Group word for sugar

1. bagasse

   the dry dusty pulp that remains after juice is extracted from sugar cane or similar plants

   In more recent years, a diffuser is used to increase extraction from
   bagasse, the residual cane fibre after the juice is removed.

2. centrifugation

   the process of separating substances of different densities by the use of a centrifuge

   Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane, in the mill yard, to dump them onto the conveyor
   
   ­ The cane-sugar factory also has a chapel
   
   ­ The former entrance to the cane-sugar factory, on the inside and outside, where the workers during the harvesting season hung out their clothes
   
   ­ The steam machine that moves the mills that crush the sugarcane
   
   ­ The main sugarcane crusher
   
   ­ The main warehouse where the sugarcane is crushed
   
   ­ The main sugarcane crusher; cane entering the crusher
   
   ­ Mills, rollers …

3. sugarcane

   tall, stout tropical grass with sweet sap

   The first historical references to
   sugarcane are to be found in certain Buddhist legends from the 5th century BC.

4. forklift

   a small industrial vehicle with a power operated forked platform in front that can be inserted under loads to lift and move them

   ­
   
   ­ Azucarera del Guadalfeo, “Antiguo Ingenio de Nuestra Señora del Rosario”, founded in 1860; to the right, La Caleta, with the Mediterranean in the background, Salobreña, Granada
   
   ­
   
   ­ A plantation of sugarcane growing in the fertile lowlands of Salobreña, Granada
   
   ­ The front line of sugarcane, tied together to withstand the wind
   
   ­ A close-up of ripe sugarcane ready for cutting
   
   ­ The fertile lowlands and Sierra Nevada mountains, Salobreña, Granada
   
   ­ Sugarcane close-up
   
   ­ A view from the Azu…

5. diffuser

   baffle that distributes sound waves evenly

   In more recent years, a
   diffuser is used to increase extraction from bagasse, the residual cane fibre after the juice is removed.

6. sugar beet

   form of the common beet having a sweet white root from which sugar is obtained

   After the boom, sugarcane went into decline and was replaced by
   sugar beets.

7. Granada

   a city in southeastern Spain that was the capital of the Moorish kingdom until it was captured by Ferdinand and Isabella in 1492; site of the Alhambra (a palace and fortress built by Moors in the Middle Ages) which is now a major tourist attraction

   The sugar produced on the coast of
   Granada province during the Arab period was much appreciated throughout Europe and some master cane-sugar producers became famous.
8. mechanize

   introduce automatic or electrical equipment into a process

   ­
   
   ­ Azucarera del Guadalfeo, “Antiguo Ingenio de Nuestra Señora del Rosario”, founded in 1860; to the right, La Caleta, with the Mediterranean in the background, Salobreña, Granada
   
   ­
   
   ­ A plantation of sugarcane growing in the fertile lowlands of Salobreña, Granada
   
   ­ The front line of sugarcane, tied together to withstand the wind
   
   ­ A close-up of ripe sugarcane ready for cutting
   
   ­ The fertile lowlands and Sierra Nevada mountains, Salobreña, Granada
   
   ­ Sugarcane close-up
   
   ­ A view from the Azu…

9. tractor

   a wheeled vehicle with large wheels

   ­
   
   ­ Azucarera del Guadalfeo, “Antiguo Ingenio de Nuestra Señora del Rosario”, founded in 1860; to the right, La Caleta, with the Mediterranean in the background, Salobreña, Granada
   
   ­
   
   ­ A plantation of sugarcane growing in the fertile lowlands of Salobreña, Granada
   
   ­ The front line of sugarcane, tied together to withstand the wind
   
   ­ A close-up of ripe sugarcane ready for cutting
   
   ­ The fertile lowlands and Sierra Nevada mountains, Salobreña, Granada
   
   ­ Sugarcane close-up
   
   ­ A view from the Azu…

10. burn off

    clear land of its vegetation by burning it off

    ­
    
    ­ Azucarera del Guadalfeo, “Antiguo Ingenio de Nuestra Señora del Rosario”, founded in 1860; to the right, La Caleta, with the Mediterranean in the background, Salobreña, Granada
    
    ­
    
    ­ A plantation of sugarcane growing in the fertile lowlands of Salobreña, Granada
    
    ­ The front line of sugarcane, tied together to withstand the wind
    
    ­ A close-up of ripe sugarcane ready for cutting
    
    ­ The fertile lowlands and Sierra Nevada mountains, Salobreña, Granada
    
    ­ Sugarcