Homophone word of one

A homophone () is a word that is pronounced the same (to varying extent) as another word but differs in meaning. A homophone may also differ in spelling. The two words may be spelled the same, for example rose (flower) and rose (past tense of «rise»), or spelled differently, as in rain, reign, and rein. The term homophone may also apply to units longer or shorter than words, for example a phrase, letter, or groups of letters which are pronounced the same as another phrase, letter, or group of letters. Any unit with this property is said to be homophonous ().

Homophones that are spelled the same are also both homographs and homonyms, e.g. the word read, as in «He is well read» (he is very learned) vs. the sentence «I read that book» (I have finished reading that book).^[a]

Homophones that are spelled differently are also called heterographs, e.g. to, too, and two.

Etymology[edit]

«Homophone» derives from Greek homo- (ὁμο‑), «same», and phōnḗ (φωνή), «voice, utterance».

Wordplay and games[edit]

Homophones are often used to create puns and to deceive the reader (as in crossword puzzles) or to suggest multiple meanings. The last usage is common in poetry and creative literature. An example of this is seen in Dylan Thomas’s radio play Under Milk Wood: «The shops in mourning» where mourning can be heard as mourning or morning. Another vivid example is Thomas Hood’s use of birth and berth as well as told and toll’d (tolled) in his poem «Faithless Sally Brown»:

His death, which happen’d in his berth,

At forty-odd befell:

They went and told the sexton, and

The sexton toll’d the bell.

In some accents, various sounds have merged in that they are no longer distinctive, and thus words that differ only by those sounds in an accent that maintains the distinction (a minimal pair) are homophonous in the accent with the merger. Some examples from English are:

• pin and pen in many southern American accents
• by and buy
• merry, marry, and Mary in most American accents
• The pairs do and due as well as forward and foreword are homophonous in most American accents but not in most English accents
• The pairs talk and torque as well as court and caught are distinguished in rhotic accents, such as Scottish English, and most dialects of American English, but are homophones in some non-rhotic accents, such as British Received Pronunciation

Wordplay is particularly common in English because the multiplicity of linguistic influences offers considerable complication in spelling and meaning and pronunciation compared with other languages.

Malapropisms, which often create a similar comic effect, are usually near-homophones. See also Eggcorn.

Same-sounding phrases[edit]

Same-sounding (homophonous, or homophonic) phrases are often used in various word games. Examples of same-sounding phrases (which may only be true homophones in certain dialects of English) include:

• ice cream vs. I scream (as in the meme I scream. You scream. We all scream for ice cream.)
• euthanasia vs. Youth in Asia
• depend vs. deep end
• Gemini vs. gem in eye vs. Jim and I (vs. Jem in eye)
• the sky vs. this guy (most notably as a mondegreen in «Purple Haze» by Jimi Hendrix)
• four candles vs. fork handles
• sand which is there vs. sandwiches there
• philanderers vs. Flanders
• example vs. egg sample
• some others vs. some mothers vs. smothers

American comedian Jeff Foxworthy frequently uses same-sounding phrases in his Appalachian comedy routine, which play on exaggerated «country» accents. Notable examples include:

• Initiate vs. and then she ate: «My wife ate two sandwiches, initiate a bag o’ tater chips.»
• Mayonnaise vs. Man, there is: «Mayonnaise a lot of people here tonight.»
• Innuendo vs. in your window: «Hey dude I saw a bird fly innuendo.»
• Moustache vs. must ask: «I Moustache you a question.»

