International english word list

This is a list of Basic English «international» words in alphabetical order. These words are similar in many Western languages, are used in diplomacy or schools, or are international standards.

This page is a list of words that come from a specific source and should not be changed. Please do not add new items or make casual updates to it, unless you are correcting it to match its original source.

Contents	Top — 0-9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

A

alcohol • Algebra • aluminium/aluminum • ammonia • anaesthetic/anesthetic • April • Arithmetic • asbestos • August • automobile

B

ballet • bank • bar • beef • beer • Biology • bomb

C

cafe • calendar • centi- • champagne • chauffeur • chemist • Chemistry • check • chocolate • cigarette • circus • citron • club • coffee • cocktail • cognac • College • colony

D

dance • December • degree • dynamite

E

eight • electricity • eleven • Embassy • Empire • encyclopedia • engineer

F

February • fifteen • fifth • fifty • five • four • fourteen • fourth • forty • Friday

G

gas • Geography • Geology • Geometry • gram • glycerin

H

half • hotel • hundred • hyena • hygiene • hysteria

I

Imperial • influenza • international

J

January • jazz • July • June

K

kilo- • King

L

latitude • lava • litre/liter • liqueur • longitude

M

macaroni • madam • magnetic • malaria • March • Mathematics • May • metre/meter• micro- • microscope • milli- • million • minute • Monday • Museum

N

neutron • nickel • nicotine • nine • November

O

October • olive • once • omelet • one • opera • opium • orchestra • organism

P

pyjamas/pajamas • paraffin • paradise • park • passport • patent • penguin • petroleum • phonograph • Physics • Physiology • piano • platinum • police • post • President • Prince • Princess • program • propaganda • Psychology • pyramid

Q

quarter • Queen • quiz

R

radio • radium • referendum • restaurant • rheumatism • Royal • rum

S

salad • sardine • Saturday • second • September • seven • sir • six • sixteen • sport • Sunday• Sex

T

taxi • tea • telegram • telephone • ten • terrace • theatre • thermometer • third • thirteen • thirty • thousand • three • Thursday • toast • tobacco • torpedo • Tuesday • turbine • twenty-one • twelve • twenty • twice • two

U

university • universal

V

vanilla • violin • visa • vitamin • vodka • volt

W

Wednesday • whisky

X

Y

you

Z

zebra • zinc • Zoology

Other websites

• Ogden’s Basic English «International Word» list

ИНТЕРНАЦИОНАЛЬНЫЕ СЛОВА

Доброго времени суток, мои дорогие читатели!

В поисках самого простого пути освоения английского языка не забудьте про интернациональные слова. Что это такое? Это слова, изначально принадлежавшие одному из языков мира, но ставшие всеобщим достоянием и понятные во всём мире или значительной его части. В русском языке таких интернациональных слов множество: наш великий язык в состоянии вбирать и осваивать огромные массы новых слов. Сейчас большинство иностранных слов, попадает к нам из английского языка. Поэтому было бы глупо не воспользоваться этим и не пополнить свой словарный запас в английском максимально легко и быстро.

Предлагаю вашему вниманию 50 самых популярных в английском языке прилагательных, которые одновременно являются международными словами, перешедшими в русский язык. Чтобы выучить их, не потребуется много усилий, поскольку они изначально понятны, но будьте аккуратны с произношением!

Вот эти слова:

1. political — политический, государственный
2. real — настоящий, реальный
3. social — общественный, социальный
4. public – общественный, общедоступный
5. local – местный, локальный
6. economic – экономический, хозяйственный
7. military – военный, воинский
8. federal – федеральный, союзный
9. international – международный, интернациональный
10. special – специальный, особенный
11. personal – личный, персональный
12. medical – врачебный, медицинский
13. private – частный, личный, приватный
14. natural – естественный, природный, натуральный
15. central – центральный, главный
16. serious – серьёзный, важный
17. physical – физический, материальный
18. financial — финансовый
19. democratic – демократический, демократичный
20. legal — законный, юридический, легальный
21. religious – религиозный, верующий
22. final – заключительный, финальный
23. popular – народный, популярный
24. traditional — традиционный
25. cultural — культурный
26. top – верхний, наивысший
27. individual – отдельный, характерный, индивидуальный
28. specific – конкретный, особенный
29. sexual – половой, сексуальный
30. commercial – торговый, коммерческий
31. total – целый, полный, тотальный
32. modern – современный, новый
33. positive – определённый, уверенный, позитивный
34. interesting — интересный
35. professional – имеющий профессию, профессиональный
36. global – всемирный, глобальный
37. critical – критический, решающий, рискованный
38. effective – эффективный, эффектный
39. original – оригинальный, подлинный, свежий
40. basic – основной, базовый
41. normal – нормальный, обычный
42. potential – потенциальный, возможный
43. regular – нормальный, регулярный
44. active – активный, энергичный, действующий
45. moral – моральный, духовный, нравственный
46. academic – академический, учебный, теоретический
47. negative – отрицательный, негативный, безрезультатный
48. historical – исторический, связанный с историей
49. corporate – корпоративный, общий
50. emotional – эмоциональный, взволнованный, вызывающий эмоции

Приглашаю на занятия английским онлайн:
Легко, быстро, с удовольствием!
 

Другие посты на эту тему:

ИЗУЧЕНИЕ АНГЛИЙСКИХ СЛОВ

УЧИМ АНГЛИЙСКИЕ СЛОВА

ЗАПОМИНАЕМ АНГЛИЙСКИЕ СЛОВА

КАК УЧИТЬ АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ВЕСЕЛО

НАЧИНАЮЩИМ ИЗУЧЕНИЕ АНГЛИЙСКОГО

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The following are lists of words in the English language that are known as «loanwords» or «borrowings,» which are derived from other languages.

For Old English-derived words, see List of English words of Old English origin.

• English words of African origin
• List of English words of Afrikaans origin
  • List of South African English regionalisms
  • List of South African slang words
• List of English words from indigenous languages of the Americas
• List of English words of Arabic origin
  • List of Arabic star names
• List of English words of Australian Aboriginal origin
• List of English words of Brittonic origin
• Lists of English words of Celtic origin
• List of English words of Chinese origin
• List of English words of Czech origin
• List of English words of Dravidian origin (Kannada, Malayalam, Tamil, Telugu)
• List of English words of Dutch origin
  • List of English words of Afrikaans origin
  • List of South African slang words
  • List of place names of Dutch origin
  • Australian places with Dutch names
• List of English words of Etruscan origin
• List of English words of Finnish origin
• List of English words of French origin
  • Glossary of ballet, mostly French words
  • List of French expressions in English
  • List of English words with dual French and Anglo-Saxon variations
  • List of pseudo-French words adapted to English
  • List of English Latinates of Germanic origin
• List of English words of Gaulish origin
• List of German expressions in English
  • List of pseudo-German words adapted to English
• English words of Greek origin (a discussion rather than a list)
  • List of Greek morphemes used in English
• List of English words of Hawaiian origin
• List of English words of Hebrew origin
• List of English words of Hindi or Urdu origin
• List of English words of Hungarian origin
• List of English words of Indian origin
• List of English words of Indonesian origin, including from Javanese, Malay (Sumatran) Sundanese, Papuan (West Papua), Balinese, Dayak and other local languages in Indonesia
• List of English words of Irish origin
  • List of Irish words used in the English language
• List of English words of Italian origin
  • List of Italian musical terms used in English
• List of English words of Japanese origin
• List of English words of Korean origin
• List of Latin words with English derivatives
• List of English words of Malay origin
• List of English words of Māori origin
• List of English words of Niger-Congo origin
• List of English words of Old Norse origin
• List of English words of Persian origin
• List of English words of Philippine origin
• List of English words of Polish origin
• List of English words of Polynesian origin
• List of English words of Portuguese origin
• List of English words of Romani origin
• List of English words of Romanian origin
• List of English words of Russian origin
• List of English words of Sami origin
• List of English words of Sanskrit origin
• List of English words of Scandinavian origin (incl. Danish, Norwegian)
• List of English words of Scots origin
• List of English words of Scottish Gaelic origin
• List of English words of Semitic origin
• List of English words of Spanish origin
• List of English words of Swedish origin
• List of English words of Turkic origin
• List of English words of Ukrainian origin
• List of English words of Welsh origin
• List of English words of Yiddish origin
• List of English words of Zulu origin

See also[edit]

• Anglicisation
• English terms with diacritical marks
• Inkhorn term
• Linguistic purism in English
• List of Germanic and Latinate equivalents in English
• List of Greek and Latin roots in English
• List of proposed etymologies of OK
• List of Latin legal terms

References[edit]

External links[edit]

• Ancient Egyptian Loan-Words in English
• List of etymologies of English words

Common Foreign Words in English List A to Z 💬

ADDucation’s list of common foreign words in English list wasn’t easy to put together. English started as a Germanic language. Add a generous helping of old Norse from the Vikings. Lace it with Norman French and Latin constructions. Add thousands of words anglicized from other languages and the result is English as we know it today. “Loanwords” are words borrowed from another language and used “as is” so whether your audience understands the meaning of those common foreign words and phrases used in English is up to you. Foreign phrases used in English are often italicized so they are easier to spot.

• This common foreign words and phrases used in English list compiled by A C and last updated on Oct 28, 2022 @ 6:34 pm.

ADDucation Tips: Click column headings with arrows to sort common foreign words. Reload page for original sort order. Resize your browser to display as many columns as possible. Click the ➕ icon to reveal any hidden columns. Start typing in the Filter table box to find common foreign words used in English inside the table.

