Guide to economics в word

Lilia Raitskaya

Stuart Cochrane

MACMILLAN

Guide to Economics

Teacher’s Book

MACMILLAN

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Lilia Raitskaya
Stuart Cochrane
MACMILLAN
Guide to Economics
Teacher’s Book
MACMILLAN

2
MACMILLAN GUIDE TO ECONOMICS TEACHER’S BOOK
Contents
Unit 1
What does economics study?…………………………… 4
History o f economic thoughjt…………………………… 5
Unit 2
Econometrics……………………………………………….. 6
The law o f demand………………………………………… 7
Unit 3
The traditional economy………………………………….9
The market economy…………………………………….10
Unit 4
The planned economy………………………………….. 11
The mixed economy……………………………………..13
Unit 5
Consumer choices……………………………………….. 14
Costs and supply…………………………………………..15
Unit 6
Market structure and competition…………………… 17
Monopolies………………………………………………… 18
Unit 7
The labour market……………………………………….. 20
Supply o f labour………………………………………….. 21
U n it8
Factors o f production…………………………………… 22
Division o f labour………………………………………… 23
Unit 9
Surplus……………………………………………………….25
Price discrimination…………………………………….. 26
Unit 10
Welfare economics………………………………………. 27
Government revenue and spending………………….28
Unit 11
Wealth, income and inequality……………………….. 30
Poverty……………………………………………………….31
Unit 12
Macroeconomics…………………………………………. 33
Aggregate demand and aggregate supply………….. 34
Unit 13
Money……………………………………………………….. 35
Banks…………………………………………………………36
Unit 14
Fiscal policy…………………………………………. ……. 38
Monetary policy………………………………………….. 39
Unit 15
Interest rates and the money market…………………41
Economic shocks………………………………………….42
Unit 16
Inflation…………………………………………………….. 43
Unemployment…………………………………………… 44
Unit 17
Economic growth………………………………………… 46
The business cycle……………………………………….. 47
Unit 18
The open economy……………………………………… 49
Exchange rates……………………………………………. 50
Unit 19
Exchange rate mechanisms……………………………. 51
International trade………………………………………..53
Unit 20
Less developed countries………………………………. 54
The Russian economy in the 19th century………….55
Unit 21
Contemporary Russia: the fall and rise of the market economy………………………………… 57
Russia’s foreign trade……………………………………. 58
Revision Vocabulary Units 1 to 4 …………………….. 61
Revision Vocabulary Units 5 to 8…………………….. 62
Revision Vocabulary Units 9 to 12…………………….63
Revision Vocabulary Units 13 to 16………………….. 64
Revision Vocabulary Units 17 to 21………………….. 65
Translation work…………………………………………. 66

4
MACMILLAN GUIDE TO ECONOMICS TEACHER’S Текст
Экономика
Английское слово «economics» переводится на русский язык как«эконом икаили экономическая теория. Экономическая теория, основополагающая экономическая дисциплина состоит из двух крупных разделов — микроэкономики и макроэкономики — и изучает как поведение отдельных экономических субъектов в процессе производства, обмена и потребления товаров и услуг (микроэкономика, таки функционирования экономической системы в целом (макроэкономика you Перед тем как прочитать текст, предложите учащимся обсудить следующий вопрос you know much about economics? Обсуждение проводится в небольших группах или парах, затем формируется общее мнение.
Учащиеся должны отметить, какое из приведенных ниже утверждений верно. Затем, работая в парах, они должны объяснить, почему они так решили. Economics is only the study of money.
2. Economics is something governments take care of.
3. An economist basically decides how money is В A Учащиеся должны выбрать правильное определение из правой колонки упражнения для слови терминов в левой колонке. Если, по мнению преподавателя, некоторые из слов представляют сложность для учащихся, имеет смысл объяснить их значение или привести примеры употребления. Та же рекомендация относится ко всем упражнениям на активную лексику к текстам учебного пособия 1. Е 2 СВАН and
macroeconomics?
Pre-reading notes
1 Обратите внимание на разницу в употреблении английских слови. Первое переводится как экономическая наука, экономика или экономическая теория. «Economy» — это экономика, хозяйство Слово «business» имеет в английском языке формы единственного и множественного числа с несколько разными значениями. Если «business» — это бизнес, дело, занятие, торговля, то «businesses» переводится как компании или «фирмы».
Reading
Учащиеся читают текст с пониманием основного содержания useful vocabulary
housing
heating
convenience
trade-off
effect
microeconomics
macroeconomics
household
household budget
to run a business
to collect data жилье, жилищное строительство зд. здания
отопление
благоприятная возможность благоприятное положение обмен компромисс, уступка
влияние,воздействие микроэкономика макроэкономика домашнее хозяйство семейный бюджет руководить бизнесом собирать данные) мн. ч. отданное данная величина) часто как ед. данные, факты сведения информация
зд. взаимосвязь
В Учащиеся повторно читают текст с полным пониманием содержания и выбирают правильные заголовки для каждого из абзацев текста 1. СВ з.
D; 4. Е 5. А you Перед тем как прослушать аудиозапись 1, предложите учащимся, работая в парах, обсудить следующие вопросы you live in a modern economy, life is quite easy.
Before the Industrial Revolution, life was much harder.
*
In what ways was life more С Учащиеся слушают аудиозапись 1 с рассказом о том, какой была жизнь до индустриальной революции. При прослушивании аудиозаписи учащиеся отмечают те слова изданных в упражнении, которые они услышат 1 Exercise С Listening
Before economic growth came to Europe, life was very short and very hard In those days, terrible diseases were very normal. This meant that life was very short. In fact, life expectancy — which means how long people live — was only 25 years.
People lived simple, subsistence level lives. They tried to grow just enough food to live, but often there was not enough. Many children died because they didn’t have the food they needed. One in ev­
ery three babies born died before they were five years old. There were few doctors, and even fewer medicines. Having children was dangerous for the child and for the mother. One in ten women died giving birth to their children. Then, about 250

MACMILLAN GUIDE TO ECONOMICS TEACHER’S BOOK
5
years ago, the Industrial Revolution started, and this brought about new ways o f thinking. Societ­
ies became more democratic. Education became available to more people. The miracle o f econom­
ic growth had begun.
Some useful vocabulary
economic growth
life expectancy
subsistence экономическим рост продолжительность жизни прожиточный минимум
Повторное прослушивание аудиозаписи и установление соответствия между данными в упражнении фразами и цифрами l.C; 2.D; 3. В 4. А
Reading
Учащиеся читают текст с пониманием основного содержания useful vocabulary
precious metal
medieval times
merchant
goods
stocks
scarcity
abundance
value
raw materials
labour
supply
demand драгоценный металл
средневековье
купец
товары
зд. запасы
нехватка
изобилие
стоимость, ценность
сырье
труд
предложение
спрос
прибыль
Текст 2 История развития экономической мысли
История развития экономической мысли
щупается в курсе истории экономических учений. Классическая экономическая теория берет свое начало в XVIII веке с трудов таких выдающихся ученых как Адам Смит, Давид
Рикардо и других экономистов-теоретиков. Адам Смит заложил основы представления о рынке и рыночном механизме, сформировал предмет политической экономии you Перед тем как прочитать текст, обсудите с учащимися следующие вопросы you have any idea where the word
economics comes from?
Do you know .the names of any famous econo­
mists from the past or anything about their ideas?
E Comprehension
0 D Учащиеся должны заполнить пропуски в предложениях, используя слова и фразы, данные в упражнении. Industrial Revolution
2. raw materials
3. production process
4. profit
5. satisfaction
6. Scarcity
7. Abundance
8. precious metals
9 .concept
10. population
11. firm
12. в Reading 2
History of economic thought
Pre-Reading Notes
1. Обратите внимание на перевод слова «nation»; в контексте — это государство или страна. Английское выражение «supply and demand» (доел, предложение и спрос) в русском языке имеет обратный порядок слов — спроси предложение».
Учащиеся повторно читают текст, полностью понимая содержание, и выполняют упражнение, контролирующее правильное понимание текста. После каждого утверждения следует отметить Т верно) или F (неверно. Т (para.1 We could call…)
2. T (para.2 What makes… gold?)
3. F (para.3 they began… economy.)
4. F (para.5 The value… production,)
5. T (para.7 Later… economics.)
6. T (para.8 In other words… found,.)
Before you Перед тем как прослушать аудиозапись 2, предложите учащимся заполнить пропуски в предложениях об Адаме Смите.
0 F Учащиеся слушают аудиозапись 2 с краткой биографией Адама Смита, проверяя свои ответы и заполняя пропуски в предложениях 2 Exercise F listening
Adam Smith, the so-called father of modem eco­
nomics, was born in Scotland some time around
1723. Nobody knows exactly when he was born, but his father died when he was about six months
old. When he was four years old gypsies kid­
napped him. Thankfully, he was quickly rescued by his uncle.
He went to the University of Glasgow when he was only 14 years old. When he was 17 he start­
ed his studies at Oxford University. He was there for six years, but he did not start any important work there. He came back to Scotland in 1746.
Later he published a book that changed econom­
ics forever: An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes
o f the Wealth o f Nations.Today we simply call it
The Wealth o f Nations.

6
MACMILLAN GUIDE TO ECONOMICS TEACHER’S BOOK
Smith’s thinking and writing influenced people like Karl Marx and the founding fathers of Amer­
ica For this reason, his ideas have helped to make the modern world as we know it. The world might have been very different if Smith’s uncle had not rescued him all those years ago!
Some useful vocabulary
«An Inquiry into the
Nature and Causes of
the Wealth of Nations»
«Исследование
о природе и причинах богатства народов 2.6 months; 3.4,4.14; 5.17; 6. Nations;
7. America
G Учащиеся, работая в парах или небольших группах, обсуждают следующие вопросы use is the study of economics?
+
What trade-offs do you make every day?
How do the decisions we make affect the rest of the Учащиеся, работая в парах или небольших группах, готовят двухминутное выступление об истории экономической мысли. Предложите им сначала перечитать текст 2 и сделать пометки последующим пунктам economic thinking the classical economists neoclassical economics Преподаватель может прослушать подготовленные выступления, переходя от одной пары/груп­
пы к другой. Щ НС тать я для журнала В этом разделе учащиеся узнали об Адаме Смите, экономисте и философе из Шотландии, основоположнике современной экономической теории. Попросите учащихся назвать известных российских экономистов Разделите учащихся на группы или пары, стем чтобы они решили, кто, по их мнению, оставил наибольший след в истории развития российской экономической мысли Столыпин, Кондра­
тьев, Ленин или Леонтьев.
2 Учащиеся должны написать журнальную статью, посвященную какому-либо известному российскому экономисту. В помощь учащимся дается план в виде вопросов, ответы на которые станут основой статьи.
Объем статьи 100— 150 слов article
Lenin
Lenin was one of the most important revolution­
ary thinkers of the 20th century. He is well known for being the first head of the Soviet Union.
Lenin was born in Simbirsk in April 1870. In 1887, his brother was executed for revolutionary activi­
ties and this affected Lenin deeply. He was expelled from university and later, he was exiled to Siberia.
After this exile, Lenin travelled widely. In 1917, he returned home and led the Bolsheviks in the Oc­
tober Revolution in which he took power. Lenin survived an assassination attempt, but his health suffered In 1922 he had a stroke. Lenin died in
January 1924.
Lenin’s theories are called Leninism. He was against imperialism and capitalism. He strongly believed in the worker and the modernisation of industry and agriculture.
Lenin is important as the first head of the Soviet state. His revolutionary theories have been influ­
ential all over the Текст
Эконометрика
Эконометрика — это наука, изучающая конкретные количественные и качественные взаимосвязи экономических объектов и процессов с помощью математических и статистических методов и моделей. Экономет­
рические методы—это прежде всего методы статистического анализа конкретных экономических данных.
В настоящее время эконометрика широко использует компьютерные технологии. Именно в России создана наиболее мощная научная школа в области основы эконометрики — теории вероятности. Вместе стем в зарубежной эконометрике активно используются альтернативные теории вероятности you Перед тем как прочитать текст, обсудите с учащимися следующие вопросы is a term that economists use.
+
Look at the word:
econo
+
metrics
What do you think it Обсуждение вопросов проводится в небольших группах или парах, затем формируется общее мнение.
т
A В каждом предложении упражнения выделены два слова учащиеся должны выбрать одно из двух, подходящее по смыслу

MACMILLAN GUIDE TO ECONOMICS TEACHER’S BOOK
7
Answers:
1. increase
3. income
4. theory
5. evidence
6. combine
9. measure
12. a variable
13. В Reading 1
Econometrics
Pre-reading Обратите внимание назначение английского существительного «academic» — ученый, преподаватель. Для русского слова академик в английском существует соответствие «academician» или «member of the Учащиеся читают текст с пониманием основного содержания snacks. Boys and girls spend exactly the same
amonnt on food, but the survey showed some interesting differences in other spending. For ex­
ample, girls spend exactly two pounds more per week on clothes and personal care. Girls also spend
30 pence more on mobile phone calls than boys do.
Boys, on the other hand, spend 30 pence less on books and magazines, but they spend an amazing
two pounds fifty on games and hobbies.
Some useful vocabulary
survey обзор, исследование з 3.0.70; 4.
0
60
; 5.
2.50
Some useful vocabulary
empirical эмпирический, опытный,
основанный на опыте
variable переменная (величина analysis анализ временных рядов
cross-sectional analysis структурный анализ
panel data analysis анализ панельных данных анализ показателей по определенному фиксированному количеству участников экономической деятельности, производимый в течение нескольких периодов времени)
В В Учащиеся повторно читают текст с полным пониманием содержания и затем выполняют упражнение, выбирая правильный вариант окончания предложения из трех данных (А, Вили СВ. С (para. 2 That’s evidence…)
3. A (para. 2 Econometrists ca ll.?.)
4. СВ Перед тем как прослушать аудиозапись 1, обсудите с учащимися следующие вопросы, относящиеся к таблице с эконометрическими данными does the table show?
Is this time-series analysis or cross-sectional analysis?
^ What do you think are the missing numbers? Учащиеся могут работать в парах.
В С Учащиеся слушают аудиозапись о расходах молодых людей, заполняя пропуски в таблице 1 Exercise С listening
A recent survey showed how boys and girls in the
United Kingdom spend their money each week. The biggest expense each week is food, with children spending almost five pounds a week on Текст Закон спроса
Закон спроса представляет собой обратную зависимость между ирной и величиной спроса на товары и услуги в течение какого-либо периода времени. Проще говоря, если цена на какой-либо товар растет, то спрос будет снижаться при неизменности остальных факторов. Степень реакции количества спроса на изменение цен получило название эластичности спроса по цене you Перед тем как прочитать текст, обсудите с учащимися два вопроса Why do you think gold is expensive?
What might be the reason that so many electrical goods are quite cheap now?
0 D Учащиеся должны заполнить пропуски в предложениях словами, данными в упражнении. confusing
2 Jaw
3. demand
4. curve
5. lim ited
6. available
7. exception
8. applies
9. taxes
10. shift
11. increase
12. set
13. impressive
I ……..
^

———- ——————— ■
H Reading 2
The law of Учащиеся читают текст с пониманием основного содержания useful vocabulary
chart
curve
exception to the law
price elasticity

                                            Министерство образования и науки РФ

                                    Федеральное Государственное Образовательное

                                  Учреждение среднего профессионального образования

                                       Уфимский колледж Статистики Информатики и

                                                         Вычислительной техники

Учебно-методическое пособие по английскому языку для студентов экономических специальностей (приложение к учебнику «GuidetoEconomics»)

Согласованно: ________                             Составлено:_________

Арсланова А.Н.                                              Розова И.Г.

(Начальник УМО УКСИВТ)                          (Преподаватель УКСИВТ)

                                                    Уфа 2011

          Рецензия на учебно-методическое пособие для студентов   экономических специальностей, составленное преподавателем английского языка ФГОУ СПО УКСИВТ Розовой И.Г     

      Данное учебно-методическое пособие составлено для студентов экономических специальностей и является дополнительным  источником изучения  и  закрепления  спец. лексики.  Пособие содержит глоссарии к каждому юниту, а так же лексико- грамматические упражнения в виде тестов.

     Пособие имеет чёткую структуру и состоит из 10 юнитов, которые  включают  основные  тезисы  по темам  учебника «GuidetoEconomics». После изучения данного материала студентам предлагаются контрольные тесты для проверки усвоенных знаний. К данному пособию прилагается интерактивный курс для выполнения заданий и их последующей  проверки. Данный материал можно использовать при составлении графиков, диаграмм, творческих работ. Упражнения и задания пособия позволяют активизировать    мыслительную деятельность студентов, способствуют развитию навыков систематизации  и обобщения изученного материала.

Рецензент___________________

Еленская Л.С. ( доцент  УГАЭС «__» июнь 2011

Содержание

1.    Рецензия

2.    Пояснительная записка

3.    Учебно-методическое пособие

4.    Контрольные тесты

5.    Литература

Пояснительная записка.

    Данное пособие составлено в соответствии с рабочей программой по

дисциплине:  «английский язык» и календарно-тематическим планом. Оно

предназначено для  изучения английского языка для студентов по специальности:

«экономика, бух. учет и контроль» и является дополнительным источником

специальной лексики по следующим темам: «Экономическая теория», «Спрос и

предложение», «Экономические системы», «Денежная и налоговая политика

государства», «Инфляция. Безработица», «Экономические циклы» и др. Пособие

имеет четкую организационную структуру: состоит из 10 уроков, каждый из

которых включает основные экономические тезисы по темам учебника, активную

лексику, упражнения и задания в виде проверочных тестов.  К данному пособию

прилагается интерактивный курс с заданиями, которые могут выполняться как на

компьютере, так при работе с интерактивной доской.

   Большое внимание уделяется  упражнениям на изучение  специальной лексики и

экономической терминологии, что поможет студентам, в будущем экономистам по

специальности, работать со специальной литературой, пользоваться Интернет-

ресурсами  и овладеть английским языком в областях экономики.

Пособие рассчитано на изучение английского языка  студентами  2х и  3х курсов

учреждений  среднего профессионального образования и является приложением к

учебнику: «Guide to Economiсs».

LESSON I( Unit 1-2)

1 The science of economics studies business, production, trade, inflation, unemployment and the decisions that we, governments and companies take every day.

2 While microeconomics studies how companies and households run their business, macroeconomics looks at the economy of a country as a whole.

3 Economic resources include both material things such as raw materials, housing and others, as well as non-material things, for example, time.

4 Every day we make many decisions and each is a trade-off between different resources.

5 Economists collect data and on the basis of this data they create economic models.

6 Economic models show relationships between different processes in the economy.

7 Adam Smith, ‘the father of modern economics’, considered that a nation’s wealth depended on its ability to produce goods.

1 Economists test theories using empirical evidence. It is evidence that can be collected and measured.

2 This theory deals with factors such as inflation, taxes, salaries and unemployment.

3 Governments, companies and academics use econometrics to make correct decisions, find out relationships between variables, etc.

4 Some variables are considered over a period of time. Such analysis is called time-series.

5 According to the law of demand as the price for the good rises, the demand for it falls.

6 Price elasticity, the price/demand relationship, helps to set prices at the correct level in the given market for a particular time.

7 Some other factors apart from price affect demand, and that causes a shift in the demand curve.

Ex 1. Fill the gaps with the following words:

to study, use, since, efficient, deals with, equipment, resources

Economics (1) the problems of scarcity and choice that have faced societies and nations throughout history, but the development of modern economics began in 17^th century. (2) the time economics have developed methods for studying and explaining how individuals, businesses and nations (3) their available economic (4). Large corporations use economists (5) the ways they do business and to suggest methods for making more (6) use of their employees, (7), factories and other resources.

Ex 2. Translate into English and mach with English equivalents:

1.     Проблемы дефицита

2.     Делать выбор

3.     Тратить деньги налогоплательщика

4.     Ни общество, ни каждый из его членов

5.     Государственные ресурсы

6.     Удовлетворить потребности

7.     Сталкиваться с проблемой дефицита

8.     Производители

9.     Доступные экономические ресурсы

10.                     Товары и услуги

a)     neither individuals, not society

b)    is faced with the problem of scarcity

c)     to satisfy

d)    scarcity problem

e)     to make choice

f)      available economic resources

g)     nation resources

h)    business

i)       to spend taxpayer’s money

j)       goods and services

Ex 3. Match with English and Russian equivalents:

1.     entrepreneurship

2.     wildlife and timber resources

3.     goods and services

4.     output

5.     macroeconomics

6.     economic system

7.     to consume

8.     to produce

9.     factors of productions

10.                     to allocate

a)     макроэкономика

b)    живая природа и древесина

c)     предпринимательство

d)    товары и услуги

e)     размещать

f)      факторы производства

g)     экономическая система

h)    производить

i)       выпуск продукции

j)       потреблять

LESSON II (Unit 3-4)

1 To make a higher profit the seller has to raise his price and reduce his production costs.

2 In the market economy companies have to compete with each other for a share of the market.

3 Today, in our lives and in the economy, money, coins, banknotes and credit cards playa very important role.

4 In the traditional economy people hunted and gathered and had no property. Land was shared by the whole tribe. Division of labour first appeared here.

5 Any economic system has its benefits and drawbacks. The biggest drawback of the traditional economy is the fact that people consume almost everything they produce.

6 The market economy is not controlled by a government. Competition, which helps to control prices and quality, exists in a free market.

7 A truly free market economy cannot exist as all governments control the economy to some extent by setting limits.

1 In the market economy supply and demand decide everything; its direct opposite is the planned economy.

2 In a planned economy a government decides what is produced, how much is produced and how and at what price it is sold.

3 In the world there is no perfect economic system. Market economies have their strengths, but they also have drawbacks. In planned economies governments can make sure that everyone can afford basic commodities.

4 Planned economies have problems with supply as it is difficult to calculate how much to produce and how high a demand to expect. People have to hoard different goods and shortages of goods become common.

5 In many countries privately-owned businesses exist alongside state-run industries, which need protection from free market competition for their development.

6 Deregulation leads to increased competition and the influence of market forces.

7 Governments may put limits on free enterprise by banning trade in various goods, preventing monopolies and protecting consumers and the environment.

Ex 1. Complete the sentences with the following words:

prices, products, services, wages, consumers, employers, profits

1.     Workers are paid ____ by ____ according to how skilled they are.

2.     They spend their ____ on the ____ and ____ they need.

3.     Firms producing these ____ will make more ____.

4.     In a market economy ____ decide what is to be produced.

5.     ____ will be willing to pay high ____ for products they particularly desire.

Ex 2. Choose the right variants:

1.     Market economics is also called:

a)     command;

b)    private;

c)     mixed.

2.     Mixed economics contains:

a)     market economics only;

b)    planned economics only;

c)     both market and planned economics.

3.     ____ does not allow people to make decisions in business.

a)     free market;

b)    command economy;

c)     mixed economy.

4.     All economics in the world are:

a)     planned;

b)    mixed;

c)     market.

5.     In a mixed economy the government:

a)     refuse private sectors;

b)    cooperate with private sectors;

c)     control private sectors.

LESSON  III ( Unit 5-6)

1 If you have a great deal of money and want to buy something, you always face a budget constraint.

2 The utility of a bundle depends on the utility of each good and its quantity.

3 Marginal utility is that of consumption of an additional item of the good.

4 Costs are money spent to manufacture goods or provide services. For example, rent, interest on loans, cost of electricity and raw materials.

5 Fixed costs change neither in the short term nor with increases in production.

6 Variable costs change with the size of production. An example of such costs is the quantity of raw materials needed for production of the goods.

7 An economy of scale is a situation in which variable costs rise much more slowly than the size of production.

1 Market structure is connected with competition. It affects the price.

2 A market of perfect competition has a number of features. There must be many competing companies, supplying one and the same good or providing one and the same service; all customers and companies must have complete information on the market; there must not be any barriers to new companies entering the market.

3 If we speak about a market of perfect competition, it is important that all companies should have access to technology and resources.

4 In a market of perfect competition there are many companies, but none of them are able to control prices.

5 In a monopoly the market share of one of the companies is so great that the rest are not able to compete.

6 As a rule, monopolies are not good for consumers as they are price-makers.

7 Besides natural monopolies, some monopolies can be created in more aggressive ways by takeovers of other companies.

Ex 1. Choose the correct word of phrase:

1.     If you are in a hurry, it can be difficult to make a maximum / rational decision.

2.     The amount of money you have to spend is your budget constraint / deciding factor.

3.     The maximum / rational speed limit on this road is 120 kilometers per hour.

4.     Quality is often the deciding factor / budget constraint when people choose something to buy.

5.     Some people calculate / assume how much they spend every week.

6.     Green is a combination / an alternative of yellow and blue.

7.     When you buy something from a shop, you make a purchase / budget constraint.

8.     When you calculate / assume something is true, you guess that it is true.

9.     The use or satisfaction you get from something you buy is called utility / purchase.

10.                     Olive oil is a healthy alternative / combination to butter.

Ex 2. Decide whether these statements are true or false:

1.     Market structure describes how competitive a market is.  T/F

2.     Perfect competition and pure monopoly are opposites.  T/F

3.     Four conditions are necessary for perfect competition to exist.  T/F

4.     In perfect competition, every company makes a slightly different product.  T/F

5.     Perfect competition makes it easy for new companies to start trading.  T/F

6.     When there is perfect competition, companies are able to set any price they want.  T/F

         LESSON  IV  (Unit 7-8)

1 The market where employers buy workers’ service for wages is called the labour market.

2 Increased output is the utility which employers get from their purchase of labour.

3 All markets, including the labour market, obey the laws of supply and demand.

4 The labour demand curve may shift to the right and to the left. If, for example, the demand increases as a result of increased production, or decreases thanks to any new technology which can replace workers.

5 One of the trade-offs we have to make in our lives is to find the right balance between work time and leisure time.

6 Natural limits such as sleep and rest bring down the possible number of working hours. We need some time to switch off from work, which also decreases working time.

7 If the hourly rate increases, people want to work longer hours. This is called the substitution effect. But the effect also has a limit.

1 The factors of production are required to produce goods. These are land, labour and capital.

2 Land as a factor of production includes everything that nature provides and which may be used for production.

3 An educated, skilled and fit workforce is more productive; that is why education and healthcare play an important role in the economy.

4 Capital includes factories, warehouses, equipment, tools and computers; everything that is used in the manufacturing process.

5 At present industry is becoming more capital intensive and less labour intensive.

6 Division of labour and specialization make the manufacturing process more efficient and productive.

7 Workers perform their operations automatically. This speeds up the productivity of the labour force and improves the quality of their work.

Ex 1. Fill the gaps with the following words:

“return or reward”, nature, rent, include, each, factors of production

The resources that go into the creation of goods and services are called the (1). The factors of production include natural resources, human resources, capital and entrepreneurship. (2) factor of production has a place in the economic system, and each has a particular function. People who own or use a factor of production are expecting a (3).

Natural resources are the things provided by (4) that go into the creation of goods and services. They (5) such things as minerals, wildlife and timber resources. Economists also use the term “land” when they speak of natural resources as a factor of production. The price paid for the use of land is called (6). Rent becomes income to workers, who own their labor.

Ex 2. Complete each sentence with a word or phrase from the box:

automatically, child rearing, dye, emotional, fundamental, means, mindless, sew, sloppy, specialization, rake pride in

1.     ____ of transport are the methods we use to get from one place to another.

2.     ____ work is a work that is not very good quality.

3.     To make clothes you have to know how to ____ the material together.

4.     Having a ____ means that you deal with one particular area of any field.

5.     You may visit a doctor if you have problems with your ____ health.

6.     Competition is ____ to the idea of the free market.

7.     People who ____ their work do it very carefully and enjoy the results.

8.     Mothers and fathers both have important roles to play in ____.

9.     Some people regard factory work as a ____ job but it isn’t necessarily boring.

10.                    When you do something ____, you do it without thinking.

11.                     When manufacturers ____ clothes, they add color.

        LESSONV (Unit 9 -10)

1 The market price is a reward for the efforts of the producer.

2 If the price on the market is lower than expected, the buyer will get a bargain.

3 Surplus measures the utility that the consumer gains from his purchase, or the profit that the producer makes.

4 The difference between the price that consumers are prepared to pay and the price that they really pay is called consumer surplus; it is a very important economic concept.

6 Companies make use of many pricing tricks which help them to increase their profits. Prices can be set higher or lower than the market price; sometimes companies use price discrimination.

7 Auctions are becoming very popular, for example, on the Internet. In an auction all participants make bids, and the highest wins.

1 Though many economic laws, formulas, theories and concepts often seem far removed from everyday life, economic policies affect the life of society, families and individuals. Welfare economics considers issues of equity or fairness.

2 Economists examine how income and wealth are distributed among the population. And equity is realized through taxation.

3 According to those economists who share the concept of welfare economics, any economic system is unfair.

4 Governments receive revenues from different sources with taxation as the main one.

5 Through taxation governments achieve different goals. They decrease the income gap between the rich and the poor, they discourage people from consuming harmful products and they control overall supply and demand.

6 Most taxation revenues go on public goods which include national defense, street lighting, healthcare, education and others.

7 The effects which economic activities have on people are called externalities. These may be positive or negative. For example, industries can do harm to the environment.

LESSON VI  (Unit 11)

1 Wealth can include valuable belongings, money, gold, stocks and shares, works of art, land, property and precious jewels.

2 Besides a salary or an unemployment benefit, there are other sources of income. For example, interest from savings in a bank or rent from property.

3 The distribution of wealth in many countries has remained practically without change for many years. A large share of the wealth is concentrated in the hands of a small groизученногоматериалаup of the population. Inequality is difficult to eradicate.

4 The Lorenz curve shows the relationship between income and population, in other words it represents how income is distributed in the market economy. The extent of the inequalities in income distribution can be judged from the curve.

5 Poverty is a global problem. Though it is mainly associated with developing countries, to some extent it also exists in developed countries.

6 When we speak about absolute poverty, we mean the people who live below the poverty line.

7 People on a low income spend all the money they have on daily necessities. They cannot save.

Ex 1. Complete each sentence with a word or phrase from the box:

absolute, associate, average, corruption, cycle, define, generation, natural disasters, shelter, trap

1.     We ____ high crime rates with poverty and unemployment.

2.     Having a ____, a roof over your head, is a basic need of humankind.

3.     How does the dictionary ____ this word?

4.     Floods, droughts, hurricanes and other ____ are happening more frequently.

5.     Giving money secretly to judges or politicians so that they help you is an example of ____.

6.     Hunters will sometimes set a ____ instead of using a gun.

7.     Let’s hope the next ____ finally put an end to hunger and poverty.

8.     The world’s water supply is a ____ which involves the sea, rainfall and rivers.

9.     If somebody lives in ____ poverty, that means they are completely without money to buy basic necessities.

10.                     The ____ salary at that company is very high.                                                   

           LESSON VII  (Unit 13)

       1. Before the use of money, which is taken for granted by people today, the basic system of payment was swapping or bartering.

       2. The first commodity money was metal, salt and other valuable commodities. Such money lacked liquidity, that is the ability to circulate freely, but it stored value.

       3. Fiat money does not have any intrinsic value, but only represents value.

        4. If you save money, you may put it in a box under your bed, which is unsafe and unreasonable, or you may put it in a bank account. The money in an account earns interest.

      5. The main service which any bank provides to its customers is lending money. Banks are the most reliable lenders.

       6. If a client defaults on a loan, the bank uses interest to cover the losses. Though most clients pay back their loans, interest server as a form of security.

      7. A banks’ clients can make withdrawals at any time, as any bank keeps some percentage of the savings received from its clients as the reserve.

       Ex.1Fill the  gaps  with the   words , given  bellow:

CONTROL   TESTS.

Task 1

1.        What does everyone do during his life?

a.   buys only

b.  makes choice

2.        Every society is faced with the problem

a.   of natural resources

b.  scarcity

3.        The central economic problem is finding

a.   the way to produce goods

b.  the way to solve the problem of scarcity

4.        Market economics is called

a.   command

b.  free

5.        Most economics in the world are

a.   private

b.  public

6.        Planned economics has

a.   advantages only

b.  advantages and disadvantages

7.        In a true planned economy government

a.   doesn’t play a great role

b.  plays a great role

8.        In a true market economy government

a.   plays no role

b.  plays a great role

9.        Consumers decide what is to be produced in a true

a.   market economy

b.  planned economy

10.   High competition is the sample of  

a.   planned economy

b.  market economy

11.   The UK is a country with

a.   private economy

b.  mixed economy

12.   Russia is a country of

a.   mixed economy

b.  planned economy

13.   “Wage” is

a.   the earning paid for and hour or unit of production

b.  the earning paid weekly or monthly

14.   Wealth is

a.   money you own

b.  value of the things you own

15.   Inflation that pose few difficulties

a.   mild inflation

b.  hyperinflation

16.   Inflation leads to

a.   rise of power of money

b.  to a fall of power of money

17.   Prosperity is

a.   extended period of high employment

b.  period of unemployment

18.   Boom is

a.   a peak of economy

b.  a bottom of economy

19.   Business reduce their spending levels during

a.   expansion

b.  contraction

20.   After a period of recession

a.   contraction follows

b.  expansion follows

21.   Import is goods

a.   buying from other countries

b.  selling abroad

22.   A tax on imported goods is

a.   tariff

b.  quota

23.   Protectionist measures

a.   raise the price of import

b.  reduce the price of import

24.   WTO an EFTA regulate

a.   political relationships

b.  economic relationships

25.   Advertising is the information about

a.   goods and services

b.  human resources

Task 2

1.                     society.                                    A производство

2.                     scarcity                                    B служащий

3.                     incomes                                   C инфляцияиздержек

4.                     advertising                               Dуправление

5.                     profit                                        E  частная собственность

6.                     wealth                                      Fтовары и услуги

7.                     consume                                   G благосостояние

8.                     produce                                    Hрыночная экономика

9.                     private ownership                     I  личнаясобственность

10.                personal property                     J потреблять

11.                production                                Kплановая экономика

12.                employer                                  Eработодатель

13.                employee                                  Mэкономическая система

14.                investment                                Nбанковские счета

15.                market economy                      O  инфляция 

16.                planned economy                     P прибыль

17.                mixed economy                       Q инфляция

18.                economic system                     R производить

19.                 savings                                    Sтовары и услуги

20.                bank accounts                          T инвестиция

21.                inflation                                   U общество

22.                demand- pull inflation             V продажа

23.                cost- push inflation                 W дефицит

24.                sales                                         X  доходы

25.                goods and services                  Y  реклама

26.                management                            Z  инфляция спроса

Task 3

1. Shareholder 2. current account 3. bank activity 4. profit 5. legal tender 6. cash 7. certified check 8. to lend money 9. securities 10. investment 11. domestic market 12. delivery 13. competitor 14. jobber 15. consumer 16. vendor 17. wholesaler 18. manufacturer 19. distributor 20. management 21. personnel manager 22. decision making 23. objectives

a)    потребитель b)   прибыль c)    ценные бумаги d)   управление e)    акционер f)     цели g)    суживать деньги h)   текущий счет i)      внутренний рынок j)      оптовик k)   доставка l)      биржевой спекулянт m)продавец n)   принятие решений o)   деятельность банка p)   наличные q)   инвестиции r)     конкурент s)     распределение t)      производитель u)   законное платежное средство v)   удостоверенный чек w)менеджер по кадрам

Task 4

1)    People who operate the bank:

a)     shareholders

b)    Board of Directors

2)    People who own bank deposits:

a)     stockholders

b)    clerical workers

3)    Bank divides profits between:

a)     clerical staff

b)    shareholders

4)    “Legal tender” means:

a)     money guaranteed by a government

b)    type of currency

5)    Traveler’s cheques are:

a)     not negotiable everywhere

b)    negotiable everywhere

6)    A person who grants money:

a)     a borrower

b)    a lender

7)    A “Loan” means:

a)     a sum of money borrowed

b)    sum of money given to somebody

    The most common form of the bank investment are:

a)     government bonds

b)    government securities

9)    Bank funds belong to the:

a)     depositors

b)    bank workers

10)  Bank lends money:

a)     to help people

b)    to make profit

11)  Selling abroad create:

a)     extra problems

b)    no problems

12)  The principal stock exchange in new York is known as:

a)     Wall Street

b)    Fifth avenue

13)  Jobbers are:

a)     agents between brokers and public

b)    agents between brokers and bank

14)  The British Stock Exchange was founded in:

a)     1873

b)    1773

15)  Index numbers indicate:

a)     changes in the price of shares

b)    changes in the price of goods and services

16)  Marketing directs the flow of goods and services:

a)     from consumer to producer

b)    from producer to consumer

17)  “Consumer” is a person:

a)     who produces

b)    who buys

18)  “Vendor” is a person:

a)     who sells

b)    who produces

19)  The main function of marketing is:

a)     to sell product

b)    to buy product

20)  The four main elements of marketing are called:

a)     The Four P’s

b)    The Four M’s

21)  Most companies establish price:

a)     above market

b)    with market

22)  Management considers from:

a)     one point of view

b)    two points of view

23)  Top manager’s task is:

a)     decision making

b)    making profit

24)  There are:

a)     five levels of management

b)    three levels of management

25)  Careers includes:

a)     three business fields

b)    five business fields

Литература

1.    И.П. Агабекян. Английский для менеджеров. Ростов-на-Дону. “Феникс”, 2001,  409 с.

2.    Л. Раицкая, С. Кохрейн. Guide to Economics. MacMillan, 2008, 133 с.

3.    Англо-русский словарь экономический словарь.

4.    Oxford Student’s Dictionary of Current English, A.S. Hornby. 2003, 767 c.