A dress code is a set of rules, often written, with regard to what clothing groups of people must wear. Dress codes are created out of social perceptions and norms, and vary based on purpose, circumstances, and occasions. Different societies and cultures are likely to have different dress codes, Western dress codes being a prominent example.
Dress codes are symbolic indications of different social ideas, including social class, cultural identity, attitude towards comfort, tradition, and political or religious affiliations. Dress code also allows individuals to read others’ behavior as good, or bad by the way they express themselves with their choice of apparel.[2]
History[edit]
Europe[edit]
From the seventh through the ninth centuries, the European royalty and nobility used a dress code to differentiate themselves from other people. All classes generally wore the same clothing, although distinctions among the social hierarchy began to become more noticeable through ornamented garments. Common pieces of clothing worn by peasants and the working class included plain tunics, cloaks, jackets, pants, and shoes. According to rank, embellishments adorned the collar of the tunic, waist or border. Examples of these decorations included, as James Planché states, «gold and silver chains and crosses, bracelets of gold, silver or ivory, golden and jeweled belts, strings of amber and other beads, rings, brooches, [and] buckles».[3] The nobility tended to wear longer tunics than the lower social classes.[3]
While dress codes of modern-day Europeans are less strict, there are some exceptions. It is possible to ban certain types of clothing in the workplace, as exemplified by the European Court of Justice’s verdict that «a ban on Islamic headscarves at work can be lawful.»[4]
The Americas[edit]
The indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast had a complex social hierarchy that consisted of slaves, commoners, and nobles, with dress codes indicating these social distinctions. John R. Jewitt, an Englishman who wrote a memoir about his years as a captive of the Nuu-chah-nulth people in 1802-1805, describes how, after some time living there, Maquinna and the chiefs decided that he must now be «considered one of them, and conform to their customs». Jewitt resented the imposition of this dress code, finding the loose untailored garments very cold, and attributed to them a subsequent illness of which he almost died. He was not allowed to cut his hair and had to paint his face and body as a Nootka would.[5]
In North American high schools, fashion for girls began to be more revealing in the late twentieth century, including clothing such as low-rise jeans, revealing tops, miniskirts, and spaghetti straps.[2] With these new styles appearing in schools, dress codes have in some cases become more rigorous as a result.[2]
The dress codes in North American high schools typically resulted in tests that would determine if skirts or shorts were long enough. A common test would be used to measure the appropriate length of students’ shorts/skirts. If a student’s fingers extended past their clothing, then the clothing was considered a violation of the school dress code.[6]
Muslim world[edit]
Islam, founded in the seventh century CE, laid out rules regarding the attire of both men and women in public. Gold adornments and silk clothes are prohibited for men to wear, as they are luxurious, but they are permissible for women. Men are also required to wear the ihram clothing while on Hajj, or annual pilgrimage to Mecca.
It is required in Islam for women to wear a hijab at all times when in public, as part of the Islamic standard of modesty.
Indian subcontinent[edit]
Sikhism, which was founded in the Indian subcontinent around the end of the fifteenth century, also requires a dress code. Male Sikhs, who are members of the Khalsa are required to wear a turban at all times.
Laws and social norms[edit]
Cultural values, norms, and laws regarding clothing can vary by location. For example, the degree of nudity that is acceptable changes depending on location. In New Guinea and Vanuatu, there are areas where it is customary for men to wear nothing but penis sheaths in public, while women wear string skirts. In remote areas of Bali, women may go topless, which is less common in more Western countries.
Most developed countries have generally no rules regarding specific clothing in most public scenarios.
Private dress codes[edit]
Many places have their own private dress code; these organizations may insist on particular dress codes or standards in particular situations. Such as for weddings, funerals, religious gatherings, etc.
A study was conducted on two different Christian schools, both located in the United States were surveyed on their dress code appearance.[7] Both Christian schools were run by a board of education which was independent with a Church, and both schools implemented school uniforms two years before they even got an interview to attend the private school.[7] After interviews were done, and the data was all collected, the school uniform was a purpose to achieve four goals that were to decrease distractions in the academic environment, show students how to dress appropriately, eliminate competition, and lower the cost of families buying school clothes for their children.[7]
Workplace[edit]
Employees are sometimes required to wear a uniform or certain standards of dress, such as a business suit and tie. This may depend on particular situations, for example if they are expected to interact with customers. (See also International standard business attire)
In Western countries, these policies vary depending on the industry with lawyers, bankers, and executives often wearing a suit and tie. Some businesses observe that anti-discrimination laws restricts their determining what is appropriate and inappropriate workplace clothing. Requiring men and women to dress differently at the workplace can be challenged because the gender-specific dress codes would be based on one sex and could be considered stereotypical.[8] Most businesses have authority in determining and establishing what workplace clothes they can require of their workers. Generally, a carefully drafted dress code applied consistently does not violate anti-discrimination laws.[9] So long as the dress code does not favor one gender over the other it is usually acceptable by law for employers to have a private dress code.[10]
In the United States, it is legal for employers to require women to wear makeup and ban men from wearing it. It has been argued that such a distinction in a dress code is not discriminatory because both sexes have rules about their appearance. An important court case that occurred in the U.S was the Jespersen v. Harrah’s Operating Co., which allowed for a workplace to require that female employees wear makeup while their male counterparts were banned from doing so. Darlene Jespersen worked at Harrah’s Casino for more than 20 years and found that the makeup and dress code was not only unattainable but degrading.[11] Jespersen found that the ‘Personal Best’ policy was not true to her natural appearance as it required a full face of makeup including foundation, powder, blush, mascara, and lipstick.[11] Jespersen stated that this policy «forced her to be … ‘dolled up’ like a sexual object, and … took away her credibility as an individual and as a person.»[11] In opposition men who worked at Harrah’s Casino were banned from wearing makeup, nail polish, and other traditionally female attires.[11] Judge Kozinski argued that hyperfemininity was a burden that only women employees suffered. Kozinski stated that the time, effort and expense was more of a hindrance than just being banned from wearing makeup.[11] However despite these efforts, in the ruling, it was decided that women did not have a larger burden in the requirements of the dress code but two judges disagreed and argued that makeup takes more time and money and that sex stereotyping occurred because women’s bare faces were seen as less desirable.
New Jersey BorgataBabes case
In New Jersey, twenty-one women sued the Borgata Casino Hotel & Spa for requiring them to lose weight and stay under a certain size to maintain their jobs. The women argued that the management would ridicule them over weight gain even if they were pregnant. The case was dismissed in New Jersey because the BorgataBabes program required that both men and women maintain certain body shapes and sizes. The «BorgataBabes contractually agreed to adhere to these strict personal appearance and conduct standards».[12] In 2016, Superior Court Judge Nelson Johnson dismissed the claims because the appearance standards were lawful. He also determined that the women could return to court for their claims of a hostile environment created by the management.[13] Workplace requirements for attire and appearance have been legal in the United States as long as there are similar requirements for both sexes.
Doe v. Boeing Corporation
Doe, a transgender person beginning gender transition, found that her supervisors at the engineering company, Boeing Corporation, were uncooperative with her desire to wear feminine presenting clothing to work. She was warned against wearing, «obviously feminine clothing such as dresses, skirts, or frilly blouses» and from using the women’s bathroom. This was even after her counselor recommended that wearing female presenting clothing would help with her transition. After a few warnings from her supervisors, Doe showed up to work wearing a pink pantsuit and was subsequently fired for violating the dress code. This prompted Doe to legal action. The Washington State Supreme Court ultimately upheld the decision made by Boeing and stated that the company had the right to determine what female identity looked like while at work.[11]
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission v. R.G. &. G.R Harris Funeral Homes, Inc.
Aimee Stephens, a transgender woman, worked at the R.G. &. G.R Harris Funeral Homes and originally was dressing as a stereotypical male following the funeral home’s male attire, but Stephens had intended to transition to female attire to better suit her gender identity. Thomas Rost, the owner of the funeral home, fired Stephens for not presenting herself as a man and for dressing like a woman.[14] Stephens opened a case at the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, stating discrimination based on sex and gender but the district court sided with the funeral home stating, «that transgender status is not a protected trait under Title VII».[14] In the Sixth Circut Court of Appeals, it was ruled that Stephens was unlawfully fired based on sex discrimination, which does protect transgender people.[15] The United States Supreme Court ruled in 2020 against firing someone for being homosexual or transgender, as being discrimination based on sex.[16]
Formal wear[edit]
In Western countries, a «formal» dress code typically means coats for men and evening dresses for women. The most-formal dress code is a full-length ball or evening gowns with evening gloves for women and for men white tie, which also includes a tailcoat. «Semi-formal» has a much less precise definition but typically means an evening jacket and tie for men (known as black tie) and a dress for women. «Business casual» typically means not wearing neckties or suits, but wearing instead collared shirts, and trousers (not black, but more relaxed, including things such as corduroy). «Casual» typically just means clothing for the torso, legs and shoes. «Wedding Casual» defines yet another mode of dress, where guests dress respectfully, but not necessarily fancily.
Business casual[edit]
Business casual dress is a popular workplace dress code that emerged in white-collar workplaces in Western countries in the 1990s, especially in the United States and Canada. Many information technology businesses in Silicon Valley were early adopters of this dress code. In contrast to formal business wear such as suits and neckties (the international standard business attire), the business casual dress code has no generally accepted definition; its interpretation differs widely among organizations and is often a cause of sartorial confusion among workers.
The job search engine Monster.com offers this definition, «In general, business casual means dressing professionally, looking relaxed, yet neat and pulled together.» A more pragmatic definition is that business casual dress is the mid ground between formal business clothes and street clothes. Generally, neckties are excluded from business casual dress, unless worn in nontraditional ways. The acceptability of blue jeans and denim cloth clothing varies — some businesses consider them to be sloppy and informal.
Education system[edit]
Many schools around the world implement dress codes in the school system to prevent students from wearing inappropriate clothing items to school and was thought to help influence a safer and more professional environment.
United States education[edit]
In 1996, former U.S. President Bill Clinton announced his support for the idea of school uniforms by stating, «School uniforms are one step that may help break the cycle of violence, truancy and disorder by helping young students understand what really counts is what kind of people they are.» Many school districts in the United States took up the idea.[17] In all 70 schools, comprising around 60,000 students, switched to school uniforms.[7] School uniforms have been used with several schools to teach students how to dress appropriately, and in cases it has worked, and has decreased distractions in the educational systems.[7]
One common criticism of school dress codes in the U.S. is that they infringe on students’ right to self-expression. There have been many court cases regarding school dress code, the first being Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District, which involved students wearing black armbands to protest the Vietnam war.[18]
Within the educational system, the Federation supports professional dress code standards for all teachers.[19]
Dress code violations[edit]
«Communicative» dress code violations are violations where the clothing has implications of hate, violence, gang-affiliation, etc.[20] In cases where dress code rules in public school systems have been violated by non-communicative clothing, courts repeatedly legitimise dress code discrimination based on gender.[21] Amongst the transgender populations, gender based dress codes are primarily enforced against individuals who do not yet pass.[21]
Violation of dress codes have become a subject of school protests, such as at a high school in Toronto, which had a protest after a student was disciplined for wearing a crop top.[22] Students at multiple schools have protested gender discrimination in the application of dress codes.[23]
Dress code backlash[edit]
Certain dress code restrictions in schools across North America have been accused of perpetuating sexist standards. In March 2014, a group of middle-school girls from Evanston, Illinois, protested their school’s dress code, which prohibited them from wearing leggings to school under the pretense that it was «too distracting for boys.» Thirteen-year-old student Sophie Hasty was quoted in the Evanston Review saying that «not being able to wear leggings because it’s ‘too distracting for boys’ is giving us the impression we should be guilty for what guys do.» In a Time magazine article covering the incident, Eliana Dockterman argued that teachers and administration in these schools are «walking the fine line between enforcing a dress code and slut shaming.»[24]
School dress codes seem to also be gender-biased towards young girls. The research article, «Objectification Study on High School Girls» conducted interviews with middle school girls, one of them describing, «If they’re [boys] wearing a sleeveless basketball jersey, it doesn’t fully cover their shoulders. They don’t usually get called out for that. Guys are not the ones that they’re looking out for. So they dress code girls, so guys don’t get distracted. But they don’t think that girls are going to get distracted by guys’ shoulders.[25]»
On Monday, September 22, 2014, «about 100 pupils walked out of Bingham high school in South Jordan, Utah»[26] after more than a dozen girls were turned away from a homecoming dance for wearing dresses which violated the dress code.[26] «School staff allegedly lined up girls against a wall as they arrived and banished about two dozen for having dresses which purportedly showed too much skin and violated the rules.» It is believed that this act was awkward and humiliating towards the female students, which spawned the walkouts.[26]
In August 2021, one student’s mother criticized her daughter’s school for continuing to enforce clothing restrictions on girls while allowing students to opt out of mask-wearing during the COVID-19 pandemic.[27][28]
There have been several issues with dress code backlash happening to several students, such as a 15-year-old girl who attended Edmonton High school, she was banned from attending her school due to dying her hair blue, this resulted in the girl suing her principal for discrimination.[2] In another case, a 16-year-old girl was sent home because she refused to take her eyebrow ring out.[2]
Canadian education[edit]
Dress code backlash[edit]
A Canadian teenager, Lauren Wiggins, was given detention in May 2015 for wearing a floor-length dress with a halter neckline. The punishment prompted Wiggins to write an open letter to the school’s assistant vice principal at Harrison Trimble High School in Moncton, New Brunswick. In the letter, Wiggins concentrated specifically on the fact that females are often blamed for the behaviour of males, saying that if a boy «will get distracted by my upper back and shoulders then he needs to be sent home and practice self-control.» She was then given a one-day suspension after writing and submitting the letter.[2]
In Ontario, Canada, there were a few backlash incidents that occurred which consisted of girls being sent home due to wearing shorts that were too short.[2] The other case happened in British Columbia where students were directed to wear clothes that were in good taste, and clothing that displayed a business look.[2] Another case that took place in British Columbia was a young women got sent home from her high school, because her principal stated that her shirt was inappropriate due to the of show of too much cleavage.[2] These are a few of the many cases that have resulted in a backlash against dress codes.
See also[edit]
- Clothing laws by country
- Costume
- Full dress
- Dress clothes
- Hemline
- High heel policy
- Nonverbal communication
- Smart casual
- Social role of hair
- Subculture
- Sumptuary law
- Uniform
- Uniform fetishism
- Western dress code
- Workwear
References[edit]
- ^ «Is the Cannes Film Festival’s dress code sexist?». thetylt.com. Retrieved 2019-04-08.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Pomertanz, Shauna (2007). «Cleavage in a Tank Top: Bodily Prohibition and the Discourses of School Dress Codes». Alberta Journal of Educational Research. 53 (4): 373–386. ProQuest 228639180.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: date and year (link) - ^ a b Planché, J. R. (1847). History of British Medieval Costume: From the Earliest Period to the Close of the Eighteenth Century. C. Cox. pp. 28, 32–35.
- ^ Langdon, Vedder Price PC-Esther; Maude, Jonathan (June 2017). «Dress Codes and Religious Symbols at Work in the EU | Lexology». www.lexology.com. Retrieved 2019-03-17.
- ^ A Narrative of the Adventures and Sufferings of John R. Jewitt, Only Survivor of the Crew of the Ship Boston, During a Captivity of Nearly Three Years Among the Savages of Nootka Sound: With an Account of the Manners, Mode of Living, and Religious Opinions of the Natives. digital full text here p161 onwards
- ^ Frazier, Karen. «Typical School Dress Codes». lovetoknow. LovetoKnow. Retrieved 16 September 2022.
- ^ a b c d e Firmin, Michael; Smith, Suzanne; Perry, Lynsey (2006). «School Uniforms: A Qualitative Analysis of Aims and Accomplishments at Two Christian Schools». Journal of Research on Christian Education. 15 (2): 143–168. doi:10.1080/10656210609485000. S2CID 144932641. ProQuest 594820094.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: date and year (link) - ^ «Employee Dress and Appearance». Society for Human Resource Management. Retrieved 27 September 2017.(subscription required)
- ^ Thomas, Robin. «Dress Code Legal Issues». Personnel Policy Services Inc. Archived from the original on 14 March 2016.
- ^ «Illegal Workplace Policies: Appearance, Dress Codes, and Grooming Policies». www.employmentlawfirms.com. Retrieved 2019-03-17.
- ^ a b c d e f Ainsworth, Janet (January 2014). «What’s Wrong with Pink Pearls and Cornrow Braids? Employee Dress Codes and the Semiotic Performance of Race and Gender in the Workplace». Law, Culture and Visual Studies. Dordrecht Springer. pp. 241–260. ISBN 978-90-481-9322-6.
- ^ «Schiavo v. Marina District Development Company, LLC, NJ: Appellate Div. 2015 — Google Scholar». scholar.google.com. Retrieved 2021-02-26.
- ^ NJ.com, Paige Gross | For (2019-05-20). «The ‘Borgata Babes’ who sued the casino a decade ago will get their day in court. Rules about their weight were discriminatory, they say». nj. Retrieved 2021-02-26.
- ^ a b Eeoc v. Rg &. Gr Harris Funeral Homes, Inc., vol. 884, October 4, 2017, p. 560, retrieved February 25, 2021, Argued: October 4, 2017
- ^ «R.G. & G.R. Harris Funeral Homes v EEOC & Aimee Stephens». American Civil Liberties Union. Retrieved 2021-02-26.
- ^ Higgins, Tucker (2020-06-15). «Supreme Court rules workers can’t be fired for being gay or transgender». CNBC. Retrieved 2021-02-26.
- ^ Bowen, Sherry. «Should Kids Wear School Uniforms?». EduGuide. Retrieved September 22, 2013.
- ^ «School Dress Codes — FindLaw». Findlaw. Retrieved 2017-12-08.
- ^ Hills, Surry (April 7, 2014). «Response to dress code». Education. 95 (3): 8. ProQuest 1519605424.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: date and year (link) - ^ Herbon, Beth, and Jane E. Workman. «Dress and Appearance Codes in Public Secondary School Handbooks.» Journal of Family & Consumer Sciences 92.5 (2000): 68-76.
- ^ a b Smith, Natalie. «Eliminating Gender Stereotypes in Public School Dress Codes: The Necessity of Respecting Personal Preference.» Journal of Law & Education; 41.1 (2012): 251-60.
- ^ Casey, Liam (May 26, 2015). «Toronto students sport crop tops in protest of dress code». CTVNews. Retrieved November 23, 2021.
- ^ McGowan, Emma (September 1, 2015). «Meet the Teenage Girls Who Are Taking a Stand Against Slut-Shaming Dress Codes». Mic. Retrieved November 23, 2021.
- ^ Dockterman, Eliana. «When Enforcing School Dress Codes Turns Into Slut Shaming». Time. Retrieved 2015-11-16.
- ^ Lim, Heejin; Lennon, Sharron; Jones, Domenique (2021-11-17). «Objectification Found in High School Girls’ Experience With Dress Code Enforcement». Clothing and Textiles Research Journal: 0887302X2110584. doi:10.1177/0887302X211058434. ISSN 0887-302X. S2CID 244394673.
- ^ a b c Carroll, Rory (24 September 2014). «Students protest ‘slut shaming’ high school dress codes with mass walkouts». The Guardian. Retrieved 8 December 2014.
- ^ Hall, Louise (13 August 2021). «Mom praised for calling out double standard of schools not enforcing masks but ‘misogynistic’ dress code». The Independent.
- ^ West, Phil (13 August 2021). «Mom calls out school’s double standard in letting masks be optional but making girls adhere to ‘misogynistic’ dress code». The Daily Dot.
Pratt, Michael G., and Anat Rafaeli. «Organizational Dress as a Symbol of Multilayered Social Identities.» Academy of Management Journal, vol. 40, no. 4, 1997, pp. 862-898. ProQuest 199840879.
External links[edit]
Look up dress code in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dress code.
- Majority of Americans Would Rather Die Than Take Their Clothes Off at the Wayback Machine (archived May 23, 2006) (Beach Buzz)
1
dress code
- дресс-код
дресс-код
Аккредитованные фотографы обязаны соблюдать дресс-код, установленный ОКОИ и утвержденный МОК. В частности, они обязаны одеваться в соответствии с обстановкой и всегда носить обувь. В зоне проведения соревнований, а также на некоторых заметных местах для фотосъемки от фотографов иногда требуется соблюдение определенного стиля одежды, например, ношение фрака или смокинга на церемониях и т.п.
[Департамент лингвистических услуг Оргкомитета «Сочи 2014». Глоссарий терминов]
EN
dress code
Accredited photographers will be required to respect a dress code specified by the OCOG and approved by the IOC. This will include an appropriate standard of dress at all times, including shoes being worn at all times. For access to the field of play or certain key positions, photographers may be required to respect a specific dress code, such as all black or white for ceremonies, etc.
[Департамент лингвистических услуг Оргкомитета «Сочи 2014». Глоссарий терминов]
Тематики
- спорт (коммуникации и средства массовой информации)
EN
- dress code
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > dress code
2
dress code
форма одежды
The shcool’s dress code is ferpacious.
Англо-русский универсальный дополнительный практический переводческий словарь И. Мостицкого > dress code
3
dress-code
форма одежды
The shcool’s dress code is ferpacious.
