If not use in a sentence for each word

«The contest has become personalised, if not bitter»

—The contest has become bitter.

«As a worker, he’s lazy and arrogant, if not downright dishonest»

He’s downright dishonest.

«I’m disappointed, if not shocked, at your behaviour.»

—I’m shocked at your behaviour.

The wide and varied English language gives us this «Get out of jail free» card. Isn’t it wonderful? Enjoy!

[Edit] Correcting my mistake in thinking «if not» is always pejorative…

The following, Nothing if not variation might also help:

«She’s nothing if not generous»

—She’s generous -And I won’t tolerate any contradiction of that.

Then there’s the «a little» modifier:(without the «not)

«He’s diligent, if a little slow.»

—He pays so much attention to detail it slows down his work

(or with the «not»):

«He’s diligent if not a little undervalued.»

—He pays attention to his work and his talents are being wasted on this menial work

Or the use of both the «at least» and the «if not a little» modifiers:

«At least the band is relentless if not just a little funny.»

—The band isn’t very good but never gives up and makes me laugh.

If a sentence starts with an if-clause, add a comma after the if-clause. Do not use a comma when the sentence starts with the main clause.

If a sentence starts with an if-clause, add a comma after it.

If I go to New Orleans, I will explore the French Quarter.

If I go to New Orleans I will explore the French Quarter.

The comma is generally unnecessary if the if-clause follows the main clause.

I will explore the French Quarter if I go to New Orleans.

Contents

• 1. Starting a Sentence With an If-clause
• 2. Using ‘If’ in the Middle of a Sentence
• 3. More Examples

1. Starting a Sentence With an If-clause

Examine this example:

If you are hungry, you can cook rice.

This sentence has two clauses:

• «If you are hungry» is the dependent clause; it has a subject and a verb, but cannot stand alone.
• «You can cook rice» is the independent clause; it forms a complete sentence and can stand alone.

When starting a sentence with a dependent clause, add a comma after it.

If you go to England, you have to try the fish and chips.

If you go to England you have to try the fish and chips.

The conjunction «if» has a similar meaning to «whether». In fact, the comma rules for «whether» and «if» are analogous.

Follow the same comma policy when using shorter versions of an if-clause, such as «if necessary» or «if required».

2. Using ‘If’ in the Middle of a Sentence

When the if-clause follows the main clause, the comma before «if» is generally unnecessary.

Call me if you need anything.

Call me, if you need anything.

However, there are exceptions to this practice of not using a comma before «if» in mid-sentence. For example, use a comma to introduce an if-clause as a side note or parenthetic expression (information that could be easily placed between parentheses).

We could go to the movies tomorrow night, if you like.

I wouldn’t worry about that, if I were you.

I learned a few tricks that I’ll keep to myself, if you don’t mind.

When using other subordinating conjunctions, such as «because», follow the same comma strategy.

3. More Examples

• If you want love, lower your expectations.
• Everything is possible if you practice every single day.
• If you want to join the group, you must follow the rules.
• Come with me if you want to live. The Terminator movie
• It’s no surprise that Oliver ended up in jail for fraud. If you play with fire, you get burned.
• Buy the whole package if you want a discount.
• If you want to fly high, you have to give up the things that weigh you down. Priyanka Makkar
• Avoid heavily processed foods if you want to live longer and feel better.
• If you want to build muscle mass, you have to train at least three times each week.
• If it makes you happy, it can’t be that bad. Sheryl Crow song

Write a sentence for each word/phrase.
1. (at the moment)
2. (on Sundays)
3. (in the summer)
4. (always)
5. (right now)
6. (in the winter)
7. (never)

Ok, I found a somewhat ridiculous answer which is basically concatenating a lot of ifs to loop through each word (VBA would be easier here). Below formula is for up to 9 words. If your strings have more you just have to add some FIND(A1," ")+1. Should the formula not work for you, delete the returns in it.

=IFERROR(UPPER(
IF(LEN(A1)-LEN(SUBSTITUTE(A1," ",""))+1>=1,IFERROR(IF(SUM(--(LEFT(A1,FIND(" ",A1)-1)={"the","of","a","and"})),"",LEFT(A1,1)),LEFT(A1,1)),"")&
IF(LEN(A1)-LEN(SUBSTITUTE(A1," ",""))+1>=2,IF(SUM(--(MID(A1,FIND(" ",A1)+1,IFERROR(FIND(" ",A1,FIND(" ",A1)+1),LEN(A1))-(FIND(" ",A1)+1))={"the","of","a","and"})),"",MID(A1,FIND(" ",A1)+1,1)),"")&
IF(LEN(A1)-LEN(SUBSTITUTE(A1," ",""))+1>=3,IF(SUM(--(MID(A1,FIND(" ",A1,FIND(" ",A1)+1)+1,IFERROR(FIND(" ",A1,FIND(" ",A1,FIND(" ",A1)+1)+1),LEN(A1))-(FIND(" ",A1,FIND(" ",A1)+1)+1))={"the","of","a","and"})),"",MID(A1,FIND(" ",A1,FIND(" ",A1)+1)+1,1)),"")&
IF(LEN(A1)-LEN(SUBSTITUTE(A1," ",""))+1>=4,IF(SUM(--(MID(A1,FIND(" ",A1,FIND(" ",A1,FIND(" ",A1)+1)+1)+1,IFERROR(FIND(" ",A1,FIND(" ",A1,FIND(" ",A1,FIND(" ",A1)+1)+1)+1),LEN(A1))-(FIND(" ",A1,FIND(" ",A1,FIND(" ",A1)+1)+1)+1))={"the","of","a","and"})),"",MID(A1,FIND(" ",A1,FIND(" ",A1,FIND(" ",A1)+1)+1)+1,1)),"")&
IF(LEN(A1)-LEN(SUBSTITUTE(A1," ",""))+1>=5,IF(SUM(--(MID(A1,FIND(" ",A1,FIND(" ",A1,FIND(" ",A1,FIND(" ",A1)+1)+1)+1)+1,IFERROR(FIND(" ",A1,FIND(" ",A1,FIND(" ",A1,FIND(" ",A1,FIND(" ",A1)+1)+1)+1)+1),LEN(A1))-(FIND(" ",A1,FIND(" ",A1,FIND(" ",A1,FIND(" ",A1)+1)+1)+1)+1))={"the","of","a","and"})),"",MID(A1,FIND(" ",A1,FIND(" ",A1,FIND(" ",A1,FIND(" ",A1)+1)+1)+1)+1,1)),"")&
IF(LEN(A1)-LEN(SUBSTITUTE(A1," ",""))+1>=6,IF(SUM(--(MID(A1,FIND(" ",A1,FIND(" ",A1,FIND(" ",A1,FIND(" ",A1,FIND(" ",A1)+1)+1)+1)+1)+1,IFERROR(FIND(" ",A1,FIND(" ",A1,FIND(" ",A1,FIND(" ",A1,FIND(" ",A1,FIND(" ",A1)+1)+1)+1)+1)+1),LEN(A1))-(FIND(" ",A1,FIND(" ",A1,FIND(" ",A1,FIND(" ",A1,FIND(" ",A1)+1)+1)+1)+1)+1))={"the","of","a","and"})),"",MID(A1,FIND(" ",A1,FIND(" ",A1,FIND(" ",A1,FIND(" ",A1,FIND(" ",A1)+1)+1)+1)+1)+1,1)),"")&
IF(LEN(A1)-LEN(SUBSTITUTE(A1," ",""))+1>=7,IF(SUM(--(MID(A1,FIND(" ",A1,FIND(" ",A1,FIND(" ",A1,FIND(" ",A1,FIND(" ",A1,FIND(" ",A1)+1)+1)+1)+1)+1)+1,IFERROR(FIND(" ",A1,FIND(" ",A1,FIND(" ",A1,FIND(" ",A1,FIND(" ",A1,FIND(" ",A1,FIND(" ",A1)+1)+1)+1)+1)+1)+1),LEN(A1))-(FIND(" ",A1,FIND(" ",A1,FIND(" ",A1,FIND(" ",A1,FIND(" ",A1,FIND(" ",A1)+1)+1)+1)+1)+1)+1))={"the","of","a","and"})),"",MID(A1,FIND(" ",A1,FIND(" ",A1,FIND(" ",A1,FIND(" ",A1,FIND(" ",A1,FIND(" ",A1)+1)+1)+1)+1)+1)+1,1)),"")&
IF(LEN(A1)-LEN(SUBSTITUTE(A1," ",""))+1>=8,IF(SUM(--(MID(A1,FIND(" ",A1,FIND(" ",A1,FIND(" ",A1,FIND(" ",A1,FIND(" ",A1,FIND(" ",A1,FIND(" ",A1)+1)+1)+1)+1)+1)+1)+1,IFERROR(FIND(" ",A1,FIND(" ",A1,FIND(" ",A1,FIND(" ",A1,FIND(" ",A1,FIND(" ",A1,FIND(" ",A1,FIND(" ",A1)+1)+1)+1)+1)+1)+1)+1),LEN(A1))-(FIND(" ",A1,FIND(" ",A1,FIND(" ",A1,FIND(" ",A1,FIND(" ",A1,FIND(" ",A1,FIND(" ",A1)+1)+1)+1)+1)+1)+1)+1))={"the","of","a","and"})),"",MID(A1,FIND(" ",A1,FIND(" ",A1,FIND(" ",A1,FIND(" ",A1,FIND(" ",A1,FIND(" ",A1,FIND(" ",A1)+1)+1)+1)+1)+1)+1)+1,1)),"")&
IF(LEN(A1)-LEN(SUBSTITUTE(A1," ",""))+1>=9,IF(SUM(--(MID(A1,FIND(" ",A1,FIND(" ",A1,FIND(" ",A1,FIND(" ",A1,FIND(" ",A1,FIND(" ",A1,FIND(" ",A1,FIND(" ",A1)+1)+1)+1)+1)+1)+1)+1)+1,IFERROR(FIND(" ",A1,FIND(" ",A1,FIND(" ",A1,FIND(" ",A1,FIND(" ",A1,FIND(" ",A1,FIND(" ",A1,FIND(" ",A1,FIND(" ",A1)+1)+1)+1)+1)+1)+1)+1)+1),LEN(A1))-(FIND(" ",A1,FIND(" ",A1,FIND(" ",A1,FIND(" ",A1,FIND(" ",A1,FIND(" ",A1,FIND(" ",A1,FIND(" ",A1)+1)+1)+1)+1)+1)+1)+1)+1))={"the","of","a","and"})),"",MID(A1,FIND(" ",A1,FIND(" ",A1,FIND(" ",A1,FIND(" ",A1,FIND(" ",A1,FIND(" ",A1,FIND(" ",A1,FIND(" ",A1)+1)+1)+1)+1)+1)+1)+1)+1,1)),"")
),"")

Conditional Sentences

Online Quizzes

Conditional Sentences Exercise-1

Conditional Sentences True-False Quiz-1

Conditional Sentences True-False Quiz-2

Conditional Sentences True-False Quiz-3

Conditional Sentences / If – Clauses Type I , II and III

Conditional Sentences Examples

Conditional Sentences Exercise-2

Conditional Sentences Exercise-3

Conditional Sentences Exercise-4

Exercise-1

Complete the sentences with the verb in the parentheses.

1. If I have enough apples, I (bake) an apple pie this afternoon.

2. If I had enough apples, I (bake) an apple pie this afternoon.

3. I will fix your bicycle if I (have) a screwdriver of the proper size.

4. I would fix your bicycle if I (have) a screwdriver of the proper size.

5. I (make) a tomato salad for the picnic tomorrow if the tomatoes in my garden are ripe.

6. I (make) a tomato salad for the picnic tomorrow if the tomatoes in my garden were ripe.

7. Jack would shave today if he (have) a sharp razor.

8. Jack will shave today if he (shave) a sharp razor.

9. Sally always answers the phone if she (be) in her office.

10. Sally would answer the phone if she (be) in her office right now.

11. I (not be) a student in this class if English (be) my native language.

Answers

1. will bake	5. will make	9. is
2. would bake	6. would make	10. were
3. have	7. had	11. would not be … were
4. had	8. has

CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

Exercise-2

Complete the sentences with the verb in the parentheses.

1. If I (have) enough money, I will go with you.

2. If I (have) enough money, I would go with you.

3. If I (have) enough money, I would have gone with you.

4. If the weather is nice tomorrow, we (go) to the zoo.

5. If the weather were nice today, we (go) to the zoo.

6. If the weather had been nice today, we (go) to the zoo.

7. If Sally (be) at home tomorrow, I am going to visit her.

8. Jim isn’t home right now. If he (be) at home right now, I (visit) him.

9. Linda wasn’t at home yesterday. If she (be) at home yesterday, I (visit) her.

10. If I (be) were you, I would buy a new bicycle.

11. If my train (be) is late, I will take a taxi.

12. He would have been a doctor now, if he (wad finished) his medical studies.

13. I could understand your friend from Italy if he (spoke) more slowly.

14. If you (went) to London, might see the Queen.

15. What would you do if you (lived) here all the time, as we do?

Answers

1. have	6. would have gone	10. were
2. had	7. Is	11. is
3. had had	8. were … would visit	12. had finished
4. shall / will	9. had been … would	13. spoke
5. would go have visited	14. went	15. lived

CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

Exercise-3

Write a sentence with if…
Example: We don’t visit you very often because you live so far away. — If you didn’t live so far away, we’d visit you more often.

1. He doesn’t speak very clearly – that’s why people don’t understand him.— If he __, people __.

2. That book is too expensive, so I’m not going to buy it. — If the book __, I __ .

3. We don’t go out very often because we can’t afford it. — If we __ .

4. It’s raining, so we can’t have lunch in the garden. — If it __ .

5. I have to work tomorrow evening, so I can’t meet you. – If I .

6. If you __ a wallet in the street, what would you do with it? (find)

7. I must hurry. My friend will be annoyed if I __ on time. (not/be)

8. I didn’t realise that Gary was in hospital. If I __ he was in hospital, I would have gone to visit him. (know)

9. If the phone __, can you answer it? (ring)

10. I can’t decide what to do. What would you do if you __ in my position? (be)

11. If you __ enough money to go anywhere in the world, where would you go? (have)

12. I’m glad we had a map. I’m sure we would have got lost if we __ time. (not/have)

13. The accident was your fault. If you __ more carefully, it wouldn’t have happened.(drive)

14. I can’t take much exercise because I don’t have enough free time. If I .

CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

Answers

1. spoke … would understand	8. had known
2. weren’t… would buy	9. phone rings
3. could afford … would go out	10. were
4. weren’t raining … could have lunch	11. had you
5. didn’t have to work … could meet	12. hadn’t thad
6. found	13. had driven/had been driving
7. am not	14. had / could

CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

Exercise-4

Fill the gaps in the sentences using the words given.

1. If I had more money, __ (you/marry) me?

2. He wouldn’t help you if__ (he/not/like) you.

3. __ (you/find) the machine is quite simple to operate if you look at the manual.

4. __ (your parents/not/be) proud if they could see you now?

5. If__ (I/not/revise) thoroughly, I may fail my test.

6. If you wanted to buy someone a really good present, what sort of thing __ (you/look for)?

7. You’d have a lot more friends if__ (you/not/be) so mean.

8. How __ (you/feel) if you were in my position?

9. Would you change your job if__ (you/can)?

10. If I __ (not/ arrive), they wouldn’t have known what to do.

11. If I __ (lend) you this book, will you take great care of it?

12. If road travel __ weren’t (not/ be) cheaper than rail travel in this country, we wouldn’t have so many traffic jams.

13. If we __ (don’t protect) wild life now, there will be nothing left for future generations.

14. If people (had realised) that smoking was dangerous when they were young, they wouldn’t be having serious health problems now.

15. If she __ (hadn’t failed) that exam, she wouldn’t have met her future husband.

CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

Answers

1. would you marry me	9. you could
2. he didn’t like you	10. hadn’t arrived
3. You’ll find	11. lend
4. Wouldn’t your parents be proud …	12. weren’t
5. I don’t revise	13. don’t profect
6. would you look for	14. had realised
7. you weren’t	15. hadn’t failed
8. would you feel

CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

Exercise-5

Put the verb into the correct form.
Example: If I knew (know) her number, I would telephone her. I wouldn’t buy (not buy)
that coat if I were you.

1. I (give) you a cigarette if I had one but I’m afraid I haven’t.

2. This soup would taste better if it (have) more salt in it.

3. If you (not go) to bed so late every night, you wouldn’t be so tired all the time.

4. I wouldn’t mind living in England if the weather (be) better.

5. I’d help you if I (can) but I’m afraid I can’t.

6. If I were you, I (not marry) him.

7. We would happily buy that house if it (not be) so small.

8. If you (go) to bed earlier, you wouldn’t be so sleepy in the morning.

9. She (lose) weight, if she ate fewer sweets.

10. If the meat (be) a little more done, this would be an excellent meal.

11. This apartment (be) perfect if it were a little larger.

12. If my daughter (be) here, I would be very happy.

13. If you (find) a job abroad, would you take it?

14. If I decided to apply, you (give) me a reference?

15. What would happen to car manufacturers if we all (ride) bicycles?

Answers

1. would give	6. wouldn’t marry	11.would be
2. had	7. weren’t	12.were
3. didn’t go	8. went	13. found
4. were	9. would lose	14. would give
5. could	10.were	15. rode

CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

Exercise-6

Put the verb into the correct form.
Example: They would be rather offended if I didn’t go to see them. (not/go)

1. If you took more exercise, you __ better. (feel)

2. If I were offered a job, I think I __ it. (take)

3. I’m sure Amy will lend you the money. I’d be very surprised if she __ . (refuse)

4. If I sold my car, I __ much money for it. (not/get)

5. A lot of people would be out of work if the factory __ . (close down)

6. What would happen if I __ that red button? (press)

7. Liz gave me this ring. She __ very upset if I lost it. (be)

8. Mark and Carol are expecting us. They would be disappointed if we __. (not/come)

9. Would Tim mind if I __ his bicycle without asking him? (borrow)

10. If somebody __ in here with a gun, I’d be very frightened. (walk)

11. I’m sure Sue __ if you explained the situation to her. (understand)

Answers

1. would feel	5. closed down / were	8. didn’t come
2. would take closed down	9. borrowed
3. refused	6. pressed	10.walked
4. wouldn’t get	7. would be	11. would understand

Exercise-7

Put the verb into the correct form.
Example: If I knew his number, I would phone him. (know)

1. I __ that coat if I were you. (not/buy)

2. I __ you if I could, but I’m afraid I can’t. (help)

3. We would need a car if we __ in the country. (live)

4. If we had the choice, we __ in the country. (live)

5. This soup isn’t very good. It __ better if it weren’t so salty. (taste)

6. I wouldn’t mind living in England if the weather __ better. (be)

7. If I were you, I __ . (not/wait) I __ now. (go)

8. You’re always tired. If you __ to bed so late every night, you wouldn’t be tired all the time. (not/go)

9. I think there are too many cars. If there __ so many cars (not/be), there __ so much pollution. (not/be)

Answers

1. wouldn’t buy	5. would taste	8. didn’t go
2. would help	6. were	9. weren’t… wouldn’t
3. lived	7. wouldn’t wait… be
4. would live would go

Exercise-8

Write a sentence with if for each situation.
Example: I wasn’t hungry, so I didn’t eat anything. — If I’d been hungry, I would have eaten something.

1. The accident happened because the driver in front stopped so suddenly. — If the driver in front __ .

2. I didn’t know that George had to get up early, so I didn’t wake him up. — If I __ .

3. I was able to buy the car only because Jim lent me the money.

4. Margaret wasn’t injured in the crash because she was wearing a seat belt.

5. You didn’t have any breakfast — that’s why you’re hungry now.

6. I didn’t get a taxi because I didn’t have any money on me.

7. I didn’t know you were in hospital. If__ (I/know), __ (I/go) to visit you.

8. Ken got to the station in time to catch his train. If__ (he/miss) it, __ (he/be) late for his interview.

9. It’s good that you remind me about Arm’s birthday. __ (I/forget) if__ (you/not/remind) me.

10. Unfortunately, I didn’t have my address book with me when I was in New York. If __ (I/have) your address, __ (I/send) you a postcard.

11. I took a taxi to the hotel but the traffic was very bad. __ (It/be) quicker if__ (I/walk).

12. I’m not tired. If__ (I/be) tired, I’d go home now.

13. I wasn’t tired last night. If__ (I/be) tired, I would have gone home earlier.

Answers

1. If the driver in front hadn’t stopped so suddenly, the accident wouldn’t have happened.

2. If I’d /1 had known that George had to get up early, I’d/I would have woken him up.

3. If Jim hadn’t lent me the money, I wouldn’t have been able to buy the car / … I couldn’t have bought the car.

4. If Margaret hadn’t been wearing a seat belt, she’d / she would have been injured.

5. If you’d / you had had (some) breakfast, you wouldn’t be hungry now.

6. If I’d /1 had had some money on me, I’d /1 would have got a taxi.

7. If I’d known I would have gone to visit you.

8. he’d missed / he had missed … he would have been / he’d have been

9. I wouldn’t have forgotten / I’d have forgotten … you hadn’t reminded

10. I’d had /1 had had … I’d have sent /1 would have sent

11. It wouldn’t have been … I’d walked /1 had walked

12. I was/I were

13. I’d been tired /1 had been tired

Exercise-9

Complete the sentences.
Example: Liz is tired all the time. She shouldn’t go to bed so late. — If Liz didn’t go to bed so late, she wouldn’t be tired all the time.

1. It’s rather late. I don’t think Ann will come to see us now. I’d be surprised if Ann __ .

2. I’m sorry I disturbed you. I didn’t know you were busy. If I’d known you were busy, I__.

3. The dog attacked you, but only because you provoked it. If__ .

4. I don’t want them to be upset, so I’ve decided not to tell them what happened. They __if__.

5. Unfortunately, I didn’t have an umbrella and so I got wet in the rain. I __ .

6. Martin failed his driving test last week. He was very nervous and that’s why he failed. If he__ .

Answers

1. came

2. wouldn’t have disturbed you

3. If you hadn’t provoked the dog, it wouldn’t have attacked you.

4. They would be upset if I told them what happened /… what had happened

5. I wouldn’t have got (so) wet if I’d had an umbrella.

6. If he hadn’t been (so) nervous, he wouldn’t have failed.

Exercise-10

Fill in the blanks a suitable word. (A) will (B) won’t (C) would (D) wouldn’t

1. What __ you do if you won lots of money?

2. If the students were studying, __ you disturb them?

3. If you make so much noise, I __ be able to sleep.

4. They __ have to hurry or they __ miss the train.

5. They __ have missed the last bus if they had hurried.

6. If I were you, I__buy a new bicycle.

7. If she had locked all the doors, the burglars __ have got in.

8. If my train is late, I __ take a taxi.

9. He must build a strong boat, otherwise he __ be able to sail round the world.

10. If you are a good girl, I __ buy you some chocolate.

11. I __ finish the work if you don’t help me.

12. If only they __ arrive on time.

13. You __ understand unless you listen carefully.

14. If he hadn’t cut his finger, it __ have hurt for weeks.

15. I __ gave you $5 if you do me a favour.

16. If Chris didn’t fall in love with Jane, he __ give her flowers.

Answers

1. ?	2. ?	3. ?	4. A, A	5. D	6. ?	7. D	8. A
9. ?	10.?	11.B	12.C	13.?	14.D	15.A	16.D

CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

Exercise-11

Correct mistakes in these sentences.

1. If he studied more, he would have been able to pass the exam.

2. He would have signed his name in the corner, if he painted that picture.

3. Ben would have studied medicine if he were admitted to a medical school.

4. If water freezes, it has become a solid.

5. If you put too much water in rice when you cook, it got sticky.

6. If Jim’s family meet Karen, I am sure that they would like her.

7. If we had the money, we would have bought a new stereo system.

8. If Barbara was really my friend, she would call me once in a while.

9. If children be healthy, they learn to walk at about eighteen months old.

10. If they have a good sale, I would have stopped by on my way home.

11. If you made your bed in the morning, your room looks better when you got back in the afternoon.

12. If the neighbors hadn’t quieted down, I would have have to call the police.

13. If Mr. Harris is single, I could introduce him to my sister.

14. If orange blossoms are exposed to very cold temperatures, they withered and died.

15. We will wait if you wanted to go.

16. If Judy didn’t drink so much coffee, she wouldn’t have been so nervous.

Answers

1. had studied	9. are healthy, they will learn
2. had painted	10.will stop
3. had been admitted	11. would look better
4. becomes / will become	12.would have had
5. will get sticky	13.were single
6. met	14. wither and die
7. had had the money	15. want to go
8. were really my friends	16. wouldn’t be so nervous

Exercise-12

Define whether the sentences below are TRUE (T) or FALSE (F). Correct mistakes.

1. If he had not tried to jump over the stream, he would not break his leg.

2. If he would be taller, he would be a good basketball player.

3. If my apartment would be larger, I would not have to move.

4. If he was ready, we would begin the lesson.

5. If classes had finished sooner, I would have gone to Kanada last month.

6. If Betty would have driven more carefully, she would not have that accident.

7. If I will finish studying, I will go to the movies with you.

8. If the king had known the truth, he would have been very angry.

9. If Bob had practiced playing tennis more, he will not have lost the game.

10. If he had been here earlier, I would have saw him.

11. If I had seen him, I would have reminded him about his appointment.

12. If you will take a trip this summer, where will you go?

13. If Bob had received his check on time, he had certainly bought a new suit.

14. If she were the only person available, we would have to hire her.

15. If she had told me that she did not have enough money, I would pay for her trip last summer.

Answers

1. F, … he would not have broken …	9. F, … he would not have lost…
2. F, … he were taller …	10. F, … I would have seen him.
3. F, … my apartment were larger …	11. ?
4. F, … he were ready	12. F, … you take a trip …
5. T	13. F, … he would certainly have bought
6. F, … Betty had driven … … .	14.T
7. F, … I finish studying …	15. F, … I would have paid
8. T

CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

Exercise-13

Write sentence with I wish ….
Example: I don’t know many people (and I’m lonely). I wish I knew more people.

1. I can’t give up smoking (but I’d like to). I wish I __ .

2. I haven’t any cigarettes (and I need one). I wish __ .

3. George isn’t here (and I need him). I wish George __ .

4. It’s cold (and I hate cold weather). I wish __ .

5. I live in London (and I hate London). I __ .

6. Tina can’t come to the party (she’s your best friend). I __ .

7. I have to work tomorrow (but I’d like to stay in bed). __ .

8. I don’t know anything about cars (and my car has just broken down). __ .

9. I’m not lying on a beautiful sunny beach (and that’s a pity). __ .

10. Annie doesn’t now how to dance. She __ .

11. I don’t have a key (and I need one). I wish __ .

12. Ann isn’t here (and I need to see her).

13. I live in a big city (and I don’t like it).

14. I can’t go to the party (and I’d like to).

Answers

1. I wish I could give up smoking.

2. I wish I had a cigarette/some cigarettes.

3. I wish George were here.

4. I wish it weren’t so cold.

5. I wish I didn’t live in London.

6. I wish Tina could come to the party.

7. I wish I didn’t have to work tomorrow.

8. I wish I knew something about cars.

9. I wish I were lying on a beautiful sunny beach.

10…. wishes she knew how to dance.

11. I had a key.

12. I wish Ann were here.

13. I wish I didn’t live in a big city.

14. I wish I could go to the party.

CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

Exercise-14

Put the verbs in the parentheses into the correct form. Example: I feel sick. I wish I hadn’t eaten so much cake. (I/not/eat)

1. I’m fed up with this rain. I wish __ raining. (it/stop)

2. It’s a difficult question. I wish __ the answer. (I/know)

3. I should have listened to you. I wish __ your advice. (I/take)

4. I wish __ here. She’d be able to help us. (Ann/be)

5. Aren’t they ready yet? I wish __ . (they/hurry up)

6. It would be nice to stay here. I wish __ to go now. (we/not/have)

7. When we were in London last year, we didn’t have time to see all the things we wanted to see. I wish __ more time. (we/have)

8. It’s freezing today. I wish __ so cold, I hate cold weather. (it/not/be)

9. What I said was stupid. I wish __ anything. (I/not/say)

10. It was a terrible film. I wish __ to see it. (we/not/go)

11. You’re always tired. I wish __ to bed so late. (you/not/go)

12. My brother is in California on vacation, but I wish he (to be) here so that he could help me repair my car.

1. it would stop	7. we had had
2. I knew	8. it weren’t
3. I had taken	9. hadn’t said
4. Ann were	10. I hadn’t gone
5. they would hurry up	11. you wouldn’t go/didn’t go
6. we didn’t have	12. were

CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

Exercise-15

Write a sentence with I wish … for each situation. Example: You’ve eaten too much and now you feel sick. — I wish I hadn’t eaten so much.

1. There was a job advertised in the newspaper. You decided not to apply for it. Now you think that your decision was wrong.

2. When you were younger, you didn’t learn to play a musical instrument. Now you regret this.

3. You’ve painted the gate red. Now you think it doesn’t look very nice.

4. You are walking in the country. You would like to take some photographs but you didn’t bring your camera.

5. You have some unexpected guests. They didn’t tell you they were coming. You are very busy and you are not prepared for them. You say (to yourself): —.

1. I wish I had applied for it.

2. I wish I had learned to play a musical instrument.

3. I wish I hadn’t painted it red. / … painted the gate red.

4. I wish I had bought my camera.

5. I wish they had told me they were coming. /I wish I had known they were coming.

CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

Exercise-16

Define whether the sentences below are TRUE (T) or FALSE (F).
Correct mistakes.

1. I wish Sarah would be here now.

2. I wish you would listen to me.

3. I wish I would have more money.

4. I wish it wouldn’t be so cold today.

5. I wish the weather would change.

6. I wish you wouldn’t complain all the time.

7. I wish everything wouldn’t be so expensive.

8. I wish that it was true.

9. Bill wishes that she were more interested in his work.

10. I wish that he were here.

11 .Gary wishes that he wasn’t working on Sunday.

12. She wishes that the trip is over.

1. F, I wish Sarah were here now.	7. F, I wish everything weren’t so expensive
2. T.	8. F, I wish that it were true
3. F, I wish I had more money.	9. T
4. F, I wish it weren’t so cold today.	10.T
5. T	11. F, weren’t
6. T	12. F, were over

Exercise-17

Complete each sentence using as if.

1. Brian is a terrible driver. He drives __ the only driver on the road.

2. I’m 20 years old, so please don’t talk to me __ a child.

3. Steve has only met Nicola once but he talks about her __ a close friend.

4. It was a long time ago that we first met but I remember it __ yesterday.

5. Norman doesn’t know everything, but he talks __ everything .

6. I’m not a child, but sometimes you talk to me __ a child.

7. She doesn’t know me, so why did she smile at me __ .

8. He’s not my boss, but sometimes he acts __ .

9. Josh is treated fairly but he felt __ .

10. The Brownes are just as poor as we are, but they spend money __ millionaires.

11. Sheila and Brendan aren’t even engaged yet, but Sheila talks about Brendan __ already married.

1. as if he were	5. as if he knew	9. as if he were not
2. as if I were	6. as if I were treated fairly	10. as if they were
3. as if she were	7. as if she knew	11. as if they were
4. as if it were	8. as if he were

CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

Exercise-18

Define whether the sentences below are TRUE(T) or FALSE(F).Correct mistakes.

1. They wish they were able to spend more time in London.

2. My father wishes that he does not have to retire at sixty-five.

3. The farmer wished that he does not lose money on his cotton crop.

4. Abdulla wishes that his soccer team were the national champions.

5. The doctor wishes that he has more free time to play golf.

6. Each of her children wishes that he did not ignore the advice that she gave him.

7. I wish that I was earning more money and working less time.

8. My mother wishes that my father does more work around the house.

9. We wish that we did not have to go to the library this Saturday.

10. My friend Dorothy wishes she was still living in Paris.

11. Steven wishes that he has a bigger apartment.

12. Helen wishes that she did not live in a dormitory.

13. The actor wishes he was not required to perform every evening.

14. Ted wishes that he had not lost his job last month.

15. Bob wishes that he bought that house last spring.

16. I wish I was living in a warmer climate.

CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

1. T 9. T
2. F, … he didn’t have to retire …	10. F, … she were still living …
3. F, … he had not lost money …	11. F, … he had a bigger apartment…
4. T	12.T
5. F, … he had more free time …	13 .F, … he were not required …
6. F, … he had not ignored …	14. T
7. F, … I were earning …	15. F, … he had bought…
8. F, … my father did more work …	16. F, … I were living …

AFFIRMATIVE AND NEGATIVE AGREEMENT

Online Quiz

CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

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Содержание темы

1.  Types of Conditionals.
2.  Mixed Conditionals.
3.  Other tenses in conditional sentences.
4.  The Subjunctive.
5.  Present and past reference with ‘I wish’, ‘if only’ and ‘it’s (high) time’.
6.  Expressing wishes and regrets with ‘I wish’ and ‘if only.
7.  ‘Would’ and ‘could’ after ‘I wish’ and ‘if only’.
8.  ‘It’s (high) time’ and ‘It’s (about) time’.
9.  Expressing personal preference with ‘I’d rather/ I’d sooner’.
10.  Expressing preferences about other people’s actions.
11.  ‘I’d rather.

Grammar

Conditionals, If-sentences, The Subjunctive.

Type I Настоящее время	If-придаточое прдложение (hypothesis) + Presen Tenses	Future/Imperatie/can/may/might/must/should + Инфинитив без to
if + любая форма настоящего времени (Present S., Present Cont. or Present Pert.)
If you finish work early, we’ll go for a walk.
If the weather is nice, we’ll go swimming.
	Действия, которые совершаться в настоящем или будущем времени
If you have finished your coffee, we can pay the bill.
If you’re ill, see a doctor! If you burn yourself, it hurts.
Type II Не реальные действия для настоящего или будущего	If + Past Simple or Past Continuous	would/could/might + bare infinitive
If I had money, I would travel round the world. (but I don’t have money — untrue in the present)
If I were a bird, I could fly.
	Нереальные, которые не совершатся. Для настоящего или будущего времени.
If I were you, I would take an umbrella, (advice)
Type III Не реальные действия для прошедшего времени	If + Past Perfect or Past Perfect Continuous	would/could/might + have + past participle
If we hadn’t left so early, we would have missed the plane.
If I had been invited, I would have gone to the party.
If you had told me before about your problems, I would have helped you , but now it’s too late.	Нереальные, которые не совершились. Для прошедшего времени.
If the weather hadn’t been so nasty yesterday, we would not have stayed at home all day long.

Expressions

Conditionals are usually introduced by IF; the following expressions can be uses in stead of IF: providing,  provided (that), as long as, in case, on condition (that), but for (=without), otherwise, or else, what if, supposing, even if, only if, unless.  

2.1 If only: This adds emphasis to hypothetical situations. With past events it adds a sense of regret. The second part of the sentence is often left out.

If only I had enough time!

If only I hadn ‘t drunk too much, this wouldn ‘t have happened!

2.2 Unless and other alternatives

Unless only if not. Not all negative IF-sentences can be transformed into unless sentences.

If he wasn ‘t told by Jane, he couldn ‘t have known.

Unless he was told by Jane, he couldn ‘t have known, (can be changed)

If Mr Smith doesn ‘t come back, he ‘II phone you. (cannot be changed)

If one situation depends on another, it can be replaced by as/so long as, provided or only if.

2.3 Only ifcombines with other time expressions and is used with past simple

Only after posting the letter did I remember that I had forgotten to put on a stamp.  (inversion)

I’ll do what you say provided the police are not informed.

2.4 Even ifdescribes how something will happen whatever the condition.

Even if it rains, we’ll still go for a picnic.

2.5 But for him, I wouldn’t have been able to survive. (If he hadn’t helped me…)

2.6 Supposingit rains, will you still go for a picnic?

2.7 What if it rains,  will you go for a walk?

2.8 We  can omit “if”, when should, were and had come before the subject.

Should, come, tell him to wait for me.

Were you, I would speak to her.  known, he would have told us.

4. Other tenses in conditional sentences

4.1 Going to  Going to can replace will.

If you fall, you ‘re going to hurt yourself.

If you ‘re going to make trouble, we ‘II call the police.

4.2 Present perfect This can be used to emphasis completion after if.

If you’ve finished, then we’ll go. It is also possible in both parts of the sentence.

If I’ve told you once, I’ve told you a hundred times!

4.3 Doubt and uncertainty

An additional not can be added in formal expressions involving doubt. This emphasizes the uncertainty and does not add a negative meaning.

I wouldn ‘t be surprised if it didn ‘t rain. (I think it will rain.)

4.4 Should

if, this makes the possibility of an event seem unlikely.

If you should see Ann, could you ask her to call me?

This implies that I do not expect you to see Ann.

4.5 Were to  This also makes an event seem more hypothetical.

If I were to ask you to marry me, what would you say?

4.6 Happen to

This emphasizes chance possibilities. It is often used with should.

If you happen to see Helen, could you ask her to call me?

If you should happen to be passing, drop in for a cup of tea.

4.7 If it were not for/If it hadn ‘t been for

This describes how one event depends on another.

If it weren ‘t for Jim, this company would be in a mess.

If it hadn‘t been for their goalkeeper, United would have lost.

4.8 Will and would: politeness and emphasis These can be used as polite forms.

If you will/would wait here, I’ll see if Mrs Green is free.

Will can also be used for emphasis, meaning ‘insist on doing’.

If you will stay out late, no wonder you are tired! (insist on staying)

4.9 If and adjectives

In expressions such as if it is necessary/possible it is possible to omit the verb be. If interested, apply within. If necessary, take a taxi.

4.10 Formally if can mean although, usually as if + adjective.

The room was well-furnished, if a little badly decorated.

5.1 Subjunctive sentences: SUBJECT + VERB + THAT + SUBJECT + INF. without to

  John’s mother insisted that he return home early.

5.2.Subjunctive обозначает особую группу глагольных временных форм (типа pres. — be; past — wereforallpersons — для глагола tobe или infinitivewithoutto — для других глаголов), используемых для описания событий, которые вряд ли когда-либо будут иметь место, но которые являются предметом наших надежд, мечтаний, желаний.

5.3 The Present Subjunctive

The Present Subjunctive is used after
Verbs	Impersonal expressions
Indicating that one person wants another one to do something
Advise, order, demand, ask, require, recommend, command, propose, insist, suggest	It is  necessary, important, proposed, recommended, suggested
He suggested that she go there. He suggested that they should go there.	It is suggested that she go there

5.4 Note the difference:

British variant:  I insist that you should leave without her.

   It is recommended that you should publish your book.

American variant:   I insist that you leave without her.

   It is recommended that you publish your book

5.5 The Past Subjunctive prefers to use were instead of was.

She behaves as if she were / was a queen.

I wish it were true

6. Present and past reference with ‘I wish’, ‘if only’ and ‘it’s (high) time’

(I) wish, if only. it’s (high) time and it’s (about) time, we ‘go one tense back’:

1 The past tense refers to the present:I wish I had a better watch! (NOW)

2 The past perfect tense refers to the past:If only you had asked me first! (THEN)

7. Expressing wishes and regrets with ‘I wish’ and ‘if only

7.1 We often use I wish for things that might (still) happen:

I wish I knew the answer! (= it’s possible I might find out the answer)

If only is stronger. We use it to express regret for things that can (now) never happen:

If only your mother were alive now! (Of course, / wish is also possible.)

7.2 We may use the simple past of be after wish and if only

I wish I was on holiday now. If only Tessa was here now!

If we want to be more formal, we use were in all persons

I wish I were on holiday now. If only Tessa were here!

7.3 We may use the past perfect of be for things that can never happen:

I wish I had been on holiday last week. If only Tessa had been here yesterday!

7.4 We use the past or past perfect forms of other verbs:

I wish I knew the answer to your question.

I wish I had known then what I know now!

8. ‘Would’ and ‘could’ after ‘I wish’ and ‘if only’

We must use could, not would, after /and we. Compare:

I can’t swim.                           →        I wish I could swim.

We weren’t together!              →        I wish we could have been together

We sometimes use / wish you (he. she. etc.)would(n’t) like an imperative:

(I am making a lot of noise!)  →   I wish you wouldn’t make so much noise!

(He is making a lot of noise!)  →       I  wish he would be quiet!

9. ‘It’s (high) time’ and ‘It’s (about) time’

We use It’s time, It’s high time and it’s about time to express present or future wishes, or to express our impatience about things that haven’t happened yet:

Kim can’t even boil an egg. — I know.

It’s time/high time/about timeshe learnt to cook!

10. Expressing personal preference with ‘I’d rather/ I’d sooner’

We use would ratherand would soonerto express preference.

We can refer to the present or the future:

I‘d rather/I’d soonerbe a builder than an architect.

Or we can refer to the past:

If I could choose again, I’d rather/sooner have been a builder than an architect.

11. Expressing preferences about other people’s actions

11.1 We can refer to other people after I’d rather or I’d sooner.

I’d rather leave on an earlier train. (= I’m referring to myself)

I’d rather Jackleft on an earlier train. ( I want him to leave)

11.2 We use the past tense form after I’d rather to refer to the present or future.

I’d rather be happy. I’d rather not sit next to her. (= for myself)

I’d rather she were/was happy. (= now)

I’d rather she didn’t sit next to me. (= now)

11.3 We use the past perfect form after I’d rather to refer to past time.

I’d rather have been present. (= then — I’m referring to myself)

I’d rather you had been present, (then)

I’d rather you hadn’t told me about it. (then)

12. ‘I’d rather he didn’t’

We generally omit the main part of the verb in short responses:

12.1 negative responses:    

Frank is going to buy a motorbike. — I’d rather he didn’t.

I′ve told everyone about it.   — I’d rather you hadn’t.

12.2 affirmative responses:

Frank won’t give up his present job. — I’d rather he did.

I haven’t told anyone about it. — I’d rather you had.

12.3 We do not have to repeat the main verb in a complete sentence:

You always go without me and I’d rather you didn’t.

Vocabulary

Ecology and environment. Problems of big cities.

Study the important vocabulary:

1. The weather:  

Cold weather: the chilly days of autumn, cold days of winter, frosts, icy roads, sleet rain and snow, severe blizzards, snowdrifts, freezing weather, the ground thaws, ice melts.

Warm/hot weather: close, stifling, humid, scorching, boiling, mild, heatwave

Wet weather: damp, drizzle, shower, pour down / downpour, storm, thunderstorm, torrential rain, flood; haze/hazy, mist/misty, fog/foggy, smog

Wind: gentle breeze, good wind, blustery day, gale warning, hurricane

2. The Natural World:

Animals: species, reptile, dinosaur, bird, fish, gills, mammal, nest, wing, tail, claws, paw, hoof; Flowers and trees: pollen, leaves, branch, trunk, roots, bark; Names of trees: oak, fir, evergreen pine, birch; Verbs: to flower/blossom, extinct, hibernate, thrive, pick flowers, plant, fertilize, harvest crops.

3. The environment:

Brook, stream, river; hillock, hill, mountain; cove, bay, gulf; copse, wood, forest;   puddle, pond, lake; footpath, lane, road

Where land meets sea: coast, shore, beach, estuary, cliff, cape,  peninsula;

Words connected with rivers: source, tributary, waterfall, mouth, valley, gorge; Words connected with mountains:  foot, ridge, peak, summit, glacier;

4. Environmental problems:

air, river and sea pollution; overfishing, the greenhouse effect, the destruction of the ozone layer, the destruction of the rainforests, battery farming, waste disposal, rubbish, re-cycling

We should: avoid spray cans, practice organic farming, use unleaded petrol, recycle paper and bottle banks

Problems:  overpopulation, unemployment, famine, ignorance, diseases

Раздел: Задания для самостоятельной работы

Grammar

1. I finished digging in half an hour but I felt as if I ____ for hours.

1.  worked
2.  had worked
3.  work
4.  have worked

2. It’s  time we ____ our parents. We ____ them for ____ long time.

1.  visited, haven’t visited, such     
2.  have visited, didn’t see, so
3.  had visited, hadn’t seen, a very
4.  visited, haven’t seen, such a

3. If I had known that he needed money, I ____ him some. I had ____ dollars to spare.

1.  would have borrowed, some
2.  might give, few
3.  would give, a little  
4.  would have lent, a few

4. His gesture ____ impatience. He looked as if he ____ for hours.

1.  indicated, is waiting
2.  offered, had waited
3.  suggested, had been waiting
4.  showed, waited

5. He had written his address down the last morning, she remembered, and said that if she ____ to Paris he ____ happy to see her again.

1.  had ever come, will feel
2.  comes, will be
3.  would come, may be
4.  ever came, would be

6. Minnie had a gift for mathematics and probably could get ____ teaching in the department if she ____ it upon graduation.

1.  a job, wanted
2.  work, will have wanted
3.  job, wished
4.  a position, wants

7. He stood stiff and impotent with anger. She stared into the mirror as if he ____.

1.  doesn’t exist
2.  didn’t exist
3.  hadn’t existed
4.  won’t exist

8. If only we ____ a phone! I’m tired of queueing outside the public phone box.

1.  had had
2.  had
3.  have had
4.  can have

9. He said that if the war ____ he would have to leave the country at once.

1.  breaks out
2.  broken out
3.  broke out
4.  will break out

10. Then he said: «If this man ____, the whole dirty story will come out, and I don’t want it ____ .”

1.  will be arrested, come out
2.  is arrested, to come out
3.  will arrest, coming out
4.  is being arrested, to come out

11. “There are ____ institutions, of course, but it’s not very easy to get into them unless you ____ influential friends.»

1.  charitable, haven’t got
2.  charity’s, have got
3.  charity, don’t have
4.  charity, have

12. “If nothing ____ , said she, beaming at them, we shall be back in England for ____ Christmas.”

1.  will happen, —
2.  happened, a
3.  happens, —
4.  will have happened, the

13. At ____ dawn she looked weak and pale, as though she ____ up all night.

1.  — , had been
2.  the, were
3.  a, was
4.  — , has been

14. They all acted as if they ____ at a family reunion, as if they ____ each other in years.

1.  had been, didn’t see
2.  were, hadn’t seen
3.  were, haven’t seen
4.  have been, hadn’t seen

15. I realized that if they ____ their heads, they ____ my pale face looking at them over the pile of suitcases.

1.  had turned, can see
2.  turned, would be able to see
3.  will turn, will see
4.  have turned, would see

16. “I have some work that ____ be finished before I ____ on my holiday.”

1.  would, will go away
2.  ought, am away
3.  should, will get away
4.  must, get away

17. If Martin ____ her ____ that way he ____ have taken offence.

1.  hears, speaking, can
2.  had heard, speak, would
3.  heard, to speak, might
4.  had heard, speak, must

18. They took care of her as though they ____ her parents.

1.  are
2.  were
3.  had been
4.  have been

19. I ____ to help if I ____ I would be any use.  

1.  would suggest, thought  
2.  will propose, could have thought  
3.  might suggest, could think  
4.  would offer, thought

20. It was long ____ I had last seen her and if someone had not mentioned her name I ____ her.

1.  since, mustn’t have recognized
2.  from, shouldn’t recognize
3.  since, wouldn’t have recognized
4.  while, couldn’t have recognized

21. It’s high time you ____ in ____ bed too, my child.

1.  are, —
2.  must be, the
3.  were, —
4.  should be, a

22. If I hadn’t been there something very unpleasant ____ to him.

1.  could happen
2.  might have happened
3.  was to happen
4.  must have happened

23. If he ____ at once he might have saved us a lot of trouble.

1.  were sent for
2.  is sent for
3.  had been sent for
4.  will be sent for

24. I could not imagine ____ wishing to spend three months there; unless it ____ somebody who wanted to hide.

1.  none, was
2.  someone, was not
3.  people, were not
4.  anyone, was

25. He looked at me as if he ____ what they had on their minds.

1.  is wondering
2.  has been wondering
3.  were wondering
4.  had been wondered

26. I wished that Thomas ____ me there.

1.  has not brought
2.  had not brought
3.  does not bring
4.  was not brought

27. “But we ____ in conference for two hours,” he said. “It’s high time ____ a tea break.”

1.  are, having had
2.  were, we have
3.  have been being, to have
4.  have been, we had

28. If John ____ to see a dentist, let him ____ toothache.

1.  is refusing, to suffer
2.  refuses, suffer
3.  refused, suffering
4.  will refuse, suffering

29. “You had better ____ home. You’re likely to get into trouble if you ____ here.”

1.  go, stay
2.  to go, have stayed
3.  hurry, will stay
4.  to hurry, are staying

30. If we ____ waterproof coats it ____ pleasant enough to drive in that spring rain.

1.  had had, would have been
2.  have had, would be
3.  shall have, is
4.  are having, will be

31. He wondered a little ruefully just what Dad ____ if he ____ about his relations with Jan.

1.  would say, knew
2.  might say, had known
3.  would have said, learns
4.  should say, has learned

32. And then he saw that Doreen ____ , and he felt as though someone ____ him in the stomach.

1.  was crying, has kicked
2.  had been cried, kicked
3.  had been crying, had kicked
4.  cried, had been kicked

33. She scarcely seemed ____ what they were saying. It was as though it ____ her.

1.  hearing, did not concern
2.  to hear, did not concern
3.  listening, was not concerning
4.  to understand, had not concerned

34. She remembered as though it ____ only yesterday the first time she ____ them.

1.  were, was meeting
2.  was, has met
3.  has been, met
4.  had been, had met

1) will be, are … discussing

2) were, were … discussing

3) has been, would … discuss

4) was, will… discuss

36. If you    away with him, go at once, but don’t ask me   him.

1) will go, to meet

2) will be going, to have met

3) are going, to meet

4) have gone, to be meeting

37. I’m not a poet. But if I   poems I   dedicate them to you.

1) would, will

2) can, shall

3) could, would

4) can, would

38. If I   you then, what   you have done?

1) didn’t help, would

2) hadn’t helped, would

3) didn’t, will

4) haven’t helped, will

39. I wish I       poet to describe it to you.

1) were, a

2) am, a

3) had been, the

4) was, the

40. I’m tired. It’s high time you   and me in peace.

1) go, leave

2) have gone, have left

3) would have gone, leave

4) went, left

41. Why  that pie last night? I wish I   that pie last night.

1) did I eat, had eaten

2) did I eat, hadn’t eaten

3) have I eaten, hadn’t eaten

4) did I eat, didn’t eat

42. If she   he was going to be angry about it, she   that.

1) knew, won’t do

2) knows, wouldn’t do

3) had known, wouldn’t have done

4) would know, have done

43. You wouldn’t be so tired today if you   to bed when I told you to. Something should be done to help you.

44. If you     your medicine yesterday, you   today.

1) had taken, would be well

2) took, would be better

3) take, will be good

4) have taken, would have been well

45. If he   such bad writing, I   these letters.

1) didn’t have, can have read

2) didn’t have, could read

3) hadn’t had, can read

4) didn’t have, could have read

46. Why didn’t I ask her out? If only I   her out! Everything   .

1) ask, will change

2) asked, would change

3) had asked, would have changed

4) would ask, had changed

47. If I    overseas instead of him, I   something and   somebody.

1) would go, earnt, were

2) would have gone, have learnt, been

3) had gone, might have learnt, been

4) went, may learn, be

48. If she   with him at this moment, the doubt and loneliness   evaporate. But he was alone.

1) was, will

2) were, would

3) have been, would

4) had been, would have

52. I shall go there provided you   to accompany me. It’s high time you ____  rything.

1) would consent, are knowing

2) will consent, have known

3) would have consented, know

4) consent, knew

53. If he   your remark, he     offence. And what’s more, I’ve just told you that talking mends no holes.

1) had heard, would take

2) heard, would take

3) have heard, would have taken

4) had heard, would have taken

54. He speaks as if he   the subject very well.

1) had known

2) is knowing

3) has known

4) knew

1) were, would have checked

2) were, would check

3) am, will check

4) had been, would check

56. If I a spare ticket tonight I  you to the concert.

1) will have, will take

2) had, would take

3) will have had, can take

4) had had, could take

57. If the snake bite   poisonous, you   very bad now.

1) was, will feel

2) had been, are feeling

3) were, would have felt

4) had been, would feel

58. If she      some lessons, she   her performance.

1) can have, might improve

2) could have, might improve

3) could have had, may improve

4) could have, might to improve

1) will turn away, being

2) will be turning from, have been

3) turn down, be

4) have turned against, to be

1) If had he been, would have accompanied, might not take place

2) Had he been, would have accompanied, might not have taken place

3) Had he been, would accompany, might not have taken place

4) If he had been, would accompany, might not take place

61. If they   here, I   so glad, as they  everything to me.

1) would be, were, would explain

2) were, should be, explained

3) would be, were, explained

4) were, should be, would explain

62. If that you   he  very glad.

1) I had told him, would come, would have been

2) had I told him, would come, had been

3) I told him, would have come, would have been

4) I should tell him, would come, had been

63. If you us then, all the differences might .

64. If you Dr. Smith earlier, you ill now.

1) consult, will be

2) didn’t consult, can be

3) had consulted, wouldn’t be

4) have consulted, won’t be

65. If we the question at that meeting, our demands .

1) had raised, would have been met

2) raised, would meet

3) rise, would be met

4) have raised, won’t be met

66. If it dark, we our way.

1) is, would have lost

2) hadn’ t been, might not have lost

3) wasn’t, can have lost

4) were, will lose

67. I wish you rude remarks about me.

2) are not making

3) wouldn’t make

4) hadn’t made

68. He looked at his sister as if he anything like her.

1) didn’t ever seen

2) has never seen

3) can’t see

4) had never seen

69. The exams . It’s time we down to work.

1) are coming, got

2) come, get

3) will come, are getting

4) have come, are

70. I wish more people in the office your sense of humour, Jack.

1) have

2) can have

3) will have

4) had

Vocabulary

1. Find the right word.

1.  During the storm, the climbers sheltered in a cave/cliff/valley.
2.  The fields were flooded after the river burst its banks/edges/sides.
3.  In the middle of the square there is an old fountain/source/tap.
4.  After the rain the street was full of floods/lakes/puddles.
5.  A small river/stream/torrent runs across the bottom of our garden.
6.  You must carry a lot of water when you cross the desert/plain/sand.
7.  From the peak/summit/top of the hill you can see the sea.
8.  It was difficult to swim because the waters/waves/tides were so high.
9.  I think it’s going to rain. It’s very clouded/clouding/cloudy.
10.   The church caught fire when it was struck by hurricane/lightning/thunder.

2. Choose the right variant:

1. Many people are interested in watching…………

1) wildlife    2) wilds    3) wilderness  

2.The dog………its tail furiously when it saw the children.

1) shook    2) wagged    3) moved    

3. A large………of the tree broke off in the storm.

1) trunk    2) bark    3) branch

4. The children enjoyed rolling down the grassy…………

1) mountain    2) cliff   3) slope

5. There was field after field of golden……….waving in the wind.

1) corn    2) bushes    3) herbs

6. You have to sleep under a net to avoid being bitten by………..

1) lobsters   2) cockroaches    3) mosquitoes

7. Before railways were built, many goods were carried on……….

1) channels    2) canals    3) river.

8. Some wild animals will become………if they get used to people.

1) tame    2) organised    3) petty

3. Put the right word in each space:

1.  We collect honey from our own bee…………………
2.  There’s a rabbit………………..in the corner of this field.
3.  There’s a drinking………………..on the other side of the park.
4.  The hill………………..was covered in beautiful wild flowers.
5.  What’s the weather………………..for tomorrow?
6.  You can see the mountain………………..among the clouds in the distance.

4. Choose the right answer:

1.  There has been another increase/rising in the amount of crime.
2.  The train was in accident/collision with a bus on a level crossing.
3.  Many people were injured when the building demolished/collapsed.
4.  No ships are sailing today because of the high/storm winds.
5.  The government has announced plans to help the poor/poverty.
6.  Everyone agrees that the environment/nature must be protected.
7.  There are few jobs here and many people are away from work/unemployed.
8.  The driver of the bus admitted that he had done/made an error.
9.  There was a large demonstration/manifestation against nuclear power.

5. Put the right word in each space:

1.  Food has been sent to areas in Africa suffering from……………………
2.  Many people live in overcrowded…………………..on the edge of the city.
3.  The cost of…………………..has risen steadily this year.
4.  Thousands of buildings fell down during a severe……………………
5.  The eruption of the volcano was a terrible……………………
6.  Hundreds of people were drowned during the…………………..in China.
7.  Large cities face the problem of what to do with household……………………
8.  Doctors announced that there was now a cure for the……………………

TEXT

Radar

On May 7th, 1915, during the First World War (1914-1918), a large British passenger ship, the Lusitania, was sailing in perfect weather from America to England, with two thousand people on board. Suddenly, at about half past two in the afternoon, there were two fearful explosions. The ship shook from end to end, and many people were thrown off their feet. A German submarine had fired at the Lusitania and blown two holes in her bottom. The sea rushed into her engine-rooms, and almost immediately the ship began to sink.

She sank in only twenty minutes; and nearly one thousand people lost their lives.

The captain could not see the submarine that attacked his ship, and he had no instrument to show him the danger. Now the danger of surprise attacks against ships and collisions with icebergs is greatly reduced by radar. This radio instrument finds the position and distance of objects which the human eye may not be able to see; it also records the direction and speed of moving objects, such as ships and aeroplanes. Radar can pick out objects more than a hundred miles away in the worst weather conditions, when we can see perhaps no farther than a hundred yards.

Radar works in this way. Powerful transmitters send out a stream of radio-waves, called «pulses», at the rate of perhaps one thousand every second. These pulses shoot through the air at a speed of one hundred and eighty-six thousand miles a second till they hit an object, perhaps a ship, an aeroplane, an iceberg or a hill. These pulses cannot go through the object; and so they immediately shoot back at the same speed, in the opposite direction, and hit the aerial of the radar. The moment this happens, a spot or line of light appears on the radar screen, showing the position and distance of the object.

Today radar is used for many peaceful purposes all over the world. Modern ships of all nations carry radar to help them sail in bad weather, when it is possible to see for a distance of perhaps only a few hundred yards. In the past, the captain usually had to anchor his ship at such times and wait for conditions to improve. But today a ship with radar can sail in almost any weather conditions, with no danger of an accident.

Radar also helps to guide aeroplanes across the world. Radio signals called beams are transmitted into the sky from land radio stations at a number of points along their course. The pilots can hear these signals on their radio and see them on their radar screen. The beams arg like sign-posts in the sky. A pilot guides his aeroplane towards one beam, and then flies on to the next beam. At the end of his journey, he will land his aeroplane with the help of radar.

Trained men at the airport watch the aeroplane on their radar screen and tell the pilot by radio the course to follow, they tell him when and by how much to reduce height, and give any other orders that may be necessary.

(Word count 539)

Answer the questions to text

1. The Lusitania was wrecked because

1) she was overloaded with two thousand people aboard

2) of the fearful explosion of some substance she carried on board

3) she got sudden gaps in her bottom

4) she carried out military operations during the First World War

2. Which of the following observations reflects the main idea of the text best of all?

1) Radar is one of the vitally important discoveries of the 20th century

2) Radar could have prevented the catastrophy of the Lusitania

3) To be able to use radar one should know in detail how it works

4) Radar is widely used in aviation and sailing

3. Radar is very helpful in

1) forecasting weather conditions.

2) hitting various objects, such as ships, aeroplanes, icebergs, hills.

3) recording the direction and speed of moving objects over a hundred miles away.

4) sending out radio-waves to transmit information.

4. Which of the following statements is not true?

1) Now the danger of surprise attacks against ships is eliminated by radar.

2) Before the invention of radar sailing must have taken a longer time than now.

3) Ships all over the world began to carry radar not before the invention of the

radio.

4) Radar is used for spotting distant objects.

5. It follows from the text that

1) the passengers of the Lusitania died in the accident.

2) radar is used only in bad weather conditions, when we can see perhaps no

farther than a hundred yards.

3) the radar effect would be impossible if the pulses were not reflected by the

target objects.

4) anyone can guide aeroplanes with the help of radar.

Раздел: Задания для самостоятельной работы

ТЕСТ

I. Выберите единственный правильный вариант из предложенных для заполнения пропуска.

1. The chairman proposed that the matter  _____  at the next meeting.

1) be decided

2) should decide

3) to be decided

4) will be decided

2. If you  _____  this book you  _____  to replace it.

1) will lose, will have

2) lose, will have

3) had lost, must

4) will lose, will need

3. We insist that a meeting _____ as soon as possible.

1) to be held

2) should be held

3) will be held

4) to hold

4. If Alison ____ another half hour’s work, she ____ it by the time the children get home.

1) has done; finished

2) would do; would have finished

3) does; will have finished

4) did; finishes

5. If you  _____  more than 10 books we  _____  the cost of each book by 10%.

1) buy, will reduce

2) will buy, reduce

3) will buy, will reduce

4) have bought, reduced

6. Alison was very surprised and recommended that we ____ all the papers carefully.

1) will check

2) are checking

3) might check

4) should check

7. If I ____ a pay rise, I’m going to buy a new car.

1) will get

2) got

3) get

4) would get

8. Mary-Ann recommended that I _____ careful, and warned not to open the door without asking who it was.

1) need to be

2) was to be

3) will be

4) be

9. I was a trifle taken aback, for my cousin spoke as though he _____ me before and I was afraid my friends would think so.

1) never saw

2) has been seen

3) would have never seen

4) had never seen

10. Henry took her hand and said, looking in her eyes: «I’d rather you ____ anyone about  our conversation.»

1) tell

2) won’t tell

3) didn’t tell

4) don’t tell

11. I wish you ____ me earlier that you can’t come to dinner tonight.

1) tell

2) told

3) had told

4) had been told

12. The children rose  _____  after the poor meal, as if they  _____  at all.

1) hungry, did not eat

2) hungrily, had not eaten

3) feeling hungry, have not eaten

4) hungry, had not eaten

13. «It’s high time you ____ to look after yourself,» Alison demanded.

1) learned

2) learn

3) had learned

4) have learned

14. It’s time that team ____ a match. They haven’t won a match for ages.

1) has won

2) wins

3) won

4) will win

15. I was as awkward and shy with her as if I  _____  poor Henry.

1) had wounded

2) wounded

3) were wounded

4) had been wounded

Рекомендуемая литература

1.  English Grammat in Use, Raymond Murphy, Cambridge University Press, 1997

(pp 74-81)

1.  Advanced Grammar in Use, Martin Hewings, Cambridge University Press, 2000

(рр 198-207)

1.  Tests, Texts and Topics for your English Exams, Ю.Б. Кузьменкова, Издательство “Титул», 2002 (pp 55-57)
2.  The Heinemann English Grammar, Digby Beaumont and Colin Granger, Heintmann, 1992 (рр 111-120)
3.  Revising, Reading and Reasoning for your English Exams, Ю.Б. Кузьменкова, А. Р. Жаворонкова, И. В. Извольская, Издательство “Титул», 2002 (pp 71-76)