Is but a joining word

 What Are Conjunctions/ Joining Words?

A conjunction is a word that we use to join two words, two phrases, and two clauses. It is a part of speech, and it is very important in the sentence. Joining words is the alternate name for conjunctions. That is, joining words are the words that join two words, two phrases, or two clauses.

There are many words used as conjunctions.

List of some conjunctions-

We use a few common conjunctions, but they perform many functions.

Here is a list of common joining words used in English.

  • so
  • yet
  • because
  • but
  • and
  • as
  • for
  • or
  • either or
  • neither nor
  • so
  • not only
  • whether

Examples – Sentence with Conjunction

Examples of how to use conjunctions in sentences are given here-

  • Sameer and Charwak are brothers.
  • I met her and her mother on the same day.
  • I ran fast but missed the train.
  • You didn’t complete the work, but she did.
  • Because it is difficult to learn, he joined the class.
  • He got in/on the crowded bus because he had to reach there on time. (on-American English)
  • I had dinner with my children.
  • She saw a man with her boss.

In the above sentences:

Joining word ‘and’ is joining-

  • two words; Sameer, Charwak
  • a word and a phrase; her, her mother

Joining word ‘but’ is joining-

  • a clause and a phrase; I ran fast, missed the train
  • two clauses; You didn’t complete the work, and she did

Joining word ‘because’ is joining-

  • two clauses: it is difficult to learn, he joined the class
  • two clauses: He got in the crowded bus, he had to reach there on time

Joining word ‘with’ is joining-

  • a word ‘dinner’ and a phrase ‘my children’
  • a word ‘man’ and a phrase ‘her boss’

In the above sentences: and, but, but, because, with are conjunctions.

More examples of joining words in sentences

  • They all started their work before sunrise.
  • I went home after taking my son from his school.
  • There will be no end of quarrel until somebody says sorry.
  • Put the light off when the party had finished.
  • I clean my computer whenever I start it.
  • Kids go to the ground while the mother goes to work.

In the above sentences: before, after, until, when, whenever, and while are the joining words.

Types of Conjunctions

All conjunctions perform the same function of joining words, phrases, and clauses.

There are three types of conjunctions.

  • Coordinating 
  • Correlative 
  • Subordinating Conjunctions

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•  Noun

•  Pronoun

•  Adjective

•  Verb

•  Preposition

•  Conjunction

•  Interjection

Vocabulary Tips: Alternatives to “But” for Academic Writing

You’ll use some terms frequently in your written work. “But” is one of these words: the twenty-second most common word in English, in fact! Consequently, you shouldn’t worry too much about the repetition of “but” in your writing. But if you find yourself using it in every other sentence, you might want to try a few alternatives. How about the following?

Other Conjunctions

“But” is a conjunction (i.e., a linking word) used to introduce a contrast. For example, we could use it in a sentence expressing contrasting opinions about Queen guitarist Brian May and his hairdo:

I like Brian May, but I find his hair ridiculous.

One option to reduce repetition of “but” in writing is to use the word “yet:”

I like Brian May, yet I find his hair ridiculous.

“Yet” can often replace “but” in a sentence without changing anything else, as both are coordinating conjunctions that can introduce a contrast.

Alternatively, you could use one of these subordinating conjunctions:

  • Although (e.g., I like Brian May, although I find his hair ridiculous.)
  • Though (e.g., I like Brian May, though I find his hair ridiculous.)
  • Even though (e.g., I like Brian May, even though I find his hair ridiculous.)

As subordinating conjunctions, these terms can also be used at the start of a sentence. This isn’t the case with “but,” though:

Though I like Brian May, I find his hair ridiculous. – Correct

But I like Brian May, I find his hair ridiculous. – Incorrect

Other subordinating conjunctions used to introduce a contrast include “despite” and “whereas.” If you’re going to use “despite” in place of “but,” you may need to rephrase the sentence slightly. For instance:

Despite liking Brian May, I find his hair ridiculous.

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I like Brian May’s guitar solos, whereas I find his hair ridiculous.

How to Use “However”

One common replacement for “but” in academic writing is “however.” But we use this adverb to show a sentence contrasts with something previously said. As such, rather than connecting two parts of a sentence, it should only be used after a semicolon or in a new sentence:

I like Brian May’s guitar solos. However, I find his hair ridiculous.

I like Brian May’s guitar solos; however, I find his hair ridiculous.

“However” can be used mid-sentence, separated by commas. Even then, though, you should separate the sentence in which it appears from the one with which it is being contrasted. For instance:

I like Brian May’s guitar solos. I do, however, find his hair ridiculous.

Here, again, the “however” sentence contrasts with the preceding one.

Other Adverbial Alternatives to “But”

Other contrasting adverbs and adverbial phrases can be used in similar ways to “however” above. Alternatives include:

  • Conversely (I like Brian May’s guitar solos. Conversely, I find his hair ridiculous.)
  • Nevertheless (I like Brian May; nevertheless, I find his hair ridiculous.)
  • In contrast (I like Brian May’s guitar solos. In contrast, I find his hair ridiculous.)

One popular phrase for introducing a contrast is “on the other hand.” In formal writing, though, this should always follow from “on the one hand:”

On the one hand, I like Brian May’s music, so I do admire him. On the other hand, his hairstyle is terrifying, so I do worry about him.

Finally, if you’re ever unsure which terms to use as alternatives to “but” in writing, having your document proofread by the experts can help.

Don’t know what to say instead of but? In this article, I will show you eight easy alternatives for the English word but.

The English word but is a short and easy word. It’s one of the first words you learn when you start learning English. 

As a result, we use it a lot. Maybe even too often.

The problem is that you don’t want to sound repetitive.

As a confident English speaker, you want to know good alternative words you can use instead of “but.”

When you write and speak English professionally, it’s good to know other ways to say but.

The Meaning of “But”

alternatives for but

*Note: This article may contain affiliate links, which means we may receive a small commission, at no cost to you, if you make a purchase through a link.

The English word but is a conjunction. Therefore, we use it to connect two ideas

By saying but, you add another statement.

Usually, this additional idea is different from the first idea. Thus, you can use but to link and contrast two different ideas.

Example: 

It’s been a good year for our business, but we have to do a lot more to reach our goals. 