Англо-русский универсальный дополнительный практический переводческий словарь И. Мостицкого > dress-code
4
dress code
фо́рма оде́жды
«No dress code» — «Фо́рма оде́жды свобо́дная»
The Americanisms. English-Russian dictionary. > dress code
5
dress code
дресс-код, кодекс одежды, (принятая) манера одеваться
*
See:
Англо-русский экономический словарь > dress code
6
dress code
Универсальный англо-русский словарь > dress code
7
dress code
English-Russian military dictionary > dress code
8
dress code
сущ.
дресс-код, рекомендуемый стиль одежды
Англо-русский современный словарь > dress code
9
buttoned-up dress code
Универсальный англо-русский словарь > buttoned-up dress code
10
have a dress-code policy
Универсальный англо-русский словарь > have a dress-code policy
11
dress
The Americanisms. English-Russian dictionary. > dress
12
code
код; шифр; условное обозначение; программа; слово [команда] ; свод законов [требований, правил]; кодировать; шифровать; программировать
— air-ground liaison code
— air-surface liaison code
English-Russian military dictionary > code
13
code
[kəud]
1.
сущ.
1) (секретный) код, шифр
2)
а) код
Use order code GSL on the order form. — На бланке заказа укажите код заказа: GSL.
He tapped his security code into the computer. — Он ввёл свой пароль в компьютер.
б) (телефонный) код
в)
; = genetic code генетический код
г)
информ.
(программный) код
3)
а)
;
юр.
свод законов ; компендиум законов
Syn:
4) свод, сборник правил, инструкций; кодекс
2.
гл.
1) кодировать, зашифровывать
2)
биол.
отвечать за генетический код какого-л. элемента, определять генетический код
Англо-русский современный словарь > code
14
Dress Down Friday
вольная [свободная] пятница
*
Syn:
See:
Англо-русский экономический словарь > Dress Down Friday
15
code
кодекс, свод законов;
шифр;
принятые где-либо правила;
dress code правила, относящиеся к одежде и внешнему виду
English-Russian dictionary false friends > code
16
apparel
•• apparel, attire
•• Apparel clothing (Oxford American Dictionary).
•• У американцев есть немного странная склонность называть самыми разными словами то, что мы называем простеньким словом одежда (может быть потому, что сама наша одежда не столь разнообразна, как у них). Так, в магазине отдел женской одежды называется Ladies’ Apparel; в некоторых ресторанах предупреждают, что patrons must wear proper attire – посетители должны быть прилично одеты/одеты подобающим образом, а о женщине, ярко/великолепно одетой, скажут She was wearing a striking outfit. Вечернее платье назовут не dress, а gown. (Кстати, мужчины на торжественные обеды надевают tuxedo или просто tux – по-русски это называется смокинг, а в Америке, если вы скажете smoking jacket, вас не поймут. В приглашениях на такие торжественные приемы пишут black tie. Весь такой «наряд» лучше взять напрокат.) Рабочие фабрик по пошиву одежды – garment workers. Немало и
жаргонных
словечек, вроде нашего новомодного прикид – duds, togs и, как ни странно, gear (это слово означает также вещи в смысле сумки, чемоданы с вещами, взятыми в дорогу, путешествие). И все-таки, собираясь в магазин, чтобы купить что-нибудь новое к лету, нормальный американец, скорее всего, скажет: I am going to buy some new summer clothes. Так что в данном случае, как и во многих других, советую не увлекаться синонимами и говорить проще.
•• * Американская терминология, относящаяся к «форме одежды» ( dress code), приобрела такой детализированный и специфический характер, что впору отказаться от перевода некоторых словосочетаний – как не переводят, скажем, с итальянского ремарки в музыкальных произведениях (adagio, andante и т.п.). Во всяком случае, иногда оказываешься в замешательстве.
•• formal attire – парадный (выходной) костюм.
•• white tie – мужчины во фраке, женщины в длинном платье (таких мероприятий становится все меньше).
•• black tie – мужчины в смокинге ( tuxedo), женщины – по моим наблюдениям, в чем-нибудь выходном, но не обязательно длинном. Кстати, мужчинам можно прийти и просто в выходном костюме, предупредив, что вы не носите смокинг (сам так делал – пускали).
•• business suit — деловой костюм.
•• А вот – более трудные случаи:
•• business casual – что-то вроде «можно без галстука». В российских офисах корпораций, допускающих по пятницам более простую одежду ( casual Friday), такая практика называется «неформальная пятница», что, за неимением лучшего, наверное, можно принять. Предлагался также вариант вольная пятница.
•• Вот как трактует business casual издание Las Vegas Guide: Dress: business casual (i.e. no ripped jeans, T-shirts, flip-flops, baseball caps, etc.).
•• smart casual – Каждый волен понимать по-своему. Что-то вроде «без галстука, в хорошей одежде».
•• stylish nightlife attire — fashionable и stylish, по-моему, можно переводить одинаково – стильная одежда, равно как и следующий вариант: upscale dress.
•• Конечно, самое простое – и, кажется, это «восприняли» особенно посетители театров, от Большого до Метрополитен-оперы (чуть ли не в кедах приходят):
•• as you are — форма одежды: без ограничений.
•• Однажды, ожидая своей очереди в отличном (к тому же находящемся в гостинице «Плаза» на Пятой авеню) ресторане One, я с удивлением обнаружил, что, согласно справочнику Zagat, публикующему рейтинги нью-йоркских ресторанов, в этом заведении Dress: No code. Тоже, стало быть, без ограничений. Но одета публика была очень хорошо.
