Input a word in python

О выводе данных в Python читайте тут:

In Python, Using the input() function, we take input from a user, and using the print() function, we display output on the screen. Using the input() function, users can give any information to the application in the strings or numbers format.

After reading this article, you will learn:

• Input and output in Python
• How to get input from the user, files, and display output on the screen, console, or write it into the file.
• Take integer, float, character, and string input from a user.
• Convert the user input to a different data type.
• Command-line input
• How to format output.

Python Input() function

In Python 3, we have the following two built-in functions to handle input from a user and system.

1. input(prompt): To accept input from a user.
2. print(): To display output on the console/screen.

In Python 2,we can use the following two functions:

1. input([prompt])
2. raw_input([prompt])

The input() function reads a line entered on a console or screen by an input device such as a keyboard, converts it into a string. As a new developer, It is essential to understand what is input in Python.

What is the input?

The input is a value provided by the system or user. For example, suppose you want to calculate the addition of two numbers on the calculator, you need to provide two numbers to the calculator. In that case, those two number is nothing but an input provided by the user to a calculator program.

There are different types of input devices we can use to provide data to application. For example: –

• Stems from the keyboard: User entered some value using a keyboard.
• Using mouse click or movement: The user clicked on the radio button or some drop-down list and chosen an option from it using mouse.

In Python, there are various ways for reading input from the user from the command line environment or through the user interface. In both cases, the user is sending information using the keyboard or mouse.

Python Example to Accept Input From a User

Let see how to accept employee information from a user.

• First, ask employee name, salary, and company name from the user
• Next, we will assign the input provided by the user to the variables
• Finally, we will use the print() function to display those variables on the screen.

# take three values from user
name = input("Enter Employee Name: ")
salary = input("Enter salary: ")
company = input("Enter Company name: ")

# Display all values on screen
print("n")
print("Printing Employee Details")
print("Name", "Salary", "Company")
print(name, salary, company)

Output:

Enter Employee Name: Jessa
Enter salary: 8000
Enter Company name: Google

Printing Employee Details
Name Salary Company
Jessa 8000 Google

How input() Function Works

syntax

input([prompt])

• The prompt argument is optional. The prompt argument is used to display a message to the user. For example, the prompt is, “Please enter your name.”
• When the input() function executes, the program waits until a user enters some value.
• Next, the user enters some value on the screen using a keyboard.
• Finally, The input() function reads a value from the screen, converts it into a string, and returns it to the calling program.

Note: If you enter an integer or float number, still, it will convert it into a string. If you want to number input or input in other data types, you need to perform type conversion on the input value.

Let’s understand this with an example.

Example to check data type of input value

number = input("Enter roll number ")
name = input("Enter age ")

print("n")
print('Roll number:', number, 'Name:', name)
print("Printing type of a input values")
print("type of number", type(number))
print("type of name", type(name))

Output:

Enter roll number 22
Enter age Jessa

Roll number: 22 Name: Jessa
Printing type of a input values
type of number <class 'str'>
type of name <class 'str'>

As you know whatever you enter as input, the input() function always converts it into a string.

Read How to check if user input is a number or string.

Take an Integer Number as input from User

Let’s see how to accept an integer value from a user in Python. We need to convert an input string value into an integer using an int() function.

Example:

# program to calculate addition of two input integer numbers

# convert inout into int
first_number = int(input("Enter first number "))
second_number = int(input("Enter second number "))

print("n")
print("First Number:", first_number)
print("Second Number:", second_number)
sum1 = first_number + second_number
print("Addition of two number is: ", sum1)

Output:

Enter first number 28
Enter second number 12

First Number: 28
Second Number: 12
Addition of two number is:  40

Note: As you can see, we explicitly added a cast of an integer type to an input function to convert an input value to the integer type.

Now if you print the type of  first_number you should get integer type.  type(first_number ) will return <class 'int'>

Take Float Number as a Input from User

Same as integer, we need to convert user input to the float number using the float() function

marks = float(input("Enter marks "))
print("n")
print("Student marks is: ", marks)
print("type is:", type(marks))

Output:

Enter marks 74.65

Student marks is:  74.65
type is: <class 'float'>

num1 = int(input("Enter integer number "))
num2 = float(input("Enter float number "))
print("n")
product = num1 * num2
print("Multiplication is:", product)

Get Multiple inputs From a User in One Line

In Python, It is possible to get multiple values from the user in one line. We can accept two or three values from the user.

For example, in a single execution of the input() function, we can ask the user his/her name, age, and phone number and store it in three different variables.

Let’ see how to do this.

• Take each input separated by space
• Split input string using split() get the value of individual input

name, age, marks = input("Enter your Name, Age, Percentage separated by space ").split()
print("n")
print("User Details: ", name, age, marks)

Output:

Enter your name, Age, Percentage separated by space Jessa 18 72.50
User Details:  Jessa 18 72.50

Also, you can take the list as input from the user to get and store multiple values at a time.

Read: How to take a list as an input from a user.

Accept Multiline input From a User

As you know, the input() function does not allow the user to provide values separated by a new line.

If the user tries to enter multiline input, it reads only the first line. Because whenever the user presses the enter key, the input function reads information provided by the user and stops execution.

Let’s see how to gets multiple line input.

We can use a loop. In each iteration of the loop, we can get input strings from the user and join them. You can also concatenate each input string using the + operator separated by newline (n).

Example:

# list to store multi line input
# press enter two times to exit
data = []
print("Tell me about yourself")
while True:
    line = input()
    if line:
        data.append(line)
    else:
        break
finalText = 'n'.join(data)
print("n")
print("Final text input")
print(finalText)

Output:

Tell me about yourself
My Name is Jessa
I am a software engineer

Final text input
My Name is Jessa
I am a software engineer

Python Input() vs raw_input()

• The input() function works differently between Python 3 and Python 2.
• In Python 2, we can use both the input() and raw_input() function to accept user input.
• In Python 3, the raw_input() function of Python 2 is renamed to input() and the original input() function is removed.

The difference between the input() and raw_input() functions is relevant only when using Python 2.

• The main difference between those two functions is input() function automatically converts user input to the appropriate type. i.e., If a user-entered string input() function converts it into a string, and if a user entered a number, it converts to an integer.
• The raw_input() convert every user input to a string.

Let’s see how to use raw_input() in Python 2.

Example 1: Python 2 raw_input() function to take input from a user

# Python 2 code
# raw_input() function
name = raw_input("Enter your name ")
print "Student Name is: ", name
print type(name)

age = raw_input("Enter your age ")
print "Student age is: ", age
print type(age)

Output:

Enter your name Jessa
Student Name is:  Jessa
<type 'str'>

Enter your age 18
Student age is:  18
<type 'str'>

Note: As you can see, raw_input() converted all user values to string type.

Example 2: Python 2 input() function to take input from a user

# Python 2 code
# input() function

name = input("Enter your Name ")
print "Student Name is: ", name
print type(name)

age = input("Enter your age ")
print "Student age is: ", age
print type(age)

Output:

Enter your Name Jessa
Student Name is:  Jessa
<type 'str'>

Enter your age 18
Student age is:  18
<type 'int'>

Note: As you can see, input() converted all user values to appropriate data type.

Note: To get the this behavior of input() in Python 3, use eval(input('Enter Value'))

Command Line input

A command line interface (CLI) is a command screen or text interface called a shell that allows users to interact with a program. 

For example, On windows, we use the Command Prompt and Bash on Linux. command line or command-line interface is a text-based application for viewing, handling, and manipulating files on our computer. The command line also called cmd, CLI, prompt, console, or terminal.

On command-line, we execute program or command by providing input/arguments to it. Also, output and error are displayed A command line.

We can run Python programs on the command line. The command line input is an argument that we pass to the program at runtime.

Python provides following modules to work with command-line arguments.

1. sys module
2. getoptm odule
3. argsparse module
4. fire module
5. docotp module

Python sys module

The Python sys module is the basic module that implements command-line arguments in a simple list structure named sys.argv.

• sys.argv[0]: The first argument is always the program/script name.
• sys.argv: Returns the list of command line arguments.
• len(sys.argv): Count of command line arguments.

Steps:

Write the below code in a file and save it as a sample.py

from sys import argv

print("Total argument passed :", len(argv))

Run the below command on the command line

python sample.py 20 30 40

Output

Total argument passed : 4

Here 10, 20, 30 are command-line arguments passed to the program. Each input represents a single argument.

• The first argument, i.e., sys.argv[0], always represents the Python program name (.py) file
• The other list elements i.e., sys.argv[1] to sys.argv[n] are command-line arguments. Space is used to separate each argument.

Note: argv is not an array. It is a list. This is a straightforward way to read command-line arguments as a string. See the following example to check the type of argv

Example

from sys import argv

print(type(argv))
# Output <class 'list'>

Now let’s see another example where we display all command-line arguments passed to the program.

Example : To Display command line argumnets

from sys import argv

print("All command line inputs")
for value in argv:
    print(value)

Run the below command on the command line

python sample.py 20 30 40

Output

C:Anaconda3>python sample.py 20 30 40
All command line inputs
sample.py
20
30
40

Note : The space is separator between command line arguments.

In Python, by default, command-line arguments are available in string format. Based on our requirement, we can convert it into the corresponding type by using the typecasting method.

See the following example where we change the data type of arguments using the int() method.

Example

from sys import argv

# calculate the addition of two command line input
print('Argument one:')
print('Argument Two:')
add = int(argv[1]) + int(argv[2])
print('Addition is:', add)

Output

C:Anaconda3>python sample.py 20 30
Argument one:
Argument Two:
Addition is: 50

If we try to access arguments with out of the range index on the command line, we will get an error.

from sys import argv

print(argv[2])
print(argv[3])

Output

C:Anaconda3>python sample.py 20
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "sample.py", line 3, in <module>
    print(argv[2])
IndexError: list index out of range

Output in Python

Python has a built-in print() function to display output to the standard output device like screen and console.

Example 1: Display output on screen

# take input
name = input("Enter Name: ")

# Display output
print('User Name:', name)

Output:

Enter Name: Jessa
User Name: Jessa

Example 2: Display Output by separating each value

name = input('Enter Name ')
zip_code = int(input('Enter zip code '))
street = input('Enter street name ')
house_number = int(input('Enter house number '))

# Display all values separated by hyphen
print(name, zip_code, street, house_number, sep="-")

Output:

name = input('Enter Name ')
Enter Name Jessa
Enter zip code 412365
Enter street name abc street
Enter house number 234

Jessa-412365-abc street-234

Output Formatting

Most of the time, we need to format output instead of merely printing space-separated values. For example, we want to display the string left-justified or in the center. We want to show the number in various formats.

You can display output in various styles and formats using the following functions.

• str.format()
• repr()
• str.rjust(), str.ljust() , and str.center().
• str.zfill()
• The % operator can also use for output formatting

Now, Let see each one by one.

str.format() to format output

str.format(*args, **kwargs)

• The str is the string on which the format method is called. It can contain text or replacement fields delimited by braces {}.
• Each replacement field contains either the numeric index of a positional argument present in the format method or the name of a keyword argument.
• The format method returns a formatted string as an output. Each replacement field gets replaced with the actual string value of the corresponding argument present in the format method. i.e., args.

Let see this with an example:

print('FirstName - {0}, LastName - {1}'.format('Ault', 'Kelly'))

Note: Here {0} and {1} is the numeric index of a positional argument present in the format method. i.e., {0} = Ault and {1} = Kelly. Anything that not enclosed in braces {} is considered a plain literal text.

Let see different ways to display output using a format() method. You can find various Formatting options here.

