How can you translate the word engineering what are the russian equivalents for this term

5.1 Is engineering a science?

5.2 How can you translate the word “engineering”? What are the
Russian equivalents for this term?

5.3 What do civil engineers deal with?

5.4 What are the main subdivisions in the field of civil
engineering?

5.5 What do mechanical engineers deal with?

5.6 What knowledge is necessary for a mechanical engineer?

5.7 What are the four main branches of electrical engineering?

5.8 What are the major developments in the field of communication
systems?

5.9 What are the major developments in the field of computer
engineering?

5.10 What is aerospace engineering concerned with?

5.11 What do naval architects design/

5.12 What is marine engineering devoted to?

5.13 What is the task of chemical engineers?

5.14 What is nuclear engineering concerned with?

5.15 What does safety engineering have as its object?

Topic 8 Modern Engineering Trends Text

Among various recent trends in the
engineering profession computerization is the most widespread.
Computers are widely used for solving complex problems as well as for
handling, storing and generating the enormous volume of data modern
engineers must work with.

Engineers in industry work not only
with machines but also with people, to determine, for example, how
machines can be operated most efficiently by workers. This is called
ergonomics. The aim of ergonomics is to make the working place more
comfortable and the work itself easier. A small change in the
location of the controls of a machine or of its position with
relation to other machines or equipment, or a change in the muscular
movements of the operator, often results in greatly increased
production. Ergonomics looks for criteria for the efficient design of
large, complicated control panels that monitor nuclear reactor
operation.

Exercises:

1 Give the Russian equivalents to the following English word-combinations:

1.1 the most widespread recent trend in the engineering profession

1.2 to solve complex problems

1.3 to work with the enormous volume of data

1.4 handling, storing and generating

1.5 a modern engineer

1.6 to be operated efficiently

1.7 the aim of ergonomics

1.8 a comfortable working place

1.9 machines and equipment

1.10 the muscular movements of the operator

1.11 to result in greatly increased production

1.12 to look for criteria for the efficient design of large
complicated control panels

1.13 to monitor nuclear reactor operation.

2 Translate the sentences into English:

2.1 Компьютеры широко используются
во многих отраслях науки и техники для
решения

сложных задач.

2.2 Инженеры в промышленности работают
не только с машинами, но также и с людьми,
чтобы

определить, как можно управлять
машинами наиболее эффективно при помощи
рабочих.

2.3 Цель эргономики – сделать рабочие
места более комфортными и саму работу
более лёгкой.

3 Answer the questions:

3.1 What are the recent trends in the engineering profession?

3.2 What are computers used for in engineering profession?

3.3 What is ergonomics?

3.4 What is the aim of ergonomics?

3.5 What criteria does ergonomics look for?

Topic 9

Communication

Text

Communication is the process of exchanging information.
People exchange information using communication means. Communication
has always some purpose. Mass communication, for example, sends
messages for masses of people.

The history of communication means is a long and
interesting one.

Communication through electric
media. At the beginning of the19th
century the electric revolution made great progress. By 1832 the
telegraph had been invented. Wires crossed the continents and cables
were put under the Atlantic Ocean. Some 40 years later (in 1876) the
telephone was patented. Messages began to be transmitted over
electrical currents carried by wires.

“Early radio”. At
the beginning of the 20^th
century it became possible to transmit messages without wires.
Messages were sent by wireless telegraph that is now called “early
radio”. But modern radio became possible only when a vacuum tube
had been invented (1906). Soon after the invention of tubes, radio
receivers began to be widely used in the world.

Television. Television
was used experimentally as far as 1930. But its popular use began
only some ten years later. And in about twenty years colour
television became dominant over black-and-white.

Audio and video recordings are
most popular means of communication today. Also popular are filming
and photography.

High-technology revolution in
electronics influenced the sphere of communication and greatly
changed it. The new technology used for space exploration influenced
modern communication both in offices and home. It became possible for
business people to communicate with their colleagues in faraway
places.

Computers and word processors
serve this purpose and are being widely
used in many offices all over the world.

The new technology has also influenced communication in
everyday life. For example, it became possible for people to receive
television programs through cables. Modern cable is a complex wire
system that makes it possible to transmit a number of television
signals at the same time.

People today also widely use
videotape recorders to record television programs. One of the most
interesting inventions of today is also the usage of satellites for
video and audio communication. People can receive programs through
using satellites.

Exercises:

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Part 2

Part 1

Exercise 5. Control reading of the text. Read and answer the questions. Give title to each part of the text

Exercise 3. Answer the questions

Exercise 2. Vocabulary. Learn by heart the following words

appliance n приспособление, прибор

apply v обращаться (for-за помощью, справкой, to-к кому-л)

branch n ветвь, филиал, отрасль

concern v касаться, относиться, интересовать

conflict with nature противоречить природе, бороться с природой

deal (with) v иметь дело с чем-л., кем-л.

divide (into) v делить, разделять

distinguish (from) v отличать

execute v выполнять

harbour n гавань

lead (to) v вести (к)

protect oneself against защищаться от чего-л.

sustain v поддерживать, выдерживать

…in amore extended sense в более широком смысле

The former…, while the latter… первый (имеется в виду из двух

упомянутых

Here are some fields of

Civil engineering. Вот некоторые области строительства.

1. What does the word “engineering” mean?

2. Is engineering a science?

3. What branches is Civil engineering divided into?

4. How old is the profession of a Civil engineer?

5. What distinct meanings has the term “Civil engineering”?

6. What fields of Civil engineering do you know?

7. What are the most important branches of Civil engineering?

8. What invention laid the foundation for mechanical engineers?

9. When was electrical engineering developed?

10. What are the main subdivisions of the electrical engineering?

Exercise 4. Give Russian equivalents to the following international words without a dictionary. Learn them by heart.

start mechanics

mechanism economics

principle mathematics

architecture thermodynamics

energy communication

material utilization

form fortification

construction application

element general

In general, engineering is a science that deals with design, construction and operation of structures, machines, engines and other devices. Engineer is a person who has received technical education and has a basic knowledge of other engineering fields, because most engineering problems are complex and interrelated. The term engineering is difficult to translate into Russian because it has a lot of meanings. Most of ten it is translated as: инженерное дело, техника, машиностроение, строительство. There exist the following main branches of engineering:

Civil engineering deals with the design of large buildings, roads, bridges, dams, canals, railway lines, airports, tunnels and other constructions. A civil engineer must have a thorough knowledge of the properties and mechanics of construction materials, the mechanics of structures and soils, and of hydraulics and fluid mechanics. Among the main subdivisions in this field are construction engineering (строительство), transports engineering (дорожный транспорт) and hydraulic engineering (гидротехника).

Exercise 2.Answer the questions:

1. Is engineering a science?

2. How can we translate the word «engineering»? What are the Russian equivalents for this term?

3. What do civil engineers deal with?

4. What are the main subdivisions in the field of civil engineering?

1. appropriate

2. essential

3. property

4. speed

5. to assist

6. to create

7. to reduce

8. to require

9. to select

10. to suggest

11. to transmit

1. отбирать

2.передавать

3.помогать

4.предлагать

5.свойство

6.скорость

7.создавать

8.сокращать

9.соответствующий

10.существенный

11.требовать

Exercise 4. Read and translate the following word combinations:

design of large buildings

construction materials

to operate machinery of all types

electric power and signals

engineering problems

electronic circuits

important developments

to transmit power

to reduce power losses

communication systems

speed of computer operations

techniques of modern shipbuilding

particular requirements of production

to withstand the high temperatures

to reduce accidents

Другие языки

Text 1

Engineering Thinking

Engineering is putting knowledge of Nature to practical use. The final product of engineering is some physical thing: a machine, a tool, a garget. Engineering is solving problems. It is convenient to discuss engineering projects within the framework of five steps for solving problems

• Will you restore the logical order of these steps?

A good engineer first… second… next… then… and last…

a) defines the problem; b) verifies the solution; c) identifies possible solutions; d) implements the solution; e) selects a solution..

• Can you prove the following ideas? Will you say a few words in favour of each?

— It is important for an engineer to have a creative mind and to generate new ideas.

— It is obligatory to consult the scientific literature available on the problem under study.

— It is not recommended to trust the intuition.

— It is desirable for an engineer to enjoy the whole life cycle of the product designed by him.

— It is useful to have a feedback between an engineer and a customer.

Wordlist

engineering — инженерное дело, техника

final product — конечный продукт

tool — инструмент

to solve a problem — решить проблему

framework — основа

creative mind — творческий ум

obligatory — обязательные

desirable — желательный, заданный

feedback — обратная связь

Answer the questions.

1. What is engineering?

2. What is the final product?

3. Is it important to consult scientific literature?

4. Do you trust your intuition?

Text 2

Machines

In his activities man makes use of a multitude of machines. Although most of them are of quite recent origin, a few simple ones are considered to have come from very ancient times. There were a lot of prehistoric implements, the bow and the arrow being the most ancient. They were his tools in his struggle for existence.

The wheel, one of the greatest inventions ever made by man is also of prehistoric origin. The inclined plane and its use have also been known. It was doubtless by its use that Egyptian slaves lifted the huge stones that went into the construction of the great pyramids.

The lever is probably of equally ancient origin. It is mentioned by the Greek Philosopher Aristotle as a means of lifting a great weight by using a very small force.

Tremendous changes in machine development were made in the 20^th century. Now we use not only powerful devices, precise instruments, but also ―clever machines.‖

Wordlist

activity — деятельность

multitude — множество, огромное количество

bow and arrow — лук и стрела

to be of recent origin — быть недавнего происхождения

implement — орудие, приспособление

wheel — колесо

inclined plane — наклонная плоскость

slave — раб lever — рычаг

powerful device — мощное устройство

Answer the questions.

1. What implements have come from ancient times?

2. What role did the inclined plane play?

3. What can you say about machine development in the 20th century?

4. What»clever machines»do you know?

5. What were these machines used for?

Text 3

The internal combustion engine

The internal combustion engine is an engine in which the combustion of a fuel (normally a fossil fuel) occurs with an oxidizer (usually air) in a combustion chamber that is an integral part of the working fluid flow circuit. In an internal combustion engine (ICE) the expansion of the high-temperature and high-pressure gases produced by combustion apply direct force to some component of the engine. The force is applied typically to pistons, turbine blades, or a nozzle. This force moves the component over a distance, transforming chemical energy into useful mechanical energy. The first commercially successful internal combustion engine was created by Étienne Lenoir

The cycle is characterized by four strokes, or straight movements alternately, back and forth, of a piston inside a cylinder:

1. intake (induction) stroke

2. compression stroke

3. power (combustion) stroke

4. exhaust stroke

1) The cycle begins at top dead center, when the piston is at its uppermost point. On the first downward stroke (intake) of the piston, a mixture of fuel and air is drawn into the cylinder through the intake (inlet) port.

2) The intake (inlet) valve (or valves) then close(s), and the following upward stroke (compression) compresses the fuel-air mixture.

3) The air-fuel mixture is then ignited, usually by a spark plug for a gasoline or by the heat and pressure of compression for a Diesel cycle of compression ignition engine, at approximately the top of the compression stroke.

4) The resulting expansion of burning gases then forces the piston downward for the third stroke (power), and the fourth and final upward stroke (exhaust) evacuates the spent exhaust gases from the cylinder past the then-open exhaust valve or valves, through the exhaust port.

Wordlist

internal combustion engine — двигатель внутреннего сгорания

fuel — топливо

to occur — происходить

chamber — камера

piston — поршень

nozzle — форсунка, наконечник, выпускное отверстие

stroke — ход, такт

intake — всасывание compression — сжатие

to ignite — воспламенять(ся) зажигать

spark plug — запальная свеча

approximately — приблизительно

downward (upward) — движение вниз (вверх)

exhaust gases — отработанные (выхлопные) газы

valve — клапан

spring — пружина

Answer the questions.

1. What is internal combustion engine?

2. What process produces force in the engine?

3. Who created the first ICE?

4. What are the main strokes in the ICE?

5. Can you describe them?

Text 4

The Wheel

One of mankind s earliest and greatest inventions was the wheel. Without it there could be no industry, little transportation or communications, only crude farming, no electric power. Nobody knows when the wheel was invented. There is no trace of the wheel during the Stone Age, and it was not known to the American Indians until the White Man came. In the Old World it came into use during the Bronze Age, when horses and oxen were used as work animals.

At first all wheels were solid discs. The problem to be solved was to make the wheels lighter and at the same time keep them strong. At first holes were made in the wheels, and they became some with iron and then with rubber.

Wordlist

mankind — человечество

trace — след

to come into use — найти свое применение

Bronze Age — Бронзовый Век

solid — прочный, твердый

hole — отверстие

Answer the questions.

1. What was one of the greatest world’s inventions?

2. When was the wheel invented?

3. What was the problem to be solved with the wheels?

4. What was the wheel covered with?

Scientists and Inventors

Text 5

Isaac Newton

Isaac Newton is generally regarded as one of the greatest and most famous scientists in history. Newton was an astronomer, physicist, mathematic and philosopher who is known for theorizing and reporting on gravitational force and three laws of motion.

Isaac Newton discovered that white light is made up of a spectrum of colours, that when blender together produce the white light. He showed by use of a prism that white light can be split into a spectrum of colours and then used a second prism to show this spectrum can then be rejoined to produce white light. Newton also theorized that light was composed of particles but had to associate the property of light with waves in order to explain refraction of light.

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