The meaning of but in the dictionary

Keep Punctuation and Sentence Structure in Mind with “But”

but - Business English vocabulary

What do you have to keep in mind if you want to use alternative words for but?

In most cases, the conjunction but will come after a comma.

The country’s economy is in a recession, but people are still buying our products.

If you are wondering what to say instead of but, remember that you sometimes cannot simply replace the word without changing the sentence.

In some cases, you cannot simply swap the words and leave the rest of the sentence.

Instead, you have to start a second sentence or use a semicolon to divide the two ideas in the sentence.

For most of the alternatives I will show you, you have to change the structure or punctuation of your sentence.

You have two options: Start a new sentence or use a semicolon.

___________________; however,______________.

___________________. However, ______________.

You can use a semicolon when you join two independent clauses together. Here is a list of examples you can use with a semicolon, but there are many others that also work.

  • however
  • moreover
  • therefore
  • consequently
  • otherwise
  • furthermore
  • nevertheless
  • thus
  • yet
  • for example
  • namely

Let’s look at eight ways to say but – but by changing each sentence a bit.

1. however

/ˌhaʊˈev.ɚ/

The word however is most often used to show a contrast. 

You can use however to introduce a different idea by starting a new sentence or by separating two closely related sentences with a semicolon. 

Examples: 

Tim is one potential candidate for the job. However, there are others.

It’s been a good year for our business; however, we have to do a lot more to reach our goals. 

2. though

/ðoʊ/

The word though is another alternative to but. It is mainly used in speaking. 

Examples:

We need to hire help, though it will be difficult to find the right person for the job.

I speak English quite well, though I have never had formal lessons. 

3. whereas

/werˈæz/

The word whereas is a more formal alternative to but. We use it to show a contrast between two ideas. 

Examples: 

She’s very hard-working, whereas I struggle to achieve my goals.

He complained about the problem, whereas I was looking for solutions.

4. although

/ɑːlˈðoʊ/

You can also use although instead of but to link two different statements. 

Although is used more in writing. Just like though, it means ‘in spite of.’ Read more about the difference between though and although here.

Examples: 

I liked the ideas he presented in the meeting, although I don’t think the board will accept them.

This month has been productive overall, although we had to multitask a few times.

5. yet

/jet/

The word yet is used to add a new statement that is in contrast to the first statement. We often use yet in writing and rarely in spoken English.

Examples: 

She’s focused on her career. Yet, she also thrives in her personal life.

He presented very good ideas in the meeting. Yet, I don’t think the board will accept them.

6. except

/ɪkˈsept/

If you want to say but not, you can use the word except instead. It means but not or not  including.

Examples: 

 Our whitepaper includes marketing topics, except social media marketing.

The whole team attended the meeting except Sarah.

7. nevertheless

/ˌnev.ɚ.ðəˈles/

The word nevertheless is a great alternative to but and however. We use the same punctuation as with however: either after a full stop or after a semicolon, then followed by a comma. 

Examples: 

Nevertheless, there may be other reasons that we don’t know about.

It’s been a good year for our business; nevertheless, we have to do a lot more work to reach our goals. 

8. despite this

/dɪˈspaɪt ðɪs/

If you want to replace but, you can also use despite this. This phrase introduces a contrast, as well. In this case, it means that the second statement is not influenced or prevented by what was said before.

Examples:

The country’s economy is in a recession. Despite this, people are still buying our products.

She just returned from a business trip this morning. Despite this, she will attend the meeting.

Pro Tip: Use Writing Tools to See the Words in Context

Grammarly is a helpful tool that I use for all my writing. It’s an English proofreader. You can use the Grammarly app or browser extension to mark spelling, punctuation, and grammar mistakes. Grammarly even gives you suggestions on how to improve these mistakes!

Still not sure what to say instead of but? On the Thesaurus website, you can test which word you can use in your sentence instead of but. This feature is an easy way to see how your sentence looks with different synonyms.

I also recommend Writefull to any English learner. This is a powerful tool that helps you improve your writing for free. Whenever you are not sure how to use a word in English, you can look it up on Writefull and see how it is used in context with examples from real texts, such as books, news, and scientific articles. 

Conclusion

The English conjunction but is a great word. It’s short and useful. 

But… you can also use many other words and phrases instead of but to avoid repetition. 

Moreover, varying your vocabulary lets you communicate more clearly in English.

When swaping but with another word, pay attention to the sentence structure and punctuation – it might have to change. 

When you choose certain alternative words and phrases for but, you have to change the punctuation in your sentence.

Depending on which alternative you chose, you might need to add a semicolon or divide the sentence into two. 

You can use several online tools to help you write correctly in English.

Further Reading: Business English Words

Use these 20 words instead of “very” in business

15 Words to use instead of “good”

What to say instead of “important” in English

Can you start a sentence with but? English teachers love to tell us it’s against the rules. But there is nothing wrong with starting a sentence with but.

As you grow as a writer, you learn that many of the rules you were taught in school aren’t really rules at all. Can you start a sentence with but? Your third-grade teacher probably told you this was absolutely verboten. However, this is an example of a common rule that is misleading. There is nothing wrong with starting a sentence with but or any other coordinating conjunction. In fact, authorities as lofty as The Elements of Style, The Chicago Style Manual, and William Shakespeare all begin sentences with the word “but.” In the case of the former two examples for analyzing a sentence, they also overtly say that it is permissible.

Contents

  • Why It Is OK to Start a Sentence with But?
  • What Are Coordinating Conjunctions?
  • What Are Independent Clauses?
  • How Do You Avoid Sentence Fragments?
  • Can But Go at the Beginning of a Sentence in Good Writing?
  • Is It OK in Business Writing?
  • Where Did the Rule Against Starting a Sentence with But Come From?
  • The Final Word on Can You Start a Sentence with But
  • FAQ About Starting a Sentence with But
  • Author
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Why It Is OK to Start a Sentence with But?

Can you start a sentence with but?

“But” is conjunction. According to sources including Merriam-Webster, conjunction is used to join words, phrases, clauses, and sentences. Because of this, it is perfectly proper to use “but” to begin a sentence that continues an idea expressed in the previous one.

What Are Coordinating Conjunctions?

