I can t hear a word though he seems

1


THE INFINITIVE FORMS AND FUNCTIONS (Составила Смогунова О.С)

2


Инфинитив. Формы и функции. Инфинитив – это неличная форма глагола, которая дает отвлеченное, обобщенное понятие о действии, не выражая лица, числа и наклонения. Инфинитив обладает свойствами глагола и существительного. Свойства глагола Свойства существительного имеет видовременные формы имеет формы залога может иметь дополнения определяется наречиями характеризуется частицей to (V 0 ) В предложении выполняет те же синтаксические функции, что и существительное

3


В современном английском языке имеется развитая система форм инфинитива. Active (активный залог) Passive (страдательный залог) IndefiniteTo ask спрашивать To be asked быть спрошенным (спрашиваемым) ContinuousTo be asking Спрашивать в какой-нибудь определенный момент PerfectTo have asked Спросить до какого-нибудь момента To have been asked Быть спрошенным (спрашиваемым) до какого-нибудь момента Perfect Continuous To have been asking to have been Ving Спрашивать в течении отрезка времени, предшествующего какому-нибудь моменту

4


Формы инфинитива Indefinite и Continuous указывают на ОДНОВРЕМЕННОСТЬ действия инфинитива с действием глагола-сказуемого, причем длительная форма указывает на действие в процессе его развертывания одновременно с действием сказуемого. Im glad to here it. — Я рад слышать это. I was glad to here it. — Я был рад услышать это. I shall be glad to be speaking to you again next week. — Я буду рад поговорить с вами на будущей неделе снова.

5


Форма Perfect указывает на то, что действие, выраженное инфинитивом, ПРЕДШЕСТВОВАЛО действию сказуемого. Im sorry to have left you along. Извините, что я оставил вас в одиночестве.

6


Синтаксические функции инфинитива в предложении и способы их перевода на русский язык. ПодлежащееTo read a lot is to know much.Много читать – много знать. ОбстоятельствоMy brother went to Oxford to study. Мой брат поехал в Оксфорд (для того, чтобы) учиться. Часть сказуемогоHe doesnt seem to be writing anything now. Похоже, что сейчас он ничего не пишет. ДополнениеDo you want to go to the lecture? Ты хочешь (что?)пойти на лекцию? ОпределениеHe expressed a desire to help me. Он выразил желание (какое?) помочь мне.

7


Как определение инфинитив примыкает к определяемому существительному справа и выражает действие еще не реализованное, возможное или необходимое, которое подлежит осуществлению в будущем. We have some questions to discuss. – У нас есть несколько вопросов, которые необходимо обсудить.

8


Задание 1. Найдите в тексте инфинитивы, переведите предложения с инфинитивами на русский язык, определите форму и функцию инфинитива в предложении. 1. I cant hear a word, though he seems to be speaking. 2. Im happy not to have failed you. 3. I felt that to send the letter to Porcharlester would only pain him uselessly. 4. We were sorry to find out that most of the museums we wanted to see that day were closed. 5. We didnt expect the boy to turn up so soon. 6. One of the students was suddenly taken ill and had to be operated on immediately: he had to miss quite a number of lessons. 7. He was so sorry to have missed so many lessons just before the exam.

9


Инфинитив без частицы to. 1. После модальных глаголов must, can (could), may (might), need. You must do it at once. He can speak German. May I come in? Need he come here? Вы должны это сделать немедленно. Он умеет говорить по-немецки. Можно мне войти? Нужно ли ему приходить сюда? 2. После глаголов to make – заставлять to let – разрешать и иногда после to help – помогать (особенно в США) I let him go there. She made me cry. Help me (to) do it now. Я разрешил ему пойти туда. Она заставила меня заплакать. Помоги мне сделать это сейчас. 3. В обороте «объектный падеж с инфинитивом» после глаголов to see видеть, to watch наблюдать, to here слышать, to feel чувствовать и некоторых других I saw her leave the room. I heard her sing. I felt him put his hand on my shoulder. Я видел, как она вышла из комнаты. Я слышал, как она поет. Я почувствовал, как он положил руку на мое плечо. Примечание: когда глаголы, перечисленные в пп. 2 и 3, употреблены в страдательном залоге, следующий за ним инфинитив употребляется с частицей to. He was made to do it. 4. После выражений had better лучше бы, would rather, would sooner предпочел бы You had better go there at once. I would rather not tell them about it. He said he would sooner stay at home. Вам бы лучше пойти туда немедленно. Я предпочел бы не говорить им об этом. Он сказал, что предпочел бы остаться дома.

10


Задание 2. Поставьте где нужно частицу to перед инфинитивом. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на функцию инфинитива в предложении. 1) I think you ought… apologize. 2) Make him … speak louder. 3) Help me … carry this bag. 4)My son asked me … let him … go to the party. 5) I must … go to the country. 6) It cannot … be done today. 7) She asked me … read the letter carefully and … write an answer. The man told me not … walk on the grass. 9) Let me … help you with the work. 10) We had better … stop to rest a little. 11) I dont know what … do. 12) He was seen … leave the house. 13) I cannot … go with you now, I have some work … do. 14) You must make him … practice an hour a day. 15) I looked for the book everywhere but could not … find it. 16) She was made … repeat the song. 17) Would you rather learn French than English? 18) He had … miss quite a number of lectures. 19) He was very sorry … have missed so many lessons just before the exams. 20) The boy was let to the film after 10 oclock. 21) … walk in the garden was a pleasure.

11


Образец: We must speak slowly. We dont want to wake him up. – We must speak slowly not to wake him up. 1) It is very cold. We cant bath. 2) The boy is very young. He cant have a front-door key. 3) It was too dark. We couldnt see the car. 4) I sent the son out of the room. I wonted to discuss his problems with the headmaster. 5) He sent his children to his sisters house. He wanted to have some rest. 6) Dont let the baby play with my glasses. He may break them. 7) We must take our gloves. We dont want to get frozen. Задание 3. Объедините следующие предложения, употребив нужную форму инфинитива.

12


Задание 4. Переведите предложения на английский язык, обращая внимание на форму и функцию инфинитива. 1) Кататься на коньках приятно. 2) Дети могут пойти погулять. 3) Я сказал ему пойти туда. 4) Я счастлив слышать это. 5) Сегодня слишком холодно, чтобы купаться. 6) Помоги мне открыть дверь. 7) я слишком устал, чтобы идти в ресторан сегодня. Я пришел, чтобы поговорить с вами о важном деле

Другие языки

1. THE INFINITIVE

FORMS AND FUNCTIONS
(Составила Смогунова О.С)

2. Инфинитив. Формы и функции.

Инфинитив – это неличная форма глагола, которая дает
отвлеченное, обобщенное понятие о действии, не
выражая лица, числа и наклонения. Инфинитив
обладает свойствами глагола и существительного.
Свойства глагола
Свойства существительного
имеет видовременные
формы
имеет формы залога
может иметь дополнения
определяется наречиями
характеризуется частицей
“to” (V0)
В предложении выполняет те
же синтаксические функции,
что и существительное

3. В современном английском языке имеется развитая система форм инфинитива.

Indefinite
Active
(активный залог)
Passive
(страдательный залог)
To ask
спрашивать
To be asked
быть спрошенным
(спрашиваемым)
Continuous
Perfect
To be asking
Спрашивать в какой-нибудь
определенный момент
To have asked
To have been asked
Спросить до какого-нибудь
Быть спрошенным
(спрашиваемым) до
какого-нибудь
момента
момента
Perfect
Continuous
To have been asking
to
have been Ving
Спрашивать в течении отрезка
времени, предшествующего
какому-нибудь моменту

4.

Формы инфинитива Indefinite и Continuous
указывают на ОДНОВРЕМЕННОСТЬ действия
инфинитива с действием глагола-сказуемого,
причем длительная форма указывает на
действие в процессе его развертывания
одновременно с действием сказуемого.
I’m glad to here it. — Я рад слышать это.
I was glad to here it. — Я был рад услышать это.
I shall be glad to be speaking to you again next
week. — Я буду рад поговорить с вами на
будущей неделе снова.

5.

Форма Perfect указывает на то, что
действие, выраженное
инфинитивом, ПРЕДШЕСТВОВАЛО
действию сказуемого.
I’m sorry to have left you along.
Извините, что я оставил вас в
одиночестве.

6. Синтаксические функции инфинитива в предложении и способы их перевода на русский язык.

Подлежащее
To read a lot is to know much.
Много читать – много
знать.
Обстоятельство
My brother went to Oxford to
study.
Мой брат поехал в
Оксфорд (для того,
чтобы) учиться.
Часть сказуемого
He doesn’t seem to be writing
anything now.
Похоже, что сейчас он
ничего не пишет.
Дополнение
Do you want to go to the
lecture?
Ты хочешь
(что?)пойти на
лекцию?
Определение
He expressed a desire to help
me.
Он выразил желание
(какое?) помочь мне.

7.

Как определение инфинитив примыкает
к определяемому существительному
справа и выражает действие еще не
реализованное, возможное или
необходимое, которое подлежит
осуществлению в будущем.
We have some questions to discuss. – У
нас есть несколько вопросов, которые
необходимо обсудить.

8.

Задание №1. Найдите в тексте
инфинитивы, переведите предложения с
инфинитивами на русский язык,
определите форму и функцию инфинитива
в предложении.
1. I can’t hear a word, though he seems to be speaking.
2. I’m happy not to have failed you.
3. I felt that to send the letter to Porcharlester would only pain
him uselessly.
4. We were sorry to find out that most of the museums we
wanted to see that day were closed.
5. We didn’t expect the boy to turn up so soon.
6. One of the students was suddenly taken ill and had to be
operated on immediately: he had to miss quite a number
of lessons.
7. He was so sorry to have missed so many lessons just
before the exam.

9. Инфинитив без частицы to.

1. После модальных глаголов
must, can (could), may (might), need.
You must do it at once.
He can speak German.
May I come in?
Need he come here?
Вы должны это сделать немедленно.
Он умеет говорить по-немецки.
Можно мне войти?
Нужно ли ему приходить сюда?
2. После глаголов
to make – заставлять
to let – разрешать
и иногда после to help – помогать
(особенно в США)
I let him go there.
She made me cry.
3. В обороте «объектный падеж с
инфинитивом» после глаголов to
see видеть, to watch наблюдать, to
here слышать, to feel чувствовать
и некоторых других
I saw her leave the room.
I heard her sing.
I felt him put his hand on my
shoulder.
Я разрешил ему пойти туда.
Она заставила меня заплакать.
Помоги мне сделать это сейчас.
Help me (to) do it now.
Я видел, как она вышла из комнаты.
Я слышал, как она поет.
Я почувствовал, как он положил руку на
мое плечо.
Примечание: когда глаголы, перечисленные в пп. 2 и 3, употреблены в страдательном залоге, следующий за
ним инфинитив употребляется с частицей to. He was made to do it.
4. После выражений
had better лучше бы,
would rather,
would sooner предпочел бы
You had better go there at once.
I would rather not tell them about it.
He said he would sooner stay at
home.
Вам бы лучше пойти туда немедленно.
Я предпочел бы не говорить им об этом.
Он сказал, что предпочел бы остаться
дома.

10.

Задание №2. Поставьте где нужно частицу to перед инфинитивом.
Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на
функцию инфинитива в предложении.
1) I think you ought… apologize.
2) Make him … speak louder.
3) Help me … carry this bag.
4)My son asked me … let him … go to the party.
5) I must … go to the country.
6) It cannot … be done today.
7) She asked me … read the letter carefully and … write an answer.
The man told me not … walk on the grass.
9) Let me … help you with the work.
10) We had better … stop to rest a little.
11) I don’t know what … do.
12) He was seen … leave the house.
13) I cannot … go with you now, I have some work … do.
14) You must make him … practice an hour a day.
15) I looked for the book everywhere but could not … find it.
16) She was made … repeat the song.
17) Would you rather learn French than English?
18) He had … miss quite a number of lectures.
19) He was very sorry … have missed so many lessons just before the exams.
20) The boy was let to the film after 10 o’clock.
21) … walk in the garden was a pleasure.

11.

