Instead of the term word can be used the term

Lexical
meaning possesses denotational and connotational components. As was
mentioned above one of the functions of words is to denote things,
concepts and so on. Users of a language cannot have any knowledge of
the objects or phenomena of the real world around them unless this
knowledge is embodied in words which have essentially the same
meaning for all speakers of that language. This is the
denotational
meaning,
i.e. that component of the lexical meaning which makes communication
possible. The second component of the lexical meaning is the
connotational
component,
i.e. the emotive charge and the stylistic value of the word. It may
be negative, positive, neutral, common, poetic, archaic, terms,
slang, vulgar words. Words contain an element of emotive evaluation
as part of the connotational meaning; e.g. synonyms large,
big, tremendous
and
like,
love, adore
have the difference in the emotive charge. The emotive charge of the
words tremendous,
and
adore
is
heavier than that of the words large
and
like.
This
does not depend on the “feeling” of the individual speaker but is
true for all speakers of English. The colloquial words daddy,
mammy
are
more emotional than the neutral father,
mother.

Words
differ not only in their emotive charge but also in their stylistic
reference. Stylistically words can be roughly subdivided into
literary, neutral and colloquial layers.
The
greater part of the literary layer of Modern English vocabulary are
words of general use, possessing no specific stylistic reference and
known as neutral
words.
Against
the background of neutral words we can distinguish two major
subgroups —
standard colloquial
words
and literary
or bookish
words.
This may be best illustrated by comparing words almost identical in
their denotational meaning, e. g., “parent
— father — dad”.
In
comparison with the word father
which
is stylistically neutral, dad
stands
out as colloquial and parent
is
felt as bookish.

Specific
subgroups
may
be singled out such as 1)
terms
or
scientific
words,
e. g., renaissance,
genocide, teletype;
2)
poetic
words
and archaisms,
e.g., whilome
— “formerly”,
aught
— “anything”,
ere
— “before”,
albeit
—“although”,
fare
— “walk”,
nay
— “no”;
3)
barbarisms
and foreign
words,
e.g., bon
mot
— “a
clever or witty saying’, apropos,
faux pas, bouquet.

The
colloquial words may be subdivided into:
1) slang,
i.e. words which are often regarded as a violation of the norms of
Standard English, e.g. governor
for
“father”,
missus
for
“wife”,
a gag
for
“a
joke”;
2) professionalisms,
i.e. words used in narrow groups bound by the same occupation, e.g.,
lab
for
“laboratory”,
hypo
for
“hypodermic
syringe”,
a
buster
for
“a
bomb”;
3)
jargonisms,
i.e. words marked by their use within a particular social group and
bearing a secret and cryptic character, e.g. a
sucker
— “a
person who is easily deceived”, a
squiffer —
“a
concertina”; 4) vulgarisms,
i.e. coarse words that are not generally used in public, e.g. bloody,
hell, damn, shut up;
5) dialectical
words,
e.g. lass,
kirk
(шотл.).

SEMINAR
2

KEY
TERMS

meaning
semantics

referent
concept

denotation
connotation

lexical
unit motivation

neutral
words archaisms

morpheme
unit of communication

TOPICS
FOR DISCUSSION AND EXERCISES

1. Semantics
   as the branch of lexicology. Its
   aims and tasks.

2. The word
   and its characteristics.

3. The
   morpheme as the smallest meaningful language unit.

4. Word and
   meaning.

5. Lexical
   meaning and notion.

6. Three
   types of motivation.

7. Different
   approaches to meaning. Denotational and connotational meanings of a
   word.

1. Find out
   the difference in the denotational meaning of the words: appreciate,
   value, cherish.

2. Find out
   the difference in the connotational
   meaning of the words: beautiful,
   beauteous.

3. Comment on
   the connotations the following expressions convey: an
   ugly duckling, the Troyan horse, crocodile tears, a swan song,
   Achilles’ heel.

