Is bringing a base word

Base words are words that exist as recognizable words in the English language. These words cannot be divided into smaller units. Prefixes and suffixes can be added to these words to create new words. There are two theories about root words. Some people use the term root word as a synonym for the base word. However, in some contexts, root words refer to the part of the base word that comes from another language. This article will mainly focus on this second meaning. The key difference between base word and root word is that base words are recognizable words in the English language whereas root words are from another language.

CONTENTS

1. Overview and Key Difference
2. What is a Base Word
3. What is a Root Word
5. Side by Side Comparison – Base Word vs Root Word in Tabular Form
6. Summary

What is a Base Word?

There are two types of words in the English language: the words that can be broken down into smaller units and words that cannot be broken down into smaller units. Words that cannot be broken down into smaller units are known as base words. In other words, base word is the base form of a word and gives its basic meaning. For example, let’s look at the two words happy and unhappy. The word happy cannot be broken down into smaller units, but unhappy can be broken down into two units since this word is made by adding the prefix un to the base word happy. Prefixes and suffixes are always added to base words.Difference Between Base Word and Root Word

Prefixes and Suffixes

  • Prefix is a word element is found in front of a base word.
  • Suffix is a word element is found after a base word.

Look at the following words and see if you can identify the base word by removing the suffixes and prefixes.

Reusable, disappear, unhappiness, unacceptable, disqualified, childish, unlikely, reinvention

The base words of the above list are underlined in the following section.

  1. Reusable – re + use + able
  2. Disappear – dis + appear
  3. Unhappiness – un + happy + ness
  4. Unacceptable – un + accept + ble
  5. Disqualified – dis + qualify + ed
  6. Childish – child + ish
  7. Unlikely – un + like + ly
  8. Reinvention – re + invent + ion

What is a Root Word?

In linguistics, the term root word is often used synonymously with base word, and refers to a morpheme from which words have been created by the addition of prefixes or suffixes. For example, the word transportation is formed from the root word transport.

However, the term root word also refers to the origin of the word. In this sense, root word is the part of the base word that comes from another language. For example, the word maternal comes from Latin mater and gives the meaning mother. So, this Latin word, mater can be considered as the root word of maternal. The root words of words like maternity, maternally, maternalism, etc. is also the Latin word mater.

Key Difference - Base Word vs Root Word

Examples of Base Words and Root Words

Let’s look at some other examples to understand the meaning of base words and root words more clearly.

  1. Tricycle

Base word = cycle, Root word = Latin cyclus (circle)

  1. Transportation

Base word = transport, Root word = Latin port (to carry)

  1. Immoderately

Base word = moderate, Root word = Latin moderatus (reduced, controlled)

What is the Difference Between Base Word and Root Word?

Base Word vs Root Word

Base Word is a morpheme from which words have been created by the addition of prefixes or suffixes. Root word is the part of the base word that comes from another language.
Individual Meaning
Base word can stand alone. Root word cannot often stand alone.
Nature
Base words cannot be further divided. Root word comes from another language.

Summary – Base Word vs Root Word

Base word is a form of a word to which affixes can be added to create new words.  Base words and root words are two terms that are sometimes used as synonyms. However, root words are also defined as parts of the base word that come from another language. This is the difference between base word and root word.

Download PDF Version of Base Word vs Root Word

You can download PDF version of this article and use it for offline purposes as per citation note. Please download PDF version here Difference Between Base Word and Root Word

References:

1. Merrell, Shelly. “Base Words: Definition & Examples.” Study.com, Available here.
2. Nordquist, Richard. “Base Forms of Words in English.” ThoughtCo, Available here.

Teachers frequently debate this question: What’s the difference between a root, base word, and stem? The reason teachers are forced to debate this question is that their textbooks present a model that quickly falls apart in the real world.

If teachers are confused, their students will also be confused. By the end of this page, you won’t be confused. To end this confusion, we will look at two systems:

1. The Traditional Root and Base-Word System for Kids
2. A Modern System of Morphemes, Roots, Bases, and Stems from Linguistics

The Traditional Root and Base-Word System for Kids

Here is a problem-filled system that, unfortunately, some students still learn.

Students learn that ROOTS are Greek and Latin roots. Most of these roots cannot stand alone as words when we remove the prefixes and suffixes.

Q e.g., Word: justify      Latin Root: jus (law)

Students also learn that BASE WORDS can stand alone as words when we remove all of the prefixes and suffixes. Students learn that if it cannot stand alone when we remove all of the prefixes and suffixes, then it is not a base word.

Q e.g., Word: kindness      Base Word: kind

The problem comes later in the day when the teacher is teaching verb tenses.

Q Teacher: Look at these two verbs: responded and responding. What’s the base word?

Q Student #1: Respond.

Q Teacher: Correct!

Q Student #2: Isn’t re- a prefix? If re- is a prefix, then respond can’t be a base word. I suspect that spond is a Latin root. Is it?

Q Teacher: I’m not sure. Let me research this. Yes, the word respond has the prefix re- attached to the Latin root spond. The Latin root spond comes from sponder, which means to pledge.

Although the teacher was looking for the answer “respond,” Student #2’s answer was the correct answer according to this Traditional System. That’s how easily the Traditional System falls apart. And the problems get worse from here.

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Modern Linguistics

I looked at a few current student textbooks from major publishers, and most of them don’t mention the terms base or base word. They only use the term root in their basic word studies. I suspect that this is because modern linguistics has created a new meaning for the term base.

In case you are not aware, modern linguistics and modern grammar fix many of the broken models from centuries past—i.e., models and definitions that quickly fall apart when you question them. These days, most books on linguistics and morphology present a somewhat standardized model. In English Word-Formation (1983), Laurie Bauer explains this model succinctly and definitively. Let’s take a look.

English Word-Formation (1983) by Laurie Bauer

As you can see below, Bauer acknowledges the root/stem/base problem and then explains a model that removes the ambiguity.

The Problem: “‘Root’, ‘stem’ and ‘base’ are all terms used in the literature to designate that part of a word that remains when all affixes have been removed. Of more recent years, however, there has been some attempt to distinguish consistently between these three terms.”

Root: “A root is a form which is not further analysable, either in terms of derivational or inflectional morphology. It is that part of word-form that remains when all inflectional and derivational affixes have been removed… In the form ‘untouchables’ the root is ‘touch’.”

Stem: “A stem is of concern only when dealing with inflectional morphology. In the form ‘untouchables’ the stem is ‘untouchable’.” [In short, when you remove the inflectional suffixes, you have the stem.]

Base: “A base is any form to which affixes of any kind can be added. This means that any root or any stem can be termed a base… ‘touchable’ can act as a base for prefixation to give ‘untouchable’.”

This model holds up across the curriculum. This model is the foundation of what I teach my students.

My Perfect Model: Roots, Stems, and Bases

I always like to have a complete model in mind that holds up across the curriculum. This lets me find teaching moments and ensures that I can answer my students’ questions clearly and consistently. Although I may not teach my students the entire model, at least the concepts are straight in my mind.

For this reason, I created this “Perfect Model of Roots, Stems, and Bases.” To be clear, this model is an interpretation and fuller explanation of what you might find in a linguistics book. Let me explain it to you. It all begins with morphemes.

Keep in mind that teachers don’t need to teach their students this entire model. In fact, most teachers will want to keep their morphology lessons simple and focus on roots, prefixes, and suffixes. But all teachers will want to understand this entire model.

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Morphemes

The term morpheme unifies the concepts of roots, prefixes, and suffixes, and therefore, it is an extremely valuable word. In short, words are composed of parts called morphemes, and each morpheme contributes meaning to the word. Morphemes are the smallest unit of language that contains meaning. Roots, prefixes, and suffixes all have one thing in common—they are all single morphemes. In contrast, stems and bases can be composed of one or many morphemes.

Root / Root Morpheme

When I use the term root, I always mean the root morpheme. The root is always the main morpheme that carries the main meaning of a word. Since a morpheme is the smallest unit of language that contains meaning, we can’t divide or analyze the root morpheme any further. Although a root can be a stand-alone word, to avoid confusion, I never use the term “root word.” I use the term root, and I use the term root morpheme to reinforce what a root is.

We have two types of root morphemes:

1. Dependent (bound) Roots: These roots cannot stand alone as words. These roots are usually Greek and Latin roots. Here are a few examples:

    • liberty          root: liber (free)
    • interrupt         root: rupt (break)
    • similar         root: sim (like)

2. Independent (free) Roots: These roots are stand-alone words. Practically speaking, these roots are almost always single-syllable words. You know the ones. It seems to me that most multi-syllable words can be further divided and further analyzed. With a little research, one finds that an ancient prefix or suffix has merged with a root. In short, most multi-syllable words are not root morphemes.

Here is what they thought 150 years ago. Although modern linguistics does not agree with these statements, it’s still food for thought. My point is that most of the independent roots that we deal with inside of the classroom are single-syllable words.

Q “All languages are formed from roots of one syllable.” – New Englander Magazine (1862)

Q “All words of all languages can be reduced to one-syllable roots.” – New Jerusalem Magazine (1853)

Here are a few examples:

    • replaced          root: place
    • mindfulness         root: mind
    • carefully         root: care

The Terms: Dependent Root and Independent Root

Modern linguistics use the term bound (for dependent) and free (for independent) to classify morphemes. Since teachers spend so much time teaching students about dependent clauses and independent clauses, I transfer this knowledge and terminology over to morphemes. Put simply: independent morphemes CAN stand alone; dependent morphemes CAN’T stand alone.

Q PREFIXES and SUFFIXES are almost always dependent morphemes—i.e., they can’t stand alone as words.

Q ROOTS are either dependent or independent morphemes.

Now, we will examine words that contain one root and words that contain two roots. As you examine these words, pay special attention to the dependent root and independent root aspect.

One Root: Many words have just one root. That one root may be a Dependent Root or an Independent Root. Remember, the root carries the main meaning of the word.

Q Word: justify             Dependent Root: jus

Q Word: kindness           Independent Root: kind

Two Roots: Some words have two roots. The roots may be Dependent Roots or Independent Roots. With two roots, each root contributes near equal meaning to the word.

Two Dependent Roots

Q Word: geography       Dependent Root: geo (earth)    Root: graph (write)

Q Word: carnivore   Dependent Root: carn (flesh)   Dependent Root: vor (swallow)

Q Word: cardiovascular   Dependent Root: cardi (heart)    Dependent Root: vas (vessel)

Two Independent Roots

Q Word: bathroom    Independent Root: bath    Independent Root: room

Q Word: downfall    Independent Root: down    Independent Root: fall

Q Word: popcorn    Independent Root: pop    Independent Root: corn

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Stem

I use the term stem just as Bauer does. To find the stem, simply remove the inflectional suffixes. It’s that simple.

When to Use the Term Stem: The term stem is quite unnecessary in many classrooms, as all stems are bases. For this reason, teachers can always use the term base instead of stem. However, the concept of stems is helpful in teaching students about inflectional suffixes. Inflectional suffixes are different from derivational affixes (derivational prefixes and derivational suffixes).

Q Word: reddest    Stem: red

Q Word: girls’    Stem: girl

Q Word: boats    Stem: boat

Q Word: preapproved    Stem: preapprove

Q Word: justifying    Stem: justify

Q Word: responded   Stem: respond

Q Word: unjustifiable    Stem: no stem

Q Word: kindness    Stem: no stem

Base / Base Word

Bauer says, “A base is any form to which affixes of any kind can be added. This means that any root or any stem can be termed a base.”

In the table below, I use two labels to show how base and root relate to each other. Sometimes a base is a root (marked   Q Base/Root), and sometimes it is not a root (marked   Q Base).

To be clear, we can add a prefix or suffix to every base even if it already has a prefix or suffix. Furthermore, if we can add a prefix or suffix to something, we can call it a base.

Word: reread    Q Base/Root: read

Word: unhelpful    Q Base: helpful    Q Base/Root: help

Word: justifying    Q Base: justify    Q Base/Root: jus

Word: unreliable    Q Base: reliable    Q Base/Root: rely

Word: preponderance    Q Base: ponderance (uncommon)    Q Base/Root: ponder

Word: responded    Q Base: respond    Q Base/Root: spond

Word: preapproved    Q Base: preapprove    Q Base: approve    Q Base: approved    Q Base: proved    Q Base/Root: prove

Base vs. Base Word: To keep things simple, teachers should probably strike the term “base word” from their vocabulary. However, if the base is a complete word that can stand alone, teachers may choose to (or through force of habit) refer to it as a base word. If the base can’t stand alone, be sure not to call it a base word.

When to Use the Term Base: The term base is somewhat of a generic term for when we are not interested in or concerned with the root morpheme. As an example, we may choose to use the term base when we are ADDING prefixes and suffixes. When we are adding prefixes and suffixes, we often are unconcerned with finding or discussing the root morpheme. (Remember, we often add prefixes and suffixes to words that already contain prefixes and suffixes.) We may also choose to use the term base when removing a single, specific prefix or suffix, as the word may still contain other prefixes or suffixes.

Putting It All Together

Here is a table to help get you started in your word analysis studies related to root, stem, and base.

Example Word Stem Root: Dependent Root: Independent Base
1. undeniable  deny ** deny; deniable
2. reinvented reinvent ven/vent ven/vent; invent; reinvent
3. deforestation forest *** forest; forestation
4. interacted interact act * act; interact
5. demographics demographic demo graph * demo; graph; demographic
6. responding respond spond spond; respond
7. preserving preserve serv serv; preserve
8. hopefully hope hope; hopeful

The Asterisks: The asterisks may be the most important part of this table. They help illustrate that every word has a unique history that often makes analysis and classification complicated and debatable.

* act and graph are also Latin roots

** deny is from Latin denegare = de (away) + negare (to refuse; to say no); since deny technically
has a Latin prefix (de-), you may choose to classify the word differently.

*** forest is from Latin foris meaning outdoors, and unlike the word deny, cannot be analyzed as
having a prefix or suffix attached.

  • 1
    base register

    индексный регистр; индекс-регистр

    English-Russian base dictionary > base register

  • 2
    word current

    числовой ток; ток в числовой линейке

    English-Russian base dictionary > word current

  • 3
    base address

    English-Russian big polytechnic dictionary > base address

  • 4
    base period

    English-Russian big polytechnic dictionary > base period

  • 5
    base pulse generator

    English-Russian big polytechnic dictionary > base pulse generator

  • 6
    base address

    English-Russian dictionary of Information technology > base address

  • 7
    base-pulse generator

    English-Russian dictionary of Information technology > base-pulse generator

  • 8
    base address

    English-Russian big medical dictionary > base address

  • 9
    base period

    The English-Russian dictionary general scientific > base period

  • 10
    system

    1) система || системный

    3)

    вчт

    операционная система; программа-супервизор

    6) метод; способ; алгоритм

    hydrogen-air/lead battery hybrid system

    L*a*b* system

    master/slave computer system

    English-Russian electronics dictionary > system

  • 11
    register

    English-Russian dictionary of computer science and programming > register

  • 12
    stock

    stɔk
    1. сущ.
    1) а) главный ствол( дерева) б) перен. опора, основа, основание, подпора
    2) а) рукоятка, ручка б) ружейная ложа
    3) уст. пень;
    бревно
    4) совокупность объектов, характеризующихся набором общих признаков а) род, семья б) биол. племя, порода;
    раса в) линг. языковая семья, группа родственных языков
    5) а) запас;
    инвентарь б) ассортимент( товаров) take stock
    6) скот, поголовье скота (тж. live stock)
    7) парк( вагонов и т. п.) ;
    подвижной состав
    8) сырье
    9) а) экон. акционерный капитал (тж. joint stock) ;
    основной капитал;
    фонды б) доля акций, амер. акции classified stock ≈ классифицированные акции (в зависимости от того, к какой группе классификации принадлежат акции, их владелец обладает разным числом голосов) ∙ — stock exchange
    10) а) широкий галстук б) щирокий длинный шарф
    11) крепкий бульон из костей Syn: soup
    12) часть колоды карт, не розданная игрокам
    13) = stock company
    2)
    14) мн.;
    ист. колодки
    15) мн.;
    мор. стапель
    16) тех. бабка( станка)
    17) тех. припуск
    18) мор. шток( якоря)
    19) метал. колоша, шихта
    20) бот. подвой
    21) бот. левкой ∙ stocks and stones take stock in
    2. гл.
    1) снабжать, поставлять, обеспечивать( with) The shop is well stocked with camping supplies. ≈ В магазине большой выбор походных принадлежностей. Syn: supply
    2.
    2) а) иметь в наличии, в продаже б) хранить на складе;
    иметь запасы на складе
    3) приделывать ручку и т. п.
    4) случать( домашних животных)
    5) пасти скот
    3. прил.
    1) имеющийся в наличии, наготове
    2) заезженный, избитый, стандартный, трафаретный, шаблонный, типовой stock phrase ≈ клише stock answer ≈ стандартный ответ Syn: standard
    2., trite
    3) а) племенной, породистый( о животных) a stock dog ≈ породистая собака Syn: brood б) занимающийся разведением домашнего скота, животноводческий a stock farm ≈ животноводческая ферма
    4) а) биржевой б) работающий на бирже a stock clerk ≈ биржевой маклер
    главный ствол( дерева) неодушевленный предмет( пренебрежительное) глупый, бесчувственный человек;
    деревяшка, чурбан — to stand like a * стоять как чурбан /как болван/ опора, подпорка ложа (винтовки) (военное) ствол (морское) стапель — to be on the *s стоять на стапеле, строиться( о судне) станок для ковки лошадей (историческое) колодки — to put in the *s сажать в колодки — the shoemaker’s * тесные ботинки( техническое) бабка (токарного станка) (техническое) клупп( техническое) коловорот ступица( колеса) тело( гаечного ключа и т. п.) колодка( рубанка) черенок, рукоятка ( морское) шток (якоря) (морское) баллер( руля) корень, источник происхождения прародитель — the * of all mankind праотец рода человеческого родословная, генеалогия род, семья — to come /to be/ of good * происходить из хорошей семьи раса (биология) порода, племя группа родственных языков пчелиный рой запас, фонд — new /fresh/ * свежий запас — in * в запасе, в наличии — a * of wood запас дров — a * of information наличие сведений — a * of plays репертуар — a * of fish (специальное) рыбность, заселенность рыбой (водоема) — *s on hand наличный запас, наличность склада — to lay in a * делать /создавать/ запас — to acquire a good * of common words приобрести хороший словарный запас — to exhaust smb.’s * of patience исчерпать запас чьего-л. терпения, вывести кого-л. из себя — to take * инвентаризировать, /проверять/ запас ассортимент (товаров) — new /fresh/ * новый ассортимент — in * в ассортименте, в наличии — spare parts always in * в ассортименте /в продаже/ всегда имеются запасные части — out of * распродано — we carry a very large * of French novels у нас всегда большой выбор французских романов инвентарь, имущество — dead * мертвый инвентарь скот, поголовье скота (тж. live *) парк (автомобилей, вагонов) — rolling * (железнодорожное) подвижной состав сырье — paper * бумажная масса (тряпье и т. п.) крепкий бульон (тж. soup *) — meat * крепкий мясной бульон (экономика) капитал — fixed capital * основной капитал;
    основные производственные фонды( экономика) акции;
    акционерный капитал (экономика) облигации;
    ценные бумаги;
    фонды — to have $500 in *s иметь пятьсот долларов в облигациях — to invest one’s money in government *s вложить свои деньги в государственные бумаги (the *s) государственный долг( карточное) колода, используемая в данной игре банк, часть колоды карт или костей домино, не розданная игрокам — to draw from the * прикупить из банка (американизм) акционерная компания( американизм) постоянная театральная труппа, обыкн. выступающая в одном театре;
    театральная труппа со средним составом актеров (без звезд) постоянный репертуар репутация, имя — his * with the electorate remains high он продолжает пользоваться авторитетом у избирателей (американизм) доверие, вера — put /take/ little * in his testimony не доверяйте его показаниям шахта, колоша (геология) шток, небольшой батолит (ботаника) подвой (ботаника) левкой (Matthiola gen.) (историческое) широкий галстук или шарф (историческое) корешок квитанции, выдаваемый за взнос в казну > lock, * and barrel все целиком /полностью/;
    все вместе взятое > to take * критически оценивать свое положение, подводить итоги > to take * of smth. обдумывать /рассматривать, оценивать/ что-л.;
    приглядываться к чему-л. > to take * of smb. критически осматривать кого-л., изучать кого-л. оценивающим взглядом > *s and stones деревянные и каменные фигуры богов, идолы;
    неодушевленные предметы;
    бесчувственные люди > to be on the *s быть в работе( о литературном произведении и т. п.) имеющийся в наличии или наготове — * item номенклатурный предмет снабжения — * size стандартный размер;
    размер, имеющийся на складе — he is of * size у него стандартный размер избитый, шаблонный, заезженный — * joke избитая шутка — * argument шаблонный /обычный/ довод — * comparison избитое /классическое/ сравнение — * phrase клише — it’s the * dodge это старая /избитая/ уловка биржевой скотоводческий — * farm скотоводческое хозяйство;
    животноводческая ферма — * train поезд для перевозки скота племенной — * mare племенная кобыла готовый, патентованный( о лекарстве) складской — * boy складской рабочий снабжать — to * a farm оборудовать ферму /хозяйство/ — to * a pond with fish разводить рыбу в пруду — to * a shop снабжать магазин (товарами) — to * one’s mind with knowledge обогатить ум знаниями, расширить запас знаний — the fort was *ed with provisions в крепости был запас продовольствия иметь в наличии, в продаже — to * varied goods иметь в продаже разнообразные товары — *ed by all chemists продается во всех аптеках — the library is well *ed with sci-fi books в библиотеке большой выбор научной фантастики хранить на складе;
    иметь в запасе создавать запас, запасать (тж. * up) приделывать ручку, прикреплять ствол к ложе и т. п. корчевать (пни) ;
    выкапывать (деревья) полоть, выдергивать( сорняки) вскапывать (землю мотыгой) (американизм) засевать( травой, клевером;
    тж. * down) использовать( землю) под пастбище выгонять( скот) на пастбище давать новые побеги задерживать, останавливать рост( растения, животного) (карточное) собрать в колоду (карточное) нечестно тасовать( историческое) сажать в колодки (сельскохозяйственное) случать( кобылу, корову) ;
    осеменять
    active ~ активные акции
    actual ~ наличный запас actual ~ фактический запас
    available rolling ~ ж.-д. наличный подвижной состав
    base ~ базовый запас
    base ~ formula формула базового запаса
    base ~ valuation стоимость базового запаса
    ~ запас;
    инвентарь;
    word stock запас слов;
    basic word stock основной словарный фонд;
    dead stock (мертвый) инвентарь
    ~ pl мор. стапель;
    to be on the stocks стоять на стапеле;
    перен. готовиться, быть в работе ( о литературном произведении)
    bearer ~ акция на предъявителя
    blue chip ~ акции, дающие высокие дивиденды
    build up a ~ создавать запас
    carry ~ хранить запасы
    classified ~ акции, различающиеся по статусу
    closing ~ запас в конце отчетного периода
    common capital ~ обыкновенная акция common capital ~ обычная акция
    common ~ обыкновенная акция common ~ обычная акция
    consignment ~ консигнационный склад consignment ~ партия товаров
    contributed ~ акционерный капитал
    convertible loan ~ облигации, конвертируемые в акции
    convertible preferred ~ привилегированные акции с возможностью обмена на обыкновенные акции
    cumulative preferred ~ кумулятивная привилегированная акция
    ~ запас;
    инвентарь;
    word stock запас слов;
    basic word stock основной словарный фонд;
    dead stock (мертвый) инвентарь dead ~ акции, не пользующиеся спросом dead ~ замороженные материальные средства dead ~ запас товаров, не пользующихся спросом dead ~ мертвый инвентарь dead ~ неиспользуемый запас dead ~ неходовые акции
    deferred ~ акция с отсроченным дивидендом
    dwelling ~ жилой фонд
    ex ~ со склада ex ~ франко-склад
    first ~ первая акция
    funds ~ запас капитала
    gambling ~ ценная бумага, участвующая в спекуляции
    gilt-edged ~ государственная ценная бумага
    gold ~ золотой запас
    goods in ~ товары на складе
    growth ~ акция, цена которой повышается growth ~ акция роста
    housing ~ жилищный фонд
    in ~ в запасе in ~ в наличии (о товарах и т. п.) ;
    под рукой;
    out of stock распродано;
    to lay in stock делать запасы in ~ в наличии
    intervention ~ интервенционный запас
    in ~ в наличии (о товарах и т. п.) ;
    под рукой;
    out of stock распродано;
    to lay in stock делать запасы
    letter ~ семейная акция
    life ~ срок хранения запасов
    loan ~ залоговый запас loan ~ облигация loan ~ ценная бумага компании
    management ~ акционерный капитал руководителей компании
    monetary gold ~ золотой запас в денежном выражении
    money ~ денежная масса money ~ сумма денег в обращении
    no-par ~ акция без фиксированного номинала
    obsolete ~ устаревший ассортимент товаров
    ~ род, семья;
    of good stock из хорошей семьи
    old dwelling ~ старый жилой фонд
    old housing ~ старый жилой фонд
    opening ~ запас в начале отчетного периода opening ~ начальный запас
    order ~ склад заказанной продукции
    ordinary ~ обыкновенные акции
    in ~ в наличии (о товарах и т. п.) ;
    под рукой;
    out of stock распродано;
    to lay in stock делать запасы
    paid-up ~ оплаченная акция
    ~ сырье;
    paper stock бумажное сырье (тряпье и т. п.)
    penny ~ мелкая акция
    preferred ~ привилегированная акция
    reacquired ~ вновь приобретенная акция
    redeemable ~ акция, подлежащая выкупу
    registered ~ ценная бумага, которая существует только в виде записей в регистре
    remaining ~ сохранившийся запас
    reserve ~ страховой запас
    rolling ~ подвижной состав
    ~ иметь в наличии, в продаже;
    the shop stocks only cheap goods в этой лавке продаются только дешевые товары
    stock приделывать ручку ~ = stock company ~ амер. акции;
    to take stock in покупать акции;
    вступать в пай ~ эк. акционерный капитал (тж. joint stock) ;
    основной капитал;
    фонды;
    the stocks государственный долг ~ акционерный капитал ~ акция, акции ~ акция ~ ассортимент (товаров) ~ ассортимент (товаров) ~ тех. бабка (станка) ~ главный ствол (дерева) ~ группа населения ~ группа родственных языков ~ запас;
    инвентарь;
    word stock запас слов;
    basic word stock основной словарный фонд;
    dead stock (мертвый) инвентарь ~ запас ~ избитый, шаблонный, заезженный ~ иметь в наличии, в продаже;
    the shop stocks only cheap goods в этой лавке продаются только дешевые товары ~ имеющийся в наличии, наготове ~ имущество ~ инвентарь ~ капитал, акционерный капитал, основной капитал ~ капитал ~ pl ист. колодки ~ крепкий бульон из костей ~ левкой ~ материалы ~ облигации, ценные бумаги, фонды ~ облигации ~ обязательства ~ опора, подпора ~ парк (вагонов и т. п.) ;
    подвижной состав ~ уст. пень;
    бревно ~ перечень продаваемого имущества ~ поголовье скота ~ бот. подвой ~ биол. порода, племя ~ тех. припуск ~ раса ~ род, семья;
    of good stock из хорошей семьи ~ рукоятка, ручка;
    ружейная ложа ~ склад ~ скот, поголовье скота (тж. live stock) ~ скот ~ снабжать;
    to stock a farm оборудовать хозяйство ~ создавать запасы ~ pl мор. стапель;
    to be on the stocks стоять на стапеле;
    перен. готовиться, быть в работе (о литературном произведении) ~ сырье;
    paper stock бумажное сырье (тряпье и т. п.) ~ сырье ~ товар, запас, материальная база ~ фонд ~ хранить на складе ~ хранить на складе ~ ценные бумаги ~ часть колоды карт, не розданная игрокам ~ широкий галстук или шарф ~ метал. шихта, колоша ~ шток (якоря)
    ~ снабжать;
    to stock a farm оборудовать хозяйство
    ~ of foreign bills пакет иностранных векселей
    ~ of gold золотой запас
    ~ of goods запас товаров ~ of goods склад товаров
    ~ of record ценная бумага, зарегистрированная на имя владельца до даты, дающей право на получение дивиденда
    ~ on hand наличный запас
    ~ эк. акционерный капитал (тж. joint stock) ;
    основной капитал;
    фонды;
    the stocks государственный долг stocks: stocks акции и облигации ~ запасы готовой продукции ~ запасы товаров ~ стапель
    stocks and stones бесчувственные люди stocks and stones неодушевленные предметы
    straight ~ акция с фиксированной нарицательной стоимостью
    surplus ~ избыточный запас surplus ~ неликвидный запас surplus ~ неликвиды
    to take ~ инвентаризировать;
    делать переучет товара to take ~ критически оценивать, рассматривать (of — что-л.) ;
    приглядываться (of — к чему-л.)
    ~ амер. акции;
    to take stock in покупать акции;
    вступать в пай to take ~ in жарг. верить to take ~ in жарг. придавать значение
    take ~ of инвентаризовать take ~ of производить переучет товаров
    treasury ~ казначейская ценная бумага treasury ~ собственная акция компании, хранимая в ее финансовом отделе
    undated ~ бессрочная правительственная облигация
    voting ~ акция, дающая владельцу право голоса
    watered ~ разводненный акционерный капитал watered: ~ stock фин. разводненный акционерный капитал
    ~ запас;
    инвентарь;
    word stock запас слов;
    basic word stock основной словарный фонд;
    dead stock (мертвый) инвентарь

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > stock

  • 13
    stock

    [stɔk]

    active stock активные акции actual stock наличный запас actual stock фактический запас available rolling stock ж.-д. наличный подвижной состав base stock базовый запас base stock formula формула базового запаса base stock valuation стоимость базового запаса stock запас; инвентарь; word stock запас слов; basic word stock основной словарный фонд; dead stock (мертвый) инвентарь stock pl мор. стапель; to be on the stocks стоять на стапеле; перен. готовиться, быть в работе (о литературном произведении) bearer stock акция на предъявителя blue chip stock акции, дающие высокие дивиденды build up a stock создавать запас carry stock хранить запасы classified stock акции, различающиеся по статусу closing stock запас в конце отчетного периода common capital stock обыкновенная акция common capital stock обычная акция common stock обыкновенная акция common stock обычная акция consignment stock консигнационный склад consignment stock партия товаров contributed stock акционерный капитал convertible loan stock облигации, конвертируемые в акции convertible preferred stock привилегированные акции с возможностью обмена на обыкновенные акции cumulative preferred stock кумулятивная привилегированная акция stock запас; инвентарь; word stock запас слов; basic word stock основной словарный фонд; dead stock (мертвый) инвентарь dead stock акции, не пользующиеся спросом dead stock замороженные материальные средства dead stock запас товаров, не пользующихся спросом dead stock мертвый инвентарь dead stock неиспользуемый запас dead stock неходовые акции deferred stock акция с отсроченным дивидендом dwelling stock жилой фонд ex stock со склада ex stock франко-склад first stock первая акция funds stock запас капитала gambling stock ценная бумага, участвующая в спекуляции gilt-edged stock государственная ценная бумага gold stock золотой запас goods in stock товары на складе growth stock акция, цена которой повышается growth stock акция роста housing stock жилищный фонд in stock в запасе in stock в наличии (о товарах и т. п.); под рукой; out of stock распродано; to lay in stock делать запасы in stock в наличии intervention stock интервенционный запас in stock в наличии (о товарах и т. п.); под рукой; out of stock распродано; to lay in stock делать запасы letter stock семейная акция life stock срок хранения запасов loan stock залоговый запас loan stock облигация loan stock ценная бумага компании management stock акционерный капитал руководителей компании monetary gold stock золотой запас в денежном выражении money stock денежная масса money stock сумма денег в обращении no-par stock акция без фиксированного номинала obsolete stock устаревший ассортимент товаров stock род, семья; of good stock из хорошей семьи old dwelling stock старый жилой фонд old housing stock старый жилой фонд opening stock запас в начале отчетного периода opening stock начальный запас order stock склад заказанной продукции ordinary stock обыкновенные акции in stock в наличии (о товарах и т. п.); под рукой; out of stock распродано; to lay in stock делать запасы paid-up stock оплаченная акция stock сырье; paper stock бумажное сырье (тряпье и т. п.) penny stock мелкая акция preferred stock привилегированная акция reacquired stock вновь приобретенная акция redeemable stock акция, подлежащая выкупу registered stock ценная бумага, которая существует только в виде записей в регистре remaining stock сохранившийся запас reserve stock страховой запас rolling stock подвижной состав stock иметь в наличии, в продаже; the shop stocks only cheap goods в этой лавке продаются только дешевые товары stock приделывать ручку stock = stock company stock амер. акции; to take stock in покупать акции; вступать в пай stock эк. акционерный капитал (тж. joint stock); основной капитал; фонды; the stocks государственный долг stock акционерный капитал stock акция, акции stock акция stock ассортимент (товаров) stock ассортимент (товаров) stock тех. бабка (станка) stock главный ствол (дерева) stock группа населения stock группа родственных языков stock запас; инвентарь; word stock запас слов; basic word stock основной словарный фонд; dead stock (мертвый) инвентарь stock запас stock избитый, шаблонный, заезженный stock иметь в наличии, в продаже; the shop stocks only cheap goods в этой лавке продаются только дешевые товары stock имеющийся в наличии, наготове stock имущество stock инвентарь stock капитал, акционерный капитал, основной капитал stock капитал stock pl ист. колодки stock крепкий бульон из костей stock левкой stock материалы stock облигации, ценные бумаги, фонды stock облигации stock обязательства stock опора, подпора stock парк (вагонов и т. п.); подвижной состав stock уст. пень; бревно stock перечень продаваемого имущества stock поголовье скота stock бот. подвой stock биол. порода, племя stock тех. припуск stock раса stock род, семья; of good stock из хорошей семьи stock рукоятка, ручка; ружейная ложа stock склад stock скот, поголовье скота (тж. live stock) stock скот stock снабжать; to stock a farm оборудовать хозяйство stock создавать запасы stock pl мор. стапель; to be on the stocks стоять на стапеле; перен. готовиться, быть в работе (о литературном произведении) stock сырье; paper stock бумажное сырье (тряпье и т. п.) stock сырье stock товар, запас, материальная база stock фонд stock хранить на складе stock хранить на складе stock ценные бумаги stock часть колоды карт, не розданная игрокам stock широкий галстук или шарф stock метал. шихта, колоша stock шток (якоря) stock снабжать; to stock a farm оборудовать хозяйство stock of foreign bills пакет иностранных векселей stock of gold золотой запас stock of goods запас товаров stock of goods склад товаров stock of record ценная бумага, зарегистрированная на имя владельца до даты, дающей право на получение дивиденда stock on hand наличный запас stock эк. акционерный капитал (тж. joint stock); основной капитал; фонды; the stocks государственный долг stocks: stocks акции и облигации stock запасы готовой продукции stock запасы товаров stock стапель stocks and stones бесчувственные люди stocks and stones неодушевленные предметы straight stock акция с фиксированной нарицательной стоимостью surplus stock избыточный запас surplus stock неликвидный запас surplus stock неликвиды to take stock инвентаризировать; делать переучет товара to take stock критически оценивать, рассматривать (of — что-л.); приглядываться (of — к чему-л.) stock амер. акции; to take stock in покупать акции; вступать в пай to take stock in жарг. верить to take stock in жарг. придавать значение take stock of инвентаризовать take stock of производить переучет товаров treasury stock казначейская ценная бумага treasury stock собственная акция компании, хранимая в ее финансовом отделе undated stock бессрочная правительственная облигация voting stock акция, дающая владельцу право голоса watered stock разводненный акционерный капитал watered: stock stock фин. разводненный акционерный капитал stock запас; инвентарь; word stock запас слов; basic word stock основной словарный фонд; dead stock (мертвый) инвентарь

    English-Russian short dictionary > stock

  • 14
    system

    English-Russian dictionary of mechanical engineering and automation > system

  • 15
    processor

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > processor

  • 16
    processor

    array processor вчт. векторный процессор associative processor вчт. ассоциативный процессор attached processor вчт. сопроцессор auxiliary processor вчт. внешний процессор back-end processor вчт. дополнительный процессор basic processor вчт. основной процессор bit-slice processor вчт. секционированный процессор central processor вчт. центральный процессор command processor вчт. командный процессор compound document processor вчт. комбинированный обработчик документов console command processor вчт. диалоговый монитор data base processor вчт. процессор базы данных data processor вчт. блок обработки данных data processor вчт. процессор для обработки данных data-base processor вчт. процессор базы данных dedicated word processor вчт. система подготовки текстов display processor вчт. дисплейный процессор dual processor вчт. двухпроцессорный комплекс front-end processor вчт. интерфейсный процессор host processor вчт. главный процессор interface message processor вчт. интерфейсный процессор сообщений language processor вчт. транслятор linguistic processor вчт. лингвистический процессор logical processor вчт. логический процессор macro processor вчт. макропроцессор math processor вчт. математический процессор matrix processor вчт. матричный процессор message processor вчт. математический процессор network processor вчт. сетевой процессор processor вчт. блок обработки данных processor вчт. обрабатывающая программа processor вчт. процессор processor вчт. устройство обработки данных raster processor вчт. растровый процессор simbolic processor вчт. символьный процессор software processor вчт. программный процессор specially designed processor вчт. спецпроцессор target processor вчт. целевой процессор terminal processor вчт. терминальный процессор text processor вчт. текстовый процессор vector processor вчт. векторный процессор vertical processor вчт. процессор с вертикальным программированием virtual processor вчт. виртуальный процессор word processor вчт. процессор для обработки текстов word processor вчт. система подготовки текстов word processor вчт. текстовой процессор

    English-Russian short dictionary > processor

  • 17
    WB

    1) Разговорное выражение: Wanna Be

    12) Грубое выражение: We Blow, We Bullshit, We’re Bastards, Wee Bastards, Weekly Bullshit, Whiny Bitch, Wicked Bastards, Wimpy Bastards, Without Brains, Without Bras, Worthless Bastards, Worthless Boobs

    15) Сокращение: WayBill, Weather Bureau, Week Beginning, Wide Band, wagon box, wash bucket, wedge bar, westbound, whale boat, wheel base, wheelbarrow, wood base, workbench, Write Back

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > WB

  • 18
    Wb

    1) Разговорное выражение: Wanna Be

    12) Грубое выражение: We Blow, We Bullshit, We’re Bastards, Wee Bastards, Weekly Bullshit, Whiny Bitch, Wicked Bastards, Wimpy Bastards, Without Brains, Without Bras, Worthless Bastards, Worthless Boobs

    15) Сокращение: WayBill, Weather Bureau, Week Beginning, Wide Band, wagon box, wash bucket, wedge bar, westbound, whale boat, wheel base, wheelbarrow, wood base, workbench, Write Back

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > Wb

  • 19
    wb

    1) Разговорное выражение: Wanna Be

    12) Грубое выражение: We Blow, We Bullshit, We’re Bastards, Wee Bastards, Weekly Bullshit, Whiny Bitch, Wicked Bastards, Wimpy Bastards, Without Brains, Without Bras, Worthless Bastards, Worthless Boobs

    15) Сокращение: WayBill, Weather Bureau, Week Beginning, Wide Band, wagon box, wash bucket, wedge bar, westbound, whale boat, wheel base, wheelbarrow, wood base, workbench, Write Back

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > wb

  • 20
    think

    θɪŋk гл.
    1) а) думать, мыслить Syn: cogitate, deliberate, meditate, muse, ponder, reason, reflect, ruminate, speculate б) размышлять, обдумывать (about, of — о ком-л., чем-л.) ;
    в) думать, полагать, считать, иметь( какое-л.) мнение to think fit, think good ≈ счесть возможным, уместным I think no harm in it. ≈ Я не вижу в этом вреда. What do you think of this singer? ≈ Что ты думаешь об этом певце?
    2) а) понимать, представлять себе I can’t think how you did it. ≈ Не могу себе представить, как вы это сделали. I cannot think what he means. ≈ Не могу понять, что он хочет сказать. б) ожидать, предполагать в) мечтать, постоянно думать;
    придумывать, находить (of) I cannot think of the right word. ≈ Не могу придумать подходящего слова.
    3) вспоминать, восстанавливать в памяти I think how we were once friends. ≈ Я вспоминаю о том, как мы когда-то дружили. I can’t think of his name. ≈ Не могу припомнить его имени. ∙ think about think again think away think aloud think back think before think fit think for think of think nothing of think on think out think over think through think to think up think upon he thinks he is it разг. ≈ он о себе высокого мнения I think little/nothing of 30 miles a day ≈ делать 30 миль в день для меня сущий пустяк I don’t think (прибавляется к ирон. утверждению) ≈ нечего сказать;
    ни дать ни взять to think the world of ≈ быть высокого мнения о think better of
    размышление — to have a long * about smth. как следует поразмыслить о чем-л. мысль;
    мнение думать, размышлять;
    мыслить — to * clearly ясно мыслить — to * aloud думать /размышлять/ вслух — to * (twice) before doing smth. подумать (дважды), прежде чем сделать что-л. — to * hard подумать как следует — to learn to * in English научиться думать по-английски;
    усвоить английский образ мыслей — to * to oneself for a moment задуматься на минутку — I’ll * about /of/ it я подумаю об этом — * of what I’ve told you подумайте над моими словами — don’t * of him any more выкиньте его из головы — this has set me *ing это заставило меня задуматься — I did it without *ing я сделал это не подумав — just * a minute! подумай немного! — * again! не торопись, подумай еще! — it’s so noisy here I can’t * здесь так шумно, я не могу сосредоточиться — the reader will have much to * about читателю будет о чем подумать — he’s not so handsome, (when you) come to * of it если подумать — не такой уж он красавец — did you * to bring any money? (а) тебе не пришло в голову взять денег? — I’m glad to * (that) I have been of use to you мне приятно думать, что я был вам чем-то полезен — I’ve been *ing that… мне пришло в голову, что… — he *s he knows everything он воображает, будто знает все( на свете) — what will people *? что люди подумают? — I no longer knew what to * я не знал, что и (по) думать;
    я терялся в догадках — he says all he *s он говорит все, что думает;
    что он думает, то и говорит думать, иметь в голове — to * black thoughts лелеять черные мысли — to * scorn of smb. (устаревшее) думать с презрением о ком-л.;
    презирать кого-л. — he thought base thoughts в голову ему приходили грязные мысли полагать, считать;
    предполагать — I * it will rain я думаю, что будет дождь — I thought I heard a knock мне показалось, что стучат (в дверь) — do you * you could do it? ты полагаешь, что сможешь это сделать? — then you * that… значит, ты считаешь /думаешь/, что… — it’s better, don’t you *, to get it over with? как, по-твоему, не лучше ли сразу с этим покончить? — are you coming with us? — I don’t * I am вы идете с нами? — Пожалуй, нет — I * with /like/ you я согласен с вами — I rather * so мне так кажется — I don’t * so я этого не думаю — I (should) hardly * so не думаю;
    мне это кажется невероятным — thought proper for government publications считавшийся подходящим для правительственных изданий — to * smb. the best contemporary novelist считать кого-л. лучшим современным романистом — I thought her charming я нашел ее очаровательной — I think it possible я это допускаю, я считаю это возможным — do as you * fit поступай, как знаешь /как считаешь нужным/ — they * their teacher a fine man они считают своего учителя прекрасным человеком — to * smb. of little account не ценить кого-л., относиться с пренебрежением к кому-л. — he is conventionally thought to be a romantic thing его обычно считают романтиком иметь (какое-л.) мнение — to * much /well, highly, a great deal/ of smb., smth. быть высокого мнения о ком-л., чем-л.;
    высоко ценить кого-л., что-л. — to * badly of smb., smth. быть дурного мнения о ком-л., чем-л. — to * little /nothing/ of smth. быть дурного мнения о ком-л., чем-л.;
    ни во что не ставить;
    считать пустяком — I * nothing of thirty miles a day делать тридцать миль в день для меня сущий пустяк — to * dirty about smb. (просторечие) плохо думать о ком-л., ни в грош не ставить кого-л. — to * of smb. as one’s inferior считать кого-л. ниже себя — he is well thought of он на хорошем счету представлять себе, воображать — to * of smb. as still a boy представлять себе кого-л. все еще мальчиком — * of him not guessing it! а он так и не догадался, вы можете себе представить? — what do you *? (разговорное) и что бы вы думали? — only *!, just * of that!, to * of it! подумать только!;
    представляете? — you can’t *! подумайте!;
    вы и представить себе не можете! — I can’t * where he is не представляю себе, где он может быть;
    ума не приложу, куда он исчез /пропал/ — I can’t bear to * what might happen я боюсь думать о том, что может случиться /произойти/ — * what a sacrifice he has made подумайте, на какие жертвы он пошел — you can’t * how surprised he was вы не можете себе представить, до чего он был удивлен воображать, рисовать в (своем) воображении — we * the ocean as a whole океан представляется нам единым целым придумывать, находить — to * a way out of trouble найти выход из трудного положения (of) придумывать, додумываться — to * of a way out of a difficulty найти выход из трудного положения — who first thought of the plan? кому первому пришел в голову этот план? иметь в виду, намереваться;
    замышлять — to * of marrying /to marry/ smb. собираться /намереваться/ жениться на ком-л. — he *s to deceive me он думает /хочет/ обмануть меня — I only thought to help you я хотел только помочь вам — I must be *ing of giong мне пора собираться — I shouldn’t /I should never/ * of doing such a thing (эмоционально-усилительно) я бы ни за что не сделал этого ожидать, предполагать, рассчитывать — I didn’t * to see you я не ожидал /не рассчитывал/ увидеть вас — who would have thought to meet you here кто бы подумал /кто бы мог предполагать/, что я встречу вас здесь? — they * to escape punishment они рассчитывают, что им удастся избежать наказания — I little thought I would see him again никак не ожидал /вот уж не думал/, что вновь его увижу подозревать, ждать — to * no evil /no harm/ не заподозрить злого умысла, не ждать ничего плохого (for) (устаревшее) подозревать, предполагать — things are worse than you * for дела обстоят хуже, чем вы думаете /полагаете/ вспоминать — to * of old times вспоминать былое — I can’t * of his name at the moment я не могу сейчас припомнить его имени — try to * how the accident happened постарайтесь припомнить, как произошел несчастный случай постоянно думать, мечтать — to * airplanes all day long бредить самолетами дни напролет — he *s nothing but sports он ни о чем кроме спорта не думает /не может думать/;
    он помешался на спорте заботиться, беспокоиться — to * only of oneself думать только о себе — you must think of others вы должны подумать и о других;
    не забывайте о других доводить себя раздумьями до какого-л. состояния — I thought myself silly я столько думал, что теперь уже ничего не соображаю /дошел до отупения/ — he thought himself into a fever он настолько переутомил мозг, что заболел /слег/ в грам. знач. прил.: (разговорное) умственный;
    интеллектуальный, философский > to * long (диалектизм) изнывать, томиться > to * fit /good, proper/ to do smth. решиться сделать что-л. (обыкн. какую-л. глупость) > to * better of smth. передумать, переменить мнение о чем-л. > to * better of smb. быть лучшего мнения о ком-л. > to * big (сленг) далеко метить, иметь честолюбивые планы > I don’t *! не думаю;
    ничего подобного, что за вздор, что за ерунда;
    (ироничное) нечего сказать, ничего не скажешь, ничего себе > an amiable young man, I don’t * приятный молодой человек, нечего сказать > he *s he is it он о себе высокого мнения, он нос задирает
    to ~ better of быть лучшего мнения (о ком-л.) ;
    he thinks he is it разг. он о себе высокого мнения
    ~ понимать, представлять себе;
    I can’t think how you did it не могу себе представить, как вы это сделали
    ~ вспоминать;
    I think how we were once friends я вспоминаю о том, как мы когда-то дружили;
    I can’t think of his name не могу припомнить его имени
    ~ придумывать, находить (of) ;
    I cannot think of the right word не могу придумать подходящего слова
    I cannot ~ what he means не могу понять, что он хочет сказать
    think: I don’t think (прибавляется к ирон. утверждению) нечего сказать;
    ни дать ни взять
    ~ вспоминать;
    I think how we were once friends я вспоминаю о том, как мы когда-то дружили;
    I can’t think of his name не могу припомнить его имени
    I ~ little (или nothing) of 30 miles a day делать 30 миль в день для меня сущий пустяк
    ~ считать, полагать;
    to think fit (или good) счесть возможным, уместным;
    I think no harm in it я не вижу в этом вреда
    think: I don’t think (прибавляется к ирон. утверждению) нечего сказать;
    ни дать ни взять ~ вспоминать;
    I think how we were once friends я вспоминаю о том, как мы когда-то дружили;
    I can’t think of his name не могу припомнить его имени ~ (thought) думать, обдумывать (about, of — о ком-л., чем-л.) ;
    мыслить ~ думать ~ ожидать, предполагать;
    I thought as much я так и предполагал ~ понимать, представлять себе;
    I can’t think how you did it не могу себе представить, как вы это сделали ~ постоянно думать, мечтать;
    think out продумать до конца;
    think over обсудить, обдумать ~ придумывать, находить (of) ;
    I cannot think of the right word не могу придумать подходящего слова ~ размышлять ~ считать, полагать;
    to think fit (или good) счесть возможным, уместным;
    I think no harm in it я не вижу в этом вреда
    to ~ better of быть лучшего мнения (о ком-л.) ;
    he thinks he is it разг. он о себе высокого мнения to ~ better of передумать;
    отказаться от намерения( сделать что-л.)
    ~ считать, полагать;
    to think fit (или good) счесть возможным, уместным;
    I think no harm in it я не вижу в этом вреда
    ~ up амер. выдумать, сочинить, придумать;
    to think much of быть высокого мнения;
    высоко ценить
    to ~ well (highly, badly) (of smb.) быть хорошего (высокого, дурного) мнения (о ком-л.) ;
    to think no end( of smb.) очень высоко ценить (кого-л.)
    ~ постоянно думать, мечтать;
    think out продумать до конца;
    think over обсудить, обдумать
    ~ up амер. выдумать, сочинить, придумать;
    to think much of быть высокого мнения;
    высоко ценить
    to ~ well (highly, badly) (of smb.) быть хорошего (высокого, дурного) мнения (о ком-л.) ;
    to think no end (of smb.) очень высоко ценить (кого-л.)

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > think


  • These examples may contain rude words based on your search.


    These examples may contain colloquial words based on your search.


    Papa is bringing home the bacon.



    А вот так папа приносит домой бекон».


    It is bringing those things that you have been dreaming of, the possibilities of being conscious creators on your planet.



    Она приносит те вещи, о которых вы мечтали, — возможность быть сознательными творцами на своей планете.


    The absence of childhood vaccinations is bringing back to the country seemingly forgotten diseases.



    Отсутствие детских прививок возвращает в страну, казалось бы, уже забытые болезни.


    But he says that Shu is bringing life back to the block.



    Но он говорит, что Шу возвращает жизнь в блок.


    There is also — how to say — much that she is bringing back energetically and sharing with you.



    Существует также — как бы сказать — многое, что она энергетически приносит назад и чем делится с тобой.


    Maybe you are the head of a pharmaceutical company that is bringing a new drug to market.



    Может быть, вы глава фармацевтической компании, которая приносит новый препарат на рынок.


    I prefer to be surprised by all the new things this new energy is bringing me.



    Я предпочитаю удивляться всем тем новым вещам, которые приносит с собой новая энергия.


    A new programme is bringing water and hope to family farmers.



    Новая программа приносит воду и надежду семейным фермерским хозяйствам.


    The computer era is bringing many young talents into the game, and some of them are developing into a serious power in world chess.



    Компьютерной эры приносит много молодых талантов в игру, а некоторые из них развиваются в серьезной силой в мире шахмат.


    This rapid expansion of the market is bringing with it exciting opportunities but is not without consequences.



    Это быстрое расширение рынка приносит с собой захватывающие возможности, но не без последствий.


    Increased tourism is bringing great benefits to many economies but must be managed properly by both policymakers and businesses for a sustainable future.



    «Рост туризма приносит огромные выгоды многим экономикам, но должен быть должным образом управляем как политиками, так и бизнесом для устойчивого будущего».


    LIGO is bringing us a new way to observe some of the darkest yet most energetic events in our universe.



    LIGO приносит нам новый способ наблюдать некоторые из самых темных и энергичных событий в нашей вселенной».


    Climate change is bringing slow but inexorable danger to some of Africa’s most fleet-footed survivors.



    Изменение климата приносит медленную, но неумолимую опасность для некоторых из оставшихся в живых в Африке.


    Facebook’s role in civic debate is bringing you more opinions.



    Роль Facebook в гражданских дебатах приносит вам больше мнений.


    However, the 4K transition is bringing with it a more important change: HDR.



    Однако переход на 4K приносит с собой более важное изменение: HDR.


    Germany is bringing back its gold assets kept in the United States, which will take approximately seven years.



    Германия возвращает своё золото, находящееся в США, назад, что займёт примерно семь лет.


    Caterpillar is bringing jobs back from Japan.



    Компания Caterpillar возвращает работников назад в США из Японии.


    The prosecution is bringing 141 witnesses.


    It is bringing to light what you think.



    Оно выносит на свет то, о чем вы думаете.


    It is bringing several vessels, including a hospital ship.

    No results found for this meaning.

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    Phrase index: 1-400, 401-800, 801-1200

    • Categorized under Language | Difference Between Root and Base Word

    Root vs Base Word

    A word can be simple or complex. In its simplest form, it can have a definite meaning. When combined with other words, it can form new words that may or may not have similar meanings as the original word which can either be a root word or a base word.

    A root word is the primary form of a word which can either be free morphemes or bound morphemes. Free morphemes are words that can stand alone or that can appear with other words while bound morphemes are prefixes and suffixes that appear with other morphemes to form a word.

    A root word may be a word that has a meaning or one that does not have a meaning. It is the term that a certain word comes from originally and is a word’s basic linguistic unit. It may come from several different languages like Greek and Latin.

    Affixes are usually added to root words in order to create new words. In words that have two or more syllables, there is a root word and two or more prefixes or suffixes. The meaning of a word can be easily determined if one knows the root word. Root words are parts of a base word.

    A base word is a word that does not have any other words added either at the beginning or its ending. It can stand on its own and has meaning. It is a word that is easily apparent in every language and is a word in its simplest form.
    It can be modified by adding suffixes and prefixes to form new words with related meanings although it can have a meaning on its own. Take the word “cycle” for example. It means “wheel.” And if the prefix “bi” is added, it forms the word “bicycle” which means “two wheels.”

    It can be further modified by adding the suffix “ist” which means “doer” in order to form the word “cyclist” which means “one who rides a bicycle.” Its root word is the Greek word “kyklos” which means “disk, wheel, or ring” which in turn evolved into the Latin “cyclus” then the Middle English “cicle.”

    Root words and base words are stem words. They form the base of other words which are created after affixes are added. The word “act” is a stem word which is also a base word as it can stand on its own. Adding the prefix “counter” would form the new word “counteract” which has an opposite meaning to the base word. Its root word is the Latin “actus.”

    Summary

    1.A root word is the primary form of a word while a base word is a word that can stand on its own.
    2.A root word may or may not have a meaning while a base word has a meaning on its own.
    3.New words can be formed using root words and base words by adding suffixes or prefixes, and several affixes can be added to root words for it to have a meaning.
    4.A root word is the basic linguistic unit, and it is the original form of a word while a base word is a word in its simplest form.

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    M, E. (2016, June 8). Difference Between Root and Base Word. Difference Between Similar Terms and Objects. http://www.differencebetween.net/language/difference-between-root-and-base-word/.

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    M, Emelda. «Difference Between Root and Base Word.» Difference Between Similar Terms and Objects, 8 June, 2016, http://www.differencebetween.net/language/difference-between-root-and-base-word/.

    Written by : Emelda M.
    and updated on 2016, June 8

    Articles on DifferenceBetween.net are general information, and are not intended to substitute for professional advice. The information is «AS IS», «WITH ALL FAULTS». User assumes all risk of use, damage, or injury. You agree that we have no liability for any damages.

    In English grammar, a base is the form of a word to which prefixes and suffixes can be added to create new words. For example, instruct is the base for forming instruction, instructor, and reinstruct. Also called a root or stem.

    Put another way, base forms are words that are not derived from or made up of other words. According to Ingo Plag, «The term ‘root’ is used when we want to explicitly refer to the indivisible central part of a complex word. In all other cases, where the status of a form as indivisible or not is not an issue, we can just speak of bases (or, if the base is a word, base words(Word-Formation in English, 2003).

    Examples and Observations

    «In most situations, the user of English has no problem at all recognizing prefixes, bases, and suffixes. For instance, in the sentence, ‘They repainted the old car,’ the complex word repainted obviously has three elements—a prefix, a base, and a suffix: re + paint + ed. The base paint is the word’s semantic core, the starting place for describing what the word is being used to mean in a given utterance. The prefix and suffix add semantic content to that core, the prefix re adding the content ‘again,’ and the suffix ed adding ‘in the past.'» (D. W. Cummings, American English Spelling. JHU Press, 1988)

    Base Forms and Word Roots

    «[The term base] refers to any part of a word seen as a unit to which an operation can be applied, as when one adds an affix to a root or stem. For example, in unhappy the base form is happy; if -ness is then added to unhappy, the whole of this item would be considered the base to which the new affix is attached. Some analysts, however, restrict the term ‘base’ to be equivalent to ‘root,’ the part of a word remaining when all affixes have been removed. In such an approach, happy would be the base form (the highest common factor) of all its derivations—

    happiness, unhappy, unhappiness, etc. This meaning leads to a special use in prosodic morphology to define the portion of the output in correspondence with another portion of the form, especially the reduplicant.» (David Crystal, Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics, 6th ed. Blackwell, 2008)

    Citation Forms

    «For adjectives, e.g. bad, the base form is the so-called ‘absolute’ form (as against the comparative form worse, or the superlative form worst). For other word classes, e.g. adverb or preposition, where there are no grammatical variants, there is only one form that can be the headword.

    «These base forms of words, the headwords of dictionary entries, may be termed the citation forms of lexemes. When we want to talk about the lexeme sing, then the form that we cite (i.e. ‘quote’) is the base form—as I have just done—and that is taken to include all the grammatical variants (sings, singing, sang, sung).» (Howard Jackson, Words and Their Meaning. Routledge, 2013)

    Bases in Complex Words

    «Another classic problem of morphology [is] the case of a complex word with a recognizable suffix or prefix, attached to a base that is not an existing word of the language. For example, among the -able words are words such as malleable and feasible. In both cases the suffix -able (spelled -ible in the second case because of a different historical origin for the suffix) has the regular meaning ‘be able,’ and in both cases the -ity form is possible (mealleability and feasibility). We have no reason to suspect that able/ible here is not the real suffix -able. Yet if it is, then malleable must be broken down as malle + able and feasible as feas + ible; but there are no existing words (free morphemes) in English such as malle or feas, or even malley or fease. We thus have to allow for the existence of a complex word whose base exists only in that complex word . . ..» (A. Akmajian, R. A. Demers, A. K. Farmer, R. M. Harnish, Linguistics: An Introduction to Language and Communication. MIT, 2001)

    Примеры из текстов

    As qualified by ICSC in 1982, recruitment is still based on word of mouth rather than on objective selection criteria.

    Как отмечала КМГС в 1982 году, набор по-прежнему осуществляется на основе субъективного мнения, а не объективных критериев отбора.

    © Организация Объединенных Наций, 2010 год

    Remember, the Law of Attraction responds to the vibrations you send out based on how you feel, not based on specific words you use.

    Помни: Закон Привлечения откликается на вибрации, определяемые тем, как ты себя чувствуешь, а не тем, какие слова произносишь.

    Losier, Michael J. / Law of Attraction: The Science of Attracting More of What You Want and Less of What You Don’tЛозьер, Майкл / Закон Привлечения: Наука о том, как привлекать в свою жизнь то, что хочешь, отталкивая то, чего не хочешь

    Закон Привлечения: Наука о том, как привлекать в свою жизнь то, что хочешь, отталкивая то, чего не хочешь

    Лозьер, Майкл

    © «София», 2007

    © ООО Издательство «София», 2007

    © 2006 by Michael J. Losier

    Law of Attraction: The Science of Attracting More of What You Want and Less of What You Don’t

    Losier, Michael J.

    © 2003, 2006 by Michael J. Losier

    Smurov’s fancy that Kolya would bring back the lost dog was based on the words Kolya had dropped that «they must be asses not to find the dog, if it was alive.»

    Мечта же о том, что он приведет пропавшую Жучку, явилась у Смурова на основании раз брошенных мельком слов Красоткиным, что «ослы они все, коли не могут отыскать собаку, если только она жива».

    Dostoevsky, Fyodor / The brothers KaramazovДостоевский, Фёдор / Братья Карамазовы

    Братья Карамазовы

    Достоевский, Фёдор

    © Издательство «Художественная литература», 1988

    The brothers Karamazov

    Dostoevsky, Fyodor

    It is based on the wording of the Treaty itself.

    Он основан на формулировках самого Договора.

    © Организация Объединенных Наций, 2010 год

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    Lecture 3.
    Word-building: affixation, conversion, composition, abbreviation.
    THE WORD-BUILDING SYSTEM OF ENGLISH
    1.
    Word-derivation
    2.
    Affixation
    3.
    Conversion
    4.
    Word-composition
    5.
    Shortening
    6.
    Blending
    7.
    Acronymy
    8.
    Sound interchange
    9.
    Sound imitation
    10. Distinctive stress
    11. Back-formation
    Word-formation is a branch of Lexicology which studies the process of building new
    words, derivative structures and patterns of existing words. Two principle types of wordformation are distinguished: word-derivation and word-composition. It is evident that wordformation proper can deal only with words which can be analyzed both structurally and
    semantically. Simple words are closely connected with word-formation because they serve as the
    foundation of derived and compound words. Therefore, words like writer, displease, sugar free,
    etc. make the subject matter of study in word-formation, but words like to write, to please, atom,
    free are irrelevant to it.
    WORD-FORMATION
    WORD-DERIVATION
    AFFIXATION
    WORD-COMPOSITION
    CONVERSION
    1. Word-derivation.
    Speaking about word-derivation we deal with the derivational structure of words which
    basic elementary units are derivational bases, derivational affixes and derivational patterns.
    A derivational base is the part of the word which establishes connection with the lexical
    unit that motivates the derivative and determines its individual lexical meaning describing the
    difference between words in one and the same derivative set. For example, the individual lexical
    meaning of the words singer, writer, teacher which denote active doers of the action is signaled by
    the lexical meaning of the derivational bases: sing-, write-, teach-.
    Structurally derivational bases fall into 3 classes:
    1. Bases that coincide with morphological stems of different degrees оf complexity, i.e.,
    with words functioning independently in modern English e.g., dutiful, day-dreamer. Bases are
    functionally and semantically distinct from morphological stems. Functionally the morphological
    stem is a part of the word which is the starting point for its forms: heart – hearts; it is the part
    which presents the entire grammatical paradigm. The stem remains unchanged throughout all
    word-forms; it keeps them together preserving the identity of the word. A derivational base is the
    starting point for different words (heart – heartless – hearty) and its derivational potential
    outlines the type and scope of existing words and new creations. Semantically the stem stands for
    the whole semantic structure of the word; it represents all its lexical meanings. A base represents,
    as a rule, only one meaning of the source word.
    2. Bases that coincide with word-forms, e.g., unsmiling, unknown. The base is usually
    represented by verbal forms: the present and the past participles.
    3. Bases that coincide with word-groups of different degrees of stability, e.g., blue-eyed,
    empty-handed. Bases of this class allow a rather limited range of collocability, they are most
    active with derivational affixes in the class of adjectives and nouns (long-fingered, blue-eyed).
    Derivational affixes are Immediate Constituents of derived words in all parts of speech.
    Affixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding derivational affixes to
    different types of bases. Affixation is subdivided into suffixation and prefixation. In Modern
    English suffixation is mostly characteristic of nouns and adjectives coining, while prefixation is
    mostly typical of verb formation.
    A derivational pattern is a regular meaningful arrangement, a structure that imposes
    rigid rules on the order and the nature of the derivational base and affixes that may be brought
    together to make up a word. Derivational patterns are studied with the help of distributional
    analysis at different levels. Patterns are usually represented in a generalized way in terms of
    conventional symbols: small letters v, n, a, d which stand for the bases coinciding with the stems
    of the respective parts of speech: verbs, etc. Derivational patterns may represent derivative
    structure at different levels of generalization:
    - at the level of structural types. The patterns of this type are known as structural
    formulas, all words may be classified into 4 classes: suffixal derivatives (friendship) n + -sf →
    N, prefixal derivatives (rewrite), conversions (a cut, to parrot) v → N, compound words (musiclover).
    - at the level of structural patterns. Structural patterns specify the base classes and
    individual affixes thus indicating the lexical-grammatical and lexical classes of derivatives
    within certain structural classes of words. The suffixes refer derivatives to specific parts of
    speech and lexical subsets. V + -er = N (a semantic set of active agents, denoting both animate
    and inanimate objects - reader, singer); n + -er = N (agents denoting residents or occupations Londoner, gardener). We distinguish a structural semantic derivationa1 pattern.
    - at the level of structural-semantic patterns. Derivational patterns may specify semantic
    features of bases and individual meaning of affixes: N + -y = A (nominal bases denoting living
    beings are collocated with the suffix meaning "resemblance" - birdy, catty; but nominal bases
    denoting material, parts of the body attract another meaning "considerable amount" - grassy,
    leggy).
    The basic ways of forming new words in word-derivation are affixation and conversion.
    Affixation is the formation of a new word with the help of affixes (heartless, overdo).
    Conversion is the formation of a new word by bringing a stem of this word into a different
    paradigm (a fall from to fall).
    2. Affixation
    Affixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding derivational affixes
    to different types of bases. Affixation includes suffixation and prefixation. Distinction between
    suffixal and prefixal derivates is made according to the last stage of derivation, for example,
    from the point of view of derivational analysis the word unreasonable – un + (reason- + -able) is
    qualified as a prefixal derivate, while the word discouragement – (dis- + -courage) + -ment is
    defined as a suffixal derivative.
    Suffixation is the formation of words with the help of suffixes. Suffixes usually modify
    the lexical meaning of the base and transfer words to a different part of speech.
    Suffixes can be classified into different types in accordance with different principles.
    According to the lexico-grammatical character suffixes may be: deverbal suffixes, e.d.,
    those added to the verbal base (agreement); denominal (endless); deadjectival (widen,
    brightness).
    According to the part of speech formed suffixes fall into several groups: noun-forming
    suffixes (assistance), adjective-forming suffixes (unbearable), numeral-forming suffixes
    (fourteen), verb-forming suffixes (facilitate), adverb-forming suffixes (quickly, likewise).
    Semantically suffixes may be monosemantic, e.g. the suffix –ess has only one meaning
    “female” – goddess, heiress; polysemantic, e.g. the suffix –hood has two meanings “condition or
    quality” falsehood and “collection or group” brotherhood.
    According to their generalizing denotational meaning suffixes may fall into several
    groups: the agent of the action (baker, assistant); collectivity (peasantry); appurtenance
    (Victorian, Chinese); diminutiveness (booklet).
    Prefixation is the formation of words with the help of prefixes. Two types of prefixes can
    be distinguished: 1) those not correlated with any independent word (un-, post-, dis-); 2) those
    correlated with functional words (prepositions or preposition-like adverbs: out-, up-, under-).
    Diachronically distinction is made between prefixes of native and foreign origin.
    Prefixes can be classified according to different principles.
    According to the lexico-grammatical character of the base prefixes are usually added to,
    they may be: deverbal prefixes, e.d., those added to the verbal base (overdo); denominal
    (unbutton); deadjectival (biannual).
    According to the part of speech formed prefixes fall into several groups: noun-forming
    prefixes (ex-husband), adjective-forming prefixes (unfair), verb-forming prefixes (dethrone),
    adverb-forming prefixes (uphill).
    Semantically prefixes may be monosemantic, e.g. the prefix –ex has only one meaning
    “former” – ex-boxer; polysemantic, e.g. the prefix –dis has four meanings “not” disadvantage
    and “removal of” to disbrunch.
    According to their generalizing denotational meaning prefixes may fall into several
    groups: negative prefixes – un, non, dis, a, in (ungrateful, nonpolitical, disloyal, amoral,
    incorrect); reversative prefixes - un, de, dis (untie, decentralize, disconnect); pejorative prefixes
    – mis, mal, pseudo (mispronounce, maltreat, pseudo-scientific); prefix of repetition (redo),
    locative prefixes – super, sub, inter, trans (superstructure, subway, intercontinental,
    transatlantic).
    3. Conversion
    Conversion is a process which allows us to create additional lexical terms out of those
    that already exist, e.g., to saw, to spy, to snoop, to flirt. This process is not limited to one syllable
    words, e.g., to bottle, to butter, nor is the process limited to the creation of verbs from nouns, e.g.,
    to up the prices. Converted words are extremely colloquial: "I'll microwave the chicken", "Let's
    flee our dog", "We will of course quiche and perrier you".
    Conversion came into being in the early Middle English period as a result of the leveling
    and further loss of endings.
    In Modern English conversion is a highly-productive type of word-building. Conversion
    is a specifically English type of word formation which is determined by its analytical character,
    by its scarcity of inflections and abundance of mono-and-de-syllabic words in different parts of
    speech. Conversion is coining new words in a different part of speech and with a different
    distribution but without adding any derivative elements, so that the original and the converted
    words are homonyms.
    Structural Characteristics of Conversion: Mostly monosyllabic words are converted,
    e.g., to horn, to box, to eye. In Modern English there is a marked tendency to convert
    polysyllabic words of a complex morphological structure, e.g., to e-mail, to X-ray. Most converted
    words are verbs which may be formed from different parts of speech from nouns, adjectives,
    adverbs, interjections.
    Nouns from verbs - a try, a go, a find, a loss
    From adjectives - a daily, a periodical
    From adverbs - up and down
    From conjunctions - but me no buts
    From interjection - to encore
    Semantic Associations / Relations of Conversion:
    The noun is the name of a tool or implement, the verb denotes an action performed by the
    tool, e.g., to nail, to pin, to comb, to brush, to pencil;
    The noun is the name of an animal, the verb denotes an action or aspect of behavior
    considered typical of this animal, e.g., to monkey, to rat, to dog, to fox;
    When the noun is the name of a part of a human body, the verb denotes an action
    performed by it, e.g., to hand, to nose, to eye;
    When the noun is the name of a profession or occupation, the verb denotes the activity
    typical of it, e.g., to cook, to maid, to nurse;
    When the noun is the name of a place, the verb will denote the process of occupying the
    place or by putting something into it, e.g., to room, to house, to cage;
    When the word is the name of a container, the verb will denote the act of putting
    something within the container, e.g., to can, to pocket, to bottle;
    When the word is the name of a meal, the verb means the process of taking it, e.g., to
    lunch, to supper, to dine, to wine;
    If an adjective is converted into a verb, the verb may have a generalized meaning "to be
    in a state", e.g., to yellow;
    When nouns are converted from verbs, they denote an act or a process, or the result, e.g.,
    a try, a go, a find, a catch.
    4. Word-composition
    Compound words are words consisting of at least two stems which occur in the language
    as free forms.
    Most compounds in English have the primary stress on the first syllable. For example,
    income tax has the primary stress on the in of income, not on the tax.
    Compounds have a rather simple, regular set of properties. First, they are binary in
    structure. They always consist of two or more constituent lexemes. A compound which has three
    or more constituents must have them in pairs, e.g., washingmachine manufacturer consists of
    washingmachine and manufacturer, while washingmachine in turn consists of washing and
    machine. Compound words also usually have a head constituent. By a head constituent we mean
    one which determines the syntactic properties of the whole lexeme, e.g., the compound lexeme
    longboat consists of an adjective, long and a noun, boat. The compound lexeme longboat is a
    noun, and it is а noun because boat is a noun, that is, boat is the head constituent of longboat.
    Compound words can belong to all the major syntactic categories:
    • Nouns: signpost, sunlight, bluebird, redwood, swearword, outhouse;
    • Verbs: window shop, stargaze, outlive, undertake;
    • Adjectives: ice-cold, hell-bent, undersized;
    • Prepositions: into, onto, upon.
    From the morphological point of view compound words are classified according to the
    structure of immediate constituents:
    • Compounds consisting of simple stems - heartache, blackbird;
    • Compounds where at least one of the constituents is a derived stem -chainsmoker,
    maid-servant, mill-owner, shop-assistant;
    • Compounds where one of the constituents is a clipped stem - V-day, A-bomb, Xmas,
    H-bag;
    • Compounds where one of the constituents is a compound stem - wastes paper basket,
    postmaster general.
    Compounds are the commonest among nouns and adjectives. Compound verbs are few in
    number, as they are mostly the result of conversion, e.g., to blackmail, to honeymoon, to
    nickname, to safeguard, to whitewash. The 20th century created some more converted verbs, e.g.,
    to weekend, to streamline,, to spotlight. Such converted compounds are particularly common in
    colloquial speech of American English. Converted verbs can be also the result of backformation.
    Among the earliest coinages are to backbite, to browbeat, to illtreat, to housekeep. The 20th
    century gave more examples to hitch-hike, to proof-read, to mass-produce, to vacuumclean.
    One more structural characteristic of compound words is classification of compounds
    according to the type of composition. According to this principle two groups can be singled out:
    
    words which are formed by a mere juxtaposition without any connecting elements,
    e.g., classroom, schoolboy, heartbreak, sunshine;
    
    composition with a vowel or a consonant placed between the two stems. e.g.,
    salesman, handicraft.
    Semantically compounds may be idiomatic and non-idiomatic. Compound words may be
    motivated morphologically and in this case they are non-idiomatic. Sunshine - the meaning here
    is a mere meaning of the elements of a compound word (the meaning of each component is
    retained). When the compound word is not motivated morphologically, it is idiomatic. In
    idiomatic compounds the meaning of each component is either lost or weakened. Idiomatic
    compounds have a transferred meaning. Chatterbox - is not a box, it is a person who talks a great
    deal without saying anything important; the combination is used only figuratively. The same
    metaphorical character is observed in the compound slowcoach - a person who acts and thinks
    slowly.
    The components of compounds may have different semantic relations. From this point of
    view we can roughly classify compounds into endocentric and exocentric. In endocentric
    compounds the semantic centre is found within the compound and the first element determines
    the other as in the words filmstar, bedroom, writing-table. Here the semantic centres are star,
    room, table. These stems serve as a generic name of the object and the determinants film, bed,
    writing give some specific, additional information about the objects. In exocentric compound
    there is no semantic centre. It is placed outside the word and can be found only in the course of
    lexical transformation, e.g., pickpocket - a person who picks pockets of other people, scarecrow an object made to look like a person that a farmer puts in a field to frighten birds.
    The Criteria of Compounds
    As English compounds consist of free forms, it's difficult to distinguish them from
    phrases, because there are no reliable criteria for that. There exist three approaches to distinguish
    compounds from corresponding phrases:
    Formal unity implies the unity of spelling
    
    solid spelling, e.g., headmaster;
    
    with a hyphen, e.g., head-master;
    
    with a break between two components, e.g., head master.
    Different dictionaries and different authors give different spelling variants.
    Phonic principal of stress
    Many compounds in English have only one primary stress. All compound nouns are
    stressed according to this pattern, e.g., ice-cream, ice cream. The rule doesn't hold with
    adjectives. Compound adjectives are double-stressed, e.g., easy-going, new-born, sky-blue.
    Stress cannot help to distinguish compounds from phrases because word stress may depend on
    phrasal stress or upon the syntactic function of a compound.
    Semantic unity
    Semantic unity means that a compound word expresses one separate notion and phrases
    express more than one notion. Notions in their turn can't be measured. That's why it is hard to
    say whether one or more notions are expressed. The problem of distinguishing between
    compound words and phrases is still open to discussion.
    According to the type of bases that form compounds they can be of :
    1.
    compounds proper – they are formed by joining together bases built on the stems
    or on the ford-forms with or without linking element, e.g., door-step;
    2.
    derivational compounds – by joining affixes to the bases built on the word-groups
    or by converting the bases built on the word-groups into the other parts of speech, e.g., longlegged → (long legs) + -ed, a turnkey → (to turn key) + conversion. More examples: do-gooder,
    week-ender, first-nighter, house-keeping, baby-sitting, blue-eyed blond-haired, four-storied. The
    suffixes refer to both of the stems combined, but not to the final stem only. Such stems as nighter,
    gooder, eyed do not exist.
    Compound Neologisms
    In the last two decades the role of composition in the word-building system of English has
    increased. In the 60th and 70th composition was not so productive as affixation. In the 80th
    composition exceeded affixation and comprised 29.5 % of the total number of neologisms in
    English vocabulary. Among compound neologisms the two-component units prevail. The main
    patterns of coining the two-component neologisms are Noun stem + Noun stem = Noun;
    Adjective stem + Noun stem = Noun.
    There appeared a tendency to coin compound nouns where:
     The first component is a proper noun, e.g., Kirlian photograph - biological field of
    humans.
     The first component is a geographical place, e.g., Afro-rock.
     The two components are joined with the help of the linking vowel –o- e.g.,
    bacteriophobia, suggestopedia.
     The number of derivational compounds increases. The main productive suffix to coin
    such compound is the suffix -er - e.g., baby-boomer, all nighter.
     Many compound words are formed according to the pattern Participle 2 + Adv =
    Adjective, e.g., laid-back, spaced-out, switched-off, tapped-out.
     The examples of verbs formed with the help of a post-positive -in -work-in, die-in,
    sleep-in, write-in.
    Many compounds formed by the word-building pattern Verb + postpositive are numerous
    in colloquial speech or slang, e.g., bliss out, fall about/horse around, pig-out.
    ATTENTION: Apart from the principle types there are some minor types of modern wordformation, i.d., shortening, blending, acronymy, sound interchange, sound imitation, distinctive
    stress, back-formation, and reduplicaton.
    5. Shortening
    Shortening is the formation of a word by cutting off a part of the word. They can be
    coined in two different ways. The first is to cut off the initial/ middle/ final part:
     Aphaeresis – initial part of the word is clipped, e.g., history-story, telephone-phone;
     Syncope – the middle part of the word is clipped, e.g., madam- ma 'am; specs
    spectacles
     Apocope – the final part of the word is clipped, e.g., professor-prof, editored, vampirevamp;
     Both initial and final, e.g., influenza-flu, detective-tec.
    Polysemantic words are usually clipped in one meaning only, e.g., doc and doctor have
    the meaning "one who practices medicine", but doctor is also "the highest degree given by a
    university to a scholar or scientist".
    Among shortenings there are homonyms, so that one and the same sound and graphical
    complex may represent different words, e.g., vac - vacation/vacuum, prep —
    preparation/preparatory school, vet — veterinary surgeon/veteran.
    6. Blending
    Blending is a particular type of shortening which combines the features of both clipping
    and composition, e.g., motel (motor + hotel), brunch (breakfast + lunch), smog (smoke + fog),
    telethon (television + marathon), modem , (modulator + demodulator), Spanglish (Spanish +
    English). There are several structural types of blends:
    
    Initial part of the word + final part of the word, e.g., electrocute (electricity +
    execute);
    
    initial part of the word + initial part of the word, e.g., lib-lab (liberal+labour);
    
    Initial part of the word + full word, e.g., paratroops (parachute+troops);
    
    Full word + final part of the word, e.g., slimnastics (slim+gymnastics).
    7. Acronymy
    Acronyms are words formed from the initial letters of parts of a word or phrase,
    commonly the names of institutions and organizations. No full stops are placed between the
    letters. All acronyms are divided into two groups. The first group is composed of the acronyms
    which are often pronounced as series of letters: EEC (European Economic Community), ID
    (identity or identification card), UN (United Nations), VCR (videocassette recorder), FBI
    (Federal Bureau of Investigation), LA (Los Angeles), TV (television), PC (personal computer),
    GP (General Practitioner), ТВ (tuberculosis). The second group of acronyms is composed by the
    words which are pronounced according to the rules of reading in English: UNESCO (United
    Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization), AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency
    Syndrome), ASH (Action on Smoking and Health). Some of these pronounceable words are
    written without capital letters and therefore are no longer recognized as acronyms: laser (light
    amplification by stimulated emissions of radiation), radar (radio detection and ranging).
    Some abbreviations have become so common and normal as words that people do not think
    of them as abbreviations any longer. They are not written in capital letters, e.g., radar (radio
    detection and ranging), laser (light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation) yuppie,
    gruppie, sinbads, dinkies.
    Some abbreviations are only written forms but they are pronounced as full words, e.g.,
    Mr, Mrs, Dr. Some abbreviations are from Latin. They are used as part of the language etc. - et
    cetera, e.g., (for example) — exampli gratia, that is - id est.
    Acromymy is widely used in the press, for the names of institutions, organizations,
    movements, countries. It is common to colloquial speech, too. Some acronyms turned into
    regular words, e.g., jeep -came from the expression general purpose car.
    There are a lot of homonyms among acronyms:
    MP - Member of Parliament/Military Police/Municipal Police
    PC - Personal Computer/Politically correct
    8. Sound-interchange
    Sound-interchange is the formation of a new word due to an alteration in the phonemic
    composition of its root. Sound-interchange falls into two groups: 1) vowel-interchange, e.g., food
    – feed; in some cases vowel-interchange is combined with suffixation, e.g., strong – strength; 2)
    consonant-interchange e.g., advice – to advise. Consonant-interchange and vowel-interchange
    may be combined together, e.g., life – to live.
    This type of word-formation is greatly facilitated in Modern English by the vast number
    of monosyllabic words. Most words made by reduplication represent informal groups:
    colloquialisms and slang, hurdy-gurdy, walkie-talkie, riff-raff, chi-chi girl. In reduplication new
    words are coined by doubling a stem, either without any phonetic changes as in bye-bye or with a
    variation of the root-vowel or consonant as in ping-pong, chit-chat.
    9. Sound imitation or (onomatopoeia)
    It is the naming of an action or a thing by more or less exact reproduction of the sound
    associated with it, cf.: cock-a-do-doodle-do – ку-ка-ре-ку.
    Semantically, according to the source sound, many onomatopoeic words fall into the
    following definitive groups: 1) words denoting sounds produced by human beings in the process of
    communication or expressing their feelings, e.g., chatter; 2) words denoting sounds produced by
    animals, birds, insects, e.g., moo, buzz; 3) words imitating the sounds of water, the noise of metallic
    things, movements, e.g., splash, whip, swing.
    10. Distinctive stress
    Distinctive stress is the formation of a word by means of the shift of the stress in the
    source word, e.g., increase – increase.
    11. Back-formation
    Backformation is coining new words by subtracting a real or supposed suffix, as a result
    of misinterpretation of the structure of the existing word. This type of word-formation is not
    highly productive in Modern English and it is built on the analogy, e.g., beggar-to beg, cobbler to cobble, blood transfusion — to blood transfuse, babysitter - to baby-sit.
    

    Base words or root words gives word its basic meaning. Base words can have a prefix or a suffix added to it. Usually when an affix is added to a base word it will change its meaning. This summer, I took a reading class and learned an activity to help teach students about base words. This activity will help students notice what happens when they add prefixes and suffixes (affixes) to them. The spelling of some base word will change and so will its meaning. This lesson will introduce or help struggling students with base words and adding affixes to them to make «new words». This Base Word’s lesson would be ideal during small group time but can be used for whole group too. 

    Some prep is needed, but very easy. You will need sentence strips or index cards to write the base words and affixes on. I would separate the prefixes, base words, and suffixes by color. For example: write the prefixes: un, re, dis, non, mis, pre on a set of «blue cards» Write: ness, less, ed, ly, ing, s, ful, able, er, and est on a set of «red cards». Write the base words on «white cards». Here is a list of 30 base words used for this lesson: agree, appear, believe, build, care, clean, color, comfort, connect, cover, forgive, happy, harm, help, hope, like, love, move, open, organize, pack, place, play, power, read, stop, test, turn, use, write, and view.  


    Before you begin the activity, you should pair beginning students up with a partner. Students can help each other make words and verify with each other if the new words they are making are real words and not nonsense words. More advanced students can work independently.

    To start the activity, choose a base word. Students use the prefixes and suffixes cards to move around the base word to make new words. For example: If using the base word, CARE, students can make new words like caring, careful, uncaring, and so on. They can also see how two suffixes can be added to the base word like, carelessness and carefully. Students need to be careful when adding affixes to base words. Some affixes will not make sense when added to the base word. For example; discare or carely. This is a good time to talk about nonsense words. If students are unsure of a word, encourage them to look them up in a dictionary to see which affixes can be added to the base word. I love «dictionary.com».

    When student begin adding affixes to the base word, they will need to know some spelling rules as they write their new words down. This is a great time to discuss how the base word can change its spelling pattern when suffixes are added. Sometimes you have to drop the «e» and add «ing» or «ed,» and sometimes you have to double the consonant to keep the short vowel sound. Either way, students will be learning or reviewing those tricky spelling rules!

    Another thing this lesson helps with is how the meaning of the base word will change when adding affixes to them. For example; by adding «ing» to care this would mean you care for something at that moment. But when adding the suffix «less» to care, this would mean you are without care. This is a great opportunity to learn new vocabulary words!

    FREE Prefix and Suffix Poster

    Here is a FREEBIE that has a list of affixes used for this lesson. This will help students remember the meaning of each prefix and suffix as they create new words. Use the freebie for a poster to hang in the classroom or have students cut and paste the boxes into their writing journal.
    Just click the picture on the left to download it right here on the blog.

    As students move the prefix and suffix cards around to make new words, they should be writing their words down on a white board or in their writing journal. This would be a good time to check students understanding. Are they spelling the new words correctly? Are they making real words? Can they understand the new meaning when an affix is added? Can they recognize base words? Students will surely understand base words after this lesson.

    Base Words Worksheets

    I have created a set of worksheets that have the 30 base words that are listed above.  Each worksheet displays a base word and the affixes that can be added to the word to make new words. Instead of the students writing their words on a white board or in their journal, you can use these worksheets. The worksheets extent to separating the new words according to the spelling rule or by segmenting the new words apart by prefix, base word, and suffix. The worksheets also have students writing the definition of the new word or they write a sentence that displays the meaning on the new word. Use these worksheets for continued practice at a reading center. As students become more proficient, they will be able to work independently. You can also send these worksheets home for homework or to check understanding as an assessment. 


    This worksheet pack also includes a Google Link for Google Slides. The Google  Slides are great for Google Classrooms and for those classrooms that are going paperless. Here are some examples of the worksheets in this pack:

    Base Words ExampleBase Words Worksheets Example 2

    Here are sentence strips I found on Amazon if you need them.
    Assorted Color Sentence Strips
    White Sentence Strips
    Dry Erase Sentence Strips
    Sentence Strip Rolls


    Here are some helpful resources when teaching prefixes and suffixes. I found some great deals on Amazon.:
    Prefix and Suffix Bingo Game
    Domino Word Building
    Prefix and Suffix Cards
    Prefix, Suffix, Base Words Puzzles
    Prefix and Suffix Linking Cubes

    Here is the book I used to complete these Base Words Lessons:
    Readers and Writers in Primary Grades

    Here’s to Base Words and students understanding them!
    See you soon,

    Reading Resources for the Classroom

    For more reading resources from Teacher’s Take-Out, click the picture. 






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