепление
2) chassis	b) кузов
3) body	c) ходовая часть
4) running gear	d) силовая установка
5) fuel system	e) главная передача
6) brakes	f) карданный вал
7) clutch	g) шасси
gearbox	h) система рулевого управления
9) propeller shaft	i) тормоза
10) final drive	j) коробка передач
11) steering system

2.  Выберите и запишите соответствующий описанию механизм

1 Mechanism which is used to stop the car.

a) clutch; b) brakes; c) gearbox; d) steering system.

2 Mechanism which is used to guide the car.

a) clutch; b) brakes; c) gearbox; d) steering system.

3 Mechanism which engages or disengages the engine and the car
wheels.

a) clutch; b) brakes; c) gearbox; d) steering system.

4 Device which is designed to measure the speed of the car.

a) heater; b) windscreen; c) speedometer; d) tachometer

5 Mechanism which is used to change the speed of the car.

a) clutch; b) brakes; c) gearbox; d) accelerator.

3. Закончите предложения, выбрав правильный вариант
окончания

1 The automobile is made up of …

a) because fuel is burned inside the engine.

2 The engine is…

b) the intake valve opens.

3 The chassis consists of …

c) the intake valve is closed.

4 The internal combustion engine is called so

d) the engine, the chassis and the body.

5 On the inlet stroke

e) a power transmission, running gear, steering

and braking systems.

f) the source of power.

4. Определите залог (Active/Passive) и время глагола
(Present/ Past) в следующихпредложениях:

1. The automobile is made up of three basic parts.

2. The engine makes the wheels rotate and the car move.

3. The first car was designed by Karl Benz.

4. He devoted his life to making a horseless carriage.

5. The cars are subjected to rigid road tests.

5. Переведите текст на русский язык.

The automobile is known to be made up of
three basic parts: the engine, the body and the chassis, the engine being the
source of power. We know the body to include the hood and fenders and
accessories. The body should provide protection to the passengers from wind,
cold and rain. Thus to shape a car means to do it in such a way that it offers
small resistance to the air. Brakes are necessary for stopping the car. Most
braking systems used today are hydraulic.

Вариант 2

1. Соотнесите английский термин и его русский эквивалент

1) rear axle	a) колёса
2.fuel system	b) рама
3) wheels	c) топливная система
4) frame	d) силовая передача
5) cooling system	e) задний мост
6) lubricating system	f) рессоры
7) flywheel	g) силовая установка
gearbox	h) система смазки
9) power train	i) охлаждающая система
10) springs	j) коробка передач
11) power plant

2.  Выберите и запишите соответствующий описанию механизм.

1 Mechanism which is used to change the speed of the car.

a) clutch; b) brakes; c) gearbox; d) accelerator.

2 Mechanism which is used to guide the car in one or the other
directions.

a) clutch; b) brakes; c) gearbox; d) steering system.

3 Device which is designed to measure the speed of the car.

a) heater; b) windscreen; c) speedometer; d) tachometer

4 Mechanism which is used to stop the car.

a) clutch; b) brakes; c) gearbox; d) steering system.

5 Mechanism which engages or disengages the engine and the car
wheels.

a) clutch; b) brakes; c) gearbox; d) steering system.

3. Закончите предложения, выбрав правильный вариант
окончания

1. The engine includes

a) a frame with axles, wheels and springs.

2. The body has

b) both valves are closed.

3. The running gear consists of

c) fuel, cooling, electric and lubricating

systems.

4. On the compression stroke

d) both valves are opened.

5. The chassis consists of

e) a hood, fenders and accessories.

f) a power transmission, running gear, steering and braking
systems.

4. Определите залог (Active/Passive) и время глагола
(Present/ Past) в следующих предложениях:

1 Most automobile engines have six or eight cylinders.

2 Brakes are used to stop the car.

3 Fuel is burned directly inside the engine itself.

4 In Russia a steam engine was designed by Blinov.

5 Benz’s first machine appeared in the streets in 1885

5. Переведите текст на русский язык.

The engine is known to be attached to the frame in three or four
points. Noise and

vibrations are inherent in engine operations. To prevent this
noise from passing to the frame, the engine should be insulated from the frame
by washers. We know the frame to provide support for engine, body and power
train, the body providing protection to the passengers from wind and rain. The
frame is made of channel sections welded together.

Беседа. Вопросник. Questions for speaking

1. What is your future
profession?

2. What automotive tools
do you know?

3. Where do you study?

4. Why do you choose this
profession?

5. What demands must a modern automobile have?

6. What safety rules must
you know?

7. Do you enjoy the
course?

8. Do you have practice at
the college?

9. Do you have a driving license?

10. Can you drive a car?

11. What automotive
innovations are there nowadays?

12. Why should you know
ESP?

Эталон ответов

Вопросник

1. What is your future
profession? I’m an automotive technician.

2. What automotive tools
do you know? I know…

3. Where do you
study?  I study at the College.

4. Why do you choose this
profession? Because I enjoy working with cars. I like repairing
automobiles.

5. What demands must a
modern automobile have? A modern automobile must have rapid acceleration, dependable
clutch, brakes, and steering system, silent gearbox, be stable on the road and
have pleasant appearance, high efficiency, long service life, driving safety,
ease of maintenance.

6. What safety rules must
you know? We must wear protective clothing: overall, safety boots,
helmets, gloves, and sometimes goggles and dust masks.

7. Do you enjoy the
course? Yes, very much. I have learned a lot of things.

8. Do you have practice at
the college? Yes, I have. The practice at a plant will help me to become a
good specialist.

9. Do you have a driving
license? Yes, I have a driving license. No, I don’t have a driving
license.

10. Can you drive a
car? Yes, I can drive a car. / No, I can’t drive a car.

11. What automotive
innovations are there nowadays? There are environmental advances that are
so-called alternative fuels for the internal combustion engine, progress in
electronics, navigation systems, and vehicle safety.

12. Why should you know
ESP? Because it’s useful for specialists to be able to translate
instructions if the equipment is imported, communicate with foreign colleagues
and understand each other.             

III. Описание организации оценивания
и правил определения результатов оценивания.

         Входной контроль
проводится в разовом порядке с целью проверки базовых знаний по данной
дисциплине. Оценивается уровень знаний обучающихся после изучения английского
языка на первом курсе. Задания составлены в 2 вариантах в виде теста с  вариантами ответов,
из которых необходимо выбрать один правильный.

Дифференцированный зачет проводится по окончанию изучения данной 
учебной дисциплины. По результатам
изучения преподавателем выставляется итоговая оценка. Итогом дифференцированного зачета является оценка в
баллах: «5» («отлично»), «4» («хорошо»), «3» («удовлетворительно»),

«2» («неудовлетворительно»).

Оценка «отлично» (5 баллов) выставляется, если обучающийся
демонстрирует:

1. уверенное знание и понимание учебного материала;

2. умение выделять главное в изученном материале, обобщать факты и
практические примеры, делать выводы, устанавливать межпредметные и
внутрипредметные связи;

3. умение применять полученные знания в новой ситуации;

4. отсутствие ошибок и недочётов при воспроизведении изученного
материала (самостоятельно устраняет отдельные неточности с помощью
дополнительных вопросов преподавателя);

5. соблюдение культуры письменной и устной речи, правил оформления
письменных работ.

Оценка «хорошо» (4 балла) выставляется, если обучающийся
демонстрирует:

1. знание основного учебного материала;

2. умение выделять главное в изученном материале, обобщать факты и
практические примеры, делать выводы, устанавливать внутрипредметные связи;

3. недочёты при воспроизведении изученного материала;

4. соблюдение основных правил культуры письменной и устной речи, правил
оформления письменных работ.

Оценка «удовлетворительно» (3 балла) выставляется, если
обучающийся демонстрирует: 1. знание учебного материала на уровне минимальных
требований;

2. умение воспроизводить изученный материал, затруднения в ответе на
вопросы в измененной формулировке;

3. наличие грубой ошибки или нескольких негрубых ошибок при
воспроизведении изученного материала;

4. несоблюдение отдельных правил культуры письменной и устной речи,
правил оформления письменных работ.

Оценка «неудовлетворительно» (2 балла) выставляется, если
обучающийся демонстрирует:

 1. знание учебного материала на уровне ниже минимальных требований,
фрагментарные представления об изученном материале;

2. отсутствие умений работать на уровне воспроизведения, затруднения
при ответах на стандартные вопросы;

3. наличие нескольких грубых ошибок, большого числа негрубых при
воспроизведении изученного материала;

4. несоблюдение основных правил культуры письменной и устной речи,
правил оформления письменных работ.

Критерии выставления отметок за устные ответы

Оценка «отлично» (5 баллов) выставляется, если обучающийся:

1. последовательно, чётко, связно, обоснованно и безошибочно излагает
учебный материал; дает ответ в логической последовательности с использованием
принятой терминологии;

2. показывает понимание сущности рассматриваемых понятий, явлений и
закономерностей, теорий, взаимосвязей; умеет выделять главное, самостоятельно
подтверждать ответ конкретными примерами, фактами;

3. самостоятельно анализирует и обобщает теоретический материал,
результаты проведенных наблюдений и опытов; свободно устанавливает
межпредметные (на основе ранее приобретенных знаний) и внутрипредметные связи;

4. уверенно и безошибочно применяет полученные знания в решении новых,
ранее не встречавшихся задач;

5. излагает учебный материал литературным языком; правильно и
обстоятельно отвечает на дополнительные вопросы учителя;

6. рационально использует наглядные пособия, справочные материалы,
учебник, дополнительную литературу, первоисточники; применяет упорядоченную
систему условных обозначений при ведении записей, сопровождающих ответ; имеет
необходимые навыки работы с приборами, чертежами, схемами и графиками,
сопутствующими ответу;

7. допускает в ответе недочеты, которые легко исправляет по требованию
преподавателя.

Оценка «хорошо» (4 балла) выставляется, если обучающийся:

1. показывает знание всего изученного учебного материала;

2. дает в основном правильный ответ; учебный материал излагает в
обоснованной логической последовательности с приведением конкретных примеров,
при этом допускает одну негрубую ошибку или не более двух недочетов в
использовании терминологии учебного предмета, которые может исправить
самостоятельно при помощи преподавателя; 3. анализирует и обобщает
теоретический материал, результаты проведенных наблюдений и опытов с помощью
преподавателя;

4. соблюдает основные правила культуры устной речи; применяет
упорядоченную систему условных обозначений при ведении записей, сопровождающих
ответ;

Оценка «удовлетворительно» (3 балла) выставляется, если
обучающийся:

1. демонстрирует усвоение основного содержания учебного материала,
имеет пробелы, не препятствующие дальнейшему усвоению учебного материала;

2. применяет полученные знания при ответе на вопрос, анализе предложенных
ситуаций по образцу;

3. допускает ошибки в использовании терминологии учебного предмета;

4. показывает недостаточную сформированность отдельных знаний и умений;
выводы и обобщения аргументирует слабо, допускает в них ошибки;

5. затрудняется при анализе и обобщении учебного материала, результатов
проведенных наблюдений и опытов;

6. дает неполные ответы на вопросы или воспроизводит содержание ранее
прочитанного учебного текста, слабо связанного с заданным вопросом;

7. использует неупорядоченную систему условных обозначений при ведении
записей, сопровождающих ответ.

Оценка «неудовлетворительно» (2 балла) выставляется, если
обучающийся:

1. не раскрыл основное содержание учебного материала в пределах
поставленных вопросов;

2. не умеет применять имеющиеся знания к решению конкретных вопросов и
задач по образцу;

3. допускает в ответе более двух грубых ошибок, которые не может
исправить даже при помощи преподавателя.

Критерии выставления отметок за письменные работы

Оценка «отлично» (5 баллов) выставляется, если обучающийся
выполнил работу без ошибок и недочетов, либо допустил не более одного недочета.

Оценка «хорошо» (4 балла) выставляется, если обучающийся
выполнил работу полностью, но допустил в ней не более одной негрубой ошибки и
одного недочета, либо не более двух недочетов.

Оценка «удовлетворительно» (3 балла) выставляется, если
обучающийся выполнил не менее половины работы, допустив при этом:

1. не более двух грубых ошибок;

2. либо не более одной грубой и одной негрубой ошибки и один недочет;

3. либо три негрубые ошибки;

4. либо одну негрубую ошибку и три недочета;

5. либо четыре-пять недочетов.

Оценка «неудовлетворительно» (2 балла) выставляется, если
обучающийся:

1. выполнил менее половины работы;

2. либо допустил большее количество ошибок и недочетов, чем это
допускается для оценки «удовлетворительно».

Примечание: За оригинальное выполнение работы преподаватель
вправе повысить обучающемуся оценку на один балл.