Format Output String by its positions

firstName = input("Enter First Name ")
lastName = input("Enter Last Name ")
organization = input("Enter Organization Name ")

print("n")
print('{0}, {1} works at {2}'.format(firstName, lastName, organization))
print('{1}, {0} works at {2}'.format(firstName, lastName, organization))
print('FirstName {0}, LastName {1} works at {2}'.format(firstName, lastName, organization))
print('{0}, {1} {0}, {1} works at {2}'.format(firstName, lastName, organization))

Output:

Enter First Name Ault
Enter Last Name Kelly
Enter Organization Name Google


Ault, Kelly works at Google
Kelly, Ault works at Google
FirstName Ault, LastName Kelly works at Google
Ault, Kelly Ault, Kelly works at Google

Accessing Output String Arguments by name

name = input("Enter Name ")
marks = input("Enter marks ")

print("n")
print('Student: Name:  {firstName}, Marks: {percentage}%'.format(firstName=name, percentage=marks))

Output:

Enter Name Jhon
Enter marks 74

Student: Name:  Jhon, Marks: 74%

Output Alignment by Specifying a Width

text = input("Enter text ")

print("n")
# left aligned
print('{:<25}'.format(text))  # Right aligned print('{:>25}'.format(text))
# centered
print('{:^25}'.format(text))

Output:

Enter text This is a sample text

This is a sample text    
    This is a sample text
  This is a sample text  

Specifying a Sign While Displaying Output Numbers

positive_number = float(input("Enter Positive Number "))
negative_number = float(input("Enter Negative Number "))

print("n")
# sign '+' is for both positive and negative number
print('{:+f}; {:+f}'.format(positive_number, negative_number))

# sign '-' is only for negative number
print('{:f}; {:-f}'.format(positive_number, negative_number))

Output:

Enter Positive Number 25.25
Enter Negative Number -15.50

+25.250000; -15.500000
25.250000; -15.500000

Display Output Number in Various Format

number = int(input("Enter number "))

print("n")
# 'd' is for integer number formatting
print("The number is:{:d}".format(number))

# 'o' is for octal number formatting, binary and hexadecimal format
print('Output number in octal format : {0:o}'.format(number))

# 'b' is for binary number formatting
print('Output number in binary format: {0:b}'.format(number))

# 'x' is for hexadecimal format
print('Output number in hexadecimal format: {0:x}'.format(number))

# 'X' is for hexadecimal format
print('Output number in HEXADECIMAL: {0:X}'.format(number))

Output:

Enter number 356

The number is:356
Output number in octal format : 544
Output number in binary format: 101100100
Output number in hexadecimal format: 164
Output number in HEXADECIMAL: 164

Display Numbers as a float type

number = float(input("Enter float Number "))

print("n")
# 'f' is for float number arguments
print("Output Number in The float type :{:f}".format(number))

# padding for float numbers
print('padding for output float number{:5.2f}'.format(number))

# 'e' is for Exponent notation
print('Output Exponent notation{:e}'.format(number))

# 'E' is for Exponent notation in UPPER CASE
print('Output Exponent notation{:E}'.format(number))

Output:

Enter float Number 234.567

Output Number in The float type :234.567000
padding for output float number234.57
Output Exponent notation2.345670e+02
Output Exponent notation2.345670E+02

Output String Alignment

Let’s see how to use str.rjust(),   str.ljust() and str.center() to justify text output on screen and console.

text = input("Enter String ")

print("n")
print("Left justification", text.ljust(60, "*"))
print("Right justification", text.rjust(60, "*"))
print("Center justification", text.center(60, "*"))

Output:

Enter String Jessa

Left justification Jessa*******************************************************
Right justification *******************************************************Jessa
Center justification ***************************Jessa****************************

Next Steps

To practice what you learned in this article, I have created a Quiz and Exercise.

• Python Input and Output Exercise
• Python Input and Output Quiz

References:

• Input and Output Documentation
• Python input() function