Test

1.
Linguists try to explain the word-meaning through:

a)
semantic triangle

b)
definition of a word

c)
grammatical forms

d)
pronunciation

2.
Morpheme is:

a)
the main unit of lexical system

b)
the smallest language unit which can stand alone as a complete

utterance

c)
the smallest meaningful language unit

d)
a group of words that exists in the language as a ready-made unit

3.
Archaisms are words which:

a)
ousted some new words

b)
are no longer used in everyday speech

c)
are used to express unimportance

d)
are used instead of new meanings

4.
Instead of the term “word”
can be used the term

a)
utterance

b)
meaning

c)
lexeme

d)
morpheme

5.
There are 2 types of word meaning in words:

a)
grammatical and lexical

b)
lexical and functional

c)
grammatical and connotational

d)
denotational and distinctive

6.
Semantics
is the study of

a)
grammar

b)
word
meanings

c)
phonetics

d)
styles

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Вопросы к зачету по курсу «Лексикология английского языка»

1. Lexicology
   as a branch of linguistics. Its aims and tasks.

2. The
   connection of Lexicology with other branches of linguistics.

3. Lexical
   units. The word as a fundamental unit of the language.

4. Borrowings
   in English.
   Classification of borrowings.

5. Branches
   of lexicology. Semantics,
   its aims and tasks.

6. The word
   and its characteristics.

7. The
   morpheme as the smallest meaningful language unit. A
   morpheme and a word.
   Types of morphemes.

8. Word and
   meaning. Different
   approaches to meaning. Denotational and connotational meanings of a
   word.

9. Types and
   nature of semantic change.

10. Polysemy
    in English.

11. The
    semantic structure of words: polysemantic and mono-semantic words.

12. Classifications
    of meanings of the polysemantic
    word.

13. Types of
    polysemy.

14. Homonyms.
    Classifications
    of homonyms.

15. Synonymy
    and synonymic patterns in the English language. Ideographic
    and stylistic synonyms. Euphemisms.

16. Antonyms
    and parts of speech. Classification of antonyms.

17. General
    characteristics of the English vocabulary.

18. Standard
    English. Nonstandard English.

19. Formal
    style. The properties of formal English and the field of its
    application.

20. Terminology.
    Neologisms: ways of forming, groups of neologisms. Archaisms.

21. What is a
    word combination? Types of word combinations. Classifications of
    word-groups.

22. Phraseology.

    A phraseological
    unit. Types of phraseological units in Modern English.

23. A
    free word combination and a phraseological
    word combination.

24. Word-formation.
    Classification of word-formation.

25. Structural
    types of words in English. Affixation. Classification of affixes.

26. Conversion.
    Semantic groups of converted lexical units.

27. Composition.
    Types of composition.

28. Ways of
    forming compounds.
    Classification
    of compound words.

29. Back-formation,
    abbreviation, clipping, blending.

30. The major
    differences between British and American English in spelling,
    pronunciation, grammar and vocabulary.

31. Lexicography
    as a branch of linguistics.
    The classification of dictionaries.

32. Linguistic
    dictionaries of the English language.

Final test English Lexicology

1. The
   central problem of lexicology is:

a)
word

b)
word-group

c)
sentence

d)
meaning

1. Archaisms
   are words which:

a)
ousted some new words

b)
are no longer used in everyday speech

c)
are used to express unimportance

d)
are used instead of new meanings

1. Semantic
   borrowings are such units when:

a)
a new meaning of the unit existing in the language is borrowed

b)
word-for-word (morpheme-for-morpheme) is translated

c)
words are borrowed with their spelling, pronunciation, meaning

d)
borrowings are fully assimilated in English

1. Morpheme
   is:

a)
the main unit of lexicl system

b)
it is the smallest language unit which can stand alone as a

complete
utterance

c)
the smallest meaningful language unit

d)
a group of words that exists in the language as a ready-made unit.

