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From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

International mostly means something (a company, language, or organization) involving more than a single country. The term international as a word means involvement of, interaction between or encompassing more than one nation, or generally beyond national boundaries. For example, international law, which is applied by more than one country and usually everywhere on Earth, and international language which is a language spoken by residents of more than one country.

Origin of the word[change | change source]

The term international was coined by the utilitarian philosopher Jeremy Bentham in his Introduction to Principles of Morals and Legislation, which was printed for publication in 1780 and published in 1789. Bentham wrote: «The word international, it must be acknowledged, is a new one; though, it is hoped, sufficiently analogous and intelligible. It is calculated to express, in a more significant way, the branch of law which goes commonly under the name of the law of nations.^[1] The word was adopted in French in 1801.^[2] Thomas Erskine Holland noted in his article on Bentham in the 11th edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica that «Many of Bentham’s phrases, such as ‘international,’ ‘utilitarian,’ ‘codification,’ are valuable additions to our language; but the majority of them, especially those of Greek derivation, have taken no root in it.»

Meaning in particular fields[change | change source]

In team sports, «international» is a match between two national teams, or two players capped by a national team.
In politics, «The International» may refer to a political international.
In law, «international» may refer to several disciplines of International law like public international law, international criminal law etc.
In linguistics, an international language is one spoken by the people of more than one nation, usually by many. Also called world language. English, Spanish, French and Arabic are considered to be world languages.^[3]
In interlinguistics, international often has to do with languages rather than nations themselves. An «international word» is one that occurs in more than one language. These words are collected from widely spoken source or control languages, and often used to establish language systems that people can use to communicate internationally, and sometimes for other purposes such as to learn other languages more quickly. The vocabulary of Interlingua has a particularly wide range, because the control languages of Interlingua were selected to give its words and affixes their maximum geographic scope.^[4] In part, the language Ido is also a product of interlinguistic research.
In arts, an international art movement is an art movement with artists from more than one country, usually by many. Some international art movements are Letterist International, Situationist International, Stuckism International.

«International» is also sometimes used as a synonym for «global».

[change | change source]

Globalization
International relations
Multinational corporation
United Nations

References[change | change source]

↑ Oxford English Dictionary.
↑ Le Nouveau Petit Robert 2010.
↑ Language Map
↑ Gode, Alexander, Interlingua: A Grammar of the International Language. New York: Frederick Ungar, 1951.

Other websites[change | change source]

Meaning of international on The Free Dictionary
Meaning of international Archived 2010-03-06 at the Wayback Machine on Cambridge dictionary
Meaning of international Archived 2015-01-03 at the Wayback Machine on Oxford dictionary.

Sources[change | change source]

Ankerl, Guy (2000). Global communication without universal civilization. INU societal research. Vol. 1: Coexisting contemporary civilizations : Arabo-Muslim, Bharati, Chinese, and Western. Geneva: INU Press. ISBN 2-88155-004-5.

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

International is an adjective (also used as a noun) meaning «between nations».

International may also refer to:

Music[edit]

Albums[edit]

International (Kevin Michael album), 2011
International (New Order album), 2002
International (The Three Degrees album), 1975
International, 2018 album by L’Algérino

Songs[edit]

The Internationale, the left-wing anthem
«International» (Chase & Status song), 2014
«International», by Adventures in Stereo from Monomania, 2000
«International», by Brass Construction from Renegades, 1984
«International», by Thomas Leer from The Scale of Ten, 1985
«International», by Kevin Michael from International (Kevin Michael album), 2011
«International», by McGuinness Flint from McGuinness Flint, 1970
«International», by Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark from Dazzle Ships, 1983
«International (Serious)», by Estelle from All of Me, 2012

Politics[edit]

Political international, any transnational organization of political parties having similar ideology or political orientation
First International (1864–1876), known as the International Workingmen’s Association, founded in London in 1864
Second International (1889–1916), founded after the expulsion of Anarchists from the First International, and a direct ancestor of the Socialist International
Third International (1919–1943), known as the Communist International or Comintern, founded by Vladimir Lenin
Fourth International (1938-), founded by Leon Trotsky in opposition to the corruption of the Comintern by Stalinism
Socialist International (1951-), founded as the Labour and Socialist International (1919–1940), and refounded as the Socialist International in 1951
Fifth International, a widely mooted but never established successor to the previous Internationals
Liberal International, the political international federation for liberal political parties
Centrist Democrat International, the Christian Democrat International
Democratic International, a 1985 meeting of anti-Communist rebels held at the headquarters of UNITA in Jamba, Angola
Resistance International, an international anti-communist organisation that existed between 1983 and 1988
Pirate Parties International, a not-for-profit international non-governmental organisation
National International, a Nationwide Mutual Insurance Company-like Company

Sports[edit]

International sport
Cap (sport), a player’s appearance in a game at international level
WTA International tournaments, tournaments of the Women’s Tennis Association
International FK, a former name of Molde FK, Norwegian association football club
A former name of the Scottish Open (snooker), a professional snooker tournament

Transportation[edit]

International, a brand of trucks and diesel engines manufactured by Navistar International, formerly International Harvester
International (GN train), a Great Northern Railway service between Vancouver, British Columbia and Seattle, Washington
International (Amtrak train), an Amtrak service between Chicago, Illinois and Toronto, Ontario
Damascus–Amman train, colloquially referred to as International Train, an international train between Damascus, Syria and Amman, Jordan

Other uses[edit]

International Paint, a brand of the AkzoNobel business unit Marine and Protective Coating
International, California, former name of Walkermine, California

OTHER WORDS FROM international

in·ter·na·tion·al·i·ty [in-ter-nash-uh—nal-i-tee], /ˌɪn tər næʃ əˈnæl ɪ ti/, nounin·ter·na·tion·al·ly, adverbnon·in·ter·na·tion·al, adjectivepseu·do·in·ter·na·tion·al, adjective

qua·si-in·ter·na·tion·al, adjectiveun·in·ter·na·tion·al, adjective

Words nearby international

Internal Revenue Service, internal rhyme, internal secretion, internal stress, internat., international, International Association of Lions Clubs, international atomic time, International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, International Brigade, international candle

Dictionary.com Unabridged
Based on the Random House Unabridged Dictionary, © Random House, Inc. 2023

Words related to international

How to use international in a sentence

Goldman said he has supervised versions of the program at international theater conferences — and has been queried about using the technique in marriage therapy.
Their art is supplemented, and sometimes contrasted, by pieces from an international competition juried by Manganelli and Montalto.
However, once these companies start gaining international traction and need to build an infrastructure outside of their home country, they need to raise significant amounts to afford so.
Then came Daishen Nix, Jonathan Kuminga and international projects Kai Sotto of the Philippines and Princepal Singh of India.

Remember that international travelers have to now get tested and quarantine after they land in the US.
First, his credentials: He did international mergers and acquisitions at Lazard, a financial and asset management firm.
Together, they crossed over the International Bridges on foot into Juarez to conduct some business.
While the world fixated on Ukraine and Syria, a near-genocide ripped through central Africa, to little international fanfare.
Despite its ranking at the bottom of most international development indexes, the conflict is shrouded by confusion.
Amnesty International and Reporters Without Borders cannot be accessed without a virtual private network.
In 1883 she served with many distinguished artists on the art jury of the International Exhibition at Amsterdam.
Of course, the usual international operations for obtaining gold were denied to Germany.
The doctrine of international free trade, albeit the most conspicuous of its applications, was but one case under the general law.
Since the outbreak of the war New York has assumed a position of leadership in international banking.
Violation of the immunity due to those who come with this mission, duly accredited, in the form prescribed by international law.

British Dictionary definitions for international (1 of 2)

adjective

of, concerning, or involving two or more nations or nationalities

established by, controlling, or legislating for several nationsan international court; international fishing rights

available for use by all nationsinternational waters

noun

sport

a contest between two national teams
a member of these teams

Derived forms of international

internationality, nouninternationally, adverb

British Dictionary definitions for international (2 of 2)

noun

a member of any of these organizations

Collins English Dictionary — Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition
© William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 © HarperCollins
Publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012

Cultural definitions for international

An international organization of workers founded by Karl Marx (see also Marx) in the 1860s. Weakened by disputes, it was dissolved in 1876, but it was succeeded by three later Internationals, which sought to spread communism throughout the world. The most effective of these was the Third International, formed by the Soviet Union in 1919 and dissolved in 1943 by Joseph Stalin.

The New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy, Third Edition
Copyright © 2005 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. All rights reserved.

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Borrowing
of some words is not limited to one language. Often a word is
borrowed by several languages at once, and begins spreading all over
the world. Words of identical origin that occur in several languages
as a result of borrowing from one ultimate source are called
international
words.

International words play a
prominent part in scientific vocabulary, terms of art, culture,
sports, politics, computer technologies, and some other spheres.

Many names
of sciences of Greek and Latin origin are international words:
zoology,
algebra, chemistry, physics, philosophy, linguistics, etc.

Terms of
art are also of Greek or Latin origin: drama,
comedy, tragedy, music, artist, etc.

Terms of
music come from Italian: opera,
duet, soprano, etc.

Many sports
terms come from English: match,
hockey, tennis, football, basket-ball, etc.

Some
international words that come from English denote clothing: pullover,
sweater, nylon, tweed, jersey, etc.

Fruits and
foodstuffs imported from exotic countries have also become a source
of international vocabulary: grapefruit,
banana, mango, cocoa, coffee, chocolate, etc.

Finally,
some political terms belonging to the stock of international words
must be mentioned: democracy,
politics, progress, revolution, communism, capitalism,
etc.

8. Translation loans

Translation
loans are borrowings of a special kind. They should be differentiated
from direct borrowings. Direct borrowings appear in the receiving
language in more or less the same phonemic shape which they have in
the language from which they are taken. In case of translation loans
we deal only with compound words.

A
translation
loan
is a morpheme-by-morpheme translation, i.e. a compound word is
translated stem by stem, so that we render its meaning using
corresponding morphemes of the same meaning in the receiving
language. This difference between direct borrowings and translation
loans becomes clear when we compare examples of words borrowed twice:
first directly and later – in the form of translation loans.

Thus, the
Russian word колхоз
gave a direct borrowing in English kolkhoz
and a translation loan collective
farm.
A German word Blitzkrieg
was
borrowed directly in the same phonemic shape and a translation loan
lightning
war.

A few
other examples from German: Wunderkind
→ wonder child, Meisterstück → masterpiece, Lautsprecher →
loudspeaker, etc.

9. Etymological doublets

Etymological
doublets
are two or more words of the same language which come from the same
etymological source but differ in phonemic shape and meaning.

Some of the
doublets represent pairs of native and borrowed words, for example:
native and Scandinavian shirt
– skirt, shabby – scabby, shriek – screech.

In the
following pairs both the words are borrowings: canal
(L)
–
channel (F),
captain
(L)
– chieftain (F).

Others were
borrowed from the same language but in different periods: corpse
(Norman French) –
corps
(Parisian French), cavalry
(Norman
French) –
chivalry (Parisian
French).

Still
others may consist only of native words. They belong to different Old
English dialects: whole
– hale, to drag – to draw.

One more
source of doublets is borrowing two different grammatical forms of
the same word. Thus, the word superior
comes from the comparative degree of the Latin word super,
and the word supreme
is the superlative degree of the same word.

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Extract

According to Professor Northedge,

It is well known that the expression ‘international’ came into use through the famous mistake made by Jeremy Bentham when he coined it to describe the system of law between sovereign states as a translation of the term ius gentium, which the Romans used to refer to the corpus of rules, controlled, of course, by Rome itself, between themselves and the tribes of Italy and later the various parts of the Roman Empire.

References

1 Northedge, F. S., The International Political System (London, 1976), pp. 14–15.Google Scholar

page 226 note 2 Bentham, J., An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation, ed by Burns, J. H. and Hart, H. L. A. (London, 1970)Google Scholar. The first edition was printed in 1780.

page 226 note 3 Hart, H. L. A., The Concept ofLaw (Oxford, 1961), p. 231.Google Scholar

page 226 note 4 Bull, H., The Anarchical Society: A Study of Order in World Politics (London, 1977), p. 135.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

page 227 note 1 See Kunkel, W., An Introduction to Roman Legal and Constitutional History tr. by J. M. Kelly (Oxford, 1966)Google Scholar, Chap V(i) and Jolowicz, H. F. and Nicholas, B., Historical Introduction to the Study of Roman Law (Cambridge, 1972)Google Scholar, Chap. 6.

page 228 note 1 According to Buckland, the expression ius gentium appears first in De Officiis III (xvii 69) of Cicero (106–43 B.C.) but in a phrase which implies that it is older. A Text-Book of Roman Law: From Augustus to Justinian (Cambridge, 1932), p. 53Google Scholar. See also Jolowicz and Nicholas, op. cit. p. 104 and Kunkel, op. cit. p. 73.

page 228 note 2 See.Maine, , Ancient Law: Its Connection with Early History of Society and its Relations to Modern Ideas (London, 1897)Google Scholar, Chap. 3, and compare with Jolowicz and Nicholas, op. cit. Chap. 6, or Kunkel, op. cit. I am indebted to Dr. W. Williams of the Classics Department, Keele University, for guidance on this point.

page 228 note 3 Nussbaum, A., A Concise History of the Law of Nations (New York, 1954), pp. 13–14Google Scholar, and Hinsley, F. H., Sovereignty (London, 1966)Google Scholar, Chap. V, especially pp. 162–3.

page 228 note 4 Nussbaum, op. cit. p. 13.

page 228 note 5 Kunkel, op. cit. p. 73.

page 228 note 6 Professor Northedge may have ius fetiale in mind when he talks of ius gentium. See Hinsley, op. cit. pp. 161–4 and pp. 180–1. Kunkel, however, maintains that law between states did. count as part of the: ius gentium and that this expression is used where historians, (especially Livy) speak of the sacredness of international treaties or of the immunities of ambassadors. Kunkel, op. cit. p. 75.

page 229 note 1 Cicero, Tusculan Disputations, I (xiii 30). This has often been quoted by early writers on international law. See Gentili, Alberico, De lure Belli Libri Tres, 2 vols. (Oxford, 1933)Google Scholar, ii, Bk. 1, Chap. I, p. 8. See also Grotius, Hugo, De Jure Belli ac Pads Libri Tres 2 vols. (Oxford, 1913–1925)Google Scholar, ii, Bk 1, Chap. I, XII, p. 43. Grotius is known for emphasizing the necessity to distinguish between the law of nations and the law of nature (see Prolegomena 40–1). Thus, he says, for instance, that the use of poison in war is permissibly by the law of nature, but is forbidden by the law of nations (Bk. III Chap. IV, XV). However, in general, the distinction is obscured by the fact that Grotius in principle agrees with the view that the law common to all nations must be the law of nature (Bk. I, Chap. I. XII). As regards the relation of ius gentium and ius naturale, see Buckland, op. cit. pp. 53–4.

page 229 note 2 Brierly, J. L., The Law of Nations; An Introduction to the International Law of Peace, 6th ed., revised by C. H. M. Waldock (Oxford, 1963), p. 19.Google Scholar

page 229 note 3 Brierly, op. cit. p. 20. See also Lauterpacht, H., Private Law Sources and Analogies of International Law {with special reference to international arbitration) (London, 1927).Google Scholar

page 229 note 4 Zouche, Richard, Iuris et Iudici Fecialis, sive Iuris inter Gentes, et Questionem de eodem Explicatio, 2 vols. (Washington, D.C., 1911)Google Scholar, ii, Part I, Section I, p. 1.

page 229 note 5 Bentham, op. cit. p.,296, note x. According to the editors’ note, Henri-François D’Agusseau was Chancellor of France under Louis XIV.

page 230 note 1 See Gentili, op. cit. ii, Introduction, p. 23a, especially note 4. and also Van Der Molen, G.H.J., Alberico Gentili and the Development of International Law: His Work and Times (Leyden, 1968), pp. 114–15.Google Scholar

page 230 note 2 This title reflects Vattel’s view that the ‘law of nature’ applies to sovereigns because they live in the ‘state of nature’, but that the law ought to be applied to them in accordance with their nature. Le Droit des Gens, 3 vols. (Washington, D.G., 1916)Google Scholar, iii, Preface. The idea that the ‘law of nature’ applies to sovereigns because they live in the ‘state of nature’ is attributed to Grotuis by Vattel, but this idea of the ‘state of nature’ does not play a significant role in the former’s writing. In Grotius’s theory, the ‘law of nature’ applies to international relations because ‘human nature’ dictates so, and not because sovereigns live in the ‘state of nature’. This new theoretical element in justifying the application of the ‘law of nature’ to international relations in Vattel’s writing seems to derive from Hobbes (1588–1679), via Pufendorf (1632–1694) and Wolff (1679–1754).

page 230 note 3 Maine, op. cit. p. 99.

page 230 note 4 Suarez, , Selections from Three Works, 2 vols. (Oxford, 1944)Google Scholar, ii, On Laws and God the Law-giver, Bk. II, Chap. XIX, pp. 347ff.

page 230 note 5 For instance, he uses the term ius gentium in the first sense in Bk. I, Chap. I, XIV, I of his Dejure Belli ac Pads, but in its Prolegomena 17–18, he is most certainly using the term in the second sense.

page 231 note 1 Bentham, op. cit. p. 296, note x.

page 231 note 2 Bentham, op. cit. p. 296.

page 231 note 3 Ibid. Note in this connection the recent appearance of the expression transnational. See, in this regard, Jessup, P. G., Transnational Law (New Haven, 1956), pp. 1–2Google Scholar, especially note 3.

page 232 note 1 I owe this idea and the information given in note 27 below to Mr. M. Donelan of the London School of Economics and Political Science.

page 232 note 2 Bentham op. cit. p. 296, note x.

page 232 note 3 ‘Panopticon’ is another of Bentham’s coinages, although this word, despite its entry into the O.E.D., has not achieved as spectacular a success as his ‘international’: the word was given t o a proposed form of prison of circular shape having cells built round and fully exposed towards a central ‘well’, from which the wardens could at all times observe the prisoners. The O.E.D. refers to Bentham also as the first recorded user of the word ‘deontology’, the science of moral obligations, but he does not claim to have invented it in the passage quoted there. ‘Codification’ is yet another word which he invented. Bentham seems to have liked neologism, or, at any rate, did not hesitate to resort to an invention when the existing vocabulary did not satisfy his demand for accuracy or imagination.

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International Words in the Russian and English Languages

Introduction

Expanding global contacts and the development of mass media, especially the Internet, result in the considerable growth of international vocabulary. All languages depend for their changes upon the cultural and social matrix in which they operate and various contacts between nations are part of this matrix reflected in vocabulary. International words play an especially prominent part in various terminological systems including the vocabulary of science, industry and art. The etymological sources of this vocabulary reflect the history of world culture.

The research question:to find out the percentage of international words used in the Lifestyle-Politics category via analysis of the news article.

The objectives of this research are:

to identify the difference between internationalisms and cognates

to study the origin of some international words

to design an educational wall poster on the top ten words in the Lifestyle-Politics category.

Topicality of the project

The percentage of internationalisms in the news articles and in the scientific texts is rather high, e.g. according to some linguists, in the Russian vocabulary there are more than 10 per cent of international words. They are the most easily recognizable and perceived when reading these kinds of texts. The study of international words and their origin can be very useful for those who are interested in politics and science.

Definitions

Internationalism – or international word in linguistics is a loanword that occurs in several languages with the same or at least similar meaning and etymology. These words exist in ‘several different languages as a result of simultaneous or successive borrowings from the ultimate source’ [http://en.academic.ru/].

Cognate — A word either descended from the same base word of the same ancestor language as the given word, or strongly believed to be a regular reflex of the same reconstructed root of proto-language as the given word [ http://en.wiktionary.org/ ].

Background information

One of the first linguists to pay attention to the existence of some similar words in European languages was Antoine Meillet, a French linguist of the early 20th century, one of the most influential comparative linguists of his time. He steadily emphasized that any attempt to account for linguistic change must recognize that language is a social phenomenon. He supported the use of an international auxiliary language and at the beginning of the 20h century he studied the origin of some international words. A lot of internationalisms were considered to have originated from Latin and Greek.

The cross-linguistic influence was the subject of investigation of Lev Shcherba, a Russian linguist and lexicographer specializing in phonetics and phonology.

Uriel Weinreich, a Polish-American linguist, first noted that learners of second languages consider linguistic forms from their first language equal to forms in the target language. However, the essential inequality of these forms leads to speech which the native speakers of the target language consider unequal.

Einar Haugen, Armin Schwegler, А.А. Bukov, L.A. Tarasova and some other linguists made a contribution to the study of cross-linguistic influence.

The rate of change in technology, political, social and artistic life has been greatly accelerated in the 20th century and so has the rate of growth of international word stock. A few examples of comparatively new words due to the progress of science will suffice to illustrate the importance of international vocabulary: algorithm, antenna, antibiotic, automation, bionics, cybernetics, entropy, gene, genetic code, graph, microelectronics, quant, quasars, pulsars, ribosome, etc.

Nowadays a great number of English words are to be found among the internationalisms e.g. bank, business, consult, design, disk, drive, hit, man, market, media, net, style, test etc. The English vocabulary penetrates into other languages. We find numerous English words in the field of sport: football, out, match, tennis, volley-ball, basketball, cricket, golf, time in different parts of the world.It is due to the prestigious of the English language and its status of a global language.

Internationalisms vs Cognates

In the 1950^th it was decided to differentiate the internationalisms and the cognates. It was stated that the word could be described as international if:

no fewer than three languages use it.

its spelling and pronunciation is completely or partly similar in different languages so that the word is understandable between the different languages.

its meaning is the same in different languages.

So, Internationalism – or international word in linguistics is a loanword that occurs in several languages with the same or at least similar meaning and etymology. These words exist in ‘several different languages as a result of simultaneous or successive borrowings from the ultimate source’ [http://en.academic.ru/].

European internationalisms originate primarily from Latin or Greek, but from other languages as well. Many non-European words have also become international, often by the way of one or more European languages.

Internationalisms often spread together with the innovations they designate. Accordingly, there are semantic fields of internationalisms that are dominated by specific languages, e.g. the computing vocabulary which is mainly English with internationalisms such as computer, disk, spam. New inventions, political institutions, food stuffs, leisure activities, science, and technological advances have all generated new lexemes and continue doing it.

Internationalisms are often spread by speakers of one language living in geographical regions where other languages are spoken.

In linguistics, cognates are words that have a common etymological origin. This learned term

derives from the Latin cognatus (blood relative).

Cognates do not need to have the same meaning, which may have changed as the languages developed separately. For example, consider English starve and Dutch sterven or German sterben («to die»); these three words all derive from the same Proto-Germanic root, *sterbaną («die»). English dish and German Tisch («table»), with their flat surfaces, both come from Latin discus, but it would be a mistake to identify their later meanings.

Cognates also do not need to have obviously similar forms: e.g., English father, French père, and Armenian hayr all descend directly from Proto-Indo-European *ph₂tḗr.

So, Cognate — A word either descended from the same base word of the same ancestor language as the given word, or strongly believed to be a regular reflex of the same reconstructed root of proto-language as the given word [ http://en.wiktionary.org/ ].

Analysis of the News Article

The following article is taken from the CNN official site (homepage). The underlined words can be described either as internationalisms or cognates. Some of them are proper names, geographical names or numerals.

Ukraine crisis centerstage as Obama, EU leaders meet in Belgium

By Laura Smith-Spark, CNN

March 26, 2014 — Updated 1243 GMT (2043 HKT)

(CNN)— The rapidly unfolding crisis in Ukraine is set to be the focus of talks between U.S. PresidentBarack Obama and European Union leaders Wednesday in Brussels, Belgium.

Russia’s formal annexation last week of Ukraine’s Crimea region has sparked the biggest East-West confrontation since the end of the Cold War.

Meanwhile, Moscow’s massing of troops near Ukraine’s eastern borders has worried the interim government in Kiev, as well as causing ripples of concern in other former Soviet republics that now belong to the EU and NATO.

Wednesday’s EU-U.S. summit in Brussels comes on the heels of talks on the sidelines of a nuclear security summit in The Hague, the Netherlands.

Obama will also meet with NATO Secretary General Anders Fogh Rasmussen while in Brussels.

Speaking at The Hague on Tuesday, Obama said Russia had a way out of tensions over the crisis: Negotiate with Kiev and be prepared to «act responsibly» and respond to international norms, such as respecting Ukraine’s territorial integrity.

If Russia doesn’t act responsibly, «there will be additional costs» that could hurt the global economy but will affect Russia most of all, Obama said.

The U.S. president said Russia’s annexation of Crimea «is not a done deal» because it’s not internationally recognized.

But he acknowledged that the Russian military controls Crimea, and said the world can make sure, through diplomacy and sanctions, that Russia pays a price.

Ukraine: We need support

Russia insists its actions are legitimate and denies having used its armed forces in Crimea, saying the troops that took control of key installations were local «self-defense» forces.

Russia also insists the government in Kiev is illegitimate because ousted President ViktorYanukovych, a close ally of Moscow’s, was forced out in an armed coup. Yanukovych’s ouster followed months of street protests sparked by his decision to ditch an EU trade deal in favor of closer ties to Russia.

In an interview Tuesday with PBS, acting Prime Minister Arseniy Yatsenyuk said Ukraine is struggling to maintain a fighting capability after it was «deliberately dismantled» under Yanukovych.

«What we need is support from the international community. We need technology and military support to overhaul the Ukrainian military and modernize — to be ready not just to fight, but to be ready to win,» Yatsenyuk said.

With an estimated 30,000 Russian troops now positioned near Ukraine’s eastern border, Yatsenyuk repeated his pledge to defend Ukrainian territory.

His government ceded Crimea without a shot to demonstrate to the world that Russia was the aggressor, he said — but if Moscow moves against another portion of Ukraine, the duty of all Ukrainians is «to protect our country,» he said. «We will fight.»

Moscow tightens grip

The United States and EU are seeking to exert pressure on Russia through a combination of sanctions and diplomatic isolation.

But Moscow has so far doggedly pursued its own course, even as Western leaders have denounced its actions as violations of Ukraine’s sovereignty and a breach of international law.

Amid heightened tensions within Ukraine, the Russian Foreign Ministry on Wednesday accused the Ukrainianborderservice of refusing to let air crew off Aeroflot jets for rest periods after landing in Ukraine. Aeroflot is the Russian national carrier.

This «breaks the international acts in compliance with flight safety requirements,» the ministry said in an online statement.

Meanwhile, Russia is tightening its grip on Crimea.

Crimea belonged to Russia until 1954 when it was given to Ukraine, which was then part of the SovietUnion. The region has a majority ethnic Russian population and other historic ties to Russia.

A large majority of its population voted in favor of joining Russia in a controversial referendum 10 days ago. Russian lawmakers in turn swiftly voted to absorb the Black Sea peninsula, where Russia has a major naval base, into the Russian Federation, and President Vladimir Putin signed the treaty into law.

In another step to cement the process, the vice-speaker of the Crimean parliament, Sergei Tsekov, was made a senator in Russia’s upper house Wednesday, Russia’s state-run ITAR-Tass news agencyreported.

At the same time, Kiev has ordered the withdrawal of Ukrainian armed forces from Crimea, citing Russian threats to the lives of military staff and their families effectively yielding the region to Moscow’s forces. They stormed one of Kiev’s last bases there Monday.

Aleksey Chaly, often referred to as Sevastopol’s new de facto mayor, announced Tuesday the dismissal of all «self-defense» teams, saying the «enemy» was now gone, as no forces loyal to Kiev remain in the city.

«I would like to draw the attention of some commanders of the self-defense units to the fact that the revolution is over,» he said in a video published on YouTube. «This week, federal agencies are being established, and we’re beginning to live by the laws of the Russian Federation.»

The G7 group of leading industrialized countries has condemned both the Crimean vote to secede and Russia’s annexation of Crimea. As a result, Russia has now been excluded from what was the G8.

Total: 859 words

Internationalisms Appendix I

	word	translation	origin	definition
1	aggressor (1)	агрессор, нападающая сторона	from late Latin aggredi — атака	a person or country that attacks another first
2	agency (1)	агентство	from medieval Latin agentia — агентство	a business or organization providing a particular service on behalf of another business, person, or group
3	annexation (3)	аннексия	from Latin annexus – соединение	the action of appropriating something, especially territory
4	action (2)	акция, действие	from Latin actio(n-) — действие	the fact or process of doing something, typically to achieve an aim
5	centre (1)	центр	from Latin centrum, from Greek kentron, центр	the point from which an activity or process is directed, or on which it is focused
6	commander (1)	командир	from Old French comandeor, from late Latin commandare — *командир*	a person in authority, especially over a body of troops or a military operation
7	combination (1)	комбинация	from late Latin combinatio(n-) – объединение	the process of combiningdifferent parts or qualities or the state of being combined
8	confrontation (1)	конфронтация	from medieval Latin confrontare – сопоставлять, сравнивать	a hostile or argumentative situation or meeting between opposing parties
9	control (2)	контроль	from medieval Latin contrarotulare – копиясвитка	the power to influence or direct people’s behaviour or the course of events
10	crisis (3)	кризис	from ancient Greek κρίσις — решение, поворотный пункт	any event that is expected to lead to an unstable and dangerous situation affecting an individual, group, community, or whole society
11	de facto (2)	фактический, реальный	from Latin, literally ‘of fact’	in fact, whether by right or not
12	demonstrate (1)	демонстрировать	from Latin demonstrat -шоу	clearly show the existence or truth of (something) by giving proof or evidence
13	diplomatic (1)	дипломатический	from Greek diplōma, —atis– официальное письмо, грамота	of or concerning diplomacy
14	effectively (1)	эффективно	from Latin ‘efficere ‘ accomplish	In such a manner as to achieve a desired result
15	federal (1)	федеральный	from Latin foedus — договор	having or relating to a system of government in which several states form a unity but remain independent in internal affairs
16	federation (2)	федерация	from late Latin foederatio(n-), from the verb foederare ‘to ally’, from foedus ‘league’.	a group of states with a central government but independence in internal affairs
17	focus (1)	фокус	from Latin focus – очаг, центр	the centre of interest or activity
18	formal (1)	формальный	from Latin formalis – формальный	done in accordance with convention or etiquette
19	General (1)	генеральный	from Latin generalis – всеобщий	chief or principal
20	global (1)	глобальный	from Latin globus — шар	relating to the whole world; worldwide
21	group (1)	группа	from French groupe, from Italian gruppo — группа	a number of people or things that are located, gathered, or classed together
22	industrialize (1)	индустриализировать	from French industriel — промышленные	develop industries in (a country or region) on a wide scale
23	installation (1)	инсталляция	from medieval Latin installare — устанавливать	The action of installing someone or something, or the state of being installed
24	integrity (1)	интеграция — связанность	from Latin integritas – сохранность, нетронутость	the state of being whole and undivided
25	international (5)	интернациональный	from French inter – между, national — национальный	agreed on by all or many nations
26	interview (1)	интервью	from French entrevue — встреча	a meeting of people face to face, especially for consultation.
27	isolation (1)	изоляция	mid 19th century: from isolate, partly on the pattern of French isolation — изоляция	the process or fact of being apart from others
28	leader (3)	лидер	from English lead – вести за собой	the person who leads or commands a group, organization, or country
29	legitimate (2)	легитимный	from Latin legitimus — законный	conforming to the law or to rules
30	local (1)	локальный	from late Latin localis — местный	relating or restricted to a particular area or one’s neighbourhood.
31	military (4)	милитаристский, военный	from French militaire or Latin militaris — военный	relating to or characteristic of soldiers or armed forces
32	ministry (2)	министерство	from Latin ministerium – служба, должность	a government department headed by a minister
33	modernize (1)	модернизировать	from late Latin modernus — современность	adapt (something) to modern needs or habits, typically by installing modern equipment or adoptingmodern ideas or methods
34	norm (1)	норма	from Latin norma — правило	a standard or pattern, especially of social behavior
35	online (1)			available on or performed using the Internet or other computer network:
36	parliament (1)	парламент	from Old French parlement ‘speaking’, from the verb parler	the highest legislature
37	period (1)	период	via Latin from Greek periodos — период	a length or portion of time
38	President (4)	президент	from Latin praesident – ‘sitting before’ – председательствующий	the elected head of a republican state
39	Prime Minister (1)	премьер-министр	from Latin primus- первый, minister –служитель, соратник	the head of an elected government; the principal minister of a sovereign or state
40	position (1)	позиция, положение	from Old French, from Latin positio -положение	a place where someone or something is located or has been put
41	process (1)	процесс	from Latin processus ‘progression, course’ — прогресс	a series of actions or steps taken in order to achieve a particular end
42	protest (1)	протест	from Latin protestari — утверждение	a statement or action expressing disapproval of or objection to something
43	referendum (1)	референдум	mid 19th century: from Latin, gerund ( ‘referring’) or neuter gerundive ( ‘something to be brought back or referred’) of referre	a general vote by the electorate on a single political question which has been referred to them for a direct decision
44	region (3)	регион	from Latin regio(n-) ‘ – регион	an administrative district of a city or country
45	republic (1)	республика	from Latin respublica, from res – суть+publicus – народ	a state in which supreme power is held by the people and their elected representatives
46	result (1)	результат	from medieval Latin resultare — отражаться	a thing that is caused or produced by something else; a consequence or outcome
47	revolution (1)	революция	from Old French, or from late Latin revolutio(n-) — революция	a forcible overthrow of a government or social order, in favour of a new system
48	sanctions (2)	санкции	from Latin sanctio(n-) — санкция	measures taken by a state to coerce another to conform to an international agreement or norms of conduct, typically in the form of restrictions on trade or official sporting participation
49	Secretary (1)	Секретарь	from late Latin secretarius – пользующийся доверием чиновник	an official in charge of a US government department
50	security (1)	секьюрити	from Latin secures – безопасный, надежный	the safety of a state or organization.
51	senator (1)	сенатор	from Latin senator	a member of a senate
52	Soviet (2)	советский	early 20th century: from Russian совет – орган государственной власти в СССР	of or concerning the former Soviet Union
53	sovereignty (1)	суверенитет	from Old French sovereinete – суверенитет	the authority of a state to govern itself or another state
54	summit (2)	саммит	From Latin summum, neuter of summus – высочайший, главный	a meeting between heads of government
55	technology (1)	технология	from Greek tekhnologia — технология	the application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes, especially in industry
56	territory (2)	территория	from Latin territorium – территория, область	of or relating to the ownership of an area of land or sea
57	vice-speaker (1)	вице-спикер	from Old English sprecan	The presiding officer in a legislative assembly, especially the House of Commons
58	video (1)	видео	from Latin videre — видеть	the recording, reproducing, or broadcasting of moving visual images

The number of internationalisms found in the text – 58. Considering that some of them are repeated more often than once, the total number of international words in the text is – 86, i.e. 10 per cent.

Cognates Appendix II

	word	translation	origin	definition
1	absorb (1)	абсорбировать, впитывать, поглощать	from Latin absorbere, from ab- ‘from’ + sorbere ‘suck in’ — впитывать	take control of (a smaller or less powerful entity) and make it a part of a larger one
2	act (1)	акт, соглашение	from Latin actus ‘event, thing done’	a thing done; a legal document codifying the result of deliberations of a committee or society or legislative body
3	base (2)	база	from Latin basis ‘base, pedestal’	A place used as a centre of operations by the armed forces or others; a headquarters
	border service	пограничная служба		a branch of State Security Service tasked with patrol of the state border
4	border (3)	бордюр, граница	from Old French bordeure — край	a line separating two countries, administrative divisions, or other areas
5	service (1)	сервис	from Latin servitium – рабство	a public department or organization run by the state
6	breach (1)	брешь, нарушение закона	from Old French breche -нарушать	an act of breaking or failing to observe a law, agreement, or code of conduct
7	cement (1)	цементировать, скреплять	from Latin caedere — высекать	to settle or establish firmly
	centerstage	основная позиция, положение		(mainly journalism) a position in which someone or something is attracting a lot of attention
8	stage (1)	стадия, период, этап	based on Latin stare – стоять. Current senses of the verb date from the early 17th century.	a scene of action or forum of debate, especially in a particular political context
9	community (1)	коммуна, сообщество	from Old French comunete — сообщество	the people of a district or country considered collectively, especially in the context of social values and responsibilities; society
10	сontroversial (1)	контроверсивный, спорный, противоречивый	from late Latin controversialis – относящийсякспору	giving rise to public disagreement
11	course (1)	курс	from Latin cursus- курс	the way in which something progresses or develops
12	ethnic (1)	этничский	from Greek ethnos ‘nation’	relating to a population subgroup with a common national or cultural tradition
13	favor (2)	фавор, протекция	from Latin favor — доброжелательность	approval, support, or liking for someone or something:
14	historic (1)	исторический	via Latin from Greek historikos	famous or important in history, or potentially so
15	mayor (1)	мэр	from the Latin adjective major ‘greater’, used as a noun in late Latin.	the head of a town
16	portion (1)	порция	from Old French porcion, from Latin portio — часть	a part of something divided between people
17	publish (1)	публиковать	from Latin publicare ‘make public	print (something) in a book or journal so as to make it generally known
18	report (1)	сообщать	from Latin reportare ‘bring back’	give a spoken or written account of something
19	respect (1)	респект, уважение	From Latin respectus – уважение	avoid harming or interfering with
20	respond (1)	отвечать, респондент –отвечающий	from Latin respondere – отвечать	say something in reply

The number of cognates found in the text – 20. Considering that some of them are repeated more often than once, the total number of cognates in the text is – 24, i.e. about 3 per cent.

The definitions of some Russian words were taken from the following dictionaries:

Словарь иностранных слов.- Комлев Н.Г.,2006.

РЕСПОНДЕНТ- соц. лицо, отвечающее на анкету социологического, демографического или психологического исследования.

САММИТ — полит. встреча, переговоры глав государств; встреча в верхах.

СЕКЬЮРИТИ — государственная безопасность; контрразведка (обычно об англосаксонских странах).

Словарь иностранных слов, вошедших в состав русского языка.- Чудинов А.Н.,1910.

БОРДЮР (франц. bordure, от bord — край). Украшение по краям чего-либо.

Толковый словарь С.И. Ожегова

II. А́КЦИЯ, -и, жен. (книжн.). Действие, предпринимаемое для достижения какой-н. цели. Дипломатическая а. Военная а.

АННЕ́КСИЯ, -и, жен. (книжн.). Насильственное присоединение государства или части его к другому государству.

КОНФРОНТА́ЦИЯ, -и, жен. (книжн.). Противостояние, противоборство. Политическая к.

ЛЕГИТИ́МНЫЙ, -ая, -ое (спец.). Признаваемый законом, соответствующий закону.

ЛОКА́ЛЬНЫЙ, -ая, -ое; -лен, -льна (книжн.). Местный, не выходящий за определённые пределы. Локальная война.

СА́НКЦИЯ, -и, жен. 2. Мера, принимаемая против стороны, нарушившей соглашение, договор, а также вообще та или иная мера воздействия по отношению к правонарушителю (спец.). Уголовные, административные, дисциплинарные санкции.

ФАВО́Р, -а, муж. (устар.). Покровительство, протекция (употр. теперь в нек-рых выражениях). Барский ф. Быть в фаворе у кого-н. (пользоваться чьим-н. покровительством; разг.). Он сейчас не в фаворе (разг.).

Толковый словарь Д.Н.Ушакова

БРЕШЬ, бреши, жен. 2. перен. Ущерб, ничем не возмещенная утрата, недостача (книжн.). Брешь в бюджете.

ИЗОЛЯ́ЦИЯ, изоляции, мн. нет, жен. 2. Состояние по гл. изолироваться; разобщенность с другими, изолированное положение (книжн.). Обвиняемый приговорен к лишению свободы со строгой изоляцией.

РЕСПЕ́КТ и (ирон. шутл.) решпект, респекта, муж. ( (устар.). Уважение, почтение.

СУВЕРЕНИТЕ́Т, суверенитета, мн. нет, муж. (полит.). || Независимость государства в его внутренних делах, право собственного законодательства.

Энциклопедический словарь 2009г.

ИНСТАЛЛЯ́ЦИЯ -и; ж. 2. Установочные работы, монтаж сооружений, проводка осветительной сети, сборка системы кондиционирования воздуха и т. п.

ИНТЕГРА́ЦИЯ [тэ], -и; ж. 1) Понятие, означающее состояние связанности отдельных дифференцированных частей и функций системы, организма в целое, а также процесс, ведущий к такому состоянию.

Proper names Appendix III

	word	translation	definition
1	Aeroflot (2)	Аэрофлот	the largest airline in Russia
2	Aleksey Chaly (2)	Алексей Чалый
3	Anders Fogh Rasmussen (3)	Андерс Фог Расмуссен
4	Arseniy Yatsenyuk (4)	Арсений Яценюк
5	Barack Obama (6)	Барак Обама
6	Belgium (2)	Бельгия
7	Brussels (3)	Брюссель	the capital and largest city of Belgium and the de facto capital of the European Union
8	Crimea (11)	Крым	the peninsula on the northern coast of the Black Sea that is almost completely surrounded by water
9	European Union, EU (8)	ЕС, Европейский союз	a politico-economic union of 28 member states that are located primarily in Europe
10	G7 (1)	Большая Семерка	the Group of 7 (G7) is a group consisting of the finance ministers and central bank governors of seven major advanced economies
11	G8 (1)	Большая Восьмерка
12	ITAR-TASS (1)	ИТАР-ТАСС	Russian News Agency
13	Kiev (6)	Киев	the capital of Ukraine
14	Moscow (6)	Москва	the capital of Russia
15	NATO (2)	НАТО	North Atlantic Treaty Organization
16	PBS (1)	Служба общественного вещания	Public Broadcasting Service
17	Russia (29)	Россия
18	Sevastopol (1)	Севастополь	a federal city within the Crimean Federal District
19	The Hague (2)	Гаага	one of the major cities hosting the United Nation
20	the Netherlands (1)	Нидерланды
21	Sergei Tsekov (2)	Сергей Чехов
22	Viktor Yanukovych (4)	Виктор Янукович
23	Vladimir Putin (2)	Владимир Путин
24	Ukraine (13)	Украина
25	U.S. (3)	США
26	YouTube (2)		a video-sharing website headquartered in San Bruno, California

The number of proper names found in the text – 26. Considering that some of them are repeated more often than once, the total number of proper names in the text is – 117, i.e. about 13 per cent.

Lexical Analysis of the News Article

All in all, in the presented article there are 227 words (26 per cent), which can be understood by speakers of different European languages. Taking the definite articles the (57 in the news article) into consideration, the number of easily understood words amounts to 33 per cent. This fact highlights how languages and societies are becoming ever more interwoven because of globalization.

The Origin of Internationalisms

Analysis of the data in appendix I demonstrates that most international words originated from Latin (38 out of 58, that is 65 per cent). The other international words originated from Old French – 11 words out of 58, that is 19 per cent; from Ancient Greek – 5 words out of 58, that is – 9 per cent; from English – 3 words out of 58, that is 5 per cent; from Russian – 1 word out of 58, that is 2 per cent.

Top Ten International Words in the Lifestyle-Politics Category

English	Russian	French	definition
annexation	аннексия	annexion	the action of appropriating something, especially territory
confrontation	конфронтация	confrontation	a hostile or argumentative situation or meeting between opposing parties
integrity	интеграция	intégrité	the state of being whole and undivided
international	интернациональный	international	agreed on by all or many nations
isolation	изоляция	isolation f; isolement m	the process or fact of being apart from others
protest	протест	protêt	a statement or action expressing disapproval of or objection to something
referendum	референдум	referendum	a general vote by the electorate on a single political question which has been referred to them for a direct decision
sanction	санкция	sanction	measures taken by a state to coerce another to conform to an international agreement or norms of conduct, typically in the form of restrictions on trade
sovereignty	суверенитет	souveraineté	the authority of a state to govern itself or another state
Soviet	советский	soviétique	of or concerning the former Soviet Union

Conclusion

This research work reveals that the share of international words in the Lifestyle-Politics category is considerable and amounts to 10 per cent. Most of these words originated from Latin. But with the development of communication and contacts the number of Internationalisms taken from other languages is growing.

Languages are the essential medium in which the ability to communicate across culture develops. Knowledge of one or several languages enables us to perceive new horizons, to think globally, and to increase our understanding of ourselves and of our neighbors. Languages are, then, the very lifeline of globalization: without language (or communication), there would be no globalization; and vice versa, without globalization, there would be no world languages (e.g. English, Chinese, French, Spanish, and so on).

The global language system is very much interconnected. And the existence of international words proves it.

References

Schwegler Armin Language and Globalization. University of California, Irvine, 2006

Быков А.А. Анатомия терминов 400 словообразовательных элементов из латыни и греческого. Словообразование и заимствование. http://coollib.net/b/103116/read

Тарасова Л.А. Интернациональная лексика как частный случай заимствований. http://www.rusnauka.com/23_SND_2008/Philologia/26333.doc.htm

Словарь иностранных слов.- Комлев Н.Г.,2006

Словарь иностранных слов, вошедших в состав русского языка.- Чудинов А.Н.,1910.

Толковый словарь С.И. Ожегова

Толковый словарь Д.Н. Ушакова

Энциклопедический словарь 2009г.

http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/

http://lingvo.mail.ru/

http://useful_english.enacademic.com

http://www.globalization101.org/uploads/File/Syllabus-Lang-Globalization.pdf

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OTHER WORDS FROM international

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How to use international in a sentence

British Dictionary definitions for international (1 of 2)

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British Dictionary definitions for international (2 of 2)

Cultural definitions for international

8. Translation loans

9. Etymological doublets

Extract

References