Задание №3. Объедините следующие
предложения, употребив нужную форму
инфинитива.
• Образец: We must speak slowly. We don’t want to
wake him up. – We must speak slowly not to wake
him up.
• 1) It is very cold. We can’t bath. 2) The boy is very
young. He can’t have a front-door key. 3) It was
too dark. We couldn’t see the car. 4) I sent the son
out of the room. I wonted to discuss his problems
with the headmaster. 5) He sent his children to his
sister’s house. He wanted to have some rest. 6)
Don’t let the baby play with my glasses. He may
break them. 7) We must take our gloves. We don’t
want to get frozen.

12.

Задание №4. Переведите предложения на
английский язык, обращая внимание на
форму и функцию инфинитива.
1) Кататься на коньках приятно.
2) Дети могут пойти погулять.
3) Я сказал ему пойти туда.
4) Я счастлив слышать это.
5) Сегодня слишком холодно, чтобы купаться.
6) Помоги мне открыть дверь.
7) я слишком устал, чтобы идти в ресторан
сегодня.
Я пришел, чтобы поговорить с вами о важном
деле

1. После
   вспомогательных
   и
   модальных
   глаголов
   do,
   does, did, will, shall, can, may, must, should, would

Can
I
help
you?
— Я могу Вам помочь?

1. В составе сложного
   дополнения с глаголами чувственного
   и физического восприятия: to
   see,
   to
   hear,
   to
   watch,
   to
   feel,
   to
   notice,
   и to
   make
   (заставлять), to
   let
   (позволять):

I
saw
him
enter
the
office.
— Я видел, что он вошел в офис.

Let
her
finish
this
work.
— Пусть она закончит эту работу.

Don’t
make
me
do
it.
— Не заставляй меня делать это.

1. В оборотах You‘d
   better,
   I‘d
   rather
   (sooner)-Вам
   бы лучше, я бы предпочел:

You’d
better learn
it by heart. — Вам
бы
лучше
выучить
это
наизусть.

I
would
rather
not
post
this
letter.
— Я предпочел бы не отправлять это
письмо.

Exercises:

Ex.
1. Study the following chart, pay attention to the Passive
Infinitive. Translate the sentences into Russian.

Ex. 2. Give the passive
forms of the following infinitives, translate them:

to use, to deliver, to read,
to speak, to write, to have written, to do, to have used, to have
attended, to show, to take, to ask, to inform, to say, to have
translated, not to speak, not to write, not to go, not to see, not
to do, not to want, not to eat, not to form.

Ex.3. Fill in the
blanks with the particle «to» where necessary:

1. I want … sing the new
   song, but I cannot … do it because I have no ear for music.

2. Can’t you … make your boy
   … prepare his lessons well?

3. She wanted me … go there
   immediately.

4. You may … do it when you
   like, only remember this is … be done well.

5. We asked him … tell us the
   story in detail.

6. He watched the old man …
   walk slowly uphill.

7. I never meant … offend
   you.

8. Let her … play as long as
   she wants.

9. You must … do it at once.

10. I would rather … take this
    book.

11. You had better … go there.

12. I would rather not … tell
    them about it.

13. Let him … go there.

14. I can … speak German.

15. I saw her … leave the
    room.

Ex. 4. Translate the
sentences paying attention to the functions on the infinitive:

1. I have done all I could to
   help him.

2. He agreed to help us.

3. What makes you look like
   that?

4. To invite friends and to go
   with them for a walk was his favourite entertainment.

5. The next evening I went to
   see his house.

6. The old lady’s favourite
   occupation was to watch the children play.

7. I am too busy to go there
   more than once a week.

8. This is a good place to
   rest.

9. Could you let me do it
   alone?

10. It is impossible to go there
    today.

11. It is necessary to finish
    our work in time.

12. He ordered a taxi to be at
    the door at 9 o’clock.

13. We have a lot of problems to
    solve.

14. I shall buy some magazines
    to read on the journey.

15. It is the only thing to do.

16. His dream was to enter the
    University.

Ex. 5. Translate the
sentences from English into Russian:

1. There is a man downstairs
   who wants to see you.

2. Our wish is to help you.

3. I invited her to dine with
   us.

4. I am anxious to continue my
   work.

5. To help him was impossible.

6. Everything was done to save
   him.

7. Who has promised to go there
   at once?

8. You should know how to spell
   the word.

9. Who can lend me a pencil?

10. I have to leave for Moscow
    next Thursday.

11. The boys got up at 6 o’clock
    not to miss the train.

12. She was the first to come to
    classes.

13. To decide is to act.

14. I have come here to talk to
    you.

Ex. 6. Find the
Infinitive. Translate from English into Russian:

1. To know a foreign language
   is necessary for many specialists.

2. In order to know a foreign
   language well one must read and speak as much as possible.

3. To solve this problem is
   extremely important.

4. To solve this problem you
   have to make a great many experiments.

5. To drive a car in a big city
   is very difficult.

6. It takes the rays of the sun
   8 minutes to get to the Earth.

7. To help our fiends is our
   duty.

8. Many of our students work
   hard to carry out their assignments as soon as possible.

9. To avoid the accident the
   cars had to move very slowly.

10. It takes me an hour to get
    to the institute.

11. To get new magazines I had
    to go to the library.

12. These houses are too small
    to be seen from there.

13. He was too tired to be asked
    any questions.

14. To calculate the age of our
    planet one must have much knowledge in different branches of
    science.

15. He knew me too well not to
    believe me.

Ex. 7. Translate the
following sentences. Pay attention to the functions of the
Infinitives:

1. The article to be translated
   is very difficult.

2. The problem to be studied in
   the shortest time possible is very important.

3. «You are the second to
   answer at the examination», said the teacher.

4. That man was the last to
   appear.

5. The new method to be used
   depends upon the natural conditions of the district.

6. The factors to be considered
   are of great importance taking into account the further development
   of this method.

7. The conference to be held in
   a few months will consider various way of establishing contacts
   among scientists of different countries.

8. This young scientist’s
   report will be discussed at the meeting to be held on the 23-rd of
   January.

9. The articles to be found in
   this magazine will help you to solve the problem you are working
   at.

10. Our plant is to fulfil this
    order as soon as possible.

11. Many research workers of our
    institute asked to be invited to take part in this expedition.

12. They are glad to have passed
    their examinations successfully.

13. He is glad to have begun
    working at this problem.

14. The problem was so
    interesting that they wanted to be answered their questions at
    once.

15. They wanted to supply us
    with the necessary documents.

Ex. 8. Transform the
sentences according to the model:

Model: He
was the first who passed all the exams.

He was the first to pass all
the exams.

1. She was the last who learned
   the news.

2. This document was the first
   that was studied in detail at that time.

3. He was the third who
   translated the article so well.

4. This student was the last
   who left the laboratory.

5. My friend was the first who
   passed Economics.

6. This student was the last
   who answered the teacher’s questions.

7. The secretary was the first
   who looked through the mail.

8. She was the first who
   refused to leave her motherland.

9. Mr. Green was the last who
   met this foreign delegation.

10. He was the first who went to
    the airport to meet a friend of his.

Ex. 9. Translate the
sentences. Define the functions of the Infinitives.

1. To know Russian literature
   is to know Pushkin, Tolstoy, Chekhov and Gorky.

2. The best way to learn about
   a country is to read a lot.

3. He said he would try to get
   on the afternoon flight.

4. I am happy to have met him.

5. I regret to say he thinks
   too much if himself.

6. I’d like you to join us.
   Will you give me your room number?

7. I understood you to have
   changed your mind.

8. I consider your paper on
   mouth diseases (to be) brilliant.

9. Everyone in the lobby heard
   the assistant-manager speak to Dr. Lee.

10. He watched the curtain go
    up.

11. I myself saw Peter hand the
    papers to Dr. Bailey.

12. Do you mean to say it was
    his father who made him go into politics?

Ex. 10. Transform the
sentences according to the models:

Model
A: I’m
glad I’ve told you about that.

I’m glad to have told you
about that.

1. I’m glad I’ve lent him the
   book.

2. He’s sorry he’s given up
   college.

3. She’s glad she’s checked
   herself.

4. He is happy he’s apologized
   to her.

Model
B: The
text’s too long. It can’t be translated today.

The text’s too long to be
translated today.

1. The text is too difficult.
   It can’t be translated without your help.

2. The theatre is too small. It
   can’t seat more than 220 people.

3. The work is too difficult.
   It can’t be completed without Peter’s help.

4. The novel is too difficult.
   It can’t be read by first-year students.

Model
C: Is
John a talented coach? (to consider)

Yes, I consider him (to be)
a talented coach.

1. Is Jane a very good friend?
   (to consider)

2. Is he a good goalkeeper? (to
   find)

3. Is Mr. Mitchell a kind man?
   (to know)

4. Is Mary a promising painter?
   (to believe)

Model
D: Has
John filled in the form? (to see)

Yes, I saw him fill it in.

1. Have they rehearsed the play
   yet? (to watch)

2. Did Peter agree to join
   them? (to hear)

3. Did Mr. Smith examine the
   documents? (to see)

4. Did they congratulate Jane
   on her success? (to hear)

Model
E: It
is expected they will arrive tomorrow.

They are expected to arrive
tomorrow.

1. It is expected Peter will
   beat the record tomorrow.

2. It is known Mr. Evans will
   deal with the matter.

3. It is said Bill prefers
   boating to swimming.

4. It is believed Ann’s son is
   a promising physicist.

Model
F: The
wind is getting stronger. (to seem)

The wind seems to be
getting stronger.

1. Ben is doing well at
   college. (to appear)

2. John Burton is dealing with
   this matter. (to seem)

3. He met them when he was in
   London. (to happen)

4. They are losing the game.
   (to seem)

Model
G: It
is certain that their team will win the game.

Their team is certain to
win the game.

1. It is certain that the new
   performance will be popular with the audience.

2. It is likely he will give up
   smoking.

3. It is unlikely that John
   will change his mind.

4. It is certain that she will
   forgive him.

5. It is likely that they will
   agree to his offer.

Ex. 11. Respond to
these questions according to the models.

Model
A:
Will John take part in the meeting?

Yes, he’s certain to take
part in it.

1. Will he apologize to his
   mother?

2. Will they confirm the
   reservation?

3. Will he fix the clock?

4. Will the performance be a
   success?

Model
B: Do
you know Mr. Green?

Yes, I happen to know him.

1. Does Jim know who’s won the
   game?

2. Did you meet the Smiths in
   Paris?

3. Did you see James Burton
   play golf?

4. Did you see the new French
   film?

Model
C: Does
she know Mr. Brown? (to have met him before)

No, she doesn’t seem to
have met him before.

1. Does she know his last
   novel? (to have read it)

2. Have they heard the news?
   (to have heard it)

3. Does he know he was wrong?
   (to realize it)

4. Does he know geography well?
   (to be good at it)

Ex. 12. Translate the
sentences into Russian:

1. I can’t hear a word, though
   he seems to be speaking.

2. I’m happy not to have let
   you down.

3. I felt that to send the
   letter to the brother would only pain him uselessly.

4. We were sorry to find out
   that most of the museums we wanted to see that day were closed.

5. We didn’t expect the boy to
   turn up so soon.

6. One of the students was
   suddenly taken ill and had to be operated on immediately: he had to
   miss quite a number of lessons.

7. He was
   very sorry to have missed so many lessons just before the exam.

Ex. 13. Translate into
English, using the same structures as in the models:

Model
1: a)
My grandfather likes to be asked about his work at the factory.

b) I hate to be made fun of.

1. Мой друг попросил,
   чтобы ему разрешили съездить в Ленинград
   на два дня.

2. Инженер хотел,
   чтобы ему показали весь завод.

3. Никто не любит,
   когда его наказывают.

4. Мальчик не хотел,
   чтобы его хвалили в присутствии (in
   the
   presence
   of)
   других учеников.

5. Он не хотел, чтобы
   над ним смеялись.

Model
2: a)
Can you lend me an English book to read?

b) This is an interesting
subject to give a talk on.

1. Это интересный
   фильм, который можно посмотреть.

2. Это интересный
   факт, который можно упомянуть в докладе.

3. Вот человек, на
   которого можно положиться.

4. Это весьма
   неудобный момент для того, чтобы
   связаться с ним по телефону.

Model
3: My
friend was the next to turn up.

1. Кто первым поднял
   этот вопрос?