Common foreign words	Source language	Entomology / Origin / Meaning	Trivia / Comments / Usage
addenda	Latin	A list of additions.
ad lib	Latin	Improvised.	One of the most common foreign words used in English to describe actors and politicians who go off-piste.
ad hoc	Latin	For a particular purpose.
ad infinitum	Latin	To infinity.
à la carte	French 🇫🇷	From the menu.
ad nauseam	Latin	To the point of nausea, to a sickening degree.	Trevor talked ad nauseam about his career.
addenda	Latin	A list of additions.
aficionado	Spanish 🇪🇸	An ardent fan.
agent provocateur	French 🇫🇷	Agent who incites others to illegal action.	Agent Provocateur is also a luxury lingerie brand name.
alcohol	Arabic	Originally “al-kuḥl” ancient Egyptian eyeliner, later any fine powder or distilled spirit or essence.	Alcoholic beverages include beers, wines and spirits.
alfresco	Italian 🇮🇹	Fresh air, outdoors.
alma mater	Latin	Former school (Latin “bountiful mother”).	My alma mater is the university of life, which does not award degrees.
alter ego	Latin	Second self.
angst	German 🇩🇪	Dread, anxiety.
ars gratia artis	Latin	Art for art’s sake.	MGM’s Leo the lion’s head is inside a garland of film with the motto “Ars Gratia Artis“.
au fait	French 🇫🇷	Familiar with something (French “to the point”).
au naturel	French 🇫🇷	Natural state, naked.
avant-garde	French 🇫🇷	Unorthodox, experimental (French “front guard”).
avatar	Hindi	Icon or representation of a person online.	You can often change your avatar on websites and in computer games.
baksheesh	Persian	Tip (Persian “gift”).
ballet	French 🇫🇷	Form of dance. From earlier latin ballare “to dance”.	French is the language of ballet, e.g. tutu and ballerina.
bete noire	French 🇫🇷	Personal annoyance, bugbear (French “black beast”).
blitzkrieg	German 🇩🇪	Sudden overwhelming attack (German “lightning war”).
bon appétit	French 🇫🇷	Enjoy your meal (French “good appetite).	One of the most common foreign words in English, probably because we don’t have an English equivalent.
bon vivant	French 🇫🇷	Lover of good life.
bon voyage	French 🇫🇷	Have a nice trip.	We wished Natasha bon voyage as she left to go traveling.
bona fide	Latin	In good faith, genuine.	John’s doctor was a bona fide expert in dementia.
bravura	Italian 🇮🇹	Performed with energy and skill.
cafe	French 🇫🇷	From coffee in many languages, one of the most common foreign words.	Cafés usually serve coffee.
carpe diem	Latin	Seize the day.	Made famous by Robin Williams in the movie Dead Poets Society.
carpe noctem	Latin	Seize the night (this is not really in very common usage, but we loved the concept of seizing the night instead of the day!).
carte blanche	French 🇫🇷	Complete freedom, unlimited authority (French “white card”).	Ron was given carte blanche to choose a new truck.
sus belli	Latin	Pretext or reason that justifies or allegedly justifies an attack of war.
caveat emptor	Latin	Let the buyer beware.	Item sold as seen, caveat emptor.
chow	Chinese 🇨🇳	Food, “chow down” means to eat.	Many Chinese words used in English relate to food.
chutzpah	Yiddish	Gall, audacity.
cojones	Spanish 🇪🇸	Testicles, balls, guts.
cordon bleu	French 🇫🇷	Food cooked to high standard (French “blue ribbon”).
corpus delecti	Latin	The evidence required to prove a crime has been committed.
coup de grace	French 🇫🇷	A blow of mercy.
cul-de-sac	French 🇫🇷	Dead end (French “bottom of the sack”).
de facto	French 🇫🇷	Actual
de rigueur	French 🇫🇷	Obligatory
déjà vu	French 🇫🇷	Sense of having already experienced something (French “already seen”).	Déjà vu is one of the most common foreign expressions in English of French origin.
derrière	French 🇫🇷	Behind, bum, bottom, buttocks.
deus ex machine	Latin	God of the machine.
doppelgänger	German 🇩🇪	Ghostly counterpart of a living person (German “double-goer”).
double entendre	French 🇫🇷	Double meaning.
droit du seigneur	French 🇫🇷	Excessive demands on subordinate. Literally “the lord’s right” to take the virginity of a new bride.
élan	French 🇫🇷	Flair
enfant terrible	French 🇫🇷	A bad child.
en masse	French 🇫🇷	In a large group.	The crowd voted with their feet and left en masse.
entrepreneur	French 🇫🇷	Businessman. From 19th century “entreprendre”, a director of a musical institution.	Steve Jobs, Bill Gates and Oprah Winfrey are famous entrepreneurs.
ersatz	German 🇩🇪	A substitute.
eureka	Greek 🇬🇷	Joyous moment of discovery.	Ancient Greek scholar Archimedes reportedly exclaimed “Eureka!” On getting into a bath Archimedes realised his body displaced the same volume of water causing he water level to rise.
fait accompli	French 🇫🇷	An established fact.	Losing the vote for president was a fait accompli.
fata morgana	Italian 🇮🇹	A striking mirage.
fatwa	Arabic	A legal opinion expressed by Islamic leader.
faux pas	French 🇫🇷	Breach of social etiquette, social blunder (French “false step”) or mistake.	Wearing a long white dress as a wedding guest was a faux pas.
femme fatale	French 🇫🇷	Highly attractive woman who means trouble.
fiasco	Italian 🇮🇹	Disaster
force de frappe	French 🇫🇷	France’s nuclear deterrent (French “superiour force”).
gauntlet / gantlet	Swedish 🇸🇪	Swedish (gatlopp “lane course running”). The pronunciation in English was corrupted to “gauntlet” (French gantelet “armored glove”).	Running the gauntlet (UK) or gantlet (US) was a form of punishment where the victim was forced to run between two rows of torturers. “Throw down the gauntlet” is to issue a challenge and “take up the gauntlet” accepts the challenge.
gemütlich	German 🇩🇪	Cosy
gestalt	German 🇩🇪	Form, shape.
gesundheit	German 🇩🇪	Health, bless you.
glasnost	Russian 🇷🇺	Openness (Russian “openness, publicity”).	When the Soviet Union crumbled (1986-1991), glasnost was one of most common foreign words used in English language.
glitch	Yiddish	A minor fault, bug, gremlin etc. (Yiddish “gletshn” to slide or skid) or (German “glitschen” to slip).	Neo experienced déjà vu as “a glitch in the matrix” when he saw the same black cat walk past a door twice.
grand mal	French 🇫🇷	Epilepsy attack (French “large illness”).
gringo	Spanish 🇪🇸	Foreigner (mainly Mexican).
gung-ho	Chinese 🇨🇳	Enthusiasm, zealous (Chinese “work together”)	Adopted as a battle cry by some American military units.
guru	Hindi	Spiritual leader.
habeas corpus	Latin	(Latin “You should have the body”) protection against unlawful imprisonment.
halal	Arabic	Meat slaughtered in accordance with Islamic law (Arabic “lawful”).
hoi polloi	Greek 🇬🇷	Rabble, plebs, the masses	Mixing with the hoi polloi is seen as mixing with people below your social status, the opposite of “hobnobbing” with people above your social status.
in flagrante delicto	Latin	Caught in the act (Latin “with the crime still blazing”).
in loco parentis	Latin	A guardian, in place of a parent.
in vino veritas	Latin	Truth is in wine.
ipso facto	Latin	By the fact itself. “A teacher, ipso facto, is in charge of his or her class.”	A chef, ipso facto, is in charge of a kitchen.
joie de vivre	French 🇫🇷	Joy of life.
kamikaze	Japanese 🇯🇵	From Japanese “divine wind”, referring to a typhoon which dispersed a Mongol invasion fleet in 1281.	Towards the end of WWII Japanese kamikaze pilots launched suicide attacks on enemy ships. It’s one of only a few common foreign words of Japanese origin used in English.
karaoke	Japanese 🇯🇵	From Japanese “empty orchestra”. today meaning singing to a backing track in Karaoke bars and pubs.	Karaoke is one of the most common foreign words, of Japanese origin, used in English.
ketchup / catchup	Chinese 🇨🇳	Originally a pickled fish sauce with spices and brine. Spelling adapted from Amoy dialect kôe-chiap / kê-chiap (鮭汁)	Ketchup reached the west via Malaysia and Singapore to England where ketchup recipes were mushroom based, then later tomato and spread to the USA via settlers.
kitsch	German 🇩🇪	Rubbish, bad taste.	Ironically kitsch can be so bad it’s good. Kitsch is in the eye of the beholder.
la dolce vita	Italian 🇮🇹	The good life.	Title of several films, songs and a perfume by Christian Dior, one of the best known and used foreign phrases used in English.
laissez faire	French 🇫🇷	Policy of non interference.
lingua franca	Italian 🇮🇹	Common language.
macho	Spanish 🇪🇸	Arrogant masculine man (Spanish/Portuguese machismo “manly”).	Randy Savage and the Village People spring to mind.
mea culpa	Latin	My fault.
modus operandi	Latin	Method of procedure, method of operating (commonly abbreviated to M.O.).	The suspect followed the same M.O.
moped	Swedish 🇸🇪	(Swedish motor och pedaler “pedal cycle with engine and wheels” )	One of only a handful of common foreign words from Swedish.
noblesse oblige	French 🇫🇷	Nobility obliges.
nom de plume	French 🇫🇷	Pen name.	Commonly used by writers to preserve their anonymity.
non sequitur	Latin	Something that doesn’t follow on logically.
objet d’art	French 🇫🇷	Literally “art object” in French.	An objet d’art is used in English to describe a small three-dimensional work with some artistic value.
off-piste	French 🇫🇷	Skiing in areas unprepared for skiing. Off the beaten track.	One of the common foreign words that make English fun. Used to describe actors and politicians who do not follow to their scripts or anything unexpected.
pandemic	Greek 🇬🇷	From Greek “pandemos” meaning “all the people”.	Sadly Covid-19 made ADDucation’s list of the worst global pandemics in history during 2020. Pandemic became one of the most common foreign words worldwide.
persona non grata	Latin	Unwelcome or unacceptable person.	Sally was a persona non grata in our club because she wouldn’t follow the rules.
piece de résistance	French 🇫🇷	Special food dish or outstanding item or event.
poltergeist	German 🇩🇪	A ghost that moves objects around or causes loud noises (German “noisy ghost”).
prima donna	Latin	A temperamental and conceited person.	Sophie found it hard to make friends because she was considered to a prima donna.
prima facie	Latin	At first view.
pro bono	Latin	Donated or done without charge.	The lawyer took the case on a pro bono basis.
pro forma	Latin	Done for the sake of form.
pro rata	Latin	Proportionally according to a factor.
pro tempore	Latin	For the time being.
punch	Hindi	Originally “paantsch” an alcoholic drink made of five ingredients; sugar, lemon, alcohol, water, spices or tea.	Punch is a popular party drink served from a large punch bowl.
pundit	Hindi	An expert, critic or commentator on a specific subject.	Punditry, by pundits, analyze sports, express opinions in the media, critique theater, food etc.
Que sera, sera	Spanish 🇪🇸 Italian 🇮🇹	Whatever will be, will be.	Spanish-like but also from Italian, both in 16th century. Made popular by Doris Day in the 1956 Alfred Hitchcock film “The Man Who Knew Too Much”.
quid pro quo	Latin	Something for something else, often a fair exchange, sometimes used in sexual harassment cases.	Ron gave me his candy bar as quid pro quo for my soft drink.
quod erat demonstratum	Latin	As demonstrated (“Q.E.D.”).
raison d’être	French 🇫🇷	Reason for being.
rendezvous	French 🇫🇷	Agree to meet, meeting.
safari	Swahili	A journey, expedition.
saffron	Arabic	A spice, originally from “za‘farān” then later old french “safran”.	Saffron is the most expensive spice and food on Earth – but a little goes a long way.
salaam	Arabic	Peace from (al)-salām.	Salaam alei·kum “peace be upon you” is a greeting used by Muslims.
sang froid	French 🇫🇷	Cold blood.
savoir-faire	French 🇫🇷	Knowledge of what to do.
schadenfreude	German 🇩🇪	Taking pleasure at someone else’s misfortune.
shampoo	Hindi	Massage, rub (Hindustani “chāmpo” to press).	Humans, animals, cars and furniture can all be shampooed. One of the most common foreign words of Hindi origin used in English.
sine qua non	Latin	Indispensable (Latin “without which not”).
smorgasbord	Swedish 🇸🇪	Sandwich or buffet with variety of dishes or situation with many choices.	See also moped and gauntlet.
soupçon	French 🇫🇷	Hint of (French “suspicion”).
status quo	Latin	Existing state or condition.	Hannah didn’t like change and preferred to maintain the status quo. Also a famous rock band.
tempus fugit	Latin	Time flies.
tête-à-tête	French 🇫🇷	A private conversation (French “head to head”).
tour de force	French 🇫🇷	A feat of strength.
troika	Russian 🇷🇺	“Troe” in Russian means “set of three” and was used to refer to politicians and adminstrators.	A troika is a sleigh or carriage drawn by a group of three horses harnessed abreast before being used more generally as a group of three.
tsunami	Japanese 🇯🇵	A large tidal wave (Japanese “harbor wave”).	More Japanese words used in English…
tycoon	Japanese 🇯🇵	Business leader (from Japanese “taikun” meaning “high commander”).	The 72 year-old tycoon was one of America’s most generous philanthropists.
uber / über	German 🇩🇪	Very, max, possessing property to an extreme (German “over”).	Uber has become one of the fastest growing foreign language words used in English due to the rise of the Uber brand around the world.
vendetta	Italian 🇮🇹	Private revenge feud among families of murdered persons.	Vendetta is one of the most common foreign words in English of Italian origin.
veni, vidi, vici	Latin	I came, I saw, I conquered.
verboten	German 🇩🇪	Forbidden
vis-à-vis	French 🇫🇷	As compared with
wunderkind	German 🇩🇪	Boy wonder from the German “wonder child”.	A boy succeeding at an early age could be a wunderkind.
zeitgeist	German 🇩🇪	Spirit of the times.	2020 zeitgeist words; pandemic, lockdown, furlough, environment.

Now You’ve Read the List Take the Free ADDucation Quiz…

If the English language made any sense, lackadaisical would have something to do with a shortage of flowers Doug Larson

Common Foreign Words Related Lists:

• Common Internet chat abbreviations…
• Most common languages on Earth…
• Help extend ADDucation’s list of common foreign words used in English language by adding your comments below…

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By the early 20th century, Britain’s political, economic, and industrial powers began to lessen, and the USA emerged as a political and economic superpower. The USA’s prominence and power helped spread English further around the world. As the world started working together via international organisations, such as the United Nations, English was chosen as one of the world’s official working languages. The USA’s cultural prominence also helped spread English through movies, advertisements, music, and broadcasting.

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International Words in the Russian and English Languages

Introduction

Expanding global contacts and the development of mass media, especially the Internet, result in the considerable growth of international vocabulary. All languages depend for their changes upon the cultural and social matrix in which they operate and various contacts between nations are part of this matrix reflected in vocabulary. International words play an especially prominent part in various terminological systems including the vocabulary of science, industry and art. The etymological sources of this vocabulary reflect the history of world culture.

The research question:to find out the percentage of international words used in the Lifestyle-Politics category via analysis of the news article.

The objectives of this research are:

to identify the difference between internationalisms and cognates

to study the origin of some international words

to design an educational wall poster on the top ten words in the Lifestyle-Politics category.

Topicality of the project

The percentage of internationalisms in the news articles and in the scientific texts is rather high, e.g. according to some linguists, in the Russian vocabulary there are more than 10 per cent of international words. They are the most easily recognizable and perceived when reading these kinds of texts. The study of international words and their origin can be very useful for those who are interested in politics and science.

Definitions

Internationalism – or international word in linguistics is a loanword that occurs in several languages with the same or at least similar meaning and etymology. These words exist in ‘several different languages as a result of simultaneous or successive borrowings from the ultimate source’ [http://en.academic.ru/].

Cognate — A word either descended from the same base word of the same ancestor language as the given word, or strongly believed to be a regular reflex of the same reconstructed root of proto-language as the given word [ http://en.wiktionary.org/ ].

Background information

One of the first linguists to pay attention to the existence of some similar words in European languages was Antoine Meillet, a French linguist of the early 20th century, one of the most influential comparative linguists of his time. He steadily emphasized that any attempt to account for linguistic change must recognize that language is a social phenomenon. He supported the use of an international auxiliary language and at the beginning of the 20h century he studied the origin of some international words. A lot of internationalisms were considered to have originated from Latin and Greek.

The cross-linguistic influence was the subject of investigation of Lev Shcherba, a Russian linguist and lexicographer specializing in phonetics and phonology.

Uriel Weinreich, a Polish-American linguist, first noted that learners of second languages consider linguistic forms from their first language equal to forms in the target language. However, the essential inequality of these forms leads to speech which the native speakers of the target language consider unequal.

Einar Haugen, Armin Schwegler, А.А. Bukov, L.A. Tarasova and some other linguists made a contribution to the study of cross-linguistic influence.

The rate of change in technology, political, social and artistic life has been greatly accelerated in the 20th century and so has the rate of growth of international word stock. A few examples of comparatively new words due to the progress of science will suffice to illustrate the importance of international vocabulary: algorithm, antenna, antibiotic, automation, bionics, cybernetics, entropy, gene, genetic code, graph, microelectronics, quant, quasars, pulsars, ribosome, etc.

Nowadays a great number of English words are to be found among the internationalisms e.g. bank, business, consult, design, disk, drive, hit, man, market, media, net, style, test etc. The English vocabulary penetrates into other languages. We find numerous English words in the field of sport: football, out, match, tennis, volley-ball, basketball, cricket, golf, time in different parts of the world.It is due to the prestigious of the English language and its status of a global language.

Internationalisms vs Cognates

In the 1950^th it was decided to differentiate the internationalisms and the cognates. It was stated that the word could be described as international if:

no fewer than three languages use it.

its spelling and pronunciation is completely or partly similar in different languages so that the word is understandable between the different languages.

its meaning is the same in different languages.

So, Internationalism – or international word in linguistics is a loanword that occurs in several languages with the same or at least similar meaning and etymology. These words exist in ‘several different languages as a result of simultaneous or successive borrowings from the ultimate source’ [http://en.academic.ru/].

European internationalisms originate primarily from Latin or Greek, but from other languages as well. Many non-European words have also become international, often by the way of one or more European languages.

Internationalisms often spread together with the innovations they designate. Accordingly, there are semantic fields of internationalisms that are dominated by specific languages, e.g. the computing vocabulary which is mainly English with internationalisms such as computer, disk, spam. New inventions, political institutions, food stuffs, leisure activities, science, and technological advances have all generated new lexemes and continue doing it.

Internationalisms are often spread by speakers of one language living in geographical regions where other languages are spoken.

In linguistics, cognates are words that have a common etymological origin. This learned term

derives from the Latin cognatus (blood relative).

Cognates do not need to have the same meaning, which may have changed as the languages developed separately. For example, consider English starve and Dutch sterven or German sterben («to die»); these three words all derive from the same Proto-Germanic root, *sterbaną («die»). English dish and German Tisch («table»), with their flat surfaces, both come from Latin discus, but it would be a mistake to identify their later meanings.

Cognates also do not need to have obviously similar forms: e.g., English father, French père, and Armenian hayr all descend directly from Proto-Indo-European *ph₂tḗr.

So, Cognate — A word either descended from the same base word of the same ancestor language as the given word, or strongly believed to be a regular reflex of the same reconstructed root of proto-language as the given word [ http://en.wiktionary.org/ ].

Analysis of the News Article

The following article is taken from the CNN official site (homepage). The underlined words can be described either as internationalisms or cognates. Some of them are proper names, geographical names or numerals.

Ukraine crisis centerstage as Obama, EU leaders meet in Belgium

By Laura Smith-Spark, CNN

March 26, 2014 — Updated 1243 GMT (2043 HKT)

(CNN)— The rapidly unfolding crisis in Ukraine is set to be the focus of talks between U.S. PresidentBarack Obama and European Union leaders Wednesday in Brussels, Belgium.

Russia’s formal annexation last week of Ukraine’s Crimea region has sparked the biggest East-West confrontation since the end of the Cold War.

Meanwhile, Moscow’s massing of troops near Ukraine’s eastern borders has worried the interim government in Kiev, as well as causing ripples of concern in other former Soviet republics that now belong to the EU and NATO.

Wednesday’s EU-U.S. summit in Brussels comes on the heels of talks on the sidelines of a nuclear security summit in The Hague, the Netherlands.

Obama will also meet with NATO Secretary General Anders Fogh Rasmussen while in Brussels.

Speaking at The Hague on Tuesday, Obama said Russia had a way out of tensions over the crisis: Negotiate with Kiev and be prepared to «act responsibly» and respond to international norms, such as respecting Ukraine’s territorial integrity.

If Russia doesn’t act responsibly, «there will be additional costs» that could hurt the global economy but will affect Russia most of all, Obama said.

The U.S. president said Russia’s annexation of Crimea «is not a done deal» because it’s not internationally recognized.

But he acknowledged that the Russian military controls Crimea, and said the world can make sure, through diplomacy and sanctions, that Russia pays a price.

Ukraine: We need support

Russia insists its actions are legitimate and denies having used its armed forces in Crimea, saying the troops that took control of key installations were local «self-defense» forces.

Russia also insists the government in Kiev is illegitimate because ousted President ViktorYanukovych, a close ally of Moscow’s, was forced out in an armed coup. Yanukovych’s ouster followed months of street protests sparked by his decision to ditch an EU trade deal in favor of closer ties to Russia.

In an interview Tuesday with PBS, acting Prime Minister Arseniy Yatsenyuk said Ukraine is struggling to maintain a fighting capability after it was «deliberately dismantled» under Yanukovych.

«What we need is support from the international community. We need technology and military support to overhaul the Ukrainian military and modernize — to be ready not just to fight, but to be ready to win,» Yatsenyuk said.

With an estimated 30,000 Russian troops now positioned near Ukraine’s eastern border, Yatsenyuk repeated his pledge to defend Ukrainian territory.

His government ceded Crimea without a shot to demonstrate to the world that Russia was the aggressor, he said — but if Moscow moves against another portion of Ukraine, the duty of all Ukrainians is «to protect our country,» he said. «We will fight.»

Moscow tightens grip

The United States and EU are seeking to exert pressure on Russia through a combination of sanctions and diplomatic isolation.

But Moscow has so far doggedly pursued its own course, even as Western leaders have denounced its actions as violations of Ukraine’s sovereignty and a breach of international law.

Amid heightened tensions within Ukraine, the Russian Foreign Ministry on Wednesday accused the Ukrainianborderservice of refusing to let air crew off Aeroflot jets for rest periods after landing in Ukraine. Aeroflot is the Russian national carrier.