1. Seme
   is:

a)
the biggest element of the lexical meaning

b)
the grammatical characteristics

c)
a suffix of some nouns

d)
the smallest element of lexical meaning

1. Find an
   example of a free word-group:

a)
to read books

b)
to cry for the moon

c)
to fall in love

d)
to fly into a rage

1. Write
   the American English equivalents for these British

English
words:

1)
holiday, n

2)
lift, n

3)
flat, n

4)
sweets, n

5)
autumn, n

6)
petrol, n

7)
tin, n

post, n

1. English
   is:

a) a
Germanic language

b) a
Scandinavian language

c) a
Romanic-Germanic language

d) a
Romanic language

1. English
   is:

1. a
   synthetic language

2. an
   analytical language

3. a
   mixed language

4. an
   artificial language

10.
Lexicography
is a science dealing with:

a)
studying words

b)
word formation

c)
communication

d)
compiling dictionaries

11.
Affixation is:

a)
a way of word-building consisting in adding an affix to the root of a

definite
part of speech

b)
a way of word-building consisting in adding an affix to the root of a

noun

c)
shortening of words

d)
a type of morphological analysis

12.
Phrasiological units
are
structurally
and semantically:

a)
formal

b)
unstable

c)
semi-free

d)
stable

13.
The words from the basic stock are usually:

a)
monosemantic

b)
pollysemantic

c)
nonstandard

d)
formal

14.
A
synonym is a word:

a)
similar
in sound but of different meaning

b)
similar in grammatical form

c)
different
in sound but of identical meaning

d)
different in context

15.
The word “homonymy” means:

a)
a
word has two or more meaning

b)
the sameness of form combined with the difference in meaning

c)
a change of meaning based on the association of similarity

d)
the process of semantic development

16.
The word “polysemy” means:

a)
secondary meaning of a word

b)
connotational meaning

c)
plurality of meanings

d)
the process of semantic development

17.
Metaphor is a transfer of the meaning on the basis of:

a)
comparison

b)
contiguity

c)
similarity

d)
oppositions

18.
Metonymy is a transfer of the meaning on the basis of:

a)
comparison

b)
contiguity

c)
similarity

d)
oppositions

19.
Semantics
is the study of:

a)
grammar

b)
word
meanings

c)
phonetics

d)
styles

20.

Instead of the term “word”
can be used the term:

a)
utterance

b)
meaning

c)
lexeme

d)
morpheme

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На основании Вашего запроса эти примеры могут содержать грубую лексику.

На основании Вашего запроса эти примеры могут содержать разговорную лексику.

вместо термина

вместо понятия

взамен термина

Instead of the term «local authorities» we recommend using the words «Administration or river commission».

В тексте проекта вместо термина «местные власти» рекомендуем применять «Администрация или речная комиссия».

Lewandowski, too, believe in the idea of transhumanism, but instead of the term «singularity» prefers to use the word «transition».

Левандовски тоже верит в идею трансгуманизма, но вместо термина «сингулярность» предпочитает использовать слово «переход».

Now, instead of the term «affiliate» a new terms «controlling person» and will be used, and «controlled person (controlled company)».

Так, вместо понятия «аффилированные лица» будут применяться такие сочетания: «контролирующее лицо» и «подконтрольное лицо (подконтрольная организация)».

For this reason, the term «instrument» or «arrangement» is used throughout the text, instead of the term «agreement», which implies a legally binding instrument.

По этой причине понятия «договорный инструмент» или «договоренность» используются на протяжении всего текста вместо понятия «соглашение», которое предполагает договорный инструмент, имеющий обязательную юридическую силу.

Instead of the term «accession» I would use the term «assimilation».

Вместо термина «вступление» я бы использовал понятие «ассимиляция».

Instead of the term «HIV» I would love to better use the term «parasitic program».

Вместо термина «ВИЧ» я бы с удовольствием лучше употребил термин «паразитная программа».

Instead of the term EQUITY, a non-profit will substitute the words FUND BALANCE or more recently NET ASSETS.

Вместо термина справедливость, некоммерческих будет заменить словами остаток средств или совсем недавно чистых активов.

Instead of the term «product» (product) proposed the term «goods and services» (goods and services) to facilitate the use and unambiguity of interpretation service providers.

Вместо термина «продукт» (product) предлагается термин «товары и услуги» (goods and services) для упрощения применения и однозначности трактовки организациями, предоставляющими услуги.

By the way, often the word «microbiota» is used instead of the term «microbiome».

Кстати, часто вместо термина «микробиом» употребляют слово «микробиота».

Many doctors do not consider cellulite a disease, medical experts use «gynoid lipodystrophy» instead of the term «cellulite».

Многие врачи не считают целлюлит заболеванием, специалисты-медики вместо термина «целлюлит» используют «гиноидная липодистрофия».

Today, there are often other extreme, when, instead of the term «neurosis» is used several names neurotic, stress-related disorders.

Сегодня нередко наблюдается другая крайность, когда вместо термина «невроз» используется сразу несколько названий невротических, вызванных стрессом расстройств.

In the USSR, this direction was actively picked up, although for political reasons, instead of the term «cybernetics», «automatic control» was used.

В СССР это направление было активно подхвачено, хотя по политическим соображениям вместо термина «кибернетика» использовалось «автоматическое управление».

The article explains the term «Russian-speaking communities» instead of the term «Russian diaspora» supported by the results of empirical statistical and sociological studies.

В статье обосновывается термин «русскоговорящие сообщества» вместо термина «русская диаспора», что подкрепляется результатами эмпирических, статистических и социологических исследований.

In extreme cases, we can use the term «spheral classes of the population» instead of the term «Spherons».

В крайнем случае, мы можем использовать термин «сферные классы населения» вместо термина «Сфероны».

Very often, emphasizing this, instead of the term «sealed batteries» they use the term «sealed batteries».

Очень часто, подчеркивая это, вместо термина «герметичные батареи» употребляют термин «герметизированные батареи».

Since it is becoming increasingly difficult to navigate in a new situation without the ability for intellectual and social interaction with people speaking other languages, the term «orientation» is proposed instead of the term «communication».

Поскольку ориентироваться в новой ситуации без способности к интеллектуальному и социальному взаимодействию с лицами, говорящими на других языках, становится все сложнее, вместо термина «общение» предлагается термин «ориентировка».

The view was expressed that in the guidelines, instead of the term «non-governmental organizations», the term «non-governmental entities» should be used.

Было высказано мнение, что в руководящих принципах вместо термина «неправительственные организации» следует использовать термин «неправительственные юридические лица».

The notion of a political party was isolated from the notion of a public association, and instead of the term «religious association» the term «religious organization» was adopted.

Из общественного объединения выделили политическую партию, а вместо термина «религиозное объединение» принят термин «религиозная организация».

For example, instead of the term «all population vote» — «all-Russia voting», instead of «election voter» — «voting participant», etc.

Например, вместо термина «всенародное голосование» — «общероссийское голосование», вместо «избиратель» — «участник голосования» и т.д.

The research paper states that instead of the term «cryptocurrency», the Financial Stability Board proposes to use the term «crypto assets», which can be considered as financial assets based on the use of cryptography and the technology of a scattered register.

В исследовательском документе говорится, что вместо термина «криптовалюта» Совет по финансовой стабильности предлагает использовать термин «криптовалютный актив» или «криптоактив», который можно считать финансовым активом, основанным на применении криптографии и технологии распределенного леджера.

Ничего не найдено для этого значения.

Результатов: 43. Точных совпадений: 43. Затраченное время: 81 мс

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Индекс выражения: 1-400, 401-800, 801-1200

Индекс фразы: 1-400, 401-800, 801-1200

You don’t want to sound like everyone else, do you? In that case, you need to pick your words carefully. This is especially true for essays, as certain terms are overused all the time in academic writing. We’ve identified a few offenders here (as well as some alternatives you can use).

1. Also

‘Also’ is a great linking word. But if you use it in every other sentence, it will stand out. Luckily, there are other words you can use in its place, such as:

If you’re quoting several sources, you might find yourself using ‘said’ or ‘says’ a lot. To prevent repetition, try using these alternatives: