Is a word with ing a verb - Word и Excel - помощь в работе с программами

How can I distinguish between words which have the -ing in a sentence that are nouns, verbs, or adjectives?

There is no general rule up and above what you do normally for any non-verb word.

-ing words are never standalone verbs — the closest they get is being part of an expression of continuous tense — I am walking to the store. Even here, technically it’s probably an adverb, since it modifies be.

BUT —ing words do take objects. So they are not verbs per se but verbals.

Adjectives in English immediately precede nouns, and will come after articles. -ing words that follow this pattern are adjectives.

Nouns or noun phrases in English can function as a sentence’s subject or object. The subject will come before the verb, objects will come right after the verb. If a sentence with an -ing word is «missing» a subject or object, the -ing word is probably the noun functioning as either one of those.

Running took a lot out of me.

What’s the subject of «took»? There’s no other choice but running here, so that’s it.

Similarly:

The arduous running sapped his energy

Now:

Kicking him didn’t wake him up

Kicking cannot be the verb of this sentence, even though it might look like it — especially since it has an object. Him can’t be the subject because it’s an object pronoun. So the only thing left here is for kicking to be the subject (noun) of wake here.

Can -ing words be objects? They can, but I think they cease to be verbals at that point, and are really full fledged nouns.

I gave him a talking.

Why is this a noun and not a verbal? Because you can pluralize it like a noun — and that’s probably your main clue.

I gave him three talkings.

As far as why it stops being a verbal — well, like a verbal, you can’t really fit an object in there:

I struck the ball with my bat.

There were three strikings the ball with my bat.

a preposition is really needed, splitting it away from the verb:

There were three strikings of the ball with my bat.

and that still sounds horrible.

Источник

Definition and Examples of -ing Forms in Grammar

Glossary of Grammatical and Rhetorical Terms

In the phrase running water, running is an example of an -ing-form.
(Thanasis Zovoilis/Getty Images)

Updated on February 12, 2020

In English grammar, «-ing form» is a contemporary linguistic term for the present participle and gerund: any verb form that ends in -ing.

In the book International English Usage (2005), Hancock and Todd note that the term «-ing form» is «neutral as to the function of a verb-derived -ing form.»

Examples and Observations

«When -ing forms are used as verbs, adjectives or adverbs, they are often called ‘present participles.’ (This is not a very suitable name, because these forms can refer to the past, present, or future.) When they are used more like nouns, they are often called ‘gerunds.’ In fact, the distinction is not really as simple as this, and some grammarians prefer to avoid the terms ‘participle’ and ‘gerund.'»
(Michael Swan, Practical English Usage, 2nd ed. Oxford University Press, 1995)
«Avoid running at all times.»
(Satchel Paige)
«Democracy is the art and science of running the circus from the monkey cage.»
(H. L. Mencken)
«A hospital bed is a parked taxi with the meter running.»
(Groucho Marx)
«I suppose all writers worry about the well running dry.»
(Richard Russo)
«The barrel was kept full of cold, running water. Dad said it was best to have the water running in at the top and out an opening at the bottom of the barrel; this way it circulated around and over the copper worm.»
(Sidney Saylor Farr, My Appalachia: A Memoir. University Press of Kentucky, 2007)

«[L]ike so many substantial Americans, he had married young and kept on marrying, springing from blonde to blonde like the chamois of the Alps leaping from crag to crag.»
(P.G. Wodehouse, Summer Moonshine, 1937)
«Sir, I would like to say,
It is hard to think of the good woman
Presenting you with children, like cakes,
Granting you the eye of her needle,
Standing in doorways, flinging after you
Little endearments, like rocks, or her silence
Like a whole Sunday of bells.»
(W.S. Merwin, «Sire.» The Second Four Books of Poems. Copper Canyon Press, 1993)
«One wanders through life as if wandering through a field in the dark of night, wearing a blindfold and very heavy shoes, with a poisonous toad waiting patiently beneath a clump of weeds, knowing full well that eventually you will step on him.»
(Lemony Snicket, Horseradish: Bitter Truths You Can’t Avoid. HarperCollins, 2007)
Adjective and Verb Functions
«In the following cases the -ing forms are clearly not gradable and are therefore much closer to verb forms:
her dying wish
an ailing friend
a falling star
the skidding vehicle A sentence like He was entertaining is ambiguous out of context. Its meaning depends on whether entertaining is treated as an adjective or as a verb. In He was very entertaining we have an adjective—note the presence of the intensifier very—and in He was entertaining his friends we have a verb—was entertaining is actually the full verb form taking a grammatical object his friends.»
(Ronald Wardhaugh, Understanding English Grammar: A Linguistic Approach, 2nd ed. Wiley-Blackwell, 2003)

Word Classes
«As an example of borderline cases in lexical word classes, take the classification of words ending with -ing. Almost all of these words have a verb base, so it is easy to assume that all words ending in -ing are verbs. However, this conclusion is not correct. In fact, these words can belong to any of three different classes: verb (sometimes called the -ing participle), noun, or adjective (sometimes called participial adjective). Normally, the following tests can be applied to determine the word class:
- Verbs ending in -ing can act as the main verb of a verb phrase, and may be followed by a noun or an adjective . . .: e.g. is eating lunch; becoming misty overnight.
- Nouns ending in -ing can sometimes have a plural form (e.g. paintings), and can usually be a head noun after a, the, or some other determiner: e.g. [the banning of some chemicals], [her dancing].
- Adjectives ending in -ing can appear before a noun, and can also occur after verbs such as be and become: e.g. the travelling public; it was (very) confusing. They are very often gradable, and can be preceded by degree adverbs such as very, so, and too: very forgiving, so interesting, too boring.
But these criteria cannot always be applied.»
(Douglas Biber at al., Longman Student Grammar of Spoken English. Pearson, 2002)

Источник

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

For the Korean film, see …ing.

-ing is a suffix used to make one of the inflected forms of English verbs. This verb form is used as a present participle, as a gerund, and sometimes as an independent noun or adjective. The suffix is also found in certain words like morning and ceiling, and in names such as Browning.

Etymology and pronunciation[edit]

The Modern English -ing ending, which is used to form both gerunds and present participles of verbs (i.e. in noun and adjective uses), derives from two different historical suffixes.

The gerund (noun) use comes from Middle English -ing, which is from Old English -ing, -ung (suffixes forming nouns from verbs). These in turn are from Proto-Germanic *-inga-, *-unga-,^[1] *-ingō, *-ungō, which Vittore Pisani [it] derives from Proto-Indo-European *-enkw-.^[2] This use of English -ing is thus cognate with the -ing suffix of Dutch, West Frisian, the North Germanic languages, and with German -ung.

The -ing of Modern English in its participial (adjectival) use comes from Middle English -inge, -ynge, supplanting the earlier -inde, -ende, -and, from the Old English present participle ending -ende. This is from Proto-Germanic *-andz, from the Proto-Indo-European *-nt-, and is cognate with Dutch and German -end, Swedish -ande, -ende, Latin -ans, -ant-, Ancient Greek -ον (-on), and Sanskrit -ant. -inde, -ende, -and later assimilated with the noun and gerund suffix -ing. Its remnants, however, are still retained in a few verb-derived words such as friend, fiend, and bond (in the sense of «peasant, vassal»).

The standard pronunciation in modern English is /ɪŋ/, with a velar nasal consonant. Variants include /ɪŋg/ (e.g. Northern England), /ɪn/ or /ən/ (widespread) and /i(ː)n/ (mainly US,^[3] but also in Canada^[4]). The variants with /n/ may be denoted in writing with an apostrophe: runnin’ for running. See g-dropping.

Formation[edit]

All English verbs (except for modals and other defective verbs which do not have gerunds or participles) make the inflected form in -ing regularly. Thus go makes going, read makes reading, fail makes failing, and so on. In certain cases there are spelling changes, such as doubling of consonants (as in sit → sitting) or omission of mute e (as in change → changing). It does not apply in the case of monosyllabic words in English that are omitting the mute e (as in be → being, and age becoming ageing or aging). For details of these rules, see English verbs.

Uses[edit]

The -ing form of a verb has both noun uses and adjectival (or adverbial) uses. In either case it may function as a non-finite verb (for example, by taking direct objects), or as a pure noun or adjective. When it behaves as a non-finite verb, it is called a gerund in the noun case, and a present participle in the adjectival or adverbial case. Uses as pure noun or adjective may be called deverbal uses.

The distinctions between these uses are explained in the following sections.

Distinction between gerunds and present participles[edit]

Gerunds and present participles are two types of non-finite verb; the difference is that gerunds are used to produce noun phrases, and participles to produce adjectival or adverbial phrases. This is illustrated in the following examples:

I like eating cakes.

Here eating is a gerund; the verb phrase eating cakes serves as a noun, being the object of the main verb like.

I saw him eating a cake.

Here eating is a present participle; the verb phrase eating a cake serves as an adjective, modifying him.

Trying to succeed makes success more likely.

Here trying is a gerund; the verb phrase trying to succeed serves as a noun, the subject of the main verb makes.

Trying to get over the fence, he hurt his knee.

Here trying is a present participle; the verb phrase trying to get over the fence has the function of an adverb in the main clause.

Confusion is most likely to arise when the -ing word follows a verb, in which case it may be a predicate adjective and hence a participle, or a direct object (or predicate nominative) and hence a gerund. There are certain transformations that can help distinguish these two cases. In the table that follows, the transformations produce grammatical sentences with similar meanings when applied to sentences with gerunds (since the transformations are based on the assumption that the phrase with the -ing word is a noun phrase). When applied to sentences with participles, they produce ungrammatical sentences or sentences with completely different meanings. (These cases are marked with asterisks.)

Transformation	Gerund use	Participle use
(none)	John suggested asking Bill.	John kept asking Bill.
Passivization	Asking Bill was suggested.	*Asking Bill was kept.
Pronoun substitution	John suggested it.	*John kept it.
Substitution of pure noun	John suggested the asking of Bill.	*John kept the asking of Bill.
Replacement with finite clause	John suggested that Bill be asked.	*John kept that Bill be asked.
Subject marking with possessive	John suggested our asking Bill.	*John kept his asking Bill.
Clefting	Asking Bill is what John suggested.	*Asking Bill is what John kept.
Left dislocation	Asking Bill John suggested.	*Asking Bill John kept.

For more details of the usage of English gerunds and present participles, see Uses of non-finite verbs in English.

Distinction between verbal and deverbal uses[edit]

When used as a gerund or present participle, the -ing form is a non-finite verb, which behaves like a (finite) verb in that it forms a verb phrase, taking typical verb dependents and modifiers such as objects and adverbs. That verb phrase is then used within a larger sentence, with the function of an adjective or adverb (in the case of the participle) or with the function of a noun (in the case of the gerund).

However the same verb-derived -ing forms are also sometimes used as pure nouns or adjectives.^[5] In this case the word does not form a verb phrase; any modifiers it takes will be of a grammatical kind which is appropriate to a noun or adjective respectively.

For example:

Shouting loudly is rude. (shouting is a gerund, modified by the adverb loudly)
Loud shouting is something I can’t stand. (shouting is a pure noun, modified by the adjective loud)
I saw him exciting the crowds. (exciting is a participle, taking the object the crowds)
It was a very exciting game. (exciting is a pure adjective, modified by very, an adverb typically applied to adjectives)

When used as a pure noun or adjective (i.e. having lost its grammatical verbal character), the -ing form may be called a deverbal noun or deverbal adjective. Terminology varies, however; it may also be called a verbal noun or adjective (on the grounds that it is derived from a verb). In other cases the latter terms may be applied additionally, or exclusively, to gerunds and participles, as well as other non-finite verb forms such as infinitives.

In some situations, the distinction between gerund/participle uses and deverbal uses may be lost, particularly when the -ing word appears on its own. For example, in «I like swimming», it is not clear whether swimming is intended as a gerund (as it would be in «I like swimming fast»), or as a pure noun (as in «I like competitive swimming»). There may be a distinction in meaning between the two interpretations: as a gerund, it means that the speaker likes to swim, while as a pure noun it does not specify in what way the speaker enjoys the activity (as a competitor, spectator, etc.)

The -ing form used as a pure noun usually denotes the action encoded by the verb (either in general or in a particular instance), as in the above examples. However it sometimes comes to take on other meanings, such as a physical object or system of objects: building, fencing, piping, etc.

For more information on the uses of non-finite verbs and verbal nouns, see Uses of non-finite verbs in English.

-ing words in other languages[edit]

Sign showing a French ending -ing in one word dressing. Note: this is non-English.

Sign of a singular form of French ending -ing.

Sign of a plural form of French ending -ing.

English words constructed from verbs with the ending -ing are sometimes borrowed into other languages. In some cases they become pseudo-anglicisms, taking on new meanings or uses which are not found in English. For instance:

brushing means «blow-dry» in many languages (including Dutch, French, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish);
camping means «campsite» in many languages (including Bulgarian, Dutch, French, Greek, Hungarian, Italian, Portuguese, Romanian, Russian, and Spanish);
footing has been used to mean «jogging» in some languages (including French and Italian)
parking means «car park» or «parking lot» in many languages (including Bulgarian, Dutch, French, Persian, Polish, Russian, and Spanish);
lifting means «facelift» in many languages (including Bulgarian, French, German, Italian, Polish, Romanian, Hebrew, and Spanish);
shampooing means «shampoo» in French (pronounced [ʃɑ̃pwɛ̃]);
shopping means «shopping mall» in Portuguese and Spanish;.

Some Germanic languages (including Dutch, Danish, Swedish, Norwegian, and Icelandic) have a native -ing suffix, used mainly to form verbal action nouns, though generally not as productively as in English. For details, see the Wiktionary entry for -ing.

In Balochi the suffix -ağ is used in a similar manner as -ing, by adding the suffix to the first form of a verb in order to construct a continuous verb, or to convert a verb into a noun. For example, war (eat) becomes warağ (eating).

Other meanings of the suffix[edit]

The suffix -ing also has other uses in English, although these are less common. It may be used to form derivative nouns (originally masculine) with the sense «son of» or «belonging to», used as patronymics or diminutives. Examples of this use include surnames like Browning, Channing and Ewing, and common nouns like bunting, shilling, and farthing. The suffix can also mean «having a specified quality», as used in sweeting, whiting, and gelding.

For further details see the Wiktionary entry for -ing.

References[edit]

^ «-ing (1)». Online Etymology Dictionary.
^ Pisani, Vittore [it], Latino prōvincia, il suffisso indeuropeo *-enqu- e le formazioni germaniche in -inga- -unga- -ingō -ungō, Milan: Ulrico Hoepli, 1941.
^ Metcalf, Allan (2000). «The Far West and beyond». How We Talk: American Regional English Today. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 143. ISBN 0618043624. Another pronunciation even more widely heard among older teens and adults in California and throughout the West is ‘een’ for —ing, as in ‘I’m think-een of go-een camp-een.’
^ Walker, James A. (2019). «Sociophonetics at the intersection of variable processes: Variable in English (ING)» (PDF). In Sasha Calhoun; Paola Escudero; Marija Tabain; Paul Warren (eds.). Proceedings of the 19th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences, Melbourne, Australia 2019. Canberra: Australasian Speech Science and Technology Association Inc. pp. 34–37.
^ Phil White (August 7, 2006). «Re: Post Hey man, I gots [sic] ta know (Gerund versus gerundive)». Mon 1:35 pm

Источник

Rules for joining ing to verbs. The -ing ending in English: education and use cases

Many students are often confused -ed и -ing graduations in English. For example, you want to say that you miss (bored), but it turns out that you are boring (boring) or vice versa.

There is a big difference between these two meanings, there can be confusion, and this is due to the incorrect application of the endings. But the rule is actually very simple.

You will find in this article the rules for using adjective endings, examples of their use, and exercises with answers, and.

Rules of Use -ed и -ing graduations in english

Many adjectives have endings -ing or -ed… The best way to understand the difference is by looking at specific examples:

Oleg has been reading the same story for a very long time. He does it for his little son John, because John’s story is very much. Oleg is already bored with it.

(Oleg reads the same story for his little son John for a long time, because John really likes this story. Oleg is already bored with this story.)

End -ed used to express the feelings and emotions of a person or any living being.

End -ing used in an adjective that describes an object that evokes feelings or emotions.

Oleg is reading the very boring story. Oleg is bored because the story is boring. (Oleg reads a very boring story. Oleg is bored because the story is boring)

Can a person be boring? Of course, then it causes boredom in others:

Oleg is boring, Yo soy bored with him. (Oleg is boring, I’m bored with him)

Comparisons and examples

IMPORTANT: you cannot use –ed endings with things, since things do not have feelings and emotions.

Finishing exercises in English -ed and -ing

It’s very irritated irritating when people don’t listen when you’re tlaking to them.
I think the whale is the most fascinated fascinating creature in the ocean.
I heard some really interesting interesting news yesterday.
The new project sounds excited exciting.
I’m looking forward to working on it.
It was a really terrified terrifying experience. Everybody was very shocking shocked.
The hot chocolate was comforted comforting.
The storm was threatened threatening.
I was really amazing when I was offered the job.
I was very annoyed annoying when my sister forgot our dinner date.
My children were very hungry. The apples were satisfying satisfied.

To view the answers, click on this phrase

Ingoing ending in English is a sign of several grammatical forms.

The ending ing is usually added to the verbs, while the action takes on the meaning of a process, duration.

ING ending in grammar

The ending -ing in English is used in the following cases:

In the days of the Continuous group

The tenses of this group have two common features: first, the verb to be in the right tense, and secondly, the semantic verb with — ing.

For example:

Lima is constantly chatting with her friends on the Internet. (Present Continuous) — Lima is constantly chatting with her girlfriends on the Internet.

Source: https://einp.ru/pravila-prisoedineniya-ing-k-glagolam-okonchanie--ing-v-angliiskom/

The ending -ing in English — where is it used and how is it added?

End -ing in English, this is a question that can be dealt with with varying degrees of scholarship, seriousness and tediousness. In this article I will analyze it from a purely practical point of view. If you are writing a thesis — do not read this article, if you are learning English, just to communicate in it — welcome!

The ending -ing turns the verb into a “long verb”

End -ing can be added to any verb, regular or irregular, as a result, we get a word with a long-lasting meaning. It is noteworthy that this word is no longer a verb, but one of these parts of speech:

Present participle,
Adjective,
Gerund.

The -ing ending in the present participle

The present participle is a cross between a verb and an adjective, a part of speech that answers the questions “what? what is he doing? » For example: to fly — fly, flying — flying (during flight), to play — play, playing — playing, to jump — jump, jumping — jumping.

Using the verb to be and present participles are formed at all Continuous tenses:

That bird is flying above my house. — This bird flies over my house (lit. “is flying«)

I was playing was playing chess when you gave me a call. — I was playing chess when you called me (lit. “appeared playing«)

Adjectives ending in -ing

Verb ending -ing is often not a verb, but an adjective — when used before a noun, naming its sign.

We don’t have any playing cards at home. — We don’t have a home playing kart.

Have you ever seen a flying saucer? — Have you ever seen flying a plate?

The -ing ending in a gerund

End -ing also has a gerund. A gerund is something in between a noun and a verb, a part of speech that denotes a process, an occupation. In this, the gerund is similar to verbal nouns in Russian, such as «running», «swimming», «drawing», etc.:

Swimming is good for your health. Swimming is good for your health.

I don’t drawing… — I don’t like drawing.

How is the ending -ing added?

Usually ending -ing

Source: https://langformula.ru/ing-verbs/

Present continuous

Download this online tutorial in PDF

Present continuous — one of the present times of the English language. Used in cases when it comes to what is happening at the moment. In other words, it happens at the time of speaking. You can literally translate Present continous time. Below is the complete information:

I. Education

Present Continuous is formed using verb forms to be in present time (am, is, are) and a semantic verb with ing-ovym ending (play — playing).

Let’s clarify in what cases each of the forms of the verb to be is used: with a pronoun I — am; with pronouns he, she, it — is; with pronouns you, we, they — are.

For convenience, I recommend remembering the following: the singular pronouns (he, she, it — he, she, it) — IS; plural pronouns (you, we, they — you, we, they) — ARE; one «exception» — I — AM.

II. Spelling ending -ing

If the verb ends in a combination vowel + consonant, then the final letter is doubled (run — running); if it ends in several consonants in a row, then only — ing (wash — washing, watch — watching); if the verb ends with a letter e, then it is replaced by ing (hide — hiding) if it ends in y, the ending is added —ing… There are exceptions: to lie, to die, to tie (lie / lie, die, tie).

III. Clue words

Now, at the moment, right now, this week / month / year (this week / this month /; Look! / Listen! two words — contextual. Thanks to them, it becomes clear that the action is taking place at the moment. Read more in the article: words-companions of times in English.

IV. Interrogative sentences

To form an interrogative sentence, you need to swap the form of the verb to be (am / is / are) with the subject.

For example: They are playing tennis now. — Are they playing tennis now?

V. Denials in Present Continuous

To form a negative form, you must use the particle not (not) after am / is / are. It is worth remembering that it is not uncommon for the forms to be (I’m — I’m not; He’s / She’s / It’s — He isn’t / She isn’t / It isn’t; You’re / We’re / They’re — You aren’t / We aren’t / They aren’t).

For example: She is playing the guitar at the moment. — She isn’t playing the guitar at the moment.

Vi. Examples from fiction

Big Brother Is watching You.// George Orwell «1984»

Higgins is standing up near him, closing two or three file drawers which are hanging out.// Bernard Shaw «Pygmalion»

I’m beginning to feel better now.// William Somerset Maugham «Theater»

Vii. Present Continuous Exercises: Test

Source: http://englishgu.ru/present-continuous/

What does the ending ing mean in english

Long (progressive) times do not indicate an action or state, as it happens in tailored tensions, but the process of performing this action. Below we will consider the features of the construction of verbs and when to use the ending —ing.

Formation of verbs with the ending ‑ing

The ending —ing have three parts of speech:

Verbal nouns (nouns derived from a verb);
Present participles or type I participles (that is, they are translated into Russian as a verb with the suffix -yusch, -asch, -usch, for example “doing”; or gerunds, for example “doing”);
Gerund (denotes an action, a process).

The ending —ing forms forms with both regular and irregular verbs and is pronounced like a sound [ŋ].

When forming verb forms with the ending —ing keep in mind the following features:

If a verb ends in a vowel —e… then it goes down:

If the verb ends in a consonant, and before it a stressed short vowel sound, then the last consonant is doubled (so that the stressed sound remains closed and its pronunciation does not change):

Also ending —ing not added after verbs expressing feelings and thoughts (state verbs):

(like),
love (be in love),
smell (smell),
hear (hear) and others.

Modal verbs also cannot form verb forms with this ending. But depending on the context of the sentence, some verbs in one case cannot have an end —ing… and in another they can:

It smells terrible. — It smells awful.
A perfumer is smelling new fragrants. — The perfumer smells new scents.

The first sentence says that some object smells awful. And here we are talking about the state of the object, and it cannot be expressed by the process —ing.

But in the second example, just the process of a perfumer’s work on checking aromas is shown, so in the second sentence the verb «smell» is considered as a long process in the present tense (present continuous), which we’ll talk about next.