•• Конечно, в рамках этой темы было бы непростительно забыть о выражении dressed to kill. Пример из бестселлера Филипа Рота A Plot Against America:
•• The Long One himself shows up <…> wearing a silk hand-made suit. Tall, soft-spoken, dressed to kill – you see how he gets movie stars. – И тут появляется сам Лонги – высокий, обходительный, в потрясающем шелковом костюме от лучшего портного. И то сказать – любимец кинозвезд.
•• Перевести dressed to kill, конечно, не просто. В русском языке нет столь же яркого словечка. Дело еще более осложняется, когда вокруг этого словосочетания начинается игра слов. Например, фильм Брайана де Палма называется Dressed to Kill (представление о нем можно получить, например, по адресу
http://www.briandepalma.net/dressed/dtk.htm
). У нас фильм известен под двумя названиями – «Одетый для убийства» и «Бритва». И то и другое не очень удачно. Одетый – заранее раскрывает пол убийцы, бритва – орудие убийства.
English-Russian nonsystematic dictionary > apparel
17
attire
•• apparel, attire
•• Apparel clothing (Oxford American Dictionary).
•• У американцев есть немного странная склонность называть самыми разными словами то, что мы называем простеньким словом одежда (может быть потому, что сама наша одежда не столь разнообразна, как у них). Так, в магазине отдел женской одежды называется Ladies’ Apparel; в некоторых ресторанах предупреждают, что patrons must wear proper attire – посетители должны быть прилично одеты/одеты подобающим образом, а о женщине, ярко/великолепно одетой, скажут She was wearing a striking outfit. Вечернее платье назовут не dress, а gown. (Кстати, мужчины на торжественные обеды надевают tuxedo или просто tux – по-русски это называется смокинг, а в Америке, если вы скажете smoking jacket, вас не поймут. В приглашениях на такие торжественные приемы пишут black tie. Весь такой «наряд» лучше взять напрокат.) Рабочие фабрик по пошиву одежды – garment workers. Немало и
жаргонных
словечек, вроде нашего новомодного прикид – duds, togs и, как ни странно, gear (это слово означает также вещи в смысле сумки, чемоданы с вещами, взятыми в дорогу, путешествие). И все-таки, собираясь в магазин, чтобы купить что-нибудь новое к лету, нормальный американец, скорее всего, скажет: I am going to buy some new summer clothes. Так что в данном случае, как и во многих других, советую не увлекаться синонимами и говорить проще.
•• * Американская терминология, относящаяся к «форме одежды» ( dress code), приобрела такой детализированный и специфический характер, что впору отказаться от перевода некоторых словосочетаний – как не переводят, скажем, с итальянского ремарки в музыкальных произведениях (adagio, andante и т.п.). Во всяком случае, иногда оказываешься в замешательстве.
•• formal attire – парадный (выходной) костюм.
•• white tie – мужчины во фраке, женщины в длинном платье (таких мероприятий становится все меньше).
•• black tie – мужчины в смокинге ( tuxedo), женщины – по моим наблюдениям, в чем-нибудь выходном, но не обязательно длинном. Кстати, мужчинам можно прийти и просто в выходном костюме, предупредив, что вы не носите смокинг (сам так делал – пускали).
•• business suit — деловой костюм.
•• А вот – более трудные случаи:
•• business casual – что-то вроде «можно без галстука». В российских офисах корпораций, допускающих по пятницам более простую одежду ( casual Friday), такая практика называется «неформальная пятница», что, за неимением лучшего, наверное, можно принять. Предлагался также вариант вольная пятница.
•• Вот как трактует business casual издание Las Vegas Guide: Dress: business casual (i.e. no ripped jeans, T-shirts, flip-flops, baseball caps, etc.).
•• smart casual – Каждый волен понимать по-своему. Что-то вроде «без галстука, в хорошей одежде».
•• stylish nightlife attire — fashionable и stylish, по-моему, можно переводить одинаково – стильная одежда, равно как и следующий вариант: upscale dress.
•• Конечно, самое простое – и, кажется, это «восприняли» особенно посетители театров, от Большого до Метрополитен-оперы (чуть ли не в кедах приходят):
•• as you are — форма одежды: без ограничений.
•• Однажды, ожидая своей очереди в отличном (к тому же находящемся в гостинице «Плаза» на Пятой авеню) ресторане One, я с удивлением обнаружил, что, согласно справочнику Zagat, публикующему рейтинги нью-йоркских ресторанов, в этом заведении Dress: No code. Тоже, стало быть, без ограничений. Но одета публика была очень хорошо.
•• Конечно, в рамках этой темы было бы непростительно забыть о выражении dressed to kill. Пример из бестселлера Филипа Рота A Plot Against America:
•• The Long One himself shows up <…> wearing a silk hand-made suit. Tall, soft-spoken, dressed to kill – you see how he gets movie stars. – И тут появляется сам Лонги – высокий, обходительный, в потрясающем шелковом костюме от лучшего портного. И то сказать – любимец кинозвезд.
•• Перевести dressed to kill, конечно, не просто. В русском языке нет столь же яркого словечка. Дело еще более осложняется, когда вокруг этого словосочетания начинается игра слов. Например, фильм Брайана де Палма называется Dressed to Kill (представление о нем можно получить, например, по адресу
http://www.briandepalma.net/dressed/dtk.htm
). У нас фильм известен под двумя названиями – «Одетый для убийства» и «Бритва». И то и другое не очень удачно. Одетый – заранее раскрывает пол убийцы, бритва – орудие убийства.
English-Russian nonsystematic dictionary > attire
18
dresscode
форма одежды
The shcool’s dress code is ferpacious.
Англо-русский универсальный дополнительный практический переводческий словарь И. Мостицкого > dresscode
19
semi-formal
1. полуформальный; полуофициальный
2. полупарадный; более или менее нарядный
Англо-русский универсальный дополнительный практический переводческий словарь И. Мостицкого > semi-formal
20
semiformal
1. полуформальный; полуофициальный
2. полупарадный; более или менее нарядный
Англо-русский универсальный дополнительный практический переводческий словарь И. Мостицкого > semiformal
См. также в других словарях:
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Dress code — redirects here. For the 2000 film released on video as The Dress Code, see Bruno (2000 film). Male Western dress code … Wikipedia
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dress code — ˈdress code noun [countable] HUMAN RESOURCES the way that you are expected to dress in a particular situation, especially as an employee of a particular company: • The company liberalized its dress code to allow women to wear slacks (= trousers ) … Financial and business terms
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Dress-Code — Dress|code, Dress Code [ drɛskoʊd], der [engl. dress code, aus: dress ↑ (Dress) u. code = (Verhaltens)kodex, ↑ Code]: Kleiderordnung (z. B. bei der Arbeit, bei Veranstaltungen, Partys usw.) … Universal-Lexikon
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dress code — dress codes N COUNT The dress code of a place is the rules about what kind of clothes people are allowed to wear there. There is a strict dress code at the Ritz Hotel: no trainers or jeans … English dictionary
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dress code — n. A set of rules dictating how people should dress in a given setting, such as students at a school or employees at a workplace. The Essential Law Dictionary. Sphinx Publishing, An imprint of Sourcebooks, Inc. Amy Hackney Blackwell. 2008 … Law dictionary
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dress code — n. a standard of dress established for a given environment, as in the military, in a school or business, or in a cultural group … English World dictionary
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dress code — dress ,code noun count a set of rules about what you should wear in a particular place or at a particular event … Usage of the words and phrases in modern English
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dress code — dress′ code n. cvb a set of rules establishing the type of clothing to be worn in a given circumstance, as when on duty, or environment, as a church or a classroom … From formal English to slang
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dress code — noun a set of rules specifying the correct manner of dress while on the premises of the institution (or specifying what manner of dress is prohibited) • Hypernyms: ↑code, ↑codification * * * a set of rules specifying the garb or type of clothing… … Useful english dictionary
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Dress code — A set of rules that dictate what should and should not be worn for a particular situation or event. History has seen significant adaptations and blurring of the dress code rules. The 1950s dictated hats and gloves as appropriate attire for… … Historical Dictionary of the Fashion Industry
-
dress code — UK / US noun [countable] Word forms dress code : singular dress code plural dress codes a set of rules about what you should wear in a particular place or at a particular event … English dictionary
: formally or socially imposed standards of dress
Example Sentences
The school imposed a new dress code that forbids students from wearing jeans.
Recent Examples on the Web
Workplace antisemitism manifests in interpersonal interactions, including harassment, microaggressions, and hostility toward Jewish employees, as well as corporate policies, such as inequitable time off for holidays or Shabbat observance, as well as dress code and meal accommodations.
—Jonathan A. Greenblatt, Fortune, 5 Apr. 2023
Creative consultants Lisa Love, a longtime Vogue contributor, and Raúl Àvila, a creative director for the Met Gala, cited the disconnect between the elegant black tie dress code and the fact that the event occurs during the mid-afternoon as the reason behind the change.
—Jessica Wang, EW.com, 12 Mar. 2023
The union formed in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic to advocate for Starbucks workers across the United States in areas including health and safety, hours and staffing, dress code and work culture.
—Sydney Carruth, The Arizona Republic, 8 Mar. 2023
Return to menu In September, a young Kurdish woman was detained in Tehran after allegedly breaching the country’s strict dress code.
—Naomi Schanen, Washington Post, 8 Mar. 2023
Consider dress code or professionalism policies, for instance.
—Historicons, Forbes, 23 Feb. 2023
Vogue announced the date, the famous names who will co-chair the annual fundraiser alongside Wintour and the official dress code on Instagram Wednesday.
—Elise Brisco, USA TODAY, 18 Jan. 2023
Iran has also arrested family members of Masih Alinejad, a U.S.-based journalist and activist who has campaigned against Iran’s conservative dress code for women.
—Vivian Yee, New York Times, 28 Dec. 2022
In March, parents disccussed about the teacher’s behavior and dress code during a Caddo Parish School Board meeting, which has jurisdiction over University Elementary School, in March.
—Joshua Q. Nelson, Fox News, 30 Nov. 2022
See More
These examples are programmatically compiled from various online sources to illustrate current usage of the word ‘dress code.’ Any opinions expressed in the examples do not represent those of Merriam-Webster or its editors. Send us feedback about these examples.
Word History
First Known Use
1961, in the meaning defined above
Time Traveler
The first known use of dress code was
in 1961
Dictionary Entries Near dress code
Cite this Entry
“Dress code.” Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/dress%20code. Accessed 14 Apr. 2023.
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9 Apr 2023
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Merriam-Webster unabridged
Правильно пишется: дресс-код
Мы можем возмущаться сколько угодно, но в русский язык постоянно проникают иностранные слова и без всякого стеснения «обживаются» там. Это происходило и во времена Петра Первого, когда он распахнул «окно в Европу», и намного раньше. Одно из таких слов – «дресс-код». Это выражение небольшое и объёмное по смыслу одновременно, потому оно и стало у нас популярно. Только важно не просто употребить его к месту, но и знать, как правильно пишется «дресс-код».
История происхождения слова «дресс-код», его значение
Изначально выражение «дресс-код» возникло в туманной и чопорной Великобритании: «dress code» – вот как оно выглядит в оригинале, без дефиса, если сравнить с русским вариантом. Сложив вместе два слова: «dress» (платье, одежда) и «code» (правило, кодекс) – англичане получили «dress code». Это не два отдельных слова, а устойчивая неделимая словоформа, просто она пишется раздельно.
Означает «dress code»:
- требования к одежде при посещении официальных мероприятий (например — фуршеты, выставки, переговоры);
- определённые правила в одежде в общественных местах (рестораны, клубы, бары);
- требования, предъявляемые фирмой к одежде персонала.
На заметку: некоторые виды дресс-кода
В отношении к одежде работников компаний, требования к внешнему виду могут быть упомянуты в договоре о найме. Определённого названия такой дресс-код не имеет, но наниматель детально описывает обязательное наличие (или отсутствие) какой-то детали в одежде работников. В солидных фирмах, формируя дресс-код для персонала, администрация сама заказывает к пошиву и выдаёт работникам однотипные костюмы.
Теперь о дресс-коде для тех, кто посещает разные мероприятия. Эти правила давно проникли и к нам, так что надо быть готовым увидеть определённые словосочетания на пригласительном билете. Описание дресс-кода может быть как на русском, так и на английском.
White Tie — «белый галстук». Этот вид дресс-кода применяется, если устраивают благотворительный бал/концерт, обед или ужин у высокопоставленного лица. Требования к женщинам: длинное (не выше щиколодки), однотонное и тёмное платье, закрытые туфли со шпильками, убранные в причёску волосы, обязательна маленькая сумочка. Мужчины должны быть одеты в чёрный фрак, иметь галстук-бабочку, под фраком – жилет белого цвета, туфли только чёрные, лаковые.
Creative Black Tie – «креативный чёрный галстук». По этому дресс-коду одеваются, если идут на день рождения с большим количеством гостей, также подобный дресс-код – стандартное требование на корпоративных мероприятиях. Женщинам разрешено платье любой длины классического стиля, туфли или босоножки на каблуке, дорогие украшения или бижутерия известных фирм. Мужчины в этом случае носят классический костюм и любой галстук в тон, подходящую по стилю сорочку и тёмные туфли.
Business Best – «строгий деловой стиль». Это самый «жёсткий» дресс-код, он применим к переговорам, дипломатическим приёмам и встречам официальных лиц. Для женщин обязателен строгий костюм с юбкой или брюками, он должен быть однотонным, серого или любого приглушённого цвета (ни в коем случае не чёрным!), туфли – закрытые, на каблуке, подходящие по цвету к костюму. Мужчины при данном дресс-коде носят тёмный деловой костюм (допустим в тонкую полоску), однотонный галстук и белую сорочку, чёрные матовые туфли, ещё обязателен нагрудный платочек.
After Five – «после пяти». Эти требования – к любой официальной вечеринке. Женщинам разрешено прийти в вечернем платье любой длины и цвета или же (наконец-то!) в юбке и нарядной блузке, можно брюки. Для сильного пола — пиджак с классическими джинсами, галстук необязателен, а вот туфли по-прежнему должны быть закрытыми.
Как правильно писать слово «дресс-код»
К сожалению, можно периодически даже на пригласительных билетах очень фешенебельных приёмов встретить неправильное написание этого термина. Как только бедный дресс-код не пишут: и вместе, и раздельно, и с одной «с»! Единственное правильное написание выглядит только так:
«Дресс-код» — пишется через дефис и с двумя «с».
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noun
a set of rules specifying the garb or type of clothing to be worn by a group or by people under specific circumstances: a military dress code; The restaurant’s dress code requires men to wear jackets and ties at dinner.
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Words nearby dress code
Dresden china, dress, dressage, dress circle, dress coat, dress code, dress-down, dress-down Friday, dressed to kill, dresser, dresser set
Dictionary.com Unabridged
Based on the Random House Unabridged Dictionary, © Random House, Inc. 2023
How to use dress code in a sentence
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One in Paris, Texas, is circumventing the ban by adding masks to its mandatory uniform and claiming that its new dress code is backed by the Texas Education Code.
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In their repetitive dress code of tailored suits, khaki trousers and golf shirts, they send the message that they’ve renounced superficiality and frivolousness as beneath their gender’s dignity.
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A policy memo on the Grizzlies’ dress code describes enforcing “discipline within ranks” for warfronts “anywhere you can think of.”
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So if they can enforce a denim dress code, they can also enforce a mask mandate.
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In December 2016, on a team flight to Seattle, Newton broke dress code by not wearing a tie, and Rivera benched him for the opening drive against the Seahawks.
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WHO: The dress code is come as you are, as do neighborhood families, large and small (lostiosrestaurant.com).
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The first barrier for women is the Islamic dress code or hijab.
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Shorts were not an option—they were banned from the dress code.
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Part of creating that environment was an informal dress code: The cutest outfit you had.
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But a dress code in and of itself, when it is equally enforced and applied to all students, still serves an important purpose.
British Dictionary definitions for dress code
noun
a set of rules or guidelines regarding the manner of dress acceptable in an office, restaurant, etc
Collins English Dictionary — Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition
© William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 © HarperCollins
Publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012