During the 1980s, an attempt was made to promote a distinctive term for same-sounding multiple words or phrases, by referring to them as «oronyms»,^[b]
but the term oronym was already well established in linguistics as an onomastic designation for a class of toponymic features (names of mountains, hills, etc.),^[2] the alternative use of the same term was not well accepted in scholarly literature.^[3]

Number[edit]

English[edit]

There are sources^[4] which maintain lists of homophones (words with identical pronunciations but different spellings) and even ‘multinyms.’ There is disagreement among such lists due to dialectical variations in pronunciation and archaic uses. In English, concerning groups of homophones (excluding proper nouns), there are approximately 88 triplets, 24 quadruplets, 2 quintuplets, 1 sextet, 1 septet, and 1 questionable octet (possibly a second septet). The questionable octet is:

raise, rays, rase, raze, rehs, res, reais, [race]

Other than the common words raise, rays, and race this octet includes

• raze – a verb meaning «to demolish, level to the ground» or «to scrape as if with a razor»
• rase – an archaic verb meaning «to erase»
• rehs – the plural of reh, a mixture of sodium salts found as an efflorescence in India
• res – the plural of re, a name for one step of the musical scale; obsolete legal term for «the matter» or «incident»
• reais – the plural of real, the currency unit of Brazil

The inclusion of «race» in the octet above is questionable, since its pronunciation differs from the other words on the list (ending with /s/ instead of /z/).

If proper names are included, then a possible nonet would be:

• Ayr – a town in Scotland
• Aire – a river in Yorkshire
• Eyre – legal term and various geographic locations
• heir – one who inherits
• air – the ubiquitous atmospheric gas that people breathe; a type of musical tune
• err – to make an error
• ere – poetic / archaic «before»
• e’er – poetic «ever» (some speakers)
• are – a defunct, small, metric unit of area

German[edit]

There are many homophones in present-day standard German. As in other languages, however, there exists regional and/or individual variation in certain groups of words or in single words, so that the number of homophones varies accordingly. Regional variation is especially common in words that exhibit the long vowels ä and e. According to the well-known dictionary Duden, these vowels should be distinguished as /ɛ:/ and /e:/, but this is not always the case, so that words like Ähre (ear of corn) and Ehre (honor) may or may not be homophones.
Individual variation is shown by a pair like Gäste (guests) – Geste (gesture), the latter of which varies between /ˈɡe:stə/ and /ˈɡɛstə/ and by a pair like Stiel (handle, stalk) – Stil (style), the latter of which varies between /ʃtiːl/ and /stiːl/.

Besides websites that offer extensive lists of German homophones,^[5] there are others which provide numerous sentences with various types of homophones.^[6] In the German language homophones occur in more than 200 instances. Of these, a few are triples like

• Waagen (weighing scales) – Wagen (cart) – wagen (to dare)
• Waise (orphan) – Weise (way, manner) – weise (wise)

Most are couples like lehren (to teach) – leeren (to empty).

Spanish[edit]

Although Spanish has far fewer homophones than in English, they are far from being non-existent. Some are homonyms, such as basta, which can either mean ‘enough’ or ‘coarse’, but most exist because of homophonous letters. For example, the letters b and v are pronounced exactly alike, so the words basta (coarse) and vasta (vast) are pronounced identically.^[7]

Other homonyms are etymologically related, but have different genders, and in some cases the different genders producing different lexical items. In the case of persona, el persona (the male or ungendered/unidentified person) and la persona (the female person) are the masculine and feminine forms of the noun persona (person) respectively. However, el capital and la capital have drastically different meanings, in which the masculine noun means ‘money’ and the feminine noun means ‘capital city’ or ‘capital letter’.^[8]

Japanese[edit]

There are many homophones in Japanese, due to the use of Sino-Japanese vocabulary, where borrowed words and morphemes from Chinese are widely used in Japanese, but many sound differences, such as the original words’ tones, are lost.^{[citation needed]} These are to some extent disambiguated via Japanese pitch accent (i.e. 日本 vs. 二本, both pronounced nihon, but with different pitches), or from context, but many of these words are primarily or almost exclusively used in writing, where they are easily distinguished as they are written with different kanji; others are used for puns, which are frequent in Japanese.

An extreme example is kikō (hiragana: きこう), which is the pronunciation of at least 22 words (some quite rare or specialized, others common; all these examples are two-character compounds), including:

Even some native Japanese words are homophones. For example, kami (かみ) is the pronunciation of the words

The former two words are disambiguated from the latter two by pitch accent.

Korean[edit]

The Korean language contains a combination of words that strictly belong to Korean and words that are loanwords from Chinese. Due to Chinese being pronounced with varying tones and Korean’s removal of those tones, and because the modern Korean writing system, Hangeul, has a more finite number of phonemes than, for example, Latin-derived alphabets such as that of English, there are many homonyms with both the same spelling and pronunciation.
For example

• ‘화장(化粧)하다‘: ‘to put on makeup’ vs. ‘화장(火葬)하다‘: ‘to cremate’
• ‘유산(遺産)‘: ‘inheritance’ vs. ‘유산(流産)‘: ‘miscarriage’
• ‘방구‘: ‘fart’ vs. ‘방구(防具)‘: ‘guard’
• ‘밤[밤ː]’: ‘chestnut’ vs. ‘밤’: ‘night’

There are heterographs, but far fewer, contrary to the tendency in English. For example,

• ‘학문(學問)’: ‘learning’ vs. ‘항문(肛門)’: ‘anus’.

Using hanja (한자; 漢字), which are Chinese characters, such words are written differently.

As in other languages, Korean homonyms can be used to make puns. The context in which the word is used indicates which meaning is intended by the speaker or writer.

Mandarin Chinese[edit]

Due to phonological constraints in Mandarin syllables (as Mandarin only allows for an initial consonant, a vowel, and a nasal or retroflex consonant in respective order), there are only a little over 400 possible unique syllables that can be produced,^[9] compared to over 15,831 in the English language.^[10]

Chinese has an entire genre of poems taking advantage of the large amount of homophones called one-syllable articles, or poems where every single word in the poem is pronounced as the same syllable if tones are disregarded. An example is the Lion-Eating Poet in the Stone Den.

Like all Chinese languages, Mandarin uses phonemic tones to distinguish homophonic syllables; Mandarin has five tones. A famous example,

• mā (妈) means «mother»
• má (麻) means «hemp»
• mă (马) means «horse»
• mà (骂) means «scold»
• ma (吗) is a yes / no question particle

Although all these words consist of the same string of consonants and vowels, the only way to distinguish each of these words audibly is by listening to which tone the word has, and as shown above, saying a consonant-vowel string using a different tone can produce an entirely different word altogether. If tones are included, the number of unique syllables in Mandarin increases to at least 1,522.^[11]

However, even with tones, Mandarin retains a very large amount of homophones. Yì, for example, has at least 125 homophones,^[12] and it is the pronunciation used for Chinese characters such as 义, 意, 易, 亿, 议, 一, and 已.

There are even place names in China that have identical pronunciations, aside for the difference in tone. For example, there are two neighboring provinces with nearly identical names, Shanxi (山西) and Shaanxi (陕西) Province. The only difference in pronunciation between the two names are the tone in the first syllable (Shanxi is pronounced Shānxī whereas Shaanxi is pronounced Shǎnxī). As most languages exclude the tone diacritics when transcribing Chinese place names into their own languages, the only way to visually distinguish the two names is to write Shaanxi in Gwoyeu Romatzyh romanization. Otherwise, nearly all other spellings of placenames in mainland China are spelled using Hanyu Pinyin romanization.

Many scholars believe that the Chinese language did not always have such a large number of homophones and that the phonological structure of Chinese syllables was once more complex, which allowed for a larger amount of possible syllables so that words sounded more distinct from each other.

Scholars also believe that Old Chinese had no phonemic tones, but tones emerged in Middle Chinese to replace sounds that were lost from Old Chinese. Since words in Old Chinese sounded more distinct from each other at this time, it explains why many words in Classical Chinese consisted of only one syllable. For example, the Standard Mandarin word 狮子(shīzi, meaning «lion») was simply 狮 (shī) in Classical Chinese, and the Standard Mandarin word 教育 (jiàoyù, «education») was simply 教 (jiào) in Classical Chinese.