2. Он единственный
   (из нас) бросил курить.

3. Он вторым пришел
   к финишу.

4. Он последним
   изменил свое отношение к этому вопросу.

5. Он хочет следующим
   делать сообщение по прочитанной книге.

6. Он единственный
   упомянул этот факт.

Model
4:
I hesitated a little which book to choose.

1. Я знаю, что нужно
   делать, чтобы избежать таких ошибок.

2. Покажите мне,
   пожалуйста, как это делается.

3. Я не могу решить,
   какую книгу выбрать для доклада.

4. Я не знал, как
   связаться с вами.

5. Преподаватель
   объяснит Вам, как использовать это
   правило.

6. Он спросил меня,
   как устроить эту встречу.

Ex. 14. Translate into
English using Infinitives:

1. Чтобы начать свой
   бизнес предпринимателю (entrepreneur)
   не хватает 35 тыс. долларов.

2. Это позволяет
   основному партнеру защитить свои
   личные вклады (personal
   assets).

3. Нельзя ожидать
   от предпринимателя, чтобы он хорошо
   знал все правовые вопросы (legal
   issues),
   но он обязан иметь общие знания для
   того, чтобы эффективно управлять делом.

4. Торговая марка
   (trademark)
   — это слово, имя, символ, эмблема, которую
   использует бизнес для отождествления
   (identify)
   своих товаров и возможности отличить
   их от других.

5. Чем лучше финансовое
   положение в компании, тем легче будет
   продать акции (stocks).

6. Он имел восьмилетний
   опыт работы (experience)
   в промышленности и хотел открыть свою
   собственную фирму.

7. Соглашение между
   двумя сторонами обычно включает
   предложение (offer)
   что-либо сделать.

8. Однако, обычно
   необходим какой-либо долг для того,
   чтобы (in
   order
   for)
   дать компании возможность расти.

9. Коммерческий
   директор (sales
   manager)
   сможет найти большие фирмы, желающие
   заплатить ему больше.

10. Многие большие
    фирмы тратят огромные суммы денег на
    исследование рынка (market
    research)
    и все-таки они делают ошибки в попытке
    предсказать (trying
    to
    predict)
    поведение потребителя, которые дорого
    им обходятся.

11. Эти находки удобны
    для (comforting
    to)
    любого, кто планирует войти в малый
    бизнес.

12. Необходима
    значительная подготовка и опыт, если
    компания, которая занимается строительным
    бизнесом (company
    in
    the
    construction
    business)
    надеется эффективно завершить его.

13. Они согласились
    инвестировать (invest)
    25 тыс. долларов каждый, чтобы помочь
    начать дело.

14. Необходимо принять
    решение, какую продукцию производить
    и/или какую услугу оказывать (to
    render).

Ex. 15. Define the
tense and the voice of Infinitives. Translate the sentences into
Russian:

1. The
   company with an excellent location may have to advertise less than
   the company with a less desirable location.

2. Identify three types of
   business that would have to pay for materials or labour before
   receiving payment from the customers.

3. Companies also need to
   understand the way in which each of these factors influences
   customer behavior.

4. It is therefore impossible
   to establish laws to cover all possible situations.

5. These changes are difficult
   to monitor because their impact on sales is often very subtle.

6. In order to determine if a
   name or trademark is already in use, a trademark search should be
   completed.

7. We are prepared to take a
   more detailed look at the differences in the income data.

8. It the debts are not repaid
   personal assets will be seized and liquidated to repay the debt.

9. Many leasing contracts allow
   part of the payments to be applied to the purchase price.

10. The effect of the credit
    policy on the company’s cash also needs to be considered.

11. The better the financial
    position of the company, the easier it will be to sell the stock.

12. They like to be able to
    determine for themselves how they are doing.

13. The work of management
    centres on what to be managed — the organization itself.

14. The entrepreneurs cannot
    assume that it will be easy to go back to the bank to get more
    funds.

15. For some organizations the
    objective is to produce a product and earn ; profit.

Ex. 16. Choose the
correct form:

1. Several
   possible courses of action are being studied (to determine,
   determining, have been determined) what should be done to make 19×2
   profitable.

2. Firms
   with too much debt often find that all of their profits go to the
   bank or finance company (to repay, being repaid, repaying) the
   loan.

3. Management
   is kept planning ahead sufficiently (ensured, ensuring, to ensure)
   that funds will be available when purchase of equipment become
   necessary.

4. Company X
   was bought out by a new group of stock-holders who required that
   the company establish an integrated budgeting system (controlling,
   to control, has controlled).

5. All
   changes must be in writing and initiated by the lessee
   (entrepreneur) and lessor (to prevent, preventing) future problems.

6. He used
   first year in business (had experimented, experimenting, to
   experiment) with different methods of operations.

7. The
   layout must consider all of these functions and provide adequate
   space (completing, to complete) the jobs efficiently.

8. The Dun &
   Bradstreet organization conducts annual surveys (will determine, to
   determine, determining) the causes of failure.

9. Careful
   control must be exercised by management in the planning stage
   (being ensured, ensuring, to ensure) that a firm’s long-run needs
   are properly evaluated.

10. Great
    care must be taken in working with these kinds of costs
    (preventing, to prevent) «fat» from building up in an
    organization.

11. An
    entrepreneur may find it better (paying, has paid, to pay) a
    slightly higher rate to obtain a more favourable repayment
    schedule.

Ex. 17. Translate into
Russian:

1. The
   reaction of the firms already in the industry is to fight back,
   usually by lowering prices.

2. The first
   step in the segmentation process is…to eliminate non-profit
   organizations.

3. The
   purpose of these regulations is to ensure that each outlet is run
   in a uniform, correct manner.

4. The best
   advice is to spend a week or two actually doing the work before you
   decide to pursue a particular franchise.

5. Small
   Business Administration (SBA) is to help small business complete in
   our economy.

6. The point
   of this competitive analysis is to uncover opportunities and make
   an assessment of the attractiveness of the industry.

7. The only
   way to avoid the problems is to use normalized overhead rating and
   to place any under — or overapplied overhead in a balance sheet
   clearing account of some type.

8. For some
   organizations the objective is to produce a product and earn a
   profit.

9. Thus, the
   first objective of the company is to earn a profit on the funds
   committed to it.

10. … management
    is largely powerless to change the attendant costs over the short
    run.

Ex. 18. Find the
correct word:

1. Many
   stores use the free flow design to … a certain atmosphere or to
   … browsing (to show, to create, to describe, to encourage).

2. An
   entrepreneur may find it better to … a slightly higher rate to
   … a more favourable repayment schedule (to have, to obtain, to
   earn, to pay).

3. Great
   care must be taken in working with these kinds of costs to …
   «fat» from building up in an organization (to create, to find, to
   prevent).

4. Careful
   control must be exercised by management in the planning stage to
   … that the firm’s long-run needs are properly evaluated (to
   ensure, to cover, to see).

5. The Dun &
   Bradstreet organization conducts annual surveys to … the causes
   of failure (to determine, to notice, to object).

6. Firms
   with too much debt often find that all of their profits go to the
   bank or finance company to … the loan (to ask for, to repay, to
   waive).

7. Management
   is kept planning ahead sufficiently to … that funds will be
   available when purchases of equipment become necessary (to make
   sure, to understand, to ensure).

8. Company X
   was bought out by a new group of stock-holders who required that
   the company establish an integrated budgeting system to …
   operation (to test, to control, to inspect).

9. All
   changes must be in writing and initiated by the lessee
   (entrepreneur) and lessor to … future problems (to prevent, to
   promote, to realize).

10. He used
    first year in business to … with different methods of operation
    (to examine, to communicate, to experiment).

Ex. 19. Translate into
Russian:

1. The new
   outlet was large enough to contain a small full-line grocery store.

2. The
   company established an integrated budgeting system to control
   operations.

3. The SB A
   sponsors several programs that have been established to help
   entrepreneurs.

4. The
   company may generate enough sales volume to correct the cash
   shortage.

5. Contractors
   of large construction projects often need short-term loans to pay
   for materials and labour costs.

6. The
   company must buy the material and then pay wages for several weeks
   to produce the orders.

7. In order
   to prepare segments, it is necessary to keep records of sales by
   individual segment.

8. People
   start business to establish a livelihood or to supplement their
   existing one.

9. Owners of
   small businesses almost always provide money to establish the firm.

10. He went
    to a consultant to determine a course of action.

11. The
    entrepreneur is $ 35,000 short of the total needed to start the
    business.

12. This allows the general
    partner to protect personal assets.

13. The
    entrepreneur cannot expect to be an expert on all legal issues but
    should have a general knowledge to manage the business effectively.

14. A
    trademark is a word, name, symbol, or device that a business uses
    to identify its goods and distinguish them from those of others.

15. The
    better the financial position of the company, the easier it will be
    too sell the stocks.

16. He had
    eight years of experience in the industry and wanted to open his
    own firm.

17. An
    agreement between the two parties normally involves one offering to
    do something.

18. However, some debt is
    usually needed in order for a company to grow.

19. The sales
    manager may have found large firms willing to pay him a greater
    salary.

20. May large
    firms spend huge amounts of money on market research and still make
    costly errors in trying to predict consumer behavior.

21. These findings are
    comforting to anyone planning to enter small business.

22. Considerable
    training and experience are necessary if a company in the
    construction business hopes to compete effectively.

23. They agreed to invest $
    25.000 each to help start the business.

24. Deciding on the products to
    produce and/or the service to render.

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The infinitive

Ex. 1. State the form and function of the infinitive. Translate the sentences into Russian.
1. To go on with this discussion is to waste time. 2. Oh, I’m sorry to have taken so much of your time. 3. It all sounds too good to be true. 4. We assembled to discuss and arrange our plans. 5. Now, the first thing to settle is what to take with us. 6. We made a list of things to be taken. 7. George suggested eggs and bacon, which were easy to cook. 8. That’s Harris all over – so ready to take the burden of everything himself, and put it on the back of other people. 9. Harris said he felt such extraordinary fits of giddiness come over him at times, that he hardly knew what he was doing. 10. I don’t think I ever remember to have seen Mousley Lock before, with only one boat in it. 11. A celebration such as this was a chance not to be missed. 12. They waited in silence for their dinner to be served. 13. After the third lesson I left his class never to return. 14. Look back to make sure you haven’t left anything behind. 15. In leaving the compartment she looked back to see she had left the parcel on the berth. 16. The captain ordered the passengers to be shown their cabins. 17. I like a story to have a beginning, a middle and an end. 18. Love is said to be blind. But the statement seems to be completely wrong. For some fellows in love appear to see more virtues in their sweethearts than any other people are ever likely to see. 19. «It’s time to go to bed, baby.» «Why, mummy! You always make me go to bed when I don’t want to sleep, and you want me to get up when I am quite sleepy.» 20. «You’re a bachelor with no family to take care of. You have only yourself to please.» «So far you are right, but don’t imagine it’s an easy task to perform.» «I don’t see what you mean.» «I mean I’m a person hard to please.»
Ex. 2. Divide the following verbs into two groups:

1) verb + infinitive 2) verb + pronoun + infinitive
Afford, agree, advise, allow, beg, care, challenge, decide, demand, encourage, expect, force, forget, hope, invite, learn, manage, offer, order, plan, permit, persuade, prepare, promise, regret, remind, require, seem, struggle, teach, tell, threaten, urge, wait, wish.
Ex. 3. Transform each pair of sentences into one with a complex object.
1. The announcer called the flight: I’ve heard it. 2. The plane took off. We all have seen it. 3. The children should go on with the game. Please let them. 4. He has taken your dictionary. Did you allow him? 5. Pete didn’t know how to fix the TV set. I helped him. 6. Ann can’t be cruel with children. I’ve never known her that way. 7. He is the author of that bestseller. Everybody knows it. 8. You must search the prisoner. It’s the commander’s order. 9. We were waiting for the delegation. It was due to arrive. 10. The speaker called on all those present to support the campaign. You’ve heard it, haven’t you?
Ex. 4. Transform these sentences using a complex subject.
1. We heard the commander give the instruction. 2. People saw the rocket fly up. 3. The colonel ordered the lieutenant to question the prisoner. 4. The mother allows her children to play in the open. 5. The instructor made him do the work all over again. 6. They say this medicine is very effective. 7. We believe him to be a great authority on the subject. 8. They expected the delegation to arrive the next day. 9. We suppose that Bob Wilcot will appear on TV tonight. 10. As was reported in the press, the plane crashed while landing.
Ex. 5. Insert to where necessary before the infinitive in brackets.
1. He made me (do) it all over again. 2. He will be able (swim) very soon. 3. You ought (go) today. It may (rain) tomorrow. 4. He made her (repeat) the message. 5. They won’t let us (leave) the Customs shed till our luggage has been examined. 6. I used (smoke) forty cigarettes a day. 7. Will you help me (move) the bookcase? 8. He is expected (arrive) in a few days. 9. Please let me (know) your decision as soon as possible. 10. He made me (wait) for hours. 11. I’d like him (go) to a university but I can’t (make) him (go). 12. You seem (know) this area very well. – Yes, I used (live) here. 13. The kidnappers told the parents (not inform) the police, and the parents didn’t dare (disobey). 14. I’m sorry (disappoint) you but I can’t (let) you (have) any more money till the end of the month. 15. It is easy (be) wise after the event. 16. Do you (wish) (make) a complaint? 17. We don’t (want) anybody (know) that we are here. 18. If you can’t (remember) his number you’d better (look) it up. 19. I want her (learn) Esperanto; I think everybody ought (know) it. 20. He is said (be) the best surgeon in the country. 21. Visitors are asked (not feed) the animals. 22. He should know how (use) the film projector, but if he doesn’t you had better (show) him. 23. He was made (sign) a paper admitting his guilt. 24. I heard the door (open) and saw a shadow (move) across the floor. 25. He tried (make) me (believe) that he was my step-brother. 26. As we seem (have missed) the train we may as well (go) back to the house. 27. I felt the house (shake) with the explosion. 28. Before he let us (go) he made us (promise) (not tell) anyone what we had seen. 29. Would you (like) (come) in my car? – No, thanks, I’d rather (walk). 30. I advised him (ask) the bus conductor (tell) him where (get) off. 31. It is better (put) your money in a bank than (keep) it under your bed in an old stocking. 32. Did you remember (give) him the money? – No, I didn’t, I still have it in my pocket; but I’ll (see) him tonight and I promise (not forget) this time. 33. I saw the driver (open) his window and (throw) a box into the bushes. 34. That is too heavy for one person (carry); let me (help) you. 35. The children were made (obey).
Ex. 6. Replace the group of words in italics by an infinitive or an infinitive construction.
1. The captain was the last man who left the ship. 2. He got to the top and was very disappointed when he found that someone else had reached it first. 3. There are a lot of sheets that need mending. 4. I was astonished when I heard that he had left the country. 5. It is better that he should hear it from you: 6. I was rude to him, which was stupid. (It was stupid …) 7. If he had another child with whom he could play he would be happier. 8. It is necessary that everyone should know the truth. 9. There was no place where we could sit. 10. He put his hand into his pocket and was astonished when he found that his wallet wasn’t there. 11. He rushed into the burning house, which was very brave of him. (It was very brave …) 12. I can’t go to the party; I have nothing that I can wear. 13. It is expected that he will broadcast a statement tonight. (He is expected …) 14. I want a kitchen where (=in which) I can cook. 15. He reached the station exhausted and was very disappointed when he learnt that the train had just left. 16. Haven’t you anything with which you could open it? 17. It seems that the crime was committed by a left-handed man. (The crime seems … Use perfect infinitive passive.) 18. Is it likely that he will arrive before six? (Is he …) 19. It is said that he was a brilliant scientist. (He is said…) 20. It is advisable that we should leave the house separately. 21. You signed the document without reading it, which was very stupid. (It was stupid …) 22. It is said that she has a frightful temper. (She …) 23. He was the first man who swam the Channel. 24. They believe that he is honest. (He …) 25. It appears that he was killed with a blunt instrument. (He appears… Use passive infinitive). 26. He was the only one who realized the danger. 27. It is said that the earth was originally part of the sun. (The earth …) 28. It is said that he is hiding in the woods near your house. 29. It is said that this palace was built in three years. (This palace is said …) 30. They expect that be will arrive on Tuesday. (He …).
Ex. 7. Use the required form of the infinitive.
1. He seemed (to lose) all the friendliness he had shown at our previous meeting. 2. «I happen (to be) her lawyer and she telephoned to me,» I said to the man. 3. It became clear that Charles was still idle. He seemed (to read) scarcely any law. 4. The cat seems (to be) missing for about three weeks. 5. He appeared (to forget) that they had had the first serious difference of opinion in the whole of their married life. 6. «Dr Salt, what do you think you’re doing?» «People seem (to ask) me that for days,» said Dr Salt mildly. 7. Not going home, in fact, seemed lately (to become) the pattern of his life. 8. My mother thought that his hobbies would get him nowhere. In this she turned out (to be) wrong. 9. It seemed (to snow) in the room. The floor, the chairs, the desk were covered in drifts of white. It was torn paper. 10. She leant far over the banister and strained her ears. All the family seemed (to talk) at once. 11. The general seemed (to age) a great deal. 12. Charles met me the first day I came to London, and our friendship seemed (to establish) a long time. 13. He did not even seem (to understand) what the fuss was about. 14. In front of one window there was a small table and Harry was sitting at it, peering at a pile of papers which he seemed (to copy) or (to translate). 15. When I arrived there I didn’t see the dog. Not much else seemed (to change). 16. Then I caught sight of her on the far side of the square. She seemed (to say) good-bye to someone.
Ex. 8. Choose the correct answer.

1. I can’t hear a word, though he seems ____.

A to speak B to be speaking

C to be spoken D to have spoken

1. I am happy not ____ you yesterday.

A to have failed B to fail

C to be failed D to have been failed

1. I felt that ____ the letter to Jake would only pain him.

A to be sent B to have sent

C to send D to be sending

1. We were sorry ____ that most of the museums we wanted to see were closed.

A to have found out B to be found out

C to be finding out D to find out

1. We didn’t expect the boy ____ so soon.

A to have turned up B to turn up

С to be turned up D to be turning up

1. One of the wounded officers was ____ on immediately.

A to be operated B to be operating

C to operate D to have operated

1. He had ____ quite a number of lessons.

A to be missing B to miss

C to have missed D to be missed

1. He was sorry ____ the yesterday’s show.

A to have missed B to miss

С to be missing D to be missed

1. My grandfather likes ____ about his work in the Council.

A to ask B to have been asked

C to be asked D to have been asking

1. I hate ____ fun of.

A to be made B to be making

C to have been made D to make

1. He asked ____ to leave three hours earlier than planned.

A to allow B to have allowed

C to be allowed D to have been allowed

1. Nobody likes ____.

A to be punishing B to be punished

C to have punished D to punish

1. Can you lend me this book ____?

A to be reading B to read

C to have read D to have been reading

1. This is an interesting subject ____ a talk on.

A to have given B to be given

C to give D to have been given

1. That’s a good show ____.

A to be seen B to have seen

C to see D to have been seen

1. That’s a man ____ on.

A to have relied B to rely

C to be relied D to have been relied

1. Who was the first ____ this problem?

A to raise B to be raising

C to have raised D to be raised

1. He was the only one ____ smoking.

A to be given up B to have given up

C to be giving up D to give up

1. He was the only one ____ this fact.

A to be mentioned B to mention

C to have been mentioned D to be mentioning

1. I hesitated a little which book ____.

A to choose B to be choosing

C to have chosen D to be chosen

1. I know what ____ to avoid such mistakes.

A to be doing B to have done

C to do D to be done

1. I didn’t know how ____you.

A to be contacted B to have contacted

C to have been contacted D to contact
Ex. 9. Translate the following into English using the infinitive.
1.Это оказалось правдой. (to turn out) 2. Он, кажется, получил все, что хотел. (to seem) 3. «Где мисс Стоун?» – «Она, кажется, работает в справочном отделе библиотеки». (to seem) 4. Казалось, что у него нет дружеских отношений ни с кем в отделе. (to appear) 5. Боб взглянул на мать, чтобы понять, как она реагирует на разговор. Но она, казалось, не слушала. (to seem) 6. Его сведения оказались правильными. (to turn out) 7. Казалось, что она пишет или рисует. (to seem) 8. Казалось, что сплетни эти не были восприняты моими братьями всерьез. (to seem) 9. Он, кажется, мой единственный друг. (to seem) 10. Мой отец слушал серьезно или, по крайней мере, создавалось впечатление, что он слушал. (to appear) 11. У нас, кажется, уже был этот разговор раньше. (to seem) 12. Похоже, никто из вас не знает, как вести себя прилично. (to seem) 13. Казалось, что его удивил этот слух. (to seem) 14. Было такое впечатление, что он не слышал, что она сказала. (to appear) 15. Я не знал этого парня, но он, кажется, всем тогда нравился. (to seem) 16. Случилось так, что он был приглашен на обед к Роджеру. (to happen) 17. Так случилось, что я первый узнал об этом. (to happen) 18. Энн познакомилась со своим молодым человеком на танцах, и позже они много развлекались вместе, потому что он оказался хорошим парнем. (to prove)
Ex. 10. Translate into English using the infinitive.
1. Сказать так – значит солгать. 2. С ним трудно иметь дело. 3. В таком доме приятно жить. 4. Вам пойдут на пользу занятия спортом. 5. Стихи труднее переводить, чем прозу. 6. Никогда не поздно признать свою ошибку. 7. Вам нечего бояться. Вы не виноваты. 8. Я думаю, вам не на что жаловаться. 9. Она сказала, что ей не к кому обратиться за помощью. 10. Мне нечего добавить к тому, что вы сказали. 11. Я сожалею, что отнял у вас так много времени. 12. С вашей стороны было очень любезно пригласить нас. 13. Я рад, что заблаговременно заказал номер в гостинице. 14. Мы очень гордимся тем, что победили на чемпионате. 15. Не представляю, что делать дальше. 16. Вы наверняка получите большое удовольствие от спектакля. 17. Непохоже на то, что Холмс забыл о своем обещании. 18. Первое, что вам нужно сделать – это заказать билеты на пароход. 19. Единственное, что вам поможет сейчас – это хорошо отдохнуть. 20. Это я должен задавать вопросы, а вы – отвечать на них. 21. Здесь несколько трудных слов, которые нужно посмотреть в словаре. 22. Командир приказал ждать дальнейших указаний. 23. Я распоряжусь (to get), чтобы секретарша напечатала ваш доклад. 24. У меня двое маленьких детей, о которых нужно заботиться. 25. Вряд ли он позволит себе купить такую дорогую машину. Ведь ему приходится содержать большую семью.

Unit 6

Non-Finite Forms of the
Verb

(Неличные формы
глагола)

6.1. Infinitive

Инфинитив — неличная
форма глагола, обладающая свойствами
глагола и существительного, которая
только называет действие, не указывая
ни лица, ни числа. Инфинитив (неопределенная
форма) отвечает на вопросы что
делать? что сделать?

to order —
заказывать,
to buy — покупать,
to sell — продавать.

I am glad
to
see
you — Я
рад
Вас
видеть.

Формалинным
признаком инфинитива является частица
to.

Глагольные
свойства инфинитива

Инфинитив может
иметь прямое дополнение:

Инфинитив может
определяться наречием:

Только две формы
инфинитива Indefinite
Active
и Indefinite
Passive
имеют соответствия в русском языке:

to write
— писать,
to
be written
— быть
написанным.

Для остальных форм
инфинитива в русском языке соответствующих
форм нет, и они не могут переводиться
изолированно, вне контекста.

Indefinite
Infinitive
выражает действие, одновременное
действию, выраженному глаголом-сказуемым:

The
customs officer asked the young man to open his suitcase. Таможенник
попросил молодого человека открыть
чемодан.

Перевод инфинитивных
конструкций

Конструкция
«Сложное подлежащее»
переводится на русский язык двумя
способами:

1 способ:

«Сложное
подлежащее.» переводится на русский
язык сложно-подчиненным предложением
с союзом «что». Сказуемое английского
предложения переводится на русский
язык главным безличным предложением,
а подлежащее, выраженное существительным
или местоимением, переводится подлежащим
придаточного предложения, инфинитив —
сказуемым придаточного дополнительного
предложения с союзом «что».