This «breaks the international acts in compliance with flight safety requirements,» the ministry said in an online statement.

Meanwhile, Russia is tightening its grip on Crimea.

Crimea belonged to Russia until 1954 when it was given to Ukraine, which was then part of the SovietUnion. The region has a majority ethnic Russian population and other historic ties to Russia.

A large majority of its population voted in favor of joining Russia in a controversial referendum 10 days ago. Russian lawmakers in turn swiftly voted to absorb the Black Sea peninsula, where Russia has a major naval base, into the Russian Federation, and President Vladimir Putin signed the treaty into law.

In another step to cement the process, the vice-speaker of the Crimean parliament, Sergei Tsekov, was made a senator in Russia’s upper house Wednesday, Russia’s state-run ITAR-Tass news agencyreported.

At the same time, Kiev has ordered the withdrawal of Ukrainian armed forces from Crimea, citing Russian threats to the lives of military staff and their families effectively yielding the region to Moscow’s forces. They stormed one of Kiev’s last bases there Monday.

Aleksey Chaly, often referred to as Sevastopol’s new de facto mayor, announced Tuesday the dismissal of all «self-defense» teams, saying the «enemy» was now gone, as no forces loyal to Kiev remain in the city.

«I would like to draw the attention of some commanders of the self-defense units to the fact that the revolution is over,» he said in a video published on YouTube. «This week, federal agencies are being established, and we’re beginning to live by the laws of the Russian Federation.»

The G7 group of leading industrialized countries has condemned both the Crimean vote to secede and Russia’s annexation of Crimea. As a result, Russia has now been excluded from what was the G8.

Total: 859 words

Internationalisms Appendix I

	word	translation	origin	definition
1	aggressor (1)	агрессор, нападающая сторона	from late Latin aggredi — атака	a person or country that attacks another first
2	agency (1)	агентство	from medieval Latin agentia — агентство	a business or organization providing a particular service on behalf of another business, person, or group
3	annexation (3)	аннексия	from Latin annexus – соединение	the action of appropriating something, especially territory
4	action (2)	акция, действие	from Latin actio(n-) — действие	the fact or process of doing something, typically to achieve an aim
5	centre (1)	центр	from Latin centrum, from Greek kentron, центр	the point from which an activity or process is directed, or on which it is focused
6	commander (1)	командир	from Old French comandeor, from late Latin commandare — командир	a person in authority, especially over a body of troops or a military operation
7	combination (1)	комбинация	from late Latin combinatio(n-) – объединение	the process of combiningdifferent parts or qualities or the state of being combined
8	confrontation (1)	конфронтация	from medieval Latin confrontare – сопоставлять, сравнивать	a hostile or argumentative situation or meeting between opposing parties
9	control (2)	контроль	from medieval Latin contrarotulare – копиясвитка	the power to influence or direct people’s behaviour or the course of events
10	crisis (3)	кризис	from ancient Greek κρίσις — решение, поворотный пункт	any event that is expected to lead to an unstable and dangerous situation affecting an individual, group, community, or whole society
11	de facto (2)	фактический, реальный	from Latin, literally ‘of fact’	in fact, whether by right or not
12	demonstrate (1)	демонстрировать	from Latin demonstrat -шоу	clearly show the existence or truth of (something) by giving proof or evidence
13	diplomatic (1)	дипломатический	from Greek diplōma, —atis– официальное письмо, грамота	of or concerning diplomacy
14	effectively (1)	эффективно	from Latin ‘efficere ‘ accomplish	In such a manner as to achieve a desired result
15	federal (1)	федеральный	from Latin foedus — договор	having or relating to a system of government in which several states form a unity but remain independent in internal affairs
16	federation (2)	федерация	from late Latin foederatio(n-), from the verb foederare ‘to ally’, from foedus ‘league’.	a group of states with a central government but independence in internal affairs
17	focus (1)	фокус	from Latin focus – очаг, центр	the centre of interest or activity
18	formal (1)	формальный	from Latin formalis – формальный	done in accordance with convention or etiquette
19	General (1)	генеральный	from Latin generalis – всеобщий	chief or principal
20	global (1)	глобальный	from Latin globus — шар	relating to the whole world; worldwide
21	group (1)	группа	from French groupe, from Italian gruppo — группа	a number of people or things that are located, gathered, or classed together
22	industrialize (1)	индустриализировать	from French industriel — промышленные	develop industries in (a country or region) on a wide scale
23	installation (1)	инсталляция	from medieval Latin installare — устанавливать	The action of installing someone or something, or the state of being installed
24	integrity (1)	интеграция — связанность	from Latin integritas – сохранность, нетронутость	the state of being whole and undivided
25	international (5)	интернациональный	from French inter – между, national — национальный	agreed on by all or many nations
26	interview (1)	интервью	from French entrevue — встреча	a meeting of people face to face, especially for consultation.
27	isolation (1)	изоляция	mid 19th century: from isolate, partly on the pattern of French isolation — изоляция	the process or fact of being apart from others
28	leader (3)	лидер	from English lead – вести за собой	the person who leads or commands a group, organization, or country
29	legitimate (2)	легитимный	from Latin legitimus — законный	conforming to the law or to rules
30	local (1)	локальный	from late Latin localis — местный	relating or restricted to a particular area or one’s neighbourhood.
31	military (4)	милитаристский, военный	from French militaire or Latin militaris — военный	relating to or characteristic of soldiers or armed forces
32	ministry (2)	министерство	from Latin ministerium – служба, должность	a government department headed by a minister
33	modernize (1)	модернизировать	from late Latin modernus — современность	adapt (something) to modern needs or habits, typically by installing modern equipment or adoptingmodern ideas or methods
34	norm (1)	норма	from Latin norma — правило	a standard or pattern, especially of social behavior
35	online (1)			available on or performed using the Internet or other computer network:
36	parliament (1)	парламент	from Old French parlement ‘speaking’, from the verb parler	the highest legislature
37	period (1)	период	via Latin from Greek periodos — период	a length or portion of time
38	President (4)	президент	from Latin praesident – ‘sitting before’ – председательствующий	the elected head of a republican state
39	Prime Minister (1)	премьер-министр	from Latin primus- первый, minister –служитель, соратник	the head of an elected government; the principal minister of a sovereign or state
40	position (1)	позиция, положение	from Old French, from Latin positio -положение	a place where someone or something is located or has been put
41	process (1)	процесс	from Latin processus ‘progression, course’ — прогресс	a series of actions or steps taken in order to achieve a particular end
42	protest (1)	протест	from Latin protestari — утверждение	a statement or action expressing disapproval of or objection to something
43	referendum (1)	референдум	mid 19th century: from Latin, gerund ( ‘referring’) or neuter gerundive ( ‘something to be brought back or referred’) of referre	a general vote by the electorate on a single political question which has been referred to them for a direct decision
44	region (3)	регион	from Latin regio(n-) ‘ – регион	an administrative district of a city or country
45	republic (1)	республика	from Latin respublica, from res – суть+publicus – народ	a state in which supreme power is held by the people and their elected representatives
46	result (1)	результат	from medieval Latin resultare — отражаться	a thing that is caused or produced by something else; a consequence or outcome
47	revolution (1)	революция	from Old French, or from late Latin revolutio(n-) — революция	a forcible overthrow of a government or social order, in favour of a new system
48	sanctions (2)	санкции	from Latin sanctio(n-) — санкция	measures taken by a state to coerce another to conform to an international agreement or norms of conduct, typically in the form of restrictions on trade or official sporting participation
49	Secretary (1)	Секретарь	from late Latin secretarius – пользующийся доверием чиновник	an official in charge of a US government department
50	security (1)	секьюрити	from Latin secures – безопасный, надежный	the safety of a state or organization.
51	senator (1)	сенатор	from Latin senator	a member of a senate
52	Soviet (2)	советский	early 20th century: from Russian совет – орган государственной власти в СССР	of or concerning the former Soviet Union
53	sovereignty (1)	суверенитет	from Old French sovereinete – суверенитет	the authority of a state to govern itself or another state
54	summit (2)	саммит	From Latin summum, neuter of summus – высочайший, главный	a meeting between heads of government
55	technology (1)	технология	from Greek tekhnologia — технология	the application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes, especially in industry
56	territory (2)	территория	from Latin territorium – территория, область	of or relating to the ownership of an area of land or sea
57	vice-speaker (1)	вице-спикер	from Old English sprecan	The presiding officer in a legislative assembly, especially the House of Commons
58	video (1)	видео	from Latin videre — видеть	the recording, reproducing, or broadcasting of moving visual images

The number of internationalisms found in the text – 58. Considering that some of them are repeated more often than once, the total number of international words in the text is – 86, i.e. 10 per cent.

Cognates Appendix II

	word	translation	origin	definition
1	absorb (1)	абсорбировать, впитывать, поглощать	from Latin absorbere, from ab- ‘from’ + sorbere ‘suck in’ — впитывать	take control of (a smaller or less powerful entity) and make it a part of a larger one
2	act (1)	акт, соглашение	from Latin actus ‘event, thing done’	a thing done;   a legal document codifying the result of deliberations of a committee or society or legislative body
3	base (2)	база	from Latin basis ‘base, pedestal’	A place used as a centre of operations by the armed forces or others; a headquarters
	border service	пограничная служба		a branch of State Security Service tasked with patrol of the state border
4	border (3)	бордюр, граница	from Old French bordeure — край	a line separating two countries, administrative divisions, or other areas
5	service (1)	сервис	from Latin servitium – рабство	a public department or organization run by the state
6	breach (1)	брешь, нарушение закона	from Old French breche -нарушать	an act of breaking or failing to observe a law, agreement, or code of conduct
7	cement (1)	цементировать, скреплять	from Latin caedere — высекать	to settle or establish firmly
	centerstage	основная позиция, положение		(mainly journalism) a position in which someone or something is attracting a lot of attention
8	stage (1)	стадия, период, этап	based on Latin stare – стоять. Current senses of the verb date from the early 17th century.	a scene of action or forum of debate, especially in a particular political context
9	community (1)	коммуна, сообщество	from Old French comunete — сообщество	the people of a district or country considered collectively, especially in the context of social values and responsibilities; society
10	сontroversial (1)	контроверсивный, спорный, противоречивый	from late Latin controversialis – относящийсякспору	giving rise to public disagreement
11	course (1)	курс	from Latin cursus- курс	the way in which something progresses or develops
12	ethnic (1)	этничский	from Greek ethnos ‘nation’	relating to a population subgroup with a common national or cultural tradition
13	favor (2)	фавор, протекция	from Latin favor — доброжелательность	approval, support, or liking for someone or something:
14	historic (1)	исторический	via Latin from Greek historikos	famous or important in history, or potentially so
15	mayor (1)	мэр	from the Latin adjective major ‘greater’, used as a noun in late Latin.	the head of a town
16	portion (1)	порция	from Old French porcion, from Latin portio — часть	a part of something divided between people
17	publish (1)	публиковать	from Latin publicare ‘make public	print (something) in a book or journal so as to make it generally known
18	report (1)	сообщать	from Latin reportare ‘bring back’	give a spoken or written account of something
19	respect (1)	респект, уважение	From Latin respectus – уважение	avoid harming or interfering with
20	respond (1)	отвечать, респондент –отвечающий	from Latin respondere – отвечать	say something in reply

The number of cognates found in the text – 20. Considering that some of them are repeated more often than once, the total number of cognates in the text is – 24, i.e. about 3 per cent.

The definitions of some Russian words were taken from the following dictionaries:

Словарь иностранных слов.- Комлев Н.Г.,2006.

РЕСПОНДЕНТ- соц. лицо, отвечающее на анкету социологического, демографического или психологического исследования.

САММИТ — полит. встреча, переговоры глав государств; встреча в верхах.

СЕКЬЮРИТИ — государственная безопасность; контрразведка (обычно об англосаксонских странах).

Словарь иностранных слов, вошедших в состав русского языка.- Чудинов А.Н.,1910.

БОРДЮР (франц. bordure, от bord — край). Украшение по краям чего-либо.

Толковый словарь С.И. Ожегова

II. А́КЦИЯ, -и, жен. (книжн.). Действие, предпринимаемое для достижения какой-н. цели. Дипломатическая а. Военная а.

АННЕ́КСИЯ, -и, жен. (книжн.). Насильственное присоединение государства или части его к другому государству.

КОНФРОНТА́ЦИЯ, -и, жен. (книжн.). Противостояние, противоборство. Политическая к.

ЛЕГИТИ́МНЫЙ, -ая, -ое (спец.). Признаваемый законом, соответствующий закону.

ЛОКА́ЛЬНЫЙ, -ая, -ое; -лен, -льна (книжн.). Местный, не выходящий за определённые пределы. Локальная война.

СА́НКЦИЯ, -и, жен. 2. Мера, принимаемая против стороны, нарушившей соглашение, договор, а также вообще та или иная мера воздействия по отношению к правонарушителю (спец.). Уголовные, административные, дисциплинарные санкции.

ФАВО́Р, -а, муж. (устар.). Покровительство, протекция (употр. теперь в нек-рых выражениях). Барский ф. Быть в фаворе у кого-н. (пользоваться чьим-н. покровительством; разг.). Он сейчас не в фаворе (разг.).

Толковый словарь Д.Н.Ушакова

БРЕШЬ, бреши, жен. 2. перен. Ущерб, ничем не возмещенная утрата, недостача (книжн.). Брешь в бюджете.

ИЗОЛЯ́ЦИЯ, изоляции, мн. нет, жен. 2. Состояние по гл. изолироваться; разобщенность с другими, изолированное положение (книжн.). Обвиняемый приговорен к лишению свободы со строгой изоляцией.

РЕСПЕ́КТ и (ирон. шутл.) решпект, респекта, муж. ( (устар.). Уважение, почтение.

СУВЕРЕНИТЕ́Т, суверенитета, мн. нет, муж. (полит.). || Независимость государства в его внутренних делах, право собственного законодательства.

Энциклопедический словарь 2009г.

ИНСТАЛЛЯ́ЦИЯ -и; ж. 2. Установочные работы, монтаж сооружений, проводка осветительной сети, сборка системы кондиционирования воздуха и т. п.

ИНТЕГРА́ЦИЯ [тэ], -и; ж. 1) Понятие, означающее состояние связанности отдельных дифференцированных частей и функций системы, организма в целое, а также процесс, ведущий к такому состоянию.

Proper names Appendix III

	word	translation	definition
1	Aeroflot (2)	Аэрофлот	the largest airline in Russia
2	Aleksey Chaly (2)	Алексей Чалый
3	Anders Fogh Rasmussen (3)	Андерс Фог Расмуссен
4	Arseniy Yatsenyuk (4)	Арсений Яценюк
5	Barack Obama (6)	Барак Обама
6	Belgium (2)	Бельгия
7	Brussels (3)	Брюссель	the capital and largest city of Belgium and the de facto capital of the European Union
8	Crimea (11)	Крым	the peninsula on the northern coast of the Black Sea that is almost completely surrounded by water
9	European Union, EU (8)	ЕС, Европейский союз	a politico-economic union of 28 member states that are located primarily in Europe
10	G7 (1)	Большая Семерка	the Group of 7 (G7) is a group consisting of the finance ministers and central bank governors of seven major advanced economies
11	G8 (1)	Большая Восьмерка
12	ITAR-TASS (1)	ИТАР-ТАСС	Russian News Agency
13	Kiev (6)	Киев	the capital of Ukraine
14	Moscow (6)	Москва	the capital of Russia
15	NATO (2)	НАТО	North Atlantic Treaty Organization
16	PBS (1)	Служба общественного вещания	Public Broadcasting Service
17	Russia (29)	Россия
18	Sevastopol (1)	Севастополь	a federal city within the Crimean Federal District
19	The Hague (2)	Гаага	one of the major cities hosting the United Nation
20	the Netherlands (1)	Нидерланды
21	Sergei Tsekov (2)	Сергей Чехов
22	Viktor Yanukovych (4)	Виктор Янукович
23	Vladimir Putin (2)	Владимир Путин
24	Ukraine (13)	Украина
25	U.S. (3)	США
26	YouTube (2)		a video-sharing website headquartered in San Bruno, California

The number of proper names found in the text – 26. Considering that some of them are repeated more often than once, the total number of proper names in the text is – 117, i.e. about 13 per cent.

Lexical Analysis of the News Article

All in all, in the presented article there are 227 words (26 per cent), which can be understood by speakers of different European languages. Taking the definite articles the (57 in the news article) into consideration, the number of easily understood words amounts to 33 per cent. This fact highlights how languages and societies are becoming ever more interwoven because of globalization.

The Origin of Internationalisms

Analysis of the data in appendix I demonstrates that most international words originated from Latin (38 out of 58, that is 65 per cent). The other international words originated from Old French – 11 words out of 58, that is 19 per cent; from Ancient Greek – 5 words out of 58, that is – 9 per cent; from English – 3 words out of 58, that is 5 per cent; from Russian – 1 word out of 58, that is 2 per cent.

Top Ten International Words in the Lifestyle-Politics Category

English	Russian	French	definition
annexation	аннексия	annexion	the action of appropriating something, especially territory
confrontation	конфронтация	confrontation	a hostile or argumentative situation or meeting between opposing parties
integrity	интеграция	intégrité	the state of being whole and undivided
international	интернациональный	international	agreed on by all or many nations
isolation	изоляция	isolation f; isolement m	the process or fact of being apart from others
protest	протест	protêt	a statement or action expressing disapproval of or objection to something
referendum	референдум	referendum	a general vote by the electorate on a single political question which has been referred to them for a direct decision
sanction	санкция	sanction	measures taken by a state to coerce another to conform to an international agreement or norms of conduct, typically in the form of restrictions on trade
sovereignty	суверенитет	souveraineté	the authority of a state to govern itself or another state
Soviet	советский	soviétique	of or concerning the former Soviet Union

Conclusion

This research work reveals that the share of international words in the Lifestyle-Politics category is considerable and amounts to 10 per cent. Most of these words originated from Latin. But with the development of communication and contacts the number of Internationalisms taken from other languages is growing.

Languages are the essential medium in which the ability to communicate across culture develops. Knowledge of one or several languages enables us to perceive new horizons, to think globally, and to increase our understanding of ourselves and of our neighbors. Languages are, then, the very lifeline of globalization: without language (or communication), there would be no globalization; and vice versa, without globalization, there would be no world languages (e.g. English, Chinese, French, Spanish, and so on).

The global language system is very much interconnected. And the existence of international words proves it.

References

Schwegler Armin Language and Globalization. University of California, Irvine, 2006

Быков А.А. Анатомия терминов 400 словообразовательных элементов из латыни и греческого. Словообразование и заимствование. http://coollib.net/b/103116/read

Тарасова Л.А. Интернациональная лексика как частный случай заимствований. http://www.rusnauka.com/23_SND_2008/Philologia/26333.doc.htm

Словарь иностранных слов.- Комлев Н.Г.,2006

Словарь иностранных слов, вошедших в состав русского языка.- Чудинов А.Н.,1910.

Толковый словарь С.И. Ожегова

Толковый словарь Д.Н. Ушакова

Энциклопедический словарь 2009г.

http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/

http://lingvo.mail.ru/

http://useful_english.enacademic.com

http://www.globalization101.org/uploads/File/Syllabus-Lang-Globalization.pdf

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