Since many Chinese words became homophonic over the centuries, it became difficult to distinguish words when listening to documents written in Classical Chinese being read aloud. One-syllable articles like those mentioned above are evidence for this. For this reason, many one-syllable words from Classical Chinese became two-syllable words, like the words mentioned in the previous paragraph.

Even with the existence of two- or two-syllable words, however, there are even multisyllabic homophones. Such homophones even play a major role in daily life throughout China, including Spring Festival traditions, which gifts to give (and not give), political criticism, texting, and many other aspects of people’s lives.^[13]

Another complication that arises within the Chinese language is that in non-rap songs, tones are disregarded in favor of maintaining melody in the song.^[14] While in most cases, the lack of phonemic tones in music does not cause confusion among native speakers, there are instances where puns may arise.

Subtitles in Chinese characters are usually displayed on music videos and in songs sung on movies and TV shows to disambiguate the song’s lyrics.

Vietnamese[edit]

It is estimated that there are approximately 4,500 to 4,800 possible syllables in Vietnamese, depending on the dialect.^[15] The exact number is difficult to calculate because there are significant differences in pronunciation among the dialects. For example, the graphemes and digraphs «d», «gi», and «r» are all pronounced /z/ in the Hanoi dialect, so the words dao (knife), giao (delivery), and rao (advertise) are all pronounced /zaw˧/. In Saigon dialect, however, the graphemes and digraphs «d», «gi», and «v» are all pronounced /j/, so the words dao (knife), giao (delivery), and vao (enter) are all pronounced /jaw˧/.

Pairs of words that are homophones in one dialect may not be homophones in the other. For example, the words sắc (sharp) and xắc (dice) are both pronounced /săk˧˥/ in Hanoi dialect, but pronounced /ʂăk˧˥/ and /săk˧˥/ in Saigon dialect respectively.

Psychological research[edit]

Pseudo-homophones[edit]

Pseudo-homophones are pseudowords that are phonetically identical to a word. For example, groan/grone and crane/crain are pseudo-homophone pairs, whereas plane/plain is a homophone pair since both letter strings are recognised words. Both types of pairs are used in lexical decision tasks to investigate word recognition.^[16]

Use as ambiguous information[edit]

Homophones, specifically heterographs, where one spelling is of a threatening nature and one is not (e.g. slay/sleigh, war/wore) have been used in studies of anxiety as a test of cognitive models that those with high anxiety tend to interpret ambiguous information in a threatening manner.^[17]

See also[edit]

• Homograph
• Homonym
• Synonym
• Dajare, a type of wordplay involving similar-sounding phrases
• Perfect rhyme

Wiktionary

• List of dialect-independent homophones
• List of dialect-dependent homophones

Footnotes[edit]

References[edit]

Sources[edit]

External links[edit]

• Homophone.com – a list of American homophones with a searchable database.
• Reed’s homophones – a book of sound-alike words published in 2012
• Homophones.ml – a collection of homophones and their definitions
• Homophone Machine – swaps homophones in any sentence
• Useful tips … English homophones – homophones list, activities and worksheets

В каждом языке существуют слова, которые звучат одинаково, но имеют разное значение. Они называются омофоны (homophones).

В нашем родном языке мы без труда понимаем, о чем идет речь из контекста. При изучении иностранного языка, однако, они вызывают изумление и неуверенность: «А пойму ли я, что конкретно имеется в виду?»

Переживать не стоит, так как достаточно часто эти слова являются разными частями речи, и в контексте можно разобраться.

Давайте запомним и научимся использовать самые распространенные омофоны в английском языке.

Омофоны-существительные

air — heir /eəʳ/

air — воздух

heir — наследник, наследница

• Prince Harry is not a direct heir to the British throne. — Принц Гарри не является прямым наследником британского трона.

aisle — isle /aɪl/

aisle — проход

isle — остров (часто в названиях — The British Isles)

• Would you like a window or an aisle seat? — Вы хотите место у окна или у прохода?

cent — scent /sent/

cent — цент (также в слове percent /pərsɛnt/)

Помните, что в английском языке редок звук /Ц/, и поэтому слова латинского происхождения с буквой С читаются со звуком /С/: cent, century, circus, ceremony, procedure, science

scent — запах, аромат

• Breathe in the scent of lavender fields… (из рекламы) — Вдохни аромат лавандовых полей…

cereal — serial /sɪəriəl/

cereal — злаки, хлопья (для завтрака)

serial — тип телевизионного сериала (одна история в хронологическом порядке — например, Game of Thrones, Battlestar Galactica; в отличие от TV series — например, Friends, Doctor Who, Poirot — где каждая история имеет свое начало и конец)

• I have cereal with milk for breakfast. — Я ем хлопья с молоком на завтрак.
• ‘Downton Abbey’ is my favourite serial. — «Аббатство Даунтон» — мой любимый сериал.

flower — flour /flaʊəʳ/

flower — цветок

flour — мука

• Roll the pieces of meat in flour and fry them. — Обваляйте куски мяса в муке и обжарьте.

hair — hare /heəʳ/

hair — волосы

hare — заяц

night — knight /naɪt/

night — ночь

knight — рыцарь

pair — pear /peəʳ /

pair — пара

pear — груша

• I need another pair of shoes. — Мне нужна еще пара туфель.

plane — plain /pleɪn/

Внимание! Слово plan /plæn/ не является омофоном к слову plane /pleɪn/

plane (также airplane) — самолет

plain — равнина. Также это слово может быть прилагательным и означать «простой», «без добавок», «пресный» (о еде), «бесцветный» (о цвете).

• Do you have plain yoghurt? — У вас есть йогурт без добавок?

principal — principle /prɪnsɪp(ə)l/

principal — директор учебного заведения

• Have you met the school principal? — Ты встречался с директором школы?

Principal также может быть прилагательным: «принципиальный», «главный».

• It’s our principal task. — Это наша главная задача.

principle — принцип

root — route /ruːt/

root — корень

route — маршрут

В американском английском некоторые произносят слово route /raʊt/, однако, это не является универсальным американским произношением.

sauce — source /sɔːs/

sauce — соус

source — источник, ресурс.

• Would you like some sauce with it? — Вам нужен к нему (=заказанному блюду) соус?
• Google is the main source of information. — Гугл — это главный источник информации.

sight — site /saɪt/

sight — вид, взгляд

site — место (например, место расположения, строительства и т.д.)

• It was love at first sight. — Это была любовь с первого взгляда.
• Hard hats must be worn on the construction site. — Вы должны быть в каске на строительной площадке.

tale — tail /teɪl/

tale — история (например, fairy tale — сказка)

tail — хвост

• It’s an old tale. — Это старая сказка / байка.

waist — waste /weɪst/

waist — талия

waste — мусор, отходы

Ошибки в произношении приводят к проблемам восприятия быстрой английской речи на слух. Рекомендую приобрести наш «Полный Справочник по Правилам Чтения». Он поможет заполнить пробелы в знании правил произношения и поможет избежать распространенных ошибок.

Омофоны с глаголами

ate — eight /eɪt/

ate — прошедшая форма глаголa eat (есть), то есть «ел(а)». Существует также «закрытое» произношение ate /et/ — однако, /eɪt/ по-прежнему считается более правильным.

eight — 8

break — brake /breɪk/

break — ломать

brake — тормоз

• We heard brakes screeching. — Мы услышали скрежет тормозов.

bury — berry /beri/

bury — зарыть, похоронить

berry — ягода

• Lady Diana is buried on an island «within the grounds of Althorp Park.» (Source: Wikipedia) — Леди Диана похоронена на острове на территории Парка Althorp.

buy — by — bye /baɪ/

buy — покупать

by — предлог «у», «около» (место), «к» (время)

bye — форма прощания

die — dye /daɪ/

die — умирать

dye — окрашивать, менять цвет (например, волосы или ткань)

• She dyed her hair red. — Она покрасилась в красный цвет.

flew — flu /fluː/

flew — прошедшая форма глагола fly (летать), то есть «летал(а)», «летел(а)»

flu — грипп

hear — here /hɪəʳ/

hear — слышать

here — здесь

meet — meat /miːt/

meat — мясо

meet — встречаться

sell — cell /sel/

sell — продавать

cell — ячейка, клетка

sew — sow — so /soʊ/

Внимание! слово SAW /sɔː/ — не является омофоном к указанным словам.

sew — шить

sow — сеять

so — так (наречие, усилитель)

• Sew the sides together. — Сшейте края вместе…

steal — steel /stiːl/

steal — красть

steel — сталь

whine — wine /waɪn/

wine — вино

whine — жаловаться, ныть

wrap — rap /ræp/

wrap — заворачивать

rap — читать рэп

• Where can I get wrapping paper? — Где я могу купить оберточную бумагу (бумагу для упаковки, например, подарков)?

write — right — rite /raɪt/

write — писать

right — правильный; правый

rite — ритуал

wear — where /weəʳ/

wear — носить (об одежде), быть одетым в…

where — где, куда (наречие)

• I will be wearing blue jeans. — Я буду в синих джинсах.

wait — weight /weɪt/

wait — ждать

weight — вес

• You’ve put on some weight in the waist. — Ты немного набрал(а) в талии.

weigh — way /weɪ/

weigh — весить, взвешивать

way — путь, способ

• I weigh nearly twice as much as you. — Я вешу вдвое больше тебя.

Омофоны с прилагательными

allowed — aloud /əlaʊd/

allowed — разрешенный (причастие от глагола allow /əlaʊ/ — разрешать)

aloud — слух, громко

• Parking is not allowed here. — Здесь нельзя парковаться.

fair — fare /feəʳ/

fair — справедливый; также «светлый» (например, fair hair — светлые волосы). Также оно может быть существительным и переводиться «ярмарка» (e.g. The World Trade Fair — Всемирная Торговая Выставка)

fare — плата за проезд

• It’s not fair! — Это не справедливо!
• The one-way fare to Cambridge is approximately $25. — Билет до Кембриджа в одну сторону стоит около 25 долларов.

weak — week /wiːk/

weak — слабый

week — неделя

• I can hear a weak sound. — Я слышу слабый звук.

Ошибки в произношении приводят к проблемам восприятия быстрой английской речи на слух. Рекомендую приобрести наш «Полный Справочник по Правилам Чтения». Он поможет заполнить пробелы в знании правил произношения и поможет избежать распространенных ошибок.

Другие части речи

eye — I /aɪ/

eye — глаз

I — я (всегда пишется с большой буквы)

four — for /fɔːʳ/

four — 4

for — предлог «для» (цель, назначение)

Важно: предлог for будет звучать похоже на FOUR только в сильной позиции, например, если стоит в конце предложения.

• What you looking for? — Чего ты ищешь?

hour — our /aʊəʳ/

hour — час

our — наш(а)

two — to — too /tuː/

two — 2

too — также (наречие)

to — предлог направления (ситуация с произношением такая же, как у предлога FOR — будет читаться /tuː/ только в сильной позиции).

their — there

Произношение: /ðəʳ/ — в слабой позиции; /ðeəʳ/ — в сильной позиции

their — их (местоимение)

there — там (наречие)

Полезные ресурсы по омофонам в английском:

70 популярных омофонов английского языка

101 English homophones you should know

Звучат ли все эти слова правильно в вашем произношении?

Ведь если вас смущает тот факт, что слово произносится похоже на другое, и вы пытаетесь его произносить по-особому, вы не будете его слышать в речи других людей, а они не будут понимать вас.

Знание омофонов помогает значительно расширить словарный запас, а также улучшить правильность вашего произношения, если у вас есть пробелы в знаниях правил чтения.

Приглашаем на наш Telegram канал: короткие уроки по самым важным разговорным фразам с примерами и упражнениями. Учитесь английскому с удовольствием. Подписывайтесь >>