And another example for consolidation:

I think we won’t dress this clothes. — I think we will not wear these clothes (here the verb «think» expresses the state in which the person is).
I am thinking how I can decide this question. — I think how can I solve this issue (and here the verb “think” expresses the process of a person thinking about a problem).

That is, if feelings and thoughts express some kind of process, then the ending can be added to them —ing.

Ending ing — spelling rules

The letter «y»Remains

If the verb ends with the letter «y «, Then it does not change when adding an ending —ing… as opposed to adding an ending -ed .

to carry → carrying
to studyy → studying
to play → playing
to try → trying
to knowy → saying
to worky → worrying

Doubling consonants

Doubling occurs when adding —ing… if the verb ends with one consonant, before which there is a stressed vowel sound .

to get → ge tt ing
to hit → hi tt ing
to run → ru nn ing
to occ ur → occu rr ing
to ref er → refe rr ing
to beg in → begi nn ing
to st op → sto pp ing
to forg et → forge tt ing

When adding —ing doubling of consonants does not occur if the stress is not on the forthcoming vowel, or the forthcoming one is a long vowel (digraph).

The final letter «x «Does not double, because this letter transmits two sounds at once [ks ] or [gz ]. Also, the final letter «w».

Doubling -l in british english

According to British rules grammar when adding an ending —ing the final letter to the verbs «l »Is always doubled, even if the stress is not on the last syllable.
But, according to American rules doubling the consonant letter «l »No, if the stress is not on the forthcoming vowel sound, or if the forthcoming sound is a long vowel sound.
If the verb ends with one consonant «l », Before which there is a short stressed vowel sound, doubling occurs in any case.

Ending -ic

If the verb ends with a combination of letters «ic «, Then when adding —ing… suffix —ic changes to —ick .

Reading rules

End / suffix —ing always pronounced as a nasal sound [-ıŋ ] in which the sound [g] should not be heard.

What do the ‑ing and ‑ed adjectives mean

Adjectives ending in —ing describe the qualities and characteristics of an object or person, report a property. They are translated into Russian most often by adjectives.

This book is very interesting… — This book is very interesting.
She finds her job exhausting… — She considers her work exhausting .
it was an exciting experience for her. — It was amusing experience for her.

Adjectives ending in —ed show the feelings, emotions or state of a person. We usually translate such an adjective into Russian with a verb or participle, sometimes a noun, adverb or other parts of speech.

I’m interested in landscape design. — I AM interested in landscape design.
At the end of the day she is often finished… — Often at the end of the working day she tired .
She is excited about going to Portugal.– She excited from a trip to Portugal.

For an even better understanding of the material, be sure to watch the video.

Adjective endings ing ed. Examples of

Details Karina Galchenko

: 10 March 2016

17638

: 5/5

I think you’ve already met the endings of the adjectives –ing and –ed… Usually such words-characteristics are formed from a verb (a word expressing an action). Take the verb tire, for example. It has the meaning of «tired», «tired», «tire». If we add –ing or –ed to this word, then another part of speech is formed — an adjective.

Moreover, tired and tiring will be used in completely different situations, since their meanings differ due to the endings. According to the information offered by the dictionary, tired is «tired», «tired». But tiring has a completely different translation — «tiresome» or «exhausting».

Below we will try to figure out how not to confuse the use of words like tired and tiring.

How do you apply the endings of the adjectives –ing and –ed?

As for the rules, it is necessary to apply the endings of the adjectives –ing and –ed according to the following diagram:

Word + -ing = description of an object or person

Word + -ed = description of the speaker’s feelings and opinions

Let’s give an illustrative example:

The movie is boring — The movie is boring.

They are bored — They are bored.

If we use boring in the second sentence, then the meaning is completely different:

They are boring — They are boring.

This option is also possible, but in order to convey the effect of the film on the audience, you still have to choose bored.

The adjectives –ing and –ed in English. Examples of

Of course, it’s easier to remember adjectives –ing and –ed in English through examples and practice. Pay attention to the following suggestions.

-ing	-ed
My friend is sure politics is interesting. — My friend is sure that politics is interesting.	My friend is interested in politics. — My friend is interested in politics.
Her behavior was surprising. — Her behavior was amazing.	I was surprised by her behavior. — I was surprised by her behavior.
I need a relaxing massage just now. — I need a relaxing massage right now.	You look so relaxed. — You look so peaceful.
The news is shocking. — The news is disgusting.	I am shocked by the news. — I was shocked (shocked) by the news.
Your offer is annoying. — Your proposal is insulting.

Source: http://fluenglish.com/stati/studentam-na-zametku/31-intermediate/416-okonchaniya-prilagatelnykh-ing-ed-primery.html

Using Present Continuous

Present continuous — Present long (or present long) time.
Most often, Present Continuous is used to indicate an action that is happening now (at the moment).

However, there are some nuances in the use of this tense in English. For example, in some situations Present Continuous can speak of the future tense.
Let’s take a look at all these nuances. This will allow you to use the present correctly for a long time, and will also help you when taking tests in English.

How Present Continuous is formed

Present Continuous is formed with the help of the auxiliary verb to be used in the present tense + the main verb with the ending -ing.

For example, the

I’m working
you are working
He is working
she is working
it is working
We are working
They are working

In the negative form, the particle not is added after the auxiliary verb.

I am not working
You are not working
He is not working
She is not working
It is not working
We are not working
They are not working

In order to ask a question in Present Continuous, it is enough to swap the pronoun with the auxiliary verb.

Am I working?
Are you working?
Is he working?
Is she working?
Is it working?
Are we working?
Are they working?

As you can see, with the formation of time, everything is simple. It is enough to memorize the form of the verb to be for each pronoun and add the ending -ing to the main verb.

When Present Continuous is Used

Now let’s look at the use.

At the initial stages of training, students often confuse Present Simple and Present Continuous, and sometimes even try to make a mix of these times.

In fact, it is enough to remember that:

Present Simple tells us about the action that usually happens, while Present Continuous usually talks about the action that is happening at the moment.

For example:

I work every Saturday. — I work every Saturday (that is, I do it usually and regularly) — we use Present Simple.
Sorry, I can’t speak, I am working now. — Sorry, I can’t talk, I’m working now. — the action takes place at the time of speech — we use Present Continuous.

Here is the basic rule of use and the main differences. This is the first thing to remember when studying Present Simple and Present Continuous.

However, Present Continuous can be used in several other situations, which we will consider next.

Features of using Present Continuous

The action takes place at the moment of speech.
She is talking with her mother about this situation. — She is discussing this situation with her mother (right now).
The action takes place now, but not specifically at this moment, but covers a wider time frame.
He is learning Spanish. — He’s studying Spanish.
For example, this may mean that he is now taking Spanish courses and is studying it, but at that very moment he can eat, sleep or do something else.
When the action lasts for a limited period of time.
She is staying in London for a couple of weeks. “She will be in London for a couple of weeks.
When the new state contrasts with the previous one.
Most young people aren’t listening classical music these days. — Most young people these days don’t listen to classical music.
When something grows, develops, or changes.
This city is growing very quickly. — This city is growing very quickly.
When an activity starts before the specified time and continues after it.
When I get home from work my parents are already having dinner. — When I come home from work, my parents are already having lunch.
When actions are repeated over and over.
A distinctive feature of Present Simple will be the speaker’s negative attitude towards this habit.

You are always losing your phone. — You always lose your phone.
It is about planned actions in the future. Moreover, it is worth using Present Continuous if the action is definitely decided to be carried out.
Tomorrow I am going to the doctor. — Tomorrow I’m going to the doctor. (It will mean that I have already definitely decided to go to the doctor and even made an appointment).
I’m leaving soon. — I got to go soon.

Conclusions

As you can see, the use of Present Continuous comes down not only to the designation of actions that occur at the time of speech.

In general, this is one of the most frequently used tenses in English speech. Therefore, the simple rules of use are best learned and hone in practice.

To practice as much as possible, come to a FREE trial lesson at A-mega School. We will introduce you to the Callan Method, which allows you to learn English several times faster.

This is achieved through continuous speaking practice and repeated repetition of the material.

Our students start speaking English from the first lesson.
You can sign up for a trial lesson by phone (812) -922-50-30.

Source: https://a-mega.info/upotreblenie-present-continuous/

Endings in English

Reading time: ~ 8 min.

People who have just started learning English can easily get confused among the large flow of information, rules and exceptions. A well-chosen ending is like the icing on the cake that will brighten your speech and demonstrate your language skills.

From the point of view of grammar, the ending connects a word in a phrase or sentence, and also indicates the characteristics of the word: gender, number or case.

In order to «finally» deal with the topic of endings and not get confused, we propose to consider each case in more detail.

Ending -s

The same letter «s» can be seen at the end of both the noun and the verb. Let’s see when and how the -s ending is used.

Plural of nouns

Perhaps the first «s» that we meet when meeting with the English language is the ending in the plural noun.

If we have a noun in the singular (singular noun), then to form the plural (plural noun) we need to add the ending -s.

Most nouns are plural according to the scheme: singular noun + s = plural noun.

For example: a banana — bananas, a book — books.

And it seems that everything is simple, but there are no rules without exceptions. If the noun ends with the letter «s» itself and sibilant consonants, we add the ending -es. This is done to make the word easier to pronounce.

Thus, the plural is formed according to the scheme: singular noun + es = plural noun.

So, the rule is: after consonants -s, -x, -sh, -ch, -tch we put the ending «es».

a kiss a box a wish a church a witch

kisses boxes wishes churches witches

The ending «es» is also placed after the vowel -o:

A hero exceptions: piano photo

heroes exceptions: pianosphotos

Nouns ending in -y are a special case.

If there is a vowel before the -y at the end of the noun, then we simply add the ending -s: a monkey — monkeys (monkey — monkeys).

But if there is a consonant before -y at the end of the noun, then we add the ending -es, and the letter «y» is replaced by «i». To make it easier to understand, let’s look at the diagram: singular noun + y i + es = plural noun.

And then an example: a country — countries.

Now for the tricky part: special rules and exceptions.

If a noun ends in -f, then in the plural it takes the ending -es, and «f» is changed to «v». If at the end of the noun there is already -e (-fe), then we simply add the ending -s, while «f» still changes to «v».

After -f	-v+es	a leaf a wolf exception: a roof a chief	leaves wolves roofs chiefs
-ve+s	a knife wife exception: safe

Source: https://blog.appewa.com/okonchaniya-v-angliyskom-yazyke/

Present Continuous — present continuous tense in English

Present continuous tense Present Continuous (sometimes also called Present Progressive) is formed as follows:

Subject + am / is / are + Verbing

Rules for adding the ending -ing

Most often, an ending is simply added to the verb –Ing:
work — working
If the word ends in -E, then the last letter is removed:
take — taking
If the word ends in a short stressed vowel + consonant, then the last consonant is doubled:
run — running
If the word ends in –Ie, then this letter combination is transformed into –Y–:
lie — lying

Formation of negation (short form)

I	‘m not	working
He / she / it	is not
We / you / they	aren’t

Present Continuous Times

1. The action taking place at the time of speech:

James is reading a book now. — James now is reading a book.

2. Action taking place at the present time, but not specifically at the moment of speech:

Alex is learning to drive. — Alex is learning drive.

(That is, at the moment he may be busy with something else, but the process of learning to drive has already started and continues).

3. To describe temporary situations in the present:

Maggie usually works 9 to 5, but this week she is working 9 to 8. — Usually Maggie works from 9 to 5, but this week it works with 9 to 8.

(The situation is only this week).

4.With the word always to express criticism or disapproval:

Source: https://www.start2study.ru/english-grammar/present-continuous/

How do you share your hobby in English?

So what’s the best way to answer the question «What is your hobby?» — What’s your hobby? / What do you like to do?

The easiest option is to start like this:

I to — that is, I like to do something

Please note that only in Russian we say: «I like» or «We like», in English, you always need to start with the one we are talking about — «I» and «We».

examples:

I to write short stories — I like to write short stories
I to travel — I like to travel

Why put «To» after «I»?

In Russian, for example, we put the verb after the predicate in the infinitive — the impersonal form of the verb — «I like to draw», «He likes to play football.» In English, as a rule, the second verb is placed either in the infinitive (this is “to”), or the ending “ing” is added to it. We were lucky with the verb «», because to the next verb after it, you can freely add both «To» and «ing» — both will be correct. Therefore, let’s take a look at these examples:

I baking — I love baking
I traveling — I like to travel

You see, we put both «To travel» and «traveling», and this is equally true.

At the same time, do not forget that if the pronouns He / she / it (he / she / it) in the Present Simple act as the subject, the ending “s” must be added to the verb “”.

examples:

He S
She S
It S

examples:

He s drawing but not painting — he loves to draw with a pencil, not paints.
My sister s listening to pop music — my sister loves to listen to pop music.

The phrase «I to» is pretty simple, and if you want to complicate your speech a little, to make it more sophisticated, let’s add synonyms.

The phrases that are presented below also mean «I like», but are constructed grammatically differently.

All the phrases presented below contain the verb «To be» — they begin with it. For example, «To be fond of» — like, get carried away.

Let’s first figure out what «to be» is and how to work with it, and then we’ll dwell on each phrase and look at examples.

I want to start by saying that «to be» is a verb. And, since we need the present tense (we’re talking about what we like now), «TO BE» breaks down into three verbs AM, IS, ARE, depending on the subject (what or who is referred to in the sentence ):

I (I) — amShe (she) / He (he) / It (it) — is

You (you, you) / We (we) / They (they) — are

If we need to construct negation, we use the NOT particle:

I (I) — am not She (she) / He (he) / It (it) — is not (isn’t)

You (you, you) / We (we) / They (they) — are not (aren’t)

For comparison, if we do negation with an action verb, «», for example, then we use «don’t» if the subject is I (I) / You (you, you) / We (we) / They (they). And «doesn’t» if She (she) / He (he) / It (it). You can read more about negation with action verbs in this article.

So, synonym phrases of the verb «»:

1. To be fond of — like, to be carried away by something

examples:

I am fond of taking pictures — I love taking pictures
My nephew is fond of collecting toy cars — my nephew loves collecting toy cars

2. To be into — like, to be carried away by something

examples:

I am into snowboarding, but my husband is into fishing — I like snowboarding and my husband loves fishing
My sisters are into fitness and my brother is into football — my sisters love fitness, and my brother is fond of football

3. To be a fan of — like, get carried away, be a fan

examples:

I am a fan of yoga — I’m a yoga fan
My best friend is a fan of sewing

4. To be keen on — like, to be carried away by something

examples:

I am not really keen on dancing — I’m not really into dancing
All of my classmates are keen on web design — all my classmates love web design

And a small list of activities that can be proudly called HOBBIES

Source: https://linguafromhome.com/blog/kak-rasskazat-o-svoem-hobbi-na-anglijskom/

/ foreign-languages / english / Fortunately for learners of English, the number of endings in it is much less than in Russian, Ukrainian and even German. This is due to the special structure of the language, which belongs to the analytic group, the connection and coordination of words in which is provided using prepositions, conjunctions and word order, and not endings.

The ending in English is that part of the word that serves for shaping, coordination with other words and the connection of words in a phrase and a sentence. For example, we all remember very well from school that certain endings help nouns to form cases and take the forms of the singular and plural: table-table-table-tables-tables and so on. We can observe the same phenomenon in adjectives, in conjugation of verbs, etc.

It is important to remember that the term ending in English, as a rule, is not used, and the familiar «endings» -s, -es, -ed, -ing will be more accurately called suffixes. This is due to the peculiarities of the evolution of the language, during which it lost the primordially wide variety of proper endings and switched to the analytical way of connecting words. But in educational literature for non-specialists, this name successfully functions due to its simplicity for perception.

Ending -s / -es

This ending in English has several functions.

car cars,
trees,
box-boxes.

The choice between the two ending options depends on which letter is in front of it. The form

-Is

used if it is preceded by

-ss, -ch, -sh, -x, -z, -o

church-churches,
tax-taxes,
potato-potatoes,
dress-dresses.

The second use of this ending is for third person singular verbs in present indefinite tense… An ending is added to verbs that refer to pronouns he, she, it or a noun similar in meaning to them. For example: he writes (he writes) and my father writes (my dad writes «he»).

Variant rules

-s / -es

Mary reads a book every day;
my brother goes to school every weekday.

The ending is -ed

The -ed ending also has two main functions.

At first

, it is used to form the simple past tense of regular verbs —

Source: https://doubleyoustudio.org/articles-english/endings-in-english/

What does the –ing ending in English do? — we learn English ourselves

18.06.2018

Words ending in -ing are constantly found not only in English, but also in Russian: diving, training, marketing and dozens of other borrowings, which are more and more every year. What is it? What words does it join? When is it used?

In this article, I will discuss the use of this ending and the varied life of –ing words in the English language.

Rules for adding the ending -ing in English

In English, you will often notice that the mysterious -ing appears at the end of a word. It can be part of various structures, but they all have one thing in common: the ending -ing is attached only to words denoting an action (run, jump, walk, etc.).

In most cases, we just add -ing at the end of the word:

play («play») + ing = playing
talk («to talk») + ing = talking

But there are a couple of exceptions to the rule.

1. If suddenly our action ends in -e, then -ing «eats» this -e:

Bite + ing = biting.

Hide + ing = hiding.

2. There are two words in -ie where the following change occurs:

Lie («lie» or «lie») + ing = lying.

Die + ing = dying.

When does this happen and, most importantly, why? There are three main cases when we need -ing. Let’s consider them in order.

3 uses of the -ing ending in English

So, we use this ending in the following cases:

1) -ing as part of extended times

Among English times, there is a whole group of those who have the word «continuous» in their name. They are called «continued» because they deal with a process, that is, rather long actions.

These are exactly the times that are formed with be («to be») in different forms and actions in -ing.

Let’s take a look at the most commonly used ones:

Present continuous (present continous)

It means an action that is happening right now, at the time of speech. In order to form it, we use: am / is / are + ___ing.

I amwatching TV.
Я look television.

Are you listening is it me?
You me listen?

I told you in detail about Present Continuous here.

Source: https://valente-shop.ru/individualnoe-obuchenie/chto-delaet-okonchanie-ing-v-anglijskom-yazyke-uchim-anglijskij-sami.html

Grammar

There can be only one negation in an English sentence. It can be expressed in different ways:

1.not (negation of a verb) — is placed after modal verbs, the verb to be or auxiliary verbs.

Past Perfect Continuous

Example in Russian: «Katya had been reading the book for 2 hours when dad returned home.»

For all times of the Perfect Continuous subgroup, we use 2 auxiliary verbs «to have», or rather, its forms, «been» for all, the ending «-ing» is always added to the semantic verb.

Plural of Nouns

Nouns have two numbers: singular and plural.

1. Singular characterized by the absence of an ending:
a cup, a table, a teacher, a day.

Must

The verb must is used:

To express duties, the need to take action in the present or in the future:
I must go. I have to go.

I would rather (not) translates as “I would rather (not)”, “I, perhaps, (not)”. After would rather, the infinitive of another verb is used without the to particle. Would be used in all persons and numbers.

Communion in English

A participle is an impersonal form of an English verb that has the properties of a verb, adverb, and adjective.

English participles are divided into present participle (Participle I) and past participle (Participle II).

What are Auxiliary and Modal Verbs?

Auxiliary verbs are “helper verbs” used in combination with other verbs to assist in stating tone, tense, condition / state, voice or mood. A modal verb is a type of auxiliary verb that expresses a possibility, necessity or obligation. Because of their commanding tone, modals must be used carefully, and some writers attempt to avoid them entirely.

Modal verb Dare

The modal verb Dare, like the modal verb Need, is sometimes called semi-modal, it also occupies a bordering position between the modal and the full-valued verb.

Modal verb «can»

MODAL VERB «CAN» is one of the most used modal verbs in the English language. It has the meaning of ability or ability, both physical and mental. It can be used to express a request, permission or prohibition, and likelihood or improbability.

Pluralization of nouns

The main way of forming the plural of nouns is by adding an ending -s or -Is to the singular form of a noun.

Source: http://begin-english.ru/grammatika/page4/

RAW or JPEG, which is better?

»Roofing materials» Ing ending. Ending ing in english

The grammar of the English language has its own characteristics. In order to speak a foreign language fluently, you need to know the rules for constructing sentences and the basics of word formation. When the basics become clear, expressing your thoughts in English will not cause difficulties. One of the important components of grammar is the ending of ing in English. We will consider the rules for its use below.

When is the ending -ing used?

There are three such cases:

Gerund.
Verbal noun.
Present participle.

In order to understand in which cases ing (ending in English) is put, the rules of use need to be thoroughly memorized. This will help you understand the essence of the above concepts.

What is a gerund?

Gerund is difficult to understand, since it does not have a similar grammatical form in Russian. Gerund is a verb in an impersonal form, which is used to name an action.

The peculiarity of the gerund is that it combines an action and an object or process. In its formation, the ending ing in English is used. The rules for constructing sentences are pretty simple. For example: I love playing different games.

— I like to play different games.

When the gerund is used

Gerund is used in the following cases:

After certain verbs like enjoy, finish, suggest and others.
When forming stable phrases using some prepositions. For example, the idea of, to be good at, the advantage of, etc.
After the adjectives worth and busy.
After prepositions on (upon), after, before and others.

When is a verbal noun used?

When forming a verbal noun, the ending ing in English is used. The rules for translating it are quite simple, since a noun is also used to denote it in Russian.

Verbal nouns are used in speech with an article or with a possessive pronoun. A verbal noun can be either singular or plural. For example: Her loud talking gets on my nerves.

When is the present participle used?

A participle with the ending ing is used before the noun. In English, the rules for constructing a sentence can be clearly seen for example: Therisingsunisverybeautiful.
In participial sentences: The girl standing by the door is my sister.
In sentences that consist of a verb, object and participle: She saw him gettingon thebus.

Source: https://karelia-dom.ru/ing-okonchanie-okonchanie-ing-v-angliiskom-yazyke-pravila-napisaniya/

Which verbs do not add ing. ending ing in english

Many students are often confused -ed и -ing graduations in English. For example, you want to say that you miss (bored), but it turns out that you are boring (boring) or vice versa.

There is a big difference between these two meanings, there can be confusion, and this is due to the incorrect application of the endings. But the rule is actually very simple.

You will find in this article the rules for using adjective endings, examples of their use, and exercises with answers, and.

Present Continuous in English: Education and Use

The tenses of the English language Present Simple and Present Continuous are the most used ways to express actions in the present. However, everything is not so simple with Present Continuous time as it might seem at first glance.

Never become an expert who has stopped learning. Consider your life as a long educational process.

~ Denis Waitley

Present Continuous / Progressive describes events that are reliable at the time of the conversation, but which can change at any time. Moreover, Present Continuous can also convey future actions.

In this article we will tell you how Present Continuous is used, how it differs from other times and when it should be used.

Present Continuous tense in English

Everything that is happening now or is related to the present, which is relevant, but which can change, is transmitted using Present Continuous time.

Present continuous tense, or as it is often called Present Progressive Tense, is translated into Russian as the present long or present continuous tense of the verb. As it is already clear from the name itself, this time shows the duration, the process of action that occurs at the moment of speech.

The formation of the Present Long-term action takes place according to completely different rules than the formation of the Present Simple time.

Formation of the affirmative form Present Continuous

Present Long Tense Formation Support Table in English

Let’s first get acquainted with the fact how Present Continuous Tense is formed… It refers to compound tenses, since even in affirmative sentences it consists of an auxiliary and a main verb.

An auxiliary verb for the present for a long time is the verb to be in the present tense, or rather its forms am, is, are. The ending -ing is added to the main verb, which will denote the action being performed.

To form an affirmative sentence in Present Continuous, use one of the verb forms be (am / is / are) and the main verb with the ending -ing.

It is important to remember that the auxiliary verb to be always agrees with the subject, that is, its form am / is / are must correspond to the number and person of the subject. Let’s consider in more detail in examples:

I am reading a book (Rus. I am reading a book): I — subject, am — auxiliary verb (consistent with the subject), reading — the main verb (inconsistent with the subject, frozen form).
He is working as a secretary now (Russian. He is now working as a secretary): he is the subject, is is an auxiliary verb (agrees with the subject), working is the main verb (does not agree with the subject, the frozen form)
Hey, you are eating my ice-cream (Russian Hey, you eat my ice cream): you — subject, are — auxiliary verb (consistent with the subject), eating — main verb (inconsistent with the subject, frozen form)

Examples of affirmative sentences in Present Continuous with translation:

Sample sentencesRussian translation

He’s still doing his homework in the classroom.	He is still doing his homework in class.
They’re sleeping at the moment.	They are already (now) asleep.
We are working right now.	We are working now.
look! Children are playing and laughing.	Look! Children play games and laugh.
We’re going to the country in summer.	We will go out of town in the summer.
The sun is shining in the sky.	The sun is shining in the sky. (= It’s sunny now)

In colloquial speech, are often used abbreviated forms of the linking verb to be: I’m, You’re, He’s / She’s / It’s, etc.

If there are homogeneous predicates in a sentence, then the linking verb to be is usually omitted, for example:

James and Sally are spending the evening together, watching a new video.

Rules for adding the ending -ing to Present Continuous

Reference table adding the ending -ing to form a Present Continuous.

When forming Present Continuous Tense, as a general rule, we add the ending — ing to the verb. However, there are a number of verbs that require a little transformation when adding such an ending.

Consider basic rules for adding the ending -ing for Present Continuous education.

Rule № 1

If the verb ends in ththen this final vowel is omitted:

make — making, drive — driving

Rule № 2

If the verb consists of 1 syllable and ends with 1 vowel and 1 consonant, then the consonant is doubled:

Source: https://ienglish.ru/blog/grammatika-angliiskogo-iazika/vremena-angliiskogo-glagola/904-present-continuous-v-angliiskom

Form ing formation. Ending ing in english

The verb in the form of an infinitive or gerund is very common in English and at first gives beginners a lot of difficulties. Gerund mistaken for present continuous, although the gerund looks like a verb with ing and is never used with be. For example, in the sentence «I go swimming to the lake in summer», swimming is a gerund. We will translate it as “I walk to swim to the lake in summer. «

Infinitive with the to particle causes a lot of translation difficulties. Very often in Russian, you need to use additional words or a subordinate clause. For example, a simple sentence «He stood up to say something» as soon as they do not translate, until they guess that the correct option would be «He stood up, (tosomething say».

English verb forms

In total, there are 5 options for what an English verb might look like:

— the initial form of the verb (infinitive) — the verb with the ending -s (es) — We use for the present simple — the verb with the ending ing — we use it for the tenses continuous, as a gerund, participle or adjective. — the verb with the ending –ed (2 and 3 the form)

— irregular verbs (2 and 3 forms)

The most common are 2 forms of the verb — infinitiveи verb ending ing… These 2 forms are included in different tenses, are used in conjunction with modal verbs, and often I convey only an additional action, without reference to the time. We will talk about the latter case in our article.

Remember an important rule:

An infinitive or gerund is a verb that is not part of the predicate and does not carry tense.

Other names you may come across: Complex object, to-infinitive and verb -ing.

So, we already know that verbs are not always predicate, it does not always convey tense. In Russian, you can often find a verb in an indefinite form (initial form):

He wanted help.
«Help» is the initial form of the verb, it is free of tense. In English grammar, this topic is called “Infinitive and gerund «.

Infinitive (infinitive) is a verb in its initial form, a verb unchanged. The infinitive is usually preceded by the particle to.

Gerund (gerund, ing-clause, participle with -ing) is a verb with the ending ing that is not part of the continuous. It is never preceded by the to particle.

When there are several verbs in a row in an English sentence, the first is a predicate (responsible for the tense), and the next verb, free of tense, is in the form of an infinitive / gerund. There can be several such verbs in one sentence.

The infinitive and gerund are usually found in the second half of a sentence. But you may encounter situations where to-infinitive or ing-verb begin a sentence. The infinitive / gerund will not always appear in the second half of the sentence. But in most cases, you will find them in this position.

When in a Russian sentence you see a verb in its initial form («to do», «to play», «to worry»), then in English, most likely, it will be translated by an infinitive («to do», «worry»), less often — by a gerund. There is practically no difference when translating the infinitive and the gerund.

The infinitive and the gerund are translated in several ways: — the initial form of the verb («to do») — the participle («doing») — the subordinate clause («to do»).

— gerund can also be translated by a noun

Unfortunately, there are no clear rules for the use of these two forms. Native speakers often use these 2 forms on a whim or because it is so common in the area. But still, there are general guidelines for choosing the right form of the verb, let’s study them.

Usually the infinitive or gerund is chosen based on what it costs in front of him:— verb — verb + object — adjective

— preposition

There is a list of verbs, after which the next going verb is usually put in the form of an infinitive or in the form of a gerund. The list of such verbs must be memorized.

Now let’s look at the basic rules that the infinitive or gerund obeys.

Infinitive

English has verbs followed by the to-infinitive to indicate an additional action.

List of verbs followed by the to infinitive

want — wantneed — needplan — plandecide — decide, make a decisionoffer — offerhope — hopepromise — promise try — tryforget — forget learn — learn

Link would — would like

I promised to call you later. — I promise to call you later.
He forgot tocall me. — He forgot to call me.

The infinitive usually follows the verb. But often they can be separated by the object to which the predicate action is directed.

I Asked Mike to call me… — I AM asked Singlet call.
Between the verb asked and the infinitive to come there is an object (Mike) to which the action is directed.

Very often we indicate the object after the following verbs:ask — asktell — talkadvice — adviseexpect — expectpersuade — persuade

teach — teach

Specifics of using the infinitive after make, let and help

After verbs make and let alwayswe use the infinitive, but without the to particle.

The let verb conveys the meaning of «allow».
let me go… — Let me go. (Let me go).

In the imperative mood, we went through the conjunction let’s, which in its full version looks like the verb let with the object us.
let’s = let us — let us (literally)

When there is another verb after make, which in this case the verb make means «to force (someone to do)». After make, we indicate who the action is directed at (we indicate the object).
Make John work… — Make John work.

After the verb helpwe can specify the infinitive with or without the to particle. This does not change the meaning.
Help me finish my work. = Help me finish my work. — Help me finish the job.

Infinitive after adjectives in English

If you need to put a verb after a verb link to be + adjective, then use the infinitive with the to particle. Please note that we translate the to be + adjective into Russian with an adverb.

It is difficult to understand English. — It’s hard to understand English.
difficult — difficult (adjective), but we translate it into Russian with the adverb “difficult”.

Popular phrases: It’s good to — It’s nice (of you) to — It’s nice I’m sorry to — Sorry for

I’m happy to — I’m happy

Infinitive for indicating the reason for the action

If an English speaking person wants to indicate reason for action (the purpose for which it is performed), then it will use the infinitive with the to particle. When translating into Russian, you need to use a subordinate clause, which begins with the words: «in order to» or a shorter version «to».
I saw Make and stop tosay Hello. — I saw Mike and stopped, to say hello.

Gerund

Gerund is a cross between a verb and a noun. Because of this, it is translated in different ways — with a noun, and a verb, and a participle, although the gerund is always formed from verbs. In English, the gerund is grammatically closer to a noun than to a verb.

Gerund after prepositions

If after the first verb (predicate) there is a preposition, then we always use the second verb with the ending –ing. This is one of the «reinforced» rules that you should know well.

General scheme:
predicate + preposition + gerund
Keep on working… — Continue work.

Verbs followed by a gerund

List of popular verbs, after which it is customary to use gerund.

Verbs that indicate the beginning, duration or end of a process: start *, begin * — start stop — stop finish — finish give up (= stop) — stop continue * — continue carry on / go on / keep (on) (= continue) — continue

* after these verbs, you can use not only the gerund, but the infinitive. This does not change the meaning.

Source: https://ortait.ru/obrazovanie-ing-formy-okonchanie-ing-v-angliiskom-yazyke/

Enjoy learning English online with Puzzle English for free

In this article, we will analyze one of the aspects of word formation in the English language, namely, words with the ending ing. Ingenious ending in English plays an important role in grammar. We will tell you when the ending ing is added, what it means, and also give specific examples.

The ending ing in English can have four parts of speech:

-verbal nouns
-verbs of the temporary group Continuous
— participles of the first type
-gerundia

Let us examine all the cases sequentially.

Ending ing verbal nouns

As the name implies, we will focus on nouns formed from verbs. The Russian language also has such examples. Running (from the verb to run), reading (from the verb to read), singing (from the verb to sing).

Examples of verbal nouns with the ending ing:

reading — reading (from to read — to read)
smoking — smoking (from to smoke — smoking)
singing — singing (from to sing — to sing)
meeting — meeting (from to meet — to meet, to meet)

In a sentence, nouns formed from verbs act as subjects or additions.

Examples of sentences with verbal nouns:

My hobby is reading. Reading is my hobby.

Smoking is prohibited in our office. Smoking is prohibited in our office.

Singing is interesting but difficult for me. Singing is interesting for me, but difficult.

She will never forget their first meeting. She will never forget their first meeting.

How is the ending ing attached?

Before moving on to the second use of ing in English, let’s dwell on the rules for adding the ending ing to words.

The ending ing is added to both regular and irregular verbs, and in all cases is pronounced as the syllable [iŋ].

If the verb ends in a dumb vowel e, then this letter is removed.

For example:

write — writing

close — closing

Source: https://puzzle-english.com/directory/ing-ending

Источник

Do you know how to add ‘-ing’ with verbs? When should you double the last letter to add -ing?

Well.

You are going to get all the answers from here. Here I’m going to share with you some rules add ‘-ing’ with a verb.

At first you have to know when you should use verbs with ing and when you should not.

So, the first question is, why and when should you use a verb with ing?

Verbs with ing are used in two cases-

#1:-

To make present participle form to use in continuous tense (present, past, future continuous tense of verbs). And

#2:-

To make gerund of the verb to be used as a noun.

There are certain rules to add ‘-ing’ to verbs.

Read more: Tense and time.

Read more: Different forms of a verb.

Rules to Add ing to Verbs

Starting with rule #1,

Rule #1: Remove the Ending ‘-e’ :

If the verb ends with an ‘-e’, then we’ll use -ing removing the e.

Examples:

Propagate + ing = propagating.
Take + ing = taking.
Write + ing = writing.
Vote + ing = voting.

Exception:-
If there is

double e

at the end, this rule won’t be applied. In this case simply put -ing after the verb without any change.

Like,

Flee + ing = fleeing. (Both the es are present).
See + ing = seeing.
Free +ing = freeing.

Rule #2: C-V-C Pattern :

If any verb ends with a consonant, and the consonant is preceded by a vowel which is again preceded by a consonant [-consonant -vowel-consonant (C-V-C) pattern] The last consonant is doubled and then ‘-ing’ is used.

Examples:

Get + ing = getting.
Set + ing = setting.
Cut + ing = cutting.
Run + ing = running.
Ban + ing = banning.
Dig + ing = digging.
Stop +ing = stopping.
Tap +ing = tapping.
Shop + ing = shopping.
Sob + ing = sobbing.
Rub + ing = rubbing.
Chat + ing = chatting.
Bat + ing = batting.

Exceptions :

Exception #1 :

Verbs ending in -w, -x, -y do not follow this rule.

E.g.-

Low + ing = lowing. (Single w)
Show + ing = showing. (Single w)
Grow + ing = Growing. (Single w)
Flow + ing = Flowing. (Single w)
Box + ing = boxing. (Single x)
Mix + ing = Mixing. (Single x)
Fix + ing = Fixing. (Single x)
Wax + ing = Waxing.. (Single x)
Say + ing = saying. (single y)
Pay + ing = paying. (Single y)
Play + ing = playing. (Single y)
Annoy + ing = annoying. (Single y)

Exception #2 :

In case of di-syllabic verbs, if the stress in on the second syllable:

Below are some di-syllabic words (verbs) —

Begin, Admit, Refer, Commit, Equal, Travel, distil.

[Like, Begin = Be-gin, Admit = ad-mit Travel = tra-vel etc.]

Begin + ing = beginning.
Admit + ing = admitting.
Refer + ing = regerring.
Commit + ing = committing.
Equal + ing = equalling.
Travel + ing = travelling.
Distil + ing = Distilling.

For a Di-syllabic verb if the stress in on the first syllable:

Visit + ing = visiting.
Open + ing = opening.
Target + ing = targeting.
Listen + ing = listening.

If you don’t know what a monosyllabic word or di-syllabic word is

visit this page

to understand syllable.

Rule #3: Change the ending ‘-ie’ into ‘-y’ :

If the verb ends with -ie, the -ie is replaced with -y, and then the ing is used.

Examples:

Lie + ing = lying.
Die + ing = dying.
Tie + ing = tying.

Rule #4: Put an Extra ‘-k’ :

Put an extra ‘-k’ while using ‘-ing’ with a verb ending with ‘-c’.

E.g.-

Mimic + ing = mimicking.
Panic + ing = panicking.
Traffic + ing = trafficking.
Picnic + ing = picnicking.

Where NOT to Use Verbs with ing

Some verbs are never used in any continuous tense.

In other words, you cannot use some verbs with ing to form its continuous tense.

Examples of such verbs are:

Verbs of appearance:

Appear, look, seem etc.

Verbs of perception:

Belong, possess, own etc.

Verbs of emotion:

Love, hate, hope, respect, hope, feel, like, wish, want etc.

Verbs of thinking:

Understand, believe, imagine, remember, recall, know, forget etc.

Use-

I am hoping for better days. (Incorrect)
I hope for better days. (Correct)
He is feeling well. (Incorrect)
He feels well. (Correct)
She is resembling her mother. (Incorrect)
She resembles her mother. (Correct)
I am wishing your success. (Incorrect)
I wish your success. (Correct)

You cannot use verbs with ing only if it is in continuous tenses.

However, there are some exceptions of this rule.

Exception:-

In other cases —

When you try to make a present participle or gerund form of a verb, you have every right to add ‘-ing’ to them.

E.g.-

Loving is easy. (Correct)

This box is her only belonging. (Correct)

He has virtually no understanding of social evils. (Correct)

In the sentences above love, belong and understand are used with ‘-ing’ as loving, belonging and understanding respectively.

And these sentences are still correct as they are not in continuous tense.

Источник

A 7 min read

Verb-ing Words – Three Functions

We are all familiar with the verb-ing words as clause modifiers when they are preceded by a comma or placed in the beginning of the sentence and separated from the main clause by a comma. Following is the overview of various modifications by verb-ing modifier according to its placement:

Placement	What does it modify
After clause preceded by comma	Preceding clause
Before clause preceded by comma	Following clause/ Subject

We have already written very detailed articles on verb-ing modifiers. Here are the links for the same:

Usage of Verb Modifiers – Part 1
Usage of Verb Modifiers – Part 2

But, the function of verb-ing words is not limited to only modifiers. They play various other roles in a sentence. Take a look at the following three sentences. By the way, they are all correct sentences, so don’t worry about correcting them.

Growing plants is my hobby.
Growing plants in your backward need more care.
I am growing aromatic plants in my garden.

Anyone who aims to score above 700 in GMAT MUST understand the distinctions detailed out in this article.

Costly confusion

In all these three sentences, “growing”, the verb-ing word, plays three different roles. In the first sentence, “growing” is a noun, in the second, it’s an adjective, and in the last sentence together with “am”, it is a verb in present continuous tense. Many a times, test takers fail to identify the correct role of the verb-ing word because of the complex structure of sentences in Sentence Correction.

In my experience, students who cannot differentiate between the use of verb-ing word as a noun and as an adjective end up making Subject Verb Number Agreement error. We have addressed over 20 such doubts in our internal forums.

Similarly, if students are unable to differentiate between the use of verb-ing word as an adjective and as a verb, they will toward a grammatical disaster.

Hence, it is necessary to be aware of the various functions of the verb-ing so that our mistakes do not reflect on our score card.

Function 1- Verb-ing word As A Noun

Verb-ing words can function as nouns. But these nouns are little different from conventional nouns. The verb-ing words function as those nouns that actually denote an action. So such verb-ing words fall under the category of nouns but unlike conventional nouns, they actually denote an action. These forms of verb-ing words are popularly known as gerunds. Since at e-gmat, we refrain from using grammatical jargons, we call the gerunds the verb-ing nouns that denote action.

Verb-ing words function as Nouns that denote an Action

Now let’s study our first example sentence in the light of this

explanation.

1. Growing plants is my hobby.

In this sentence, “growing” is the verb-ing noun because the word acts a noun and hence is the subject of the clause, but it also denotes an action. “Growing” most certainly does not follow the definition of the conventional noun – a thing, place or person – as it denotes the action of growing. Hence, it is a verb-ing noun.

One other thing to note about verb-ing nouns is that they are ALWAYS singular in number and hence, take singular verb when act as subjects. In our example sentence too, the verb is singular “is” as the subject “growing” is singular.

2. Marketing baby products in the internet world requires a cohesive message to be spread through traditional print and social media.

In this sentence, “marketing”, the verb-ing word acts as a noun and forms a big noun phrase “Marketing baby products in the internet world” that is the subject of the sentence. Since “marketing” is the head of this noun phrase and is a verb-ing noun, it takes singular verb “requires”. The number of the nouns entities that follow “marketing” has no effect on the number of the verb “requires”.

Following are the examples of the verb-ing noun in official questions:

1. Eating saltwater fish may significantly reduce the risk of heart attacks and also aid for sufferers of rheumatoid arthritis and asthma, according to three research studies published in the New England Journal of Medicine. (OGV2#28)

In this sentence, “eating” is a verb-ing noun that makes the subject of this sentence. Now, this sentence uses the verb “may reduce” that actually does not talk much about the number of the subject. But if “may” is removed, then “eating” will take singular verb “reduces”.

2. Many policy experts say that shifting a portion of health-benefit costs back to the workers not only helps to control the employer’s costs, but also helps to limit medical spending by making patients more careful consumers. (OGV2#63)

In this official sentence as well, “shifting”, the verb-ing noun takes singular verb “helps” in the idiom not only X but Y.

Function 2 – Verb-ing as an Adjective

Another role that a verb-ing word plays is of an adjective. As an adjective, it provides extra information of a particular noun entity. These verb-ing words can be present before or after the noun entity without any comma between the modified noun and the verb-ing adjective.

Verb -ing words function as Adjectives

The verb-ing word in our second example sentence falls in this category.

1. Growing plants in your backyard need more care.

In this sentence, “growing” is the adjective that presents a characteristic of the “plants”. What kind of plants need more care? The plants that are growing.

The thing to notice here is that since the verb-ing word acts as an adjective, it does not have bearing on the verb of the sentence. The verb needs to agree in number and make sense with the subject of the sentence. In this case, the subject is “plants” and hence the verb used is plural “need”.

2. Marketing channels that cost more generally provide higher returns.

In this sentence, “marketing” is the verb-ing adjective that talks about the characteristic of the channels. The sentence specifically talks about a particular type of channels – “marketing channels”. Since “marketing” is just an adjective or a modifier, the noun “channels” is the subject in this sentence and takes plural verb “provide” because the subject is plural.

Similarly, since “that” refers to the plural “channels”, it also takes plural verb “cost”.

It’s time to review some official sentences with verb-ing word acting as an adjective:

1. Declining values for farm equipment and land, the collateral against which farmers borrow to get through the harvest season, are going to force many lenders to tighten or deny credit this spring. (OGVR2#20)

In this correct official sentence, “declining” is the adjective that presents additional information about the noun “values” The verb-ing word again presents the characteristic of the value. It talks about the values that decreasing. So the subject of the sentence is “values”, a plural noun that takes plural verb “are” which actually falls in the underlined portion.

So if you mistook “declining” for noun instead of adjective, you would probably choose the answer choice that would have “is”. This is the grammatical fiasco we are talking about.

2. Rising inventories, if not accompanied by corresponding increases in sales, can lead to production cutbacks that would hamper economic growth. (OG13#14)

We have already seen that test takers do get confused in determining the role of “rising” in this one. Clearly, “rising” here talks about a feature of “inventories”. The sentence talks about those inventories that rise. Now here the verb is “can lead” that does not speak anything about the number of the noun. But there are a few answer choices that have the singular verb “leads”. These answer choices have been explained as incorrect as “rising inventories” does not agree in number in with the verb “leads”.

Function 3 – Verb-ing as a Verb with a helping verb

The function of verb-ing words as verbs is a very popular function. However, there are many who make the mistake of identifying JUST the verb-ing word as the verb. This is not correct.

Verb-ing words along with helping verbs function as Verbs

One thing we must be aware of is that verbs MUST have a tense. But the verb-ing words just by themselves do not have any tense. Can you tell what is the tense of “eating”, “drinking”, or “dancing”. Certainly not.

But you will be able to do so the moment I add some helping verb before these words. Check it for yourself – “is eating”, “was drinking”, “have been dancing”. Right?

So NEVER consider just the verb-ing word as a verb in a sentence. It’s time to bring our third example sentence here:

3. I am growing aromatic plants in my garden.

Here, if we just read the word “growing”, we would not be able to tell the tense of this word. It is the helping verb “am” that tells me that the verb “am growing” is in simple present continuous tense. We can never write sentences such as:

Joe eating pizza.
Julia dancing on the stage.

In these sentences, “eating” and “dancing” CANNOT be termed as verbs because we don’t know the timeframe of these continuous actions. But adding a helping verb – is/are/were/was/has been/have been etc. – will not only make the tense of the verb clear but also provide a proper verb to make the structure a proper grammatical sentence.

Joe is eating pizza.
Julia was dancing on the stage.

Following is the instance where an e-GMAT student rejected a choice because he thought that the verb-ing word was a present continuous tense.

As you can recognize, this question is OG13#47. Although choice A is incorrect, the student rejected that choice because he thought that “taking” is a present continuous tense.

This is incorrect because here “taking” is not preceded by any helping verb. We cannot even determine its tense in absence of the helping verb.

Well, this is just one instance. In our internal forums, we have many more such queries and analysis where students mistook just the verb-ing word to be continuous tense verb. This confusion is quite common and can cost you dearly.

Hence, whenever you see a verb-ing word, make sure that you find a preceding helping verb before declaring it a verb in continuous tense. Do remember that the verb-ing words CANNOT be verbs without the helping verbs preceding them.

Take Aways

Verb-ing words can function as a noun that denotes an action, an adjective or as a verb when preceded by a helping verb.
Verb-ing word functioning as a noun is ALWAYS singular and must take a singular verb when it is a subject.
Verb-ing word as an adjective bears no effect on the number of the verb.
Verb-ing words just by themselves CANNOT act as verbs. They must be preceded by a helping verb to act as proper verbs.

Источник

Starting a sentence with an -ing word is grammatically correct. But inexperienced writers may start too many sentences with -ing words, which makes their writing repetitive and dull. Additionally, using introductory -ing words can result in confusing sentence structures.

For clarity, it’s often better to avoid using -ing words to start a sentence. Other times, it’s necessary to use an -ing word. But how do you know when it’s appropriate to use an -ing word?

Let’s take a closer look at how to effectively use -ing words to start a sentence.

Can I Use -ing Words to Start a Sentence?

There’s no grammar rule saying you can’t start a sentence with an -ing word. But when you overuse them, the cadence of your writing will be verbose and slow.

Look at this example of a paragraph that uses multiple -ing words to start sentences:

Taking the hint, I said goodbye. Opening the door, she wished me a nice day. Looking up at the sky, I thought of asking for an umbrella but decided it was best to leave quickly.

The paragraph reads slowly and becomes repetitive by the last sentence. It also feels passive, even though it is in the active voice.

It can be easy to fall into the habit of repeating sentence starts, but this will starve your writing of variety. A good target is to only start around 2% of your sentences with -ing words to create a good writing flow.

ProWritingAid can help you avoid starting too many sentences in a row in the same way. Try out our free grammar checker to improve the flow of your writing.

In addition to redundant sentence starts, you also need to be careful that your meaning is clear.

Starting sentences with -ing words can lead to dangling modifiers, which cause confusion for readers. In our first example (Taking the hint, I said goodbye.), the modifier “taking the hint” is near the subject “I,” so the meaning is clear. But writers who start sentences with -ing words sometimes misplace the modifier, which makes it confusing.

Considering going to the store, the empty fridge reflected in Betty’s eyes.

In this sentence, the modifier “considering going to the store” modifies the fridge. But fridges can’t consider going to the store! The modifier should modify Betty:

Considering going to the store, Betty stared into the empty fridge.

Or better yet, rewrite the sentence:

Betty stared into the empty fridge. It was time to go to the store.

When to Use -ing Word Sentence Starts

Sometimes, -ing words are also gerunds. A gerund is a word that comes from a verb but functions as a noun in a sentence. In these cases, starting with an -ing words is usually the right choice.

Here’s an example:

Fishing is fun.

“Fishing” is a gerund—it’s functioning as the subject of the sentence. In this example, it wouldn’t make sense to rewrite the sentence to start without the -ing word, since the -ing word is the subject. In cases like these, using an -ing word at the start of your sentence is totally fine.

When an -ing word functions as a verb, however, it’s not a gerund. Be careful when you use -ing verbs at the beginning of a sentence because it can easily cause confusion.

Traveling north, the weather got colder and colder.

This sentence doesn’t make sense as it fails to include a subject. It sounds like the weather is traveling north in this sentence. Adding a subject rectifies this:

As I was traveling north, the weather got colder and colder.

It is also important to only use an -ing phrase when the action occurring in that phrase happens at the same time as the action in the main part of the sentence. Otherwise, you’re left with something that doesn’t work:

Unlocking the door, she left the room.

In this case, it doesn’t make sense for her to unlock the door and leave the room at exactly the same time. To rectify this, you need to pair two actions which can happen together and make her movement sequential:

Unlocking the door, she sighed, then left the room.

Conclusion on -ing Words to Start a Sentence

Using -ing words to start a sentence isn’t incorrect. Just follow these guidelines to ensure your meaning is clear.

Have you tried ProWritingAid yet? What are you waiting for? It’s the best tool for making sure your copy is strong, clear, and error-free!

Krystal N. Craiker is the Writing Pirate, an indie romance author and blog manager at ProWritingAid. She sails the seven internet seas, breaking tropes and bending genres. She has a background in anthropology and education, which brings fresh perspectives to her romance novels. When she’s not daydreaming about her next book or article, you can find her cooking gourmet gluten-free cuisine, laughing at memes, and playing board games. Krystal lives in Dallas, Texas with her husband, child, and basset hound. Check out her website or follow her on Instagram: @krystalncraikerauthor.

Источник

Verbs with “-ing” are either gerunds (resembling nouns) or participles (resembling adjectives)

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

Adding -ing to a verb gives it the properties of either an adjective or a noun. In the first case, it is sometimes a participle (of the so-called “present” variety), sometimes a true adjective (see 245. Adjectives with a Participle Ending). In the second case, it is sometimes a gerund and sometimes a true noun (see 240. Nouns that End with “-ing”).

The participle and gerund uses of -ing are considered individually in this blog in 52. Participles Placed Just After their Noun and 70. Gerunds. There is also a separate post on participles and gerunds made with having (267. Participles and Gerunds with “Having”). Here, -ing participles and gerunds are considered together in order to highlight their similarities and differences.

The two main similarities between -ing participles and gerunds are their ability to describe a directly-following noun, and, in other situations, their retention of verb properties like having a subject/object and being usable with an adverb. Differences within these areas are as follows.

DIFFERENCES WITH A DIRECTLY-FOLLOWING NOUN

Participles describing a directly-following noun are practically the same as adjectives. Examples are a helping hand (similar to a supportive hand), falling prices (cp. low prices) and boiling water (cp. hot water). Like adjectives, these -ing forms can be placed after their noun with that is or that are in between, e.g. a hand that is helping/ friendly, prices that are falling/ low (some can even drop that is/are, e.g. the picture emerging – see 52. Participles Placed Just after their Noun).

Gerunds, by contrast, describe a following noun just as ordinary nouns can (see 38. Nouns Used Like Adjectives). Examples are a walking stick, a driving lesson and opening times. One indication that this use is more noun-like is its inability to be paraphrased with that is/are without making unlikely phrases like *a stick that is walking. Another indication is that the -ing word can follow its noun with a preposition in between: a stick for walking, a lesson about/in driving, times of opening (see 136. Types of Description by Nouns). Moreover, pre-noun gerunds often have more spoken emphasis than participles (see 243. Pronunciation Secrets, #4).

With a few -ing verbs, the tests for both a participle and a gerund succeed. For example, a smoking room can become either a room that is smoking (participle) or a room for (tobacco) smoking (gerund). This does not, however, make the test invalid; it merely shows that some -ing words can describe a following noun as either a participle or a gerund, the meaning being different in each case (see 124. Structures with a Double Meaning 1, #1).

These features of pre-noun gerunds and participles even exist when they have an object, as in house-hunting days and time-consuming chores. The former involves a gerund because it needs of or for with reversed order; the latter involves a participle because it needs which are. A further difference here is that the former can stand alone in noun positions (e.g. house hunting is…), whereas the latter cannot (see the end of 223. Uses of Hyphens). For more participle examples, see the end of 106. Word-like Suffixes.

DIFFERENCES WHEN “-ing” WORDS DO NOT DESCRIBE A DIRECTLY-FOLLOWING NOUN

Participles and gerunds are both more like verbs when they are not describing a following noun, but the fundamental adjective/noun difference is still evident. .

1. Usage at the Start of a Sentence

The difference can be seen in these examples:

(a) Travelling at over 200 km/h, the new trains make a huge difference. (PARTICIPLE)

(b) Travelling at over 200 km/h makes a huge difference. (GERUND)

The word travelling in both sentences is like a verb because it has an adverbial phrase, at over 200 km per hour. Other -ing words might have an object, e.g. transporting passengers above instead of travelling. At the same time, however, the participle use of travelling in (a) is like an adjective, while the gerund use in (b) is like a noun.

Travelling is like an adjective in (a) because it has a neighbouring noun (trains) to describe (see 6. Adjectives with no Noun 1: People-Naming). This use of a participle before its noun is not the same as the one considered earlier; it allows words to be placed in between, and there must be a comma. For more about it, see 75. How to Avoid “Dangling” Participles. The participle can also follow its noun:

(c) The new trains, travelling at over 200 km/h, make a huge difference.

Commas may or may not be needed in such cases: the rules are the same as for commas with who, which and that (see 34. Relative Pronouns and Commas and 52. Participles Placed Just After their Noun).

In (b), on the other hand, there is no neighbouring noun for travelling to describe. Therefore travelling, not trains, has to be the subject of the verb makes, so that it is acting like a noun and must be a gerund. This use of gerunds can look very like the noun-describing one. Consider the following:

(d) Growing vegetables requires time and money.

How can we tell that the noun vegetables here is the object of growing and not “described” by it? The clue is the singular form of the verb (requires). This prevents the plural vegetables from being the subject, so that growing must be the subject instead, with vegetables its object (giving the meaning “causing vegetables to grow”).

If the verb had been require, the subject would have been vegetables, and growing would have had to be a gerund or participle describing it (a participle is actually more likely, because it creates a more likely meaning, “vegetables which are growing”, than the gerund meaning “vegetables for growing”).

Unfortunately, if the noun after the -ing word is singular, the main verb ending cannot help, with the result that a double meaning can occur, like this:

(e) Cooking chocolate is good for you.

It is not clear whether this is about “the cooking of chocolate” (gerund + object) or “chocolate for cooking” (gerund + described noun). It could even mean “chocolate which is cooking” (participle + described noun). Usually, however, the intended meaning of this structure will, like that of most other ambiguous ones, be made clear by the context of its use (see 124. Structures with a Double Meaning 1, #1).

2. Usage Later in a Sentence

One familiar later use of -ing participles is actually inside a main verb to form “continuous” tenses, e.g.:

(f) The frequency of floods is increasing.

This use has to be distinguished from that of BE with an adjective-like -ing word that is an adjective rather than participle, such as interesting. Words like interesting after BE in a sentence like (f) would be a “complement” of BE rather than forming a verb tense with it (see 220. Features of Complements).

Gerunds after BE can only be complements, corresponding to noun / pronoun ones:

(g) Seeing is believing.

(h) The solution is eating less.

One way of deciding whether an -ing verb after BE is a participle (making a continuous tense) or a gerund (making a complement) is to see if the words the action (or the state) of are a logical addition just before: they should be only before gerunds. This happens in (g) and (h), and also in the following problematic case from the post 69. How Computers Get Grammar Wrong (2):

(i) The key to sounding formal in writing is knowing which words to avoid.

The underlined words here resemble the present continuous tense of KNOW, but they are not that because of both the normal inability of KNOW to be used in continuous tenses and the illogical meaning that would be created. The meaning is much more logical if we take is to be the ordinary non-auxiliary use of BE and knowing to be a gerund meaning “the state of knowing”.

Participles and gerunds after a verb are often in the “object” position. Participles always need a nearby noun (or equivalent); gerunds sometimes have one and sometimes do not. Consider this:

(j) The plan involves trains.

The presence of the object noun trains here means a participle can accompany it. Expressing the idea of “which” + verb, a participle would be understood as classifying trains but not naming a train action involved in the plan. A lone participle, e.g. speeding, would have to go before trains, while one with its own object or adverb, e.g. speeding at 200 km/h, would go after (see 109. Placing an Adjective after its Noun).

On the other hand, if speeding is a gerund, it will mean “speeding by trains” rather than “trains which are speeding”, and it will represent what the plan involves. This use of speeding could simply replace trains in (j), but it could also accompany it, positioned after regardless of whether or not there is a following object or adverb.

These requirements mean that the usage of the participle and the gerund is the same when they follow an object noun along with their own object or adverb (…trains speeding at 200 km/h), so that there can be uncertainty about the intended meaning (see 257. Structures with a Double Meaning 4, #2).

A problem with expressing the gerund meaning in the object position is that a gerund is not the only possibility. Common alternatives are the to (infinitive) form of a verb and ordinary tense forms after conjunctions like that or whether. The correct choice usually depends on what the main verb is. For some common verbs that need or allow a following -ing, see 232. Verbs with an Object + “-ing”. For examples of verbs followed by that, see 153. Conjunction Uses of “that”; for verbs followed by to, see 208. Verbs with an Object + Infinitive.

One other late-sentence use of participles is at the end but describing the subject:

(k) The new trains will make a huge difference travelling at over 200 km/h.

In addition to describing a much earlier noun, delayed participles like this often suggest the idea of “how” (as here) or “while” or “and” (see 101. Add-On Participles).

PRACTICE EXERCISE

The following exercise may help the points about pre-noun -ing words to be better understood and remembered. You have to decide whether each -ing word is a gerund or a participle (answers below).

1. a walking stick

2. thinking time

3. a defining moment

4. a compelling reason

5. meeting rooms

6. taxing work

7. an opening ceremony

8. pressing matters

9. a sticking point

10. a living wage

11. a helping hand

12. passing ability

Answers

1. GERUND: a stick for walking; 2. GERUND: time for thinking; 3. PARTICIPLE: a moment that defines; 4. PARTICIPLE: a reason that compels … (…action to be taken); 5. GERUND: rooms for holding meetings; 6. PARTICIPLE: work that taxes (= demands energy); 7. PARTICIPLE: a ceremony that opens; 8. PARTICIPLE: matters that press (for attention); 9. GERUND: a point where things may get stuck; 10. GERUND: a wage for staying alive; 11. PARTICIPLE: a hand that helps; 12. GERUND: ability in passing (a ball to another player)

Источник

EM
Articles
Grammar
Nouns

Summary

A gerund is a verb form ending in -ing (e.g., baking, singing) that functions as a noun. It can be the subject in a sentence or the object of a verb or preposition.

Examples

Baking is fun.
Lulu loves singing in the shower.
Nesbit is taking a class on driving.

We use gerunds to speak of activities, hobbies, behaviors, and interests.

Examples

Rita enjoys cycling.
Dancing is her passion.
Poco likes painting on walls.

What is a gerund?

A gerund is a verb form ending in -ing (e.g., singing, dancing, cooking, jogging) that acts as a noun.

Examples

Swimming is Tumkin’s favorite form of exercise.
Maya loves walking in the rain.
Farley writes blog posts on baking.

Gerunds exhibit both noun-like and verb-like qualities. In this article, we discuss when and how they are used.

How to form a gerund

Any verb can form a gerund: just add -ing to it. For example, if you take the verb run and add -ing to it, you get the gerund running. Here are some examples of gerunds, all formed by adding -ing to a verb.

Examples

smiling
laughing
talking
speaking
thinking
learning
reading
writing
acting
making
doing
running
jumping
sitting
standing
cooking
baking
singing
dancing
humming
snoring
explaining
reading
doing
buying
selling
traveling
dreaming
believing
being

Caution

All gerunds end in -ing, but not all words that end in -ing are gerunds.

Example

Lulu likes dancing in the morning.
Dancing is a gerund (dance + -ing), but morning is simply a noun.

When to use gerunds

Use gerunds to speak of interests, behaviors, and hobbies.

Examples

Maya enjoys reading, writing, and traveling.
Farley is good at worrying about the future.
Nesbit likes collecting stamps from around the world.

To speak of an activity rather than an object or state, use a gerund.

Examples

Sleeping on one’s back can cause morning stiffness.
My dog loves drinking cold water after a walk.
Investing in mutual funds is one way to save for retirement.
I consider accepting your offer.

Gerunds can take the place of nouns in sentences. Just like nouns they can act as subject and object, and be modified by adjectives. They can even form compound nouns.

Gerund as subject

A gerund can be the subject of a sentence. (The subject is whom or what a sentence is about.)

Examples

Laughing is good for health.
Dancing is what she loves most in the world.
Baking is good for the soul.

The subject could also be a gerund phrase.

Examples

Baking a pie may appear to be simple but is actually quite complicated.
Driving a car is dangerous in this neighborhood.
Stealing the queen’s dragon will get you banished from the magic kingdom.

Here are some more examples of how, just like a noun, a gerund can be the subject in a sentence.

Examples

Noun: Laughter is good for health.
Gerund: Jogging is good for health.
Noun: Love makes it easier to live.
Gerund: Breathing makes it easier to live.
Noun: A picnic sounds like fun.
Gerund: Snorkeling sounds like fun.

Gerund as object of verb

A gerund (or gerund phrase) can act as the object of a verb, just like a noun. Thus, it can function not only as a verb’s subject but also its object.

Examples

Lulu loves dancing.
The gerund dancing functions as the object of the verb loves.
Farley hates doing the dishes, even with the music on.
The gerund phrase doing the dishes is the object of the verb hates.
Rita enjoys riding her motorcycle on weekends.

Note

Another verb form, the infinitive (to + verb), can also act as the subject or object of a verb in a sentence.

Examples

To do the dishes without music is impossible.
infinitive phrase as subject
Lulu loves to dance.
infinitive as object

Gerund as object of preposition

Like a noun, a gerund (or gerund phrase) can be the object of a preposition in a sentence. Prepositions include words like for, with, in, by, on, of, at, and from.

Examples

Music is great for dancing.
Rita is obsessed with riding.
Poco believes in drinking orange juice instead of water.
The only way we can pay these bills is by selling the house.
Maya is taking a course on baking.
I’m so tired of running from my problems.
Tumkin is great at painting murals.
Nesbit is exhausted from playing video games all weekend.

Adjectives with gerunds

Adjectives can be used to describe gerunds, just like they describe nouns.

Examples

I have never heard such beautiful singing.
The adjective beautiful describes the gerund singing.
We appreciated his careful driving.
Tumkin’s artistic rendering of a simple logo has transformed our website.
Have you heard of the ghastly haunting of our local library by the ghosts of unpublished writers?
Farley’s tuneless humming was getting on everybody’s nerves.

Gerunds in compound nouns

Interestingly, gerunds can form compound nouns (two or more words making up a single noun), an ability that further underscores their “nounishness.”

Examples

When Anita discovered she was pregnant, she bought herself seventeen books on child-rearing.
The noun child combines with the gerund rearing to form a compound noun.
Doesn’t Poco’s argument sound like so much hair-splitting?
Farley, your play-acting isn’t fooling anyone!
Beekeeping can be a rewarding hobby—for you and for the bees.
A successful business requires good bookkeeping.

Adverbs with gerunds

A gerund, after all a verb form, retains some of its verb-like qualities. Unlike a noun, a gerund can be modified by adverbs. A regular noun is described using an adjective (a happy man) rather than an adverb (a ~~happily~~ man). But gerunds can take adverbs (sadly, madly, loudly, almost, never), just like verbs.

Examples

Driving carefully will save you.
Those were the days when writing neatly would help us pass exams.
Willingly submitting to an investigation can only help your case.
I would suggest quickly selling your house now that you have found a buyer.
Never being proved wrong doesn’t mean you’re right.

Gerunds in compound verbs

Gerunds, which by now we know have superpowers, can even give birth to compound verbs.

Examples

Nesbit loves to window-shop on his way to work.
Window plus the gerund shopping made window-shopping. Through usage, this then turned into the compound verb window-shop.
I have to babysit my niece this evening.
Tumkin finds it reassuring that he is being headhunted by three companies at once.

Gerunds vs. -ing nouns

Not all nouns that end in -ing are gerunds—only those that are verb forms and retain their verb-like qualities. Only one of the following sentences has a gerund.

Examples

Noun: The building I live in is a hundred years old.
Gerund: Building the bridge cost numerous lives.

In the first example, building is simply a noun that has no verbal qualities—no action is being hinted at. In the second sentence, the verb build combines with ‑ing to give us a gerund. Here are more such words.

Examples

Noun: Farley bought a hideous painting at the auction yesterday.
Gerund: Painting for a living doesn’t always pay.
Noun: Are you going to hang a stocking for Santa tonight?
Gerund: One of the tasks Rita must complete today is stocking the shelves.
Noun: You don’t have to hide your feelings.
Gerund: Feeling blue on Monday is par for the course.

Gerunds vs. infinitives

An infinitive (to read) can often be used in place of a gerund (reading). Using the infinitive as the subject can sound more formal.

Example

Infinitive: To read in a moving car is difficult.
Gerund: Reading in a moving car is difficult.

Quite often, there is no real difference in meaning, and you can use either as the object.

Example

Infinitive: Lulu likes to sing in the shower.
Gerund: Lulu likes singing in the shower.

However, some verbs are always followed by gerunds instead of infinitives.

Examples

They discussed adopting / ~~to adopt~~ a tarantula instead of a cat.
We risk losing / ~~to lose~~ everything.
I recommend working / ~~to work~~ on this in the morning.

Read more in this article on infinitives versus gerunds.

Usage guide

Gerunds are versatile words that can be used in a variety of constructions. They function as nouns in sentences and can be the subject (planning is important), object of a verb (she likes planning for the future), or object of a preposition (she is thinking about planning for the future). Gerunds are often used to speak of hobbies, interests, and activities (she enjoys singing and dancing in her free time).

Источник

Definition and Examples of -ing Forms in Grammar

Examples and Observations

Etymology and pronunciation[edit]

Formation[edit]

Uses[edit]

Distinction between gerunds and present participles[edit]

Distinction between verbal and deverbal uses[edit]

-ing words in other languages[edit]

Other meanings of the suffix[edit]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

Rules for joining ing to verbs. The -ing ending in English: education and use cases

Rules of Use -ed и -ing graduations in english

Comparisons and examples

Finishing exercises in English -ed and -ing

ING ending in grammar

In the days of the Continuous group

The ending -ing in English — where is it used and how is it added?

The ending -ing turns the verb into a “long verb”

The -ing ending in the present participle

Adjectives ending in -ing

The -ing ending in a gerund

How is the ending -ing added?

Present continuous

I. Education

II. Spelling ending -ing

III. Clue words

IV. Interrogative sentences

V. Denials in Present Continuous

Vi. Examples from fiction

Vii. Present Continuous Exercises: Test

What does the ending ing mean in english

Formation of verbs with the ending ‑ing

Ending ing — spelling rules

Reading rules

What do the ‑ing and ‑ed adjectives mean

Adjective endings ing ed. Examples of

How do you apply the endings of the adjectives –ing and –ed?

The adjectives –ing and –ed in English. Examples of

Using Present Continuous

How Present Continuous is formed

When Present Continuous is Used

Features of using Present Continuous

Conclusions

Endings in English

Ending -s

Plural of nouns

Present Continuous — present continuous tense in English

Rules for adding the ending -ing

Formation of negation (short form)

Present Continuous Times

How do you share your hobby in English?

1. To be fond of — like, to be carried away by something

2. To be into — like, to be carried away by something

3. To be a fan of — like, get carried away, be a fan

4. To be keen on — like, to be carried away by something

Ending -s / -es

The ending is -ed

What does the –ing ending in English do? — we learn English ourselves

Rules for adding the ending -ing in English

3 uses of the -ing ending in English

1) -ing as part of extended times

Grammar

Past Perfect Continuous

Plural of Nouns

Must

Communion in English

What are Auxiliary and Modal Verbs?

Modal verb Dare

Modal verb «can»

Pluralization of nouns

RAW or JPEG, which is better?

When is the ending -ing used?

What is a gerund?

When the gerund is used

When is a verbal noun used?

When is the present participle used?

Which verbs do not add ing. ending ing in english

Present Continuous in English: Education and Use

Present Continuous tense in English