Immediately follows the word if

Recommended textbook solutions

Does бы have to follow immediately after если?

No, not at all.

Considering a phrase Если бы ты тогда пошёл в театр... бы/б can be moved almost anywhere¹, except in the very beginning of the sentence and in-between a preposition and its noun. All the sentences below are grammatically acceptable:

• Если б ты тогда пошёл в театр...
• Если ты б тогда пошёл в театр...
• Если ты тогда б пошёл в театр...
• Если ты тогда пошёл бы в театр...
• Если ты тогда пошёл в театр бы...

However, placing бы/б at the very end makes it sound somewhat clumsy, like if you’ve decided what exactly you want to say at the very last moment.

Is there a difference or preference as to where to put бы/б?
Since one can put an emphasis on different words in a sentence, stressing

• ты to express that it should’ve been you, as opposed to someone else
• тогда — then, as opposed to some other date or time
• пошёл — given some context it could be walk, as opposed to drive, but in general it is went, as opposed to e.g. stayed home
• в театр — to the theater, as opposed to somewhere else

Positioning бы next to (either before or after) the stressed word makes it sound more natural and in texts — when the choice of intonation is up to a reader — placing бы in front of the stressed word helps writer convey the intended intonation.

Now if you wonder about the difference of бы vs б — grammatically there is none. Commonly бы would be used if the next word starts with б; some people would use б if the next word starts with a vowel and бы otherwise, but those aren’t rock-solid rules. The choice is mostly made based on the preference of a speaker or, say, the foot of a verse.

(¹) Upd: You can exploit the «free word order» even further and move если around, making the phrasing more casual and somewhat archaic. Same rules as with бы apply, but если can appear in the beginning of the sentence. Если can even switch positions with бы, though if you put some distance between бы and если it will delay the point where the reader or listener will be able to distinguish a conditional phrase from a suggestion statement (one without если), making it sound somewhat weird.

If-Then Statements:

Hypothesis and Conclusions

Converting statement to if-then form and identifying the hypothesis and the conclusion.

1. If they obey rules and regulations, then they are good citizens.

H: They obey rules and regulations.

C: They are good citizens.

2. If they are Filipinos, then they are God-fearing people.

H: They are Filipinos.

C: They are God-fearing people.

3. If the sum of the measures is 90 degrees, then they are complementary angles.

H: The sum of the measures is 90 degrees.

C: They are complementary angles.

4. If the opposite sides are parallel, then it is a rectangle.

H: The opposite sides are parallel.

C: It is a rectangle.

5. If a polygon has three sides, then it is a triangle.

H: A polygon has three sides.

C: It is a triangle.

6. If it has four sides, then it is a quadrilateral.

H: It has four sides.

C: It is a quadrilateral.

7. If there are two determined points, then it is a line.

H: There are two determined points.

C: It is a line.

8. If two lines intersect, then the intersection is a point.

H: Two lines intersect.

C: The intersection is a point.

9. If there are two intersecting lines, then they lie in one plane.

H: There are two intersecting lines.

C: They lie in one plane.

10. If the sum of angles is 180°, then it is forming a linear pair.

H: The sum of angles is 180°.

C: It is forming a linear pair.

If-Then Statements or Conditional Statements

Hypotheses followed by a conclusion is called an If-then statement or a conditional statement. It is a combination of two statements by the word if and then.

Hypothesis

Hypotheses is the singular form of hypothesis. The hypothesis of a conditional statement is the phrase immediately following the word if.

Conclusion

The conclusion of a conditional statement is the phrase immediately following the word then.

A conditional statement is symbolized by p → q, in which p is a hypothesis and q is a conclusion. → is the symbol used as the connector in a conditional statement. p → q is read as if p then q or p implies q.

Remember that in identifying the hypothesis and conclusion, the word if is not part of the hypothesis and the word then is not part of the conclusion.

For examples of conditional statements, visit the links.

brainly.ph/question/110650

brainly.ph/question/2063373

brainly.ph/question/1471617

Conditionals: True or False?

Conditionals can either be true or false.

by the following:

A conditional is true if it can be verified by the following:

• fact
• definition
• property
• postulate
• theorem

A conditional is false when the hypothesis is true but the conclusion is false.

#LetsStudy

Содержание темы

1.  Types of Conditionals.
2.  Mixed Conditionals.
3.  Other tenses in conditional sentences.
4.  The Subjunctive.
5.  Present and past reference with ‘I wish’, ‘if only’ and ‘it’s (high) time’.
6.  Expressing wishes and regrets with ‘I wish’ and ‘if only.
7.  ‘Would’ and ‘could’ after ‘I wish’ and ‘if only’.
8.  ‘It’s (high) time’ and ‘It’s (about) time’.
9.  Expressing personal preference with ‘I’d rather/ I’d sooner’.
10.  Expressing preferences about other people’s actions.
11.  ‘I’d rather.

Grammar

Conditionals, If-sentences, The Subjunctive.

Type I Настоящее время	If-придаточое прдложение (hypothesis) + Presen Tenses	Future/Imperatie/can/may/might/must/should + Инфинитив без to
if + любая форма настоящего времени (Present S., Present Cont. or Present Pert.)
If you finish work early, we’ll go for a walk.
If the weather is nice, we’ll go swimming.
	Действия, которые совершаться в настоящем или будущем времени
If you have finished your coffee, we can pay the bill.
If you’re ill, see a doctor! If you burn yourself, it hurts.
Type II Не реальные действия для настоящего или будущего	If + Past Simple or Past Continuous	would/could/might + bare infinitive
If I had money, I would travel round the world. (but I don’t have money — untrue in the present)
If I were a bird, I could fly.
	Нереальные, которые не совершатся. Для настоящего или будущего времени.
If I were you, I would take an umbrella, (advice)
Type III Не реальные действия для прошедшего времени	If + Past Perfect or Past Perfect Continuous	would/could/might + have + past participle
If we hadn’t left so early, we would have missed the plane.
If I had been invited, I would have gone to the party.
If you had told me before about your problems, I would have helped you , but now it’s too late.	Нереальные, которые не совершились. Для прошедшего времени.
If the weather hadn’t been so nasty yesterday, we would not have stayed at home all day long.

Expressions

Conditionals are usually introduced by IF; the following expressions can be uses in stead of IF: providing,  provided (that), as long as, in case, on condition (that), but for (=without), otherwise, or else, what if, supposing, even if, only if, unless.  

2.1 If only: This adds emphasis to hypothetical situations. With past events it adds a sense of regret. The second part of the sentence is often left out.

If only I had enough time!

If only I hadn ‘t drunk too much, this wouldn ‘t have happened!

2.2 Unless and other alternatives

Unless only if not. Not all negative IF-sentences can be transformed into unless sentences.

If he wasn ‘t told by Jane, he couldn ‘t have known.

Unless he was told by Jane, he couldn ‘t have known, (can be changed)

If Mr Smith doesn ‘t come back, he ‘II phone you. (cannot be changed)

If one situation depends on another, it can be replaced by as/so long as, provided or only if.

2.3 Only ifcombines with other time expressions and is used with past simple

Only after posting the letter did I remember that I had forgotten to put on a stamp.  (inversion)

I’ll do what you say provided the police are not informed.

2.4 Even ifdescribes how something will happen whatever the condition.

Even if it rains, we’ll still go for a picnic.

2.5 But for him, I wouldn’t have been able to survive. (If he hadn’t helped me…)

2.6 Supposingit rains, will you still go for a picnic?

2.7 What if it rains,  will you go for a walk?

2.8 We  can omit “if”, when should, were and had come before the subject.

Should, come, tell him to wait for me.

Were you, I would speak to her.  known, he would have told us.

4. Other tenses in conditional sentences

4.1 Going to  Going to can replace will.

If you fall, you ‘re going to hurt yourself.

If you ‘re going to make trouble, we ‘II call the police.

4.2 Present perfect This can be used to emphasis completion after if.

If you’ve finished, then we’ll go. It is also possible in both parts of the sentence.

If I’ve told you once, I’ve told you a hundred times!

4.3 Doubt and uncertainty

An additional not can be added in formal expressions involving doubt. This emphasizes the uncertainty and does not add a negative meaning.

I wouldn ‘t be surprised if it didn ‘t rain. (I think it will rain.)

4.4 Should

if, this makes the possibility of an event seem unlikely.

If you should see Ann, could you ask her to call me?

This implies that I do not expect you to see Ann.

4.5 Were to  This also makes an event seem more hypothetical.

If I were to ask you to marry me, what would you say?

4.6 Happen to

This emphasizes chance possibilities. It is often used with should.

If you happen to see Helen, could you ask her to call me?

If you should happen to be passing, drop in for a cup of tea.

4.7 If it were not for/If it hadn ‘t been for

This describes how one event depends on another.

If it weren ‘t for Jim, this company would be in a mess.

If it hadn‘t been for their goalkeeper, United would have lost.

4.8 Will and would: politeness and emphasis These can be used as polite forms.

If you will/would wait here, I’ll see if Mrs Green is free.

Will can also be used for emphasis, meaning ‘insist on doing’.

If you will stay out late, no wonder you are tired! (insist on staying)

4.9 If and adjectives

In expressions such as if it is necessary/possible it is possible to omit the verb be. If interested, apply within. If necessary, take a taxi.

4.10 Formally if can mean although, usually as if + adjective.

The room was well-furnished, if a little badly decorated.

5.1 Subjunctive sentences: SUBJECT + VERB + THAT + SUBJECT + INF. without to

  John’s mother insisted that he return home early.

5.2.Subjunctive обозначает особую группу глагольных временных форм (типа pres. — be; past — wereforallpersons — для глагола tobe или infinitivewithoutto — для других глаголов), используемых для описания событий, которые вряд ли когда-либо будут иметь место, но которые являются предметом наших надежд, мечтаний, желаний.

5.3 The Present Subjunctive

The Present Subjunctive is used after
Verbs	Impersonal expressions
Indicating that one person wants another one to do something
Advise, order, demand, ask, require, recommend, command, propose, insist, suggest	It is  necessary, important, proposed, recommended, suggested
He suggested that she go there. He suggested that they should go there.	It is suggested that she go there

5.4 Note the difference:

British variant:  I insist that you should leave without her.

   It is recommended that you should publish your book.

American variant:   I insist that you leave without her.

   It is recommended that you publish your book

5.5 The Past Subjunctive prefers to use were instead of was.

She behaves as if she were / was a queen.

I wish it were true

6. Present and past reference with ‘I wish’, ‘if only’ and ‘it’s (high) time’

(I) wish, if only. it’s (high) time and it’s (about) time, we ‘go one tense back’:

1 The past tense refers to the present:I wish I had a better watch! (NOW)

2 The past perfect tense refers to the past:If only you had asked me first! (THEN)

7. Expressing wishes and regrets with ‘I wish’ and ‘if only

7.1 We often use I wish for things that might (still) happen:

I wish I knew the answer! (= it’s possible I might find out the answer)

If only is stronger. We use it to express regret for things that can (now) never happen:

If only your mother were alive now! (Of course, / wish is also possible.)

7.2 We may use the simple past of be after wish and if only

I wish I was on holiday now. If only Tessa was here now!

If we want to be more formal, we use were in all persons

I wish I were on holiday now. If only Tessa were here!

7.3 We may use the past perfect of be for things that can never happen:

I wish I had been on holiday last week. If only Tessa had been here yesterday!

7.4 We use the past or past perfect forms of other verbs:

I wish I knew the answer to your question.

I wish I had known then what I know now!

8. ‘Would’ and ‘could’ after ‘I wish’ and ‘if only’

We must use could, not would, after /and we. Compare:

I can’t swim.                           →        I wish I could swim.

We weren’t together!              →        I wish we could have been together

We sometimes use / wish you (he. she. etc.)would(n’t) like an imperative:

(I am making a lot of noise!)  →   I wish you wouldn’t make so much noise!

(He is making a lot of noise!)  →       I  wish he would be quiet!

9. ‘It’s (high) time’ and ‘It’s (about) time’

We use It’s time, It’s high time and it’s about time to express present or future wishes, or to express our impatience about things that haven’t happened yet:

Kim can’t even boil an egg. — I know.

It’s time/high time/about timeshe learnt to cook!

10. Expressing personal preference with ‘I’d rather/ I’d sooner’

We use would ratherand would soonerto express preference.

We can refer to the present or the future:

I‘d rather/I’d soonerbe a builder than an architect.

Or we can refer to the past:

If I could choose again, I’d rather/sooner have been a builder than an architect.

11. Expressing preferences about other people’s actions

11.1 We can refer to other people after I’d rather or I’d sooner.

I’d rather leave on an earlier train. (= I’m referring to myself)

I’d rather Jackleft on an earlier train. ( I want him to leave)

11.2 We use the past tense form after I’d rather to refer to the present or future.

I’d rather be happy. I’d rather not sit next to her. (= for myself)

I’d rather she were/was happy. (= now)

I’d rather she didn’t sit next to me. (= now)

11.3 We use the past perfect form after I’d rather to refer to past time.

I’d rather have been present. (= then — I’m referring to myself)

I’d rather you had been present, (then)

I’d rather you hadn’t told me about it. (then)

12. ‘I’d rather he didn’t’

We generally omit the main part of the verb in short responses:

12.1 negative responses:    

Frank is going to buy a motorbike. — I’d rather he didn’t.

I′ve told everyone about it.   — I’d rather you hadn’t.

12.2 affirmative responses:

Frank won’t give up his present job. — I’d rather he did.

I haven’t told anyone about it. — I’d rather you had.

12.3 We do not have to repeat the main verb in a complete sentence:

You always go without me and I’d rather you didn’t.

Vocabulary

Ecology and environment. Problems of big cities.

Study the important vocabulary:

1. The weather:  

Cold weather: the chilly days of autumn, cold days of winter, frosts, icy roads, sleet rain and snow, severe blizzards, snowdrifts, freezing weather, the ground thaws, ice melts.

Warm/hot weather: close, stifling, humid, scorching, boiling, mild, heatwave

Wet weather: damp, drizzle, shower, pour down / downpour, storm, thunderstorm, torrential rain, flood; haze/hazy, mist/misty, fog/foggy, smog

Wind: gentle breeze, good wind, blustery day, gale warning, hurricane

2. The Natural World:

Animals: species, reptile, dinosaur, bird, fish, gills, mammal, nest, wing, tail, claws, paw, hoof; Flowers and trees: pollen, leaves, branch, trunk, roots, bark; Names of trees: oak, fir, evergreen pine, birch; Verbs: to flower/blossom, extinct, hibernate, thrive, pick flowers, plant, fertilize, harvest crops.

3. The environment:

Brook, stream, river; hillock, hill, mountain; cove, bay, gulf; copse, wood, forest;   puddle, pond, lake; footpath, lane, road

Where land meets sea: coast, shore, beach, estuary, cliff, cape,  peninsula;

Words connected with rivers: source, tributary, waterfall, mouth, valley, gorge; Words connected with mountains:  foot, ridge, peak, summit, glacier;

4. Environmental problems:

air, river and sea pollution; overfishing, the greenhouse effect, the destruction of the ozone layer, the destruction of the rainforests, battery farming, waste disposal, rubbish, re-cycling

We should: avoid spray cans, practice organic farming, use unleaded petrol, recycle paper and bottle banks

Problems:  overpopulation, unemployment, famine, ignorance, diseases

Раздел: Задания для самостоятельной работы

Grammar

1. I finished digging in half an hour but I felt as if I ____ for hours.

1.  worked
2.  had worked
3.  work
4.  have worked

2. It’s  time we ____ our parents. We ____ them for ____ long time.

1.  visited, haven’t visited, such     
2.  have visited, didn’t see, so
3.  had visited, hadn’t seen, a very
4.  visited, haven’t seen, such a

3. If I had known that he needed money, I ____ him some. I had ____ dollars to spare.

1.  would have borrowed, some
2.  might give, few
3.  would give, a little  
4.  would have lent, a few

4. His gesture ____ impatience. He looked as if he ____ for hours.

1.  indicated, is waiting
2.  offered, had waited
3.  suggested, had been waiting
4.  showed, waited

5. He had written his address down the last morning, she remembered, and said that if she ____ to Paris he ____ happy to see her again.

1.  had ever come, will feel
2.  comes, will be
3.  would come, may be
4.  ever came, would be

6. Minnie had a gift for mathematics and probably could get ____ teaching in the department if she ____ it upon graduation.

1.  a job, wanted
2.  work, will have wanted
3.  job, wished
4.  a position, wants

7. He stood stiff and impotent with anger. She stared into the mirror as if he ____.

1.  doesn’t exist
2.  didn’t exist
3.  hadn’t existed
4.  won’t exist

8. If only we ____ a phone! I’m tired of queueing outside the public phone box.

1.  had had
2.  had
3.  have had
4.  can have

9. He said that if the war ____ he would have to leave the country at once.

1.  breaks out
2.  broken out
3.  broke out
4.  will break out

10. Then he said: «If this man ____, the whole dirty story will come out, and I don’t want it ____ .”

1.  will be arrested, come out
2.  is arrested, to come out
3.  will arrest, coming out
4.  is being arrested, to come out

11. “There are ____ institutions, of course, but it’s not very easy to get into them unless you ____ influential friends.»

1.  charitable, haven’t got
2.  charity’s, have got
3.  charity, don’t have
4.  charity, have

12. “If nothing ____ , said she, beaming at them, we shall be back in England for ____ Christmas.”

1.  will happen, —
2.  happened, a
3.  happens, —
4.  will have happened, the

13. At ____ dawn she looked weak and pale, as though she ____ up all night.

1.  — , had been
2.  the, were
3.  a, was
4.  — , has been

14. They all acted as if they ____ at a family reunion, as if they ____ each other in years.

1.  had been, didn’t see
2.  were, hadn’t seen
3.  were, haven’t seen
4.  have been, hadn’t seen

15. I realized that if they ____ their heads, they ____ my pale face looking at them over the pile of suitcases.

1.  had turned, can see
2.  turned, would be able to see
3.  will turn, will see
4.  have turned, would see

16. “I have some work that ____ be finished before I ____ on my holiday.”

1.  would, will go away
2.  ought, am away
3.  should, will get away
4.  must, get away

17. If Martin ____ her ____ that way he ____ have taken offence.

1.  hears, speaking, can
2.  had heard, speak, would
3.  heard, to speak, might
4.  had heard, speak, must

18. They took care of her as though they ____ her parents.

1.  are
2.  were
3.  had been
4.  have been

19. I ____ to help if I ____ I would be any use.  

1.  would suggest, thought  
2.  will propose, could have thought  
3.  might suggest, could think  
4.  would offer, thought

20. It was long ____ I had last seen her and if someone had not mentioned her name I ____ her.

1.  since, mustn’t have recognized
2.  from, shouldn’t recognize
3.  since, wouldn’t have recognized
4.  while, couldn’t have recognized

21. It’s high time you ____ in ____ bed too, my child.

1.  are, —
2.  must be, the
3.  were, —
4.  should be, a

22. If I hadn’t been there something very unpleasant ____ to him.

1.  could happen
2.  might have happened
3.  was to happen
4.  must have happened

23. If he ____ at once he might have saved us a lot of trouble.

1.  were sent for
2.  is sent for
3.  had been sent for
4.  will be sent for

24. I could not imagine ____ wishing to spend three months there; unless it ____ somebody who wanted to hide.

1.  none, was
2.  someone, was not
3.  people, were not
4.  anyone, was

25. He looked at me as if he ____ what they had on their minds.

1.  is wondering
2.  has been wondering
3.  were wondering
4.  had been wondered

26. I wished that Thomas ____ me there.

1.  has not brought
2.  had not brought
3.  does not bring
4.  was not brought

27. “But we ____ in conference for two hours,” he said. “It’s high time ____ a tea break.”

1.  are, having had
2.  were, we have
3.  have been being, to have
4.  have been, we had

28. If John ____ to see a dentist, let him ____ toothache.

1.  is refusing, to suffer
2.  refuses, suffer
3.  refused, suffering
4.  will refuse, suffering

29. “You had better ____ home. You’re likely to get into trouble if you ____ here.”

1.  go, stay
2.  to go, have stayed
3.  hurry, will stay
4.  to hurry, are staying

30. If we ____ waterproof coats it ____ pleasant enough to drive in that spring rain.

1.  had had, would have been
2.  have had, would be
3.  shall have, is
4.  are having, will be

31. He wondered a little ruefully just what Dad ____ if he ____ about his relations with Jan.

1.  would say, knew
2.  might say, had known
3.  would have said, learns
4.  should say, has learned

32. And then he saw that Doreen ____ , and he felt as though someone ____ him in the stomach.

1.  was crying, has kicked
2.  had been cried, kicked
3.  had been crying, had kicked
4.  cried, had been kicked

33. She scarcely seemed ____ what they were saying. It was as though it ____ her.

1.  hearing, did not concern
2.  to hear, did not concern
3.  listening, was not concerning
4.  to understand, had not concerned

34. She remembered as though it ____ only yesterday the first time she ____ them.

1.  were, was meeting
2.  was, has met
3.  has been, met
4.  had been, had met

1) will be, are … discussing

2) were, were … discussing

3) has been, would … discuss

4) was, will… discuss

36. If you    away with him, go at once, but don’t ask me   him.

1) will go, to meet

2) will be going, to have met

3) are going, to meet

4) have gone, to be meeting

37. I’m not a poet. But if I   poems I   dedicate them to you.

1) would, will

2) can, shall

3) could, would

4) can, would

38. If I   you then, what   you have done?

1) didn’t help, would

2) hadn’t helped, would

3) didn’t, will

4) haven’t helped, will

39. I wish I       poet to describe it to you.

1) were, a

2) am, a

3) had been, the

4) was, the

40. I’m tired. It’s high time you   and me in peace.

1) go, leave

2) have gone, have left

3) would have gone, leave

4) went, left

41. Why  that pie last night? I wish I   that pie last night.

1) did I eat, had eaten

2) did I eat, hadn’t eaten

3) have I eaten, hadn’t eaten

4) did I eat, didn’t eat

42. If she   he was going to be angry about it, she   that.

1) knew, won’t do

2) knows, wouldn’t do

3) had known, wouldn’t have done

4) would know, have done

43. You wouldn’t be so tired today if you   to bed when I told you to. Something should be done to help you.

44. If you     your medicine yesterday, you   today.

1) had taken, would be well

2) took, would be better

3) take, will be good

4) have taken, would have been well

45. If he   such bad writing, I   these letters.

1) didn’t have, can have read

2) didn’t have, could read

3) hadn’t had, can read

4) didn’t have, could have read

46. Why didn’t I ask her out? If only I   her out! Everything   .

1) ask, will change

2) asked, would change

3) had asked, would have changed

4) would ask, had changed

47. If I    overseas instead of him, I   something and   somebody.

1) would go, earnt, were

2) would have gone, have learnt, been

3) had gone, might have learnt, been

4) went, may learn, be

48. If she   with him at this moment, the doubt and loneliness   evaporate. But he was alone.

1) was, will

2) were, would

3) have been, would

4) had been, would have

52. I shall go there provided you   to accompany me. It’s high time you ____  rything.

1) would consent, are knowing

2) will consent, have known

3) would have consented, know

4) consent, knew

53. If he   your remark, he     offence. And what’s more, I’ve just told you that talking mends no holes.

1) had heard, would take

2) heard, would take

3) have heard, would have taken

4) had heard, would have taken

54. He speaks as if he   the subject very well.

1) had known

2) is knowing

3) has known

4) knew

1) were, would have checked

2) were, would check

3) am, will check

4) had been, would check

56. If I a spare ticket tonight I  you to the concert.

1) will have, will take

2) had, would take

3) will have had, can take

4) had had, could take

57. If the snake bite   poisonous, you   very bad now.

1) was, will feel

2) had been, are feeling

3) were, would have felt

4) had been, would feel

58. If she      some lessons, she   her performance.

1) can have, might improve

2) could have, might improve

3) could have had, may improve

4) could have, might to improve

1) will turn away, being

2) will be turning from, have been

3) turn down, be

4) have turned against, to be

1) If had he been, would have accompanied, might not take place

2) Had he been, would have accompanied, might not have taken place

3) Had he been, would accompany, might not have taken place

4) If he had been, would accompany, might not take place

61. If they   here, I   so glad, as they  everything to me.

1) would be, were, would explain

2) were, should be, explained

3) would be, were, explained

4) were, should be, would explain

62. If that you   he  very glad.

1) I had told him, would come, would have been

2) had I told him, would come, had been

3) I told him, would have come, would have been

4) I should tell him, would come, had been

63. If you us then, all the differences might .

64. If you Dr. Smith earlier, you ill now.

1) consult, will be

2) didn’t consult, can be

3) had consulted, wouldn’t be

4) have consulted, won’t be

65. If we the question at that meeting, our demands .

1) had raised, would have been met

2) raised, would meet

3) rise, would be met

4) have raised, won’t be met

66. If it dark, we our way.

1) is, would have lost

2) hadn’ t been, might not have lost

3) wasn’t, can have lost

4) were, will lose

67. I wish you rude remarks about me.

2) are not making

3) wouldn’t make

4) hadn’t made

68. He looked at his sister as if he anything like her.

1) didn’t ever seen

2) has never seen

3) can’t see

4) had never seen

69. The exams . It’s time we down to work.

1) are coming, got

2) come, get

3) will come, are getting

4) have come, are

70. I wish more people in the office your sense of humour, Jack.

1) have

2) can have

3) will have

4) had

Vocabulary

1. Find the right word.

1.  During the storm, the climbers sheltered in a cave/cliff/valley.
2.  The fields were flooded after the river burst its banks/edges/sides.
3.  In the middle of the square there is an old fountain/source/tap.
4.  After the rain the street was full of floods/lakes/puddles.
5.  A small river/stream/torrent runs across the bottom of our garden.
6.  You must carry a lot of water when you cross the desert/plain/sand.
7.  From the peak/summit/top of the hill you can see the sea.
8.  It was difficult to swim because the waters/waves/tides were so high.
9.  I think it’s going to rain. It’s very clouded/clouding/cloudy.
10.   The church caught fire when it was struck by hurricane/lightning/thunder.

2. Choose the right variant:

1. Many people are interested in watching…………

1) wildlife    2) wilds    3) wilderness  

2.The dog………its tail furiously when it saw the children.

1) shook    2) wagged    3) moved    

3. A large………of the tree broke off in the storm.

1) trunk    2) bark    3) branch

4. The children enjoyed rolling down the grassy…………

1) mountain    2) cliff   3) slope

5. There was field after field of golden……….waving in the wind.

1) corn    2) bushes    3) herbs

6. You have to sleep under a net to avoid being bitten by………..

1) lobsters   2) cockroaches    3) mosquitoes

7. Before railways were built, many goods were carried on……….

1) channels    2) canals    3) river.

8. Some wild animals will become………if they get used to people.

1) tame    2) organised    3) petty

3. Put the right word in each space:

1.  We collect honey from our own bee…………………
2.  There’s a rabbit………………..in the corner of this field.
3.  There’s a drinking………………..on the other side of the park.
4.  The hill………………..was covered in beautiful wild flowers.
5.  What’s the weather………………..for tomorrow?
6.  You can see the mountain………………..among the clouds in the distance.

4. Choose the right answer:

1.  There has been another increase/rising in the amount of crime.
2.  The train was in accident/collision with a bus on a level crossing.
3.  Many people were injured when the building demolished/collapsed.
4.  No ships are sailing today because of the high/storm winds.
5.  The government has announced plans to help the poor/poverty.
6.  Everyone agrees that the environment/nature must be protected.
7.  There are few jobs here and many people are away from work/unemployed.
8.  The driver of the bus admitted that he had done/made an error.
9.  There was a large demonstration/manifestation against nuclear power.

5. Put the right word in each space:

1.  Food has been sent to areas in Africa suffering from……………………
2.  Many people live in overcrowded…………………..on the edge of the city.
3.  The cost of…………………..has risen steadily this year.
4.  Thousands of buildings fell down during a severe……………………
5.  The eruption of the volcano was a terrible……………………
6.  Hundreds of people were drowned during the…………………..in China.
7.  Large cities face the problem of what to do with household……………………
8.  Doctors announced that there was now a cure for the……………………

TEXT

Radar

On May 7th, 1915, during the First World War (1914-1918), a large British passenger ship, the Lusitania, was sailing in perfect weather from America to England, with two thousand people on board. Suddenly, at about half past two in the afternoon, there were two fearful explosions. The ship shook from end to end, and many people were thrown off their feet. A German submarine had fired at the Lusitania and blown two holes in her bottom. The sea rushed into her engine-rooms, and almost immediately the ship began to sink.

She sank in only twenty minutes; and nearly one thousand people lost their lives.

The captain could not see the submarine that attacked his ship, and he had no instrument to show him the danger. Now the danger of surprise attacks against ships and collisions with icebergs is greatly reduced by radar. This radio instrument finds the position and distance of objects which the human eye may not be able to see; it also records the direction and speed of moving objects, such as ships and aeroplanes. Radar can pick out objects more than a hundred miles away in the worst weather conditions, when we can see perhaps no farther than a hundred yards.

Radar works in this way. Powerful transmitters send out a stream of radio-waves, called «pulses», at the rate of perhaps one thousand every second. These pulses shoot through the air at a speed of one hundred and eighty-six thousand miles a second till they hit an object, perhaps a ship, an aeroplane, an iceberg or a hill. These pulses cannot go through the object; and so they immediately shoot back at the same speed, in the opposite direction, and hit the aerial of the radar. The moment this happens, a spot or line of light appears on the radar screen, showing the position and distance of the object.

Today radar is used for many peaceful purposes all over the world. Modern ships of all nations carry radar to help them sail in bad weather, when it is possible to see for a distance of perhaps only a few hundred yards. In the past, the captain usually had to anchor his ship at such times and wait for conditions to improve. But today a ship with radar can sail in almost any weather conditions, with no danger of an accident.

Radar also helps to guide aeroplanes across the world. Radio signals called beams are transmitted into the sky from land radio stations at a number of points along their course. The pilots can hear these signals on their radio and see them on their radar screen. The beams arg like sign-posts in the sky. A pilot guides his aeroplane towards one beam, and then flies on to the next beam. At the end of his journey, he will land his aeroplane with the help of radar.

Trained men at the airport watch the aeroplane on their radar screen and tell the pilot by radio the course to follow, they tell him when and by how much to reduce height, and give any other orders that may be necessary.

(Word count 539)

Answer the questions to text

1. The Lusitania was wrecked because

1) she was overloaded with two thousand people aboard

2) of the fearful explosion of some substance she carried on board

3) she got sudden gaps in her bottom

4) she carried out military operations during the First World War

2. Which of the following observations reflects the main idea of the text best of all?

1) Radar is one of the vitally important discoveries of the 20th century

2) Radar could have prevented the catastrophy of the Lusitania

3) To be able to use radar one should know in detail how it works

4) Radar is widely used in aviation and sailing

3. Radar is very helpful in

1) forecasting weather conditions.

2) hitting various objects, such as ships, aeroplanes, icebergs, hills.

3) recording the direction and speed of moving objects over a hundred miles away.

4) sending out radio-waves to transmit information.

4. Which of the following statements is not true?

1) Now the danger of surprise attacks against ships is eliminated by radar.

2) Before the invention of radar sailing must have taken a longer time than now.

3) Ships all over the world began to carry radar not before the invention of the

radio.

4) Radar is used for spotting distant objects.

5. It follows from the text that

1) the passengers of the Lusitania died in the accident.

2) radar is used only in bad weather conditions, when we can see perhaps no

farther than a hundred yards.

3) the radar effect would be impossible if the pulses were not reflected by the

target objects.

4) anyone can guide aeroplanes with the help of radar.

Раздел: Задания для самостоятельной работы

ТЕСТ

I. Выберите единственный правильный вариант из предложенных для заполнения пропуска.

1. The chairman proposed that the matter  _____  at the next meeting.

1) be decided

2) should decide

3) to be decided

4) will be decided

2. If you  _____  this book you  _____  to replace it.

1) will lose, will have

2) lose, will have

3) had lost, must

4) will lose, will need

3. We insist that a meeting _____ as soon as possible.

1) to be held

2) should be held

3) will be held

4) to hold

4. If Alison ____ another half hour’s work, she ____ it by the time the children get home.

1) has done; finished

2) would do; would have finished

3) does; will have finished

4) did; finishes

5. If you  _____  more than 10 books we  _____  the cost of each book by 10%.

1) buy, will reduce

2) will buy, reduce

3) will buy, will reduce

4) have bought, reduced

6. Alison was very surprised and recommended that we ____ all the papers carefully.

1) will check

2) are checking

3) might check

4) should check

7. If I ____ a pay rise, I’m going to buy a new car.

1) will get

2) got

3) get

4) would get

8. Mary-Ann recommended that I _____ careful, and warned not to open the door without asking who it was.

1) need to be

2) was to be

3) will be

4) be

9. I was a trifle taken aback, for my cousin spoke as though he _____ me before and I was afraid my friends would think so.

1) never saw

2) has been seen

3) would have never seen

4) had never seen

10. Henry took her hand and said, looking in her eyes: «I’d rather you ____ anyone about  our conversation.»

1) tell

2) won’t tell

3) didn’t tell

4) don’t tell

11. I wish you ____ me earlier that you can’t come to dinner tonight.

1) tell

2) told

3) had told

4) had been told

12. The children rose  _____  after the poor meal, as if they  _____  at all.

1) hungry, did not eat

2) hungrily, had not eaten

3) feeling hungry, have not eaten

4) hungry, had not eaten

13. «It’s high time you ____ to look after yourself,» Alison demanded.

1) learned

2) learn

3) had learned

4) have learned

14. It’s time that team ____ a match. They haven’t won a match for ages.

1) has won

2) wins

3) won

4) will win

15. I was as awkward and shy with her as if I  _____  poor Henry.

1) had wounded

2) wounded

3) were wounded

4) had been wounded

Рекомендуемая литература

1.  English Grammat in Use, Raymond Murphy, Cambridge University Press, 1997

(pp 74-81)

1.  Advanced Grammar in Use, Martin Hewings, Cambridge University Press, 2000

(рр 198-207)

1.  Tests, Texts and Topics for your English Exams, Ю.Б. Кузьменкова, Издательство “Титул», 2002 (pp 55-57)
2.  The Heinemann English Grammar, Digby Beaumont and Colin Granger, Heintmann, 1992 (рр 111-120)
3.  Revising, Reading and Reasoning for your English Exams, Ю.Б. Кузьменкова, А. Р. Жаворонкова, И. В. Извольская, Издательство “Титул», 2002 (pp 71-76)

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