We use coordinating conjunctions to connect words and phrases together. The seven coordinating conjunctions in the English language are:

  • And
  • But
  • For
  • Nor
  • Or
  • So
  • Yet

It is perfectly allowable to start a sentence with any of these, as long as you are connecting two independent clauses.

What Are Independent Clauses?

An independent clause is one that forms a complete sentence on its own. Examples of independent clauses that are joined by coordinating conjunctions include:

  • I got to the station early. But I still missed my train.
  • She won’t eat at Italian restaurants. Nor will she try sushi.
  • We could go to Paris. Or we could take a flight to Madrid.

How Do You Avoid Sentence Fragments?

As long as the sentence you started with “but” includes both a noun and a verb, the chances that you’ve created a fragment are very low. A sentence fragment lacks one or the other (usually the verb). As long as the first phrase ends in a full stop and the second phrase uses “but” in a logical way, you can’t go wrong.

Examples include:

  • I got the promotion. But I still won’t make as much as I need.
  • He arrived with seven bags of groceries. But he still forgot the bread.

There are few logical statements in sentences of those forms that would take the form of fragments. If you were to write “He arrived with seven bags of groceries. But the bread.” the reader would be excused for wondering “but the bread what?”

Can But Go at the Beginning of a Sentence in Good Writing?

Yes, absolutely. Good writing, in fact, is made up of sentences that vary in length and word use. Bad writing often suffers from an excess of uniformity rather than a sprinkling of grammar that, although correct, would not be accepted in a beginning language class. 

Is It OK in Business Writing?

Can you start a sentence with but in business writing?

In actual practice, when using but at the start of a sentence, the choice comes down to the setting and the tone

It’s accepted that business writing is more formal than some other forms. Because of this, there is a reluctance to use grammar that might be seen as overly casual.

However, in actual practice, the choice comes down to the setting and the tone. If other people in your company seem to hew to more stiff and formal language, it might be good to do so, as well. But if they tend to write with less formality, you are free to do so, too.

Where Did the Rule Against Starting a Sentence with But Come From?

According to linguist David Crystal, the rule started with schoolteachers in the 19th century. Many noticed young students habitually starting sentences with conjunctions and attempted to stop this in the interest of creating themes and essays with standalone, independent thoughts and clauses.

But instead of encouraging students to limit the use of these sentence starters, over time, they fell into a habit of banning the words altogether. Because of this, generations of children were taught never to start a sentence with conjunction when no such English grammar rule exists.

The Final Word on Can You Start a Sentence with But

Yes, you absolutely can start a sentence with but. But you need to make sure that the following sentence is not a fragment. 

When it comes to using it in a business setting, that is a question of style rather than grammar. Follow the lead of the people in your office and your industry. And if there’s a style guide, that’s even better.

FAQ About Starting a Sentence with But

When can you start a sentence with but?

Any time you are joining a sentence with the one that proceeds it.

Are there times it’s wrong to start a sentence with but?

It’s wrong if your sentence is not a complete sentence. If it is a dependent clause, you should use a piece of punctuation other than a period.

Is it OK to use but at the start of a sentence according to AP Style or Chicago Manual of Style?

Both allow you to use but at the beginning of a sentence.

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For more information on the importance of joining words and how to use them, watch this video from York University:

In English, the most commonly used conjunctions (or joining words) are: 

  • and 
  • although
  • as
  • because
  • but
  • if
  • or

There are 

a number of

 other important conjunctions that you can use. 

These can be put

 into categories of time, place, or agreement:

  • TIME
    • before 
    • after
    • until
    • since
    • when
    • whenever
    • while

For example:

  • We all went home before a fight broke out.
  • She went to bed after she put the cat out.
  • There will be no peace until somebody says that they are sorry.
  • It has not been the same around here since our friends moved away.
  • They put the television off when the program had finished.
  • He washes his new car whenever it gets dirty.
  • The children go to the crèche while Mum goes to work.
  • PLACE
    • where

For example: 

Remember that restaurant where you ate a huge steak.

  • AGREEMENT
    • though
    • although
    • whether

For example:

  • He could play the violin though he was only five years old.
  • I would invite you to come in although the place is a mess.
  • It was a great show whether you wanted to join in or just watch.

Tips:

  • Try to avoid using the same conjunction over and over again. It is much better to ‘mix and match’.
  • The conjunction you use can change the meaning of the sentence. You cannot use every conjunction everywhere — so choose wisely!

For more on joining words, see the Tip Sheets on Connecting Words and Transitions Signals, The Important Joining Words, and Five Useful Ways to Join Words.


На основании Вашего запроса эти примеры могут содержать грубую лексику.


На основании Вашего запроса эти примеры могут содержать разговорную лексику.


The method involves joining words to form syntagmas, with the placement of pause symbols at the end of each syntagma and the subsequent transcription of the syntagmas for the purpose of obtaining transcriptions of the syntagmas in terms of phonemes and allophones.



Способ включает объединение слов в синтагмы с простановкой символов пауз в конце синтагм с последующим транскрибированием синтагм для получения транскрипций синтагм в терминах фонем и аллофонов.

Другие результаты


His pre-October position could be described as consistent anti-Leninism, but without joining Menshevism in words.



Его дооктябрьскую позицию можно было бы охарактеризовать как последовательный антиленинизм, но без примыкания к меньшевизму на словах.


Joining and grouping words — weak forms, linking, elision, ellipsis, assimilation.



Соединение и группировка слов: слабые формы, связки, элизия, эллипсис, ассимиляция.


For example: forming compound words by joining simple words and derivations by adding prefixes and suffixes, modification of meaning, and borrowing words from other languages including calques (a borrowed compound word where each component is translated and then joined).



Например: формирование составных слов путем объединения простых слов и производных путем добавления префиксов и суффиксов, изменение значения и заимствования слов из других языков, включая кальку (заимствованное составное слово, где каждый компонент переводится, а затем соединяется).


New words are created either by joining two Loglan words together or borrowing words from other languages, most especially the International Scientific Vocabulary.



Новые слова создаются путём объединения слов Логлана или путём заимствований из других языков, в основном из Международного научного словаря.


The word comes from the joining of two English words «costume» and «play».



Этот термин образован из слияния двух английских слов: costume play — «костюмированная игра».


Another train of thought is that Baphomet is really a joining of two Greek words meaning absorption into wisdom.



Другая версия — это то, что Бафомет является соединением двух греческих слов, означающих поглощение в мудрость.


In other words, joining the Council of Europe is not a boon at all, it means to assume new obligations.



То есть вступление в Совет Европы — это не какая-то благодать, это означает взять на себя новые обязательства.


In joining the warm words of welcome expressed by the delegations before me, I wish to reiterate the Congo’s support for this young brother country and to underscore the commitment of my Government to develop close ties of friendship and cooperation with it.



Присоединяясь к искренним словам приветствия, высказанным выступившими до меня делегациями, я хотел бы вновь заявить от имени Конго о поддержке этой молодой братской страны и подчеркнуть приверженность нашего правительства развитию тесных уз дружбы и сотрудничества с ней.


Joining deed to word, and determined to stand aside and let the storm pass, the defeated sultan disappeared into the immensity of the Anatolian plateau.



Соединив дело со словом и решив остаться в стороне, пока не минует буря, потерпевший поражение султан, исчез в глубинах бескрайнего Анатолийского плато.


The horizontal parts of the curves are stretched, the resultant gentle arches combining with the large serifs to assist the letters in joining visually to make words and lines, describes Unger the typeface that follows the best traditions of Dutch typography.



Горизонтальные кривые натянуты, что помогает им сочетаться с большими в засечками, необходимыми, чтобы буквы визуально состаляли слова и строки, «- объясняет Унгер — «Этот шрифт следует лучшим традициям голландского книгопечатания.


The literal translation of Himalayas is ‘Abode of Snow’, which was coined by joining two Sanskrit words — ‘hima’ (snow) and ‘alaya’ (abode).



Буквальный перевод Гималаи — «Обитель снега», он состоит из объединения двух санскритских слов — «HIMA» (снег) и «алая» (обитель).


In chains of symbols conveying information, the stringing-together of symbols to form words as well as the joining of words to form sentences are subject to specific rules, which, for each language, are based on consciously established conventions.



В цепочках символов, передающих информацию, связывание между собой символов для образования слов, также как и объединение слов для образования предложений подчиняются особенным правилам, которые для каждого языка основаны на сознательно установленных конвенциях.


Consequently, by joining these words, Eric takes the meaning of «eternal ruler» or «always powerful.»



Таким образом, имя Эрик приобретает значение «вечный правитель» или «вечный король».


Whilst choosing your domain name can be a daunting process but it needn’t be, get a notepad and pen and start jotting down words that describe you or what you are trying to achieve then start joining some of the words together.



В то время как выбор вашего доменного имени может быть сложным процессом, но это не обязательно, получите блокнот и ручку и начните записывать слова, которые описывают вас или что вы пытаетесь достичь, затем начните присоединяться к некоторым словам вместе.


A suggestion was made to include both phrases in square brackets in the text, joining them with the word «and», in order to make the meaning of the provision as clear as possible.



Было предложено использовать в тексте обе формулировки в квадратных скобках, соединив их союзом «и», с тем чтобы максимально ясно изложить смысл данного положения.


CONJUNCTION: A joining word.


Errors of Joining and Dividing Words.


A word formed by joining together parts of existing words is called a «blend» (or, less commonly, a «portmanteau word«).



Слово, образуемое путем слияния воедино частей существующих в английском языке слов, называется «blend» (или еще одним менее употребительным термином «portmanteau word» — досл. «собирательное слово»).


In other words, other Christians have warned the President about not joining it in any capacity.



Иными словами, другие христиане предупреждали президента о том, чтобы он не вступал в эту организацию ни в каком качестве.

Ничего не найдено для этого значения.

Результатов: 107. Точных совпадений: 1. Затраченное время: 269 мс

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Conjunctions are words we use to link other words or ideas together. In this posting I talk about 3 types of conjunctions and how they work. You will see many example sentences. The download at the end will give you additional practice using and understanding these important words.

What are conjunctions?

Conjunctions are words that join other words, phrases, clauses, and ideas together. They help our speech and writing to be more complex and flowing. In addition, they keep our expression from being choppy. There are 3 types of conjunctions: coordinating, correlative, and subordinating conjunctions. We will now look at each type.

Coordinating conjunctions

Coordinating conjunctions link words, phrases, ideas, or clauses that are of equal importance in the sentence. There are 7 common coordination conjunctions. We can remember them with the mnemonic device FANBOYS.

  1. for (means because)–He had no trouble traveling in Mexico, for he speaks fluent Spanish. 
  2. and (means in addition or also and joins similar ideas together)–Bob lives in Denver, and he drives a Toyota. Bob and Mary both drive Toyotas. 
  3. nor (joins two ideas together in a negative sentence)–He has no money, nor does he have any plans for earning money.
    This means that he has no money, but he does not have any plans to get a job and earn money.
  4. but (links tow contrasting, but equally important ideas)–Bob likes apples, but Mary likes oranges. 
  5. or (links two ideas where there is an alternative or a choice)–We could go to the zoo, or we could go to the art museum. Would you prefer animals or art? 
  6. yet ( means someone continues to do something)–The doctor told her she has diabetes, yet she keeps on eating sugar. 
  7. so (shows that the second idea is the result of the first)–He was always late for work, so the boss fired him. 

Correlative conjunctions

Correlative conjunctions work in pairs. Each must have its partner with him to function correctly. Here are the 3 most common correlative conjunctions.

  1. eitheror (This gives and alternative or a choice)–Either you pay your rent on time, or the landlord will evict you. 
    Note that the first idea follows either, and the second idea follows or. All correlative conjunction pairs work in this way.
  2. neithernor ( This shows and alternative in a negative sentence.)–Neither his friends nor his neighbors realized that he had gone on vacation.
  3. This means that his friends did not know that he had gone an vacation. His neighbors, also, did not know that he had gone on vacation.
  4. not onlybut also (This means that in addition to one idea. there are also others.)-He wants not only a high-paying job, but also a lot of time off. I’m not sure he can have both. 
    This means that he wants  a high-paying job, but that isn’t enough. He insists on lots of time off as well.

Subordinating conjunctions

Subordinating conjunctions link and independent clause (a group of words with a subject and verb that can stand alone) with a dependent clause (a clause that can’t stand alone). They can signal a cause/effect relationship, a contrast, or other things. Many subordinating conjunctions also introduce adjective or adverb clauses.  You may wish to label these words as adjectives or adverbs rather than conjunctions. That is not a problem. These words have a “double identity.” There are a large number of these words or expressions–far to many to discuss in one posting. Below are some of the more common ones.

  1. after (shows time)–After you finish work, call me.
  2. although (shows contrast)–Although she was tired, she kept on dancing. 

The as family of subordinating conjunctions

  1. as (means because)–He grew up speaking Chinese, as his parents are from China. 
  2. as if (shows contrast between what is reality and what is not)–Cindy acts as if she knows everything. 
  3. as long as (shows a condition)–As  long as my neighbor keeps his dog in the yard, I won’t be afraid of it. 
  4. as though (means the same as as if)–My brother spends money as though he were a millionaire. 

Additional subordinating conjunctions

  1. because (shows a reason for something or cause/effect)–She went to the doctor because she was sick. 
  2. before (shows time)–I eat breakfast before I leave for work. 
  3. if (shows a condition)–I will cook dinner tonight if you bring the dessert.
  4. rather than (shows a preference)–She would prefer to work and night rather than work a split shift. 
  5. since (means because)–He drove slowly since he was in a school zone. 
  6. though (shows contrast about what you would think logically makes sense)–Though he has a PhD in theoretical mathematics, he can’t do simple math calculations. 
  7. unless (shows a condition)–Unless he finishes his project at work, he will not get a raise. 
  8. until (shows time)–Simmer the rice on low until all the water is absorbed. 
  9. whatever (shows a preference)–Order whatever you want on the menu. It’s my treat. 
  10. when (shows time)–He will move when he finds an apartment he can afford. 
  11. whenever (shows time)–Come whenever you want. I’ll be home. 
  12. whereas (shows contrast)–Diego prefers jazz, whereas Anita prefers classical music. 
  13. wherever (shows location)–You can vacation wherever you want to. 
  14. while (shows contrast)–I need 8 hours of sleep every night, while my brother only needs four. 

Conjunctions at the beginning of a sentence

You may have heard that you should never begin a sentence with a conjunction. This is not always true. There is no problem beginning a sentence with a correlative or subordinating conjunction. Beginning an sentence with a coordinating conjunction is acceptable in conversation. However, you should not do this in writing.

You now know that  conjunctions are linking words. The join together other words, phrases, clauses, or ideas. Coordinating conjunctions connect equal elements. Correlative conjunctions work in pairs. Both member of the pair must be there to be correct. Subordinating conjunctions link independent and dependent clauses. Most subordinating conjunctions can also be called adjectives or adverbs, and introduce an adjective or adverb clause. Sentences often begin with correlative and subordinating conjunctions. They may begin with coordinating conjunctions in conversation, but not in writing.

You can download the practice sheet now!

Idioms of the day

  1. from the get-go–This means from the beginning. Roberto never did his work correctly, so his co-workers never liked him from the get-go. 
  2. to face the music–This means to accept the unpleasant consequence of a poor choice you made.  Dave hardly ever went to class and failed every test. Now he needs to face the music. He’s failed the class. 

Нам бывает непросто выразить свои мысли лаконично и связно, когда мы общаемся на английском, пишем электронные письма по работе, отправляем сообщения иностранным друзьям. Сегодня расскажем, какие связующие выражения и вводные слова можно использовать, чтобы сделать вашу речь красивой, понятной и логичной.

Слова-связки в английском языке

Что такое linking words

Для начала нужно разобраться, что такое linking words и зачем их нужно знать.

Linking words — это связующие элементы, которые употребляют для логического перехода от одной мысли к другой. Они сделают вашу речь или письмо понятнее для англоговорящего читателя и обеспечат более высокий балл при сдаче любого экзамена. По-другому их называют discourse markers — маркеры беседы, связующие обороты речи.

Linking words могут быть выражены отдельными словами (например, however) или фразами (например, as a result), относиться к разным частям речи и употребляться в разных частях предложения.

Часть речи Слова-связки Место в предложении Пример
Союз Like, because, although В большинстве случаев ставятся в середине предложения, но могут быть и в начале, например although. Although shopping online is quite cheap, delivery periods can be very long. — Несмотря на то, что покупать онлайн довольно дешево, сроки доставки могут быть очень долгими.
Предлог Due to, despite the fact that, because Ставятся перед существительными. Young professionals are moving abroad because of low salaries in their native country. — Молодые специалисты переезжают за границу из-за низких зарплат в их родной стране.
Наречие Therefore, indeed Ставятся в начале предложения, выделяются запятыми. The deadlines of the project are close. Therefore, we need to begin the launch of our product. — Сроки завершения проекта поджимают. Поэтому нам нужно запускать наш продукт.

Linking words можно разделить на множество групп в зависимости от их функции (противопоставление, добавление новой информации, введение, заключение и т. д.). Давайте разберем каждую группу отдельно.

1. Purpose — цель написания

Эта группа наиболее важная, ведь в любой письменной работе мы указываем цель ее написания. Эссе, письмо другу или e-mail по работе — в большинстве случаев мы начинаем с объяснения, зачем мы пишем тот или иной текст. Например:

  • in order to do smth, so as to do smth — чтобы сделать что-то;
  • so that — чтобы;
  • to that/this end — с этой целью.

I am writing to you so as to confirm my participation at the conference. — Я пишу вам, чтобы подтвердить свое участие в конференции.
I would like to confirm my participation at the conference so that there is no misunderstanding. — Я бы хотел подтвердить свое участие в конференции, чтобы не было недопонимания.
Zoologists are seeking to understand how animals communicate with each other. To that end, a new study has been launched. — Зоологи пытаются понять, как животные общаются друг с другом. С этой целью было начато новое исследование.

Хотите как можно скорее заговорить на английском? Тогда записывайтесь на бесплатный пробный урок.

2. Opinion and emphasizing — выражать мнение и акцентировать внимание

Это также одна из наиболее полезных групп linking words, так как во многих письменных заданиях необходимо выразить свое мнение по поводу той или иной идеи. Наиболее употребляемая фраза — in my opinion (по моему мнению). Как же можно заменить это выражение?

  • in my view, to my mind, to my way of thinking — на мой взгляд, по моему мнению;
  • personally, I believe that — лично я думаю, что;
  • I feel strongly that — я глубоко убежден, что;
  • I am inclined to believe that — я склонен полагать, что;
  • it strikes me that, it seems to me that — мне кажется, что;
  • as far as I am concerned — насколько мне известно.

To my way of thinking, in any occupation talent is more important than skills. — На мой взгляд, в любой профессии талант важнее умений.
I am inclined to believe that the problem of malnutrition in poor countries doesn’t depend on technological development. — Я склонен полагать, что проблема недоедания в бедных странах не зависит от развития технологий.
It strikes me that there is a larger issue in the team. — Мне кажется, что в команде есть еще более весомая проблема.

Иногда хочется подчеркнуть особую важность того или иного факта. Следующие слова помогут красочно, а главное, правильно это сделать:

  • clearly, obviously — определенно, очевидно, бесспорно;
  • needless to say — само собой разумеется;
  • significantly, importantly — что особенно важно.

Clearly, if everyone were allowed to carry a gun, the crime rate would rise. — Бесспорно, если бы каждому было позволено носить оружие, уровень преступности возрос бы.
Importantly, the writer was being employed by the leading party when he wrote this work, and was therefore under pressure. — Что особенно важно, писатель работал на ведущую партию, когда написал данную работу, и поэтому был под давлением.

3. Listing facts and addition — перечисление фактов и добавление новой информации

В подтверждение вашему мнению зачастую необходимо привести ряд доказательств. Правильно и логично их выразить помогут следующие связующие слова и фразы, они всегда на письме выделяются запятой.

  • firstly, first of all — во-первых;
  • first — для начала;
  • to start with, to begin with — прежде всего;
  • in the first place — в первую очередь;
  • secondly — во-вторых;
  • thirdly — в-третьих;
  • then, next — затем;
  • afterwards, after that — после этого;
  • finally — наконец;
  • lastly — в заключение;
  • last but not the least — последнее, но не менее важное.

To begin with, you should wash the wound in the cold water. Next, wrap a bandage around the cut. Lastly, put the patient in a comfortable position. — Прежде всего, вам следует промыть рану холодной водой. Затем обмотайте рану бинтом. В заключение, положите пациента в удобное положение.

Если вы хотите добавить какую-либо информацию к своему высказыванию, используйте подходящие слова-связки. Одна из типичных ошибок — это постоянное использование союза and (и) и also (также). В английском языке существует множество альтернативных слов и фраз:

  • moreover, furthermore, in addition — более того (используются в начале предложения);
  • besides — кроме того;
  • as well as — так же, как и;
  • coupled with — наряду с;
  • not only … but also — не только …, а также и;
  • not to mention, to say nothing of — не говоря уже о (используется, чтобы подчеркнуть новый аргумент);
  • on top of that — сверх всего прочего, вдобавок ко всему;
  • not only that, but — при этом.

That war caused suffering to millions of people worldwide, not to mention its impact on countries’ economy. — Эта война обрекла на страдания миллионы людей по всему миру, не говоря уже о ее влиянии на экономику стран.
The characters of the novel missed their train, and on top of that they were alone in the middle of nowhere. — Герои романа опоздали на поезд, и вдобавок ко всему они остались одни в глуши.

4. Contrast — противопоставление

Уметь правильно высказать противоположные мнения или факты также важно. Вместо обычного but (но) употребляйте следующие linking words:

  • however — однако;
  • on the one hand — с одной стороны;
  • on the other hand — с другой стороны;
  • having said that — вместе с тем, при этом;
  • then again, that said — впрочем, хотя;
  • yet — тем не менее (если стоит в начале предложения);
  • despite smth, in spite of smth, notwithstanding smth — несмотря на что-либо;
  • nonetheless, nevertheless — несмотря на это, все равно.

It is well known that the first landing on the Moon took place on July 20, 1969. Having said that, some people assert that it is a hoax. — Всем хорошо известно, что первая высадка на Луну была 20 июля 1969 года. При этом некоторые утверждают, что это ложь.
The manager says that a fire was the reason for what happened. Then again, it’s possible that he was paid to say this. — Менеджер утверждает, что причиной случившегося стал пожар. Впрочем, возможно, что ему заплатили, чтобы он так сказал.

Ann was not doing well in her physics course. Yet, she managed to get a high grade in the final exam. — Анна не очень хорошо училась по физике. Тем не менее ей удалось получить высокую оценку за итоговый экзамен.
Notwithstanding some members’ objections, the company went ahead with the plan. — Несмотря на возражения некоторых членов, компания продолжила идти по намеченному плану.
The research had its limitations, but it was important for us nevertheless. — В исследовании были свои ограничения, но оно все равно было важным для нас.

5. Comparing — сравнение

При сравнении двух точек зрения можно использовать следующие linking words:

  • likewise, similarly — равно как и, таким же образом, аналогично;
  • whereas — тогда как;
  • conversely — и наоборот, в свою очередь;
  • by contrast, in comparison — напротив, зато, в противоположность;
  • although, even though — хотя;
  • unlike — в отличие от.

Cars must stop at red traffic lights. Likewise, bicycles have to stop too. — Машины должна останавливаться на красный свет. Таким же образом должны поступать и велосипедисты.
People who aim to climb corporate ladders develop this trait while growing up. Conversely, people who search for stability acquire these values in their childhood. — Люди, которые стремятся идти по карьерной лестнице, приобретают эту черту характера пока взрослеют. В свою очередь, люди, которые ищут стабильность, получают эти ценности в детстве.

The marketing department suffers from absenteeism. By contrast, the call center employees are performing very well. — В отделе маркетинга наблюдается проблема отсутствия работников без уважительной причины. Зато сотрудники колл-центра работают очень хорошо.
The village festival went well, unlike the previous year when very few people came. — Сельский праздник прошел хорошо, в отличие от предыдущего года, когда собралось совсем мало людей.

6. Cause and consequence — причина и следствие

Важно уметь не только выражать свое мнение, но и аргументировать его. Многие изучающие английский язык делают ошибку, используя только because (потому что) и so (поэтому), тогда как существует множество синонимичных слов и фраз для выражения причин или следствий:

  1. Cause — причина
    • since, as — так как;
    • owing to the fact that, due to the fact that — в связи с тем, что;
    • on the grounds that — исходя из того, что;
    • in view of, in light of — принимая во внимание, исходя из;
    • because of — из-за.

    Since they had to wait for the train, they decided to have a cup of coffee. — Так как им нужно было ждать поезд, они решили выпить по чашке кофе.
    Many members have objected to the proposal on the grounds that it would be too costly. — Многие члены не одобрили предложение исходя из того, что оно может быть слишком затратным.
    In view of the late hour, the chairman decided to put off that discussion until the next meeting. — Принимая во внимание позднее время, председатель решил отложить обсуждение до следующего собрания.

  2. Consequence — следствие
    • consequently — следовательно;
    • as a result — в результате этого;
    • as a consequence — вследствие этого, как следствие;
    • therefore — поэтому;
    • for this reason — по этой причине, в силу вышесказанного;
    • thus — так, таким образом.

    Nowadays young adults receive a lot of help from their parents. As a consequence, they are remain unemployed longer than previous generations did. — Сегодня молодые люди получают много помощи со стороны родителей. Вследствие этого они остаются безработными дольше, чем представители предыдущих поколений.
    We were unable to get funding. For this reason, we had to abandon that idea. — Нам не удалось получить финансирование. По этой причине нам пришлось оставить эту идею.
    This plan will reduce waste, and thus cut costs. — Благодаря этому плану мы сможем сократить количество отходов и таким образом снизить расходы.

7. Example — пример

Помимо всем известного выражения for example (например) есть и несколько других вариантов linking words, позволяющих привести пример:

  • for instance — например;
  • to give an illustration — наглядно показать;
  • such as — такой как, а именно;
  • particularly, in particular, especially — в особенности.

Some birds migrate to avoid harsh winter climates. Swallows, for instance, leave the UK in early winter and fly south. — Некоторые птицы мигрируют, чтобы избежать суровых зим. Ласточки, например, ранней зимой улетают из Великобритании на юг.
To give an illustration of what I mean, let’s look at the case of obesity. — Для наглядности давайте рассмотрим проблему ожирения.
If you want to decrease your chances of having a heart attack, you should reduce your intake of meat, in particular red meat. — Если хотите уменьшить вероятность инфаркта, вы должны сократить потребление мяса, в особенности красного.

8. Condition — условие

Следующая группа linking words позволит добавить уточнение к уже сказанному или сделать оговорку:

  • provided that, providing that, providing, on the condition that — при условии, что;
  • in the event of, in case of — при возникновении, на случай (после ставится существительное);
  • in the event that, in case — в случае, если.

He can borrow my car providing he doesn’t drive too fast. — Он может взять мою машину при условии, что не будет ехать слишком быстро.
It’s better to take an umbrella in case of rain. — Лучше взять зонтик на случай дождя.
In the event that trouble starts, lock all the doors! — В случае если начнутся волнения, закрой все двери!

Если вы хотите говорить грамотно, свободно выражать свои мысли и не делать ошибок на письме, запишитесь на курс «Практическая грамматика».

9. Introduction and conclusion — введение и заключение

В этой части разберем, какие слова-связки подходят для введения и заключения:

  1. Introduction — введение

    Зачастую в начале письменных работ можно привести какое-то общеизвестное мнение или факт, таким образом представив тему, о которой пойдет речь. Употребляйте следующие фразы:

    • it is widely believed that — многие считают, что / повсеместно считается, что;
    • people often claim that — люди часто утверждают, что;
    • some people argue that — некоторые люди приводят аргументы, что / утверждают, что;
    • as a general rule, generally — как правило, обычно;
    • on the whole, in general — в целом, в общем.

    It is widely believed that the Earth is the only planet in our solar system where life is possible. — Считается, что Земля — это единственная планета в нашей солнечной системе, где возможна жизнь.
    As a general rule, people who exercise regularly do not suffer from stress. But some people argue that they are still exposed to stress-related problems. — Как правило, люди, которые регулярно делают физические упражнения, не страдают от стресса. Но некоторые утверждают, что они все равно подвержены проблемам, вызванным стрессом.

  2. Conclusion — заключение
    • taking everything into account, all things considered — принимая все во внимание;
    • as was previously stated — как уже отмечалось ранее;
    • in conclusion — в заключение;
    • to sum up — подводя итог;
    • above all — главным образом, а главное;
    • all in all — подводя итог изложенному выше, отметим.

    All things considered, we can state that the general situation in the region is improving. — Принимая все во внимание, можно заявить, что общая ситуация в регионе улучшается.
    To sum up, it is unlikely that mankind will ever bring an end to all wars. — Подводя итог, маловероятно, что человечество когда-либо положит конец войнам.
    Above all, it is important to remember that natural resources are depleting. — Главное, важно помнить, что природные богатства истощаются.
    All in all, the problem of civil war victims in these countries still remains. — Подводя итог изложенному выше, отметим, что проблема жертв гражданской войны в этих странах по-прежнему существует.

  3. Теперь вы сможете более уверенно высказывать свое мнение, выражать несогласие или наоборот поддерживать точку зрения своего собеседника. Предлагаем вам повторить пройденный материал и пройти тест.

    Тест по теме «Слова-связки в английском языке»

    Скачать список лексики по теме «Слова-связки в английском языке» (*.pdf, 235 Кб)

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What’s the easiest way to memorize a list of conjunctions, also known as joining words? One answer is to break down your learning into manageable sections. Otherwise, your brain will need to learn dozens of words at once. But, what if you don’t have the time to manually divide up joining words into groups or create flashcards? Well, don’t worry! All the hard work was already done for you. You’ll find an easy to learn conjunctions list, separated by type below.

For additional help, there are even usage examples of the different types of joining words in the English language. We’ve also included descriptions of each type of conjunction list, just in case there are any word groups you’re not familiar with. So, are you ready to expand your vocabulary? Let’s begin with a coordinating conjunction list!

What is a Coordinating Conjunctions List (and Why Care?)

Learning the words on a coordinating conjunction list isn’t difficult and it’s incredibly fun, believe it or not! That’s because there are only seven words in this category, which create the useful acronym FANBOYS. Wondering what FANBOYS stands for? Well, the acronym FANBOYS stands for the words for, and, nor, but, or, yet, and so. Easy enough, right? Write down this first conjunction words list, along with the acronym FANBOYS and it should stick in your mind easily enough.

Already know about FANBOYS and can create a coordinating conjunction list? Check out this helpful resource on MLA format and more citation styles of formatting your citations.

Why are these words so important to remember? You’ll find that speakers and writers use these words frequently. Each one is less than four letters long and they are some of the most common words in the English language. The role they play is not a small one, as they’re able to connect two independent clauses and combine them into one sentence. Here’s the coordinating conjunction list:

  • F – for
  • A – and
  • N – nor
  • B – but
  • O – or
  • Y – yet
  • S – so

Are you curious how to use words from the coordinating conjunction list? Look at this explanative link, or check out the examples of how to use words from this group in a sentence below:

For – This word has a similar meaning to “because” in a sentence.

  • She was tired when she arrived in class, for she had studied all night.

But – This one connects opposing ideas.

  • I tried out for the basketball team, but I didn’t make it.

Yet – This word is like the word “but.” However, it emphasizes the contrast even more.

  • It’s snowing outside, yet it’s the middle of summer!

Nor – This word joins two nouns that the subject of the sentence does NOT have or obtain.

  • Monica does not know about Michael and Bobby, nor about Jessica and Susan

So/Yet – These words suggest time and continuation depending on the context.

  • So far, he hasn’t told her the truth.
  • They love football, yet they gave up their tickets to someone less fortunate.

Make sure to commit FANBOYS to memory and you’re one step closer to knowing your main conjunctions list.

Now that you’ve covered a coordinating conjunctions list, it’s time to move into a subordinate conjunctions list. Think you can guess the difference between the two? Though they sound similar these conjunctions have two very different functions.

A Look at Subordinate Words: A List of Subordinating Conjunctions

Since you have FANBOYS down, let’s move on to a subordinating conjunctions list. These words are slightly more difficult to learn, because many of them are also prepositions. Plus, both connect clauses in a sentence. With that in mind, you should understand that words on the list of subordinating conjunctions have a different purpose. Instead of joining two independent clauses of equal importance, words from a subordinating conjunctions list make one clause less important than another. You’ll see how that works in the upcoming examples. For now, here is a subordinating conjunctions list:

After As As long as As soon as
As though Before Even if If
If when Inasmuch Just as Now
Now that Once Provided that Since
Supposing That Though Until
Whenever Whereas Wherever Which
Who

As you can tell, there are many more subordinates than there are coordinates. In fact, this isn’t even half of the words in a subordinate conjunctions list you can use to show importance between two clauses. Either way, let’s look at a few examples of sentences using words on a subordinating conjunctions list:

  • Jason went to get a drink of water before his exam started.
  • She’s usually a happy toddler, provided that she’s fed regularly.
  • I always visit Disneyland whenever I visit my grandparents in California.
  • Tyler can enjoy painting now that he has his own studio.

Since you can use many of the words from a subordinate conjunctions list as another part of speech, it’s good to understand how each one works as a joining word. In a sentence, words on a list of subordinating conjunctions begin a dependent clause which cannot stand alone.

For instance, If I go to the store” doesn’t form a complete idea. Connect it with an independent clause like in the sentence, “I’ll get a new toy if I got to the store,” and you have a complete thought.

You can often tell joining words from the rest by determining whether it constructs part of a sentence that holds a complete idea. Words with multiple uses will often form a complete thought when not used as a joining word.

Want to know more joining words and a subordinate conjunctions list? Look at this informative reference or see this additional subordinating conjunctions list:

Although As if As much as Because
Even Even though If only If then
In order that Lest Now since Now when
Provided Rather than So that

What’s a Correlative List of Conjunctions?

Words on a correlative conjunctions list work in pairs to join equal clauses together. They can show up in different parts of a sentence. Additionally, you will always find them working together with their counterpart. For instance, one pair from this list of conjunctions is either/or. It joins two positive clauses of equal importance to form a complete sentence. For example:

  • Either you cook me dinner, or I leave.

Here are some additional sentences using words from a correlative conjunctions list:

Whether/Or – This pair functions like the word if by bringing up hypothetical situations and joins the two options.

  • I’m wearing my new swimsuit whether I go to the beach or to the swimming pool.

As/As – You can compare two things together using these words from a conjunctions list.

  • Her sneeze was as loud as a helicopter.

There are many other joining words that come in pairs. Here’s a correlative conjunction words list:

As / As Both / and Either / or
Hardly / when Neither / nor No sooner / than
Not only / but also Whether / or

Need a quick break? Try out our paper checker, or our citation services for MLA and APA format! Next, a conjunctive adverbs list will be the icing on top when adding words to the main conjunctions list. 

What’s Special About the Conjunctive Adverbs List?

The final conjunctions list to memorize contains adverbs. These adverbs join words, phrases, and clauses in a sentence just like words on your standard list of conjunctions can. Here are some example sentences containing words from the conjunctive adverbs list:

  • Ted was a great student, in addition he was a wonderful student body president.
  • Fred never missed a day of school; as a result, he won a scholarship for perfect attendance.
  • Even though Lisa is lactose intolerant, still she wanted an ice cream bar.

Finally, here’s a basic conjunctive adverbs list.

This adverbial conjunction list is by no means comprehensive, although it gives you a good foundation. Words on this list of conjunctions are also known as transition words. Try your best to memorize and don’t forget to use this as a guide when writing.

After all As a result Consequently Finally
For example Furthermore Hence However
In addition In fact Incidentally Indeed
Instead Likewise Meanwhile

Now, you’re familiar with the different joining words. Are there any words that you don’t know the meaning of from the conjunctive adverb list? If so, look up how to use each word and create sentence examples. With enough practice, you’ll be able to use these words like a professional writer!

Try answering these practice questions to review what you learned above.

Conjunction List Review Questions

  1. How many different categories are there in a conjunction list?
  2. Create a sentence using a word from the list of subordinating conjunctions.
  3. Create a sentence using a word from the coordinating conjunctions list.
  4. Why is it handy to have a conjunction list when writing?

After you’ve finished, review your answers with a friend and see if you can test each other on words from a conjunction words list. 


Published March 7, 2019. Updated May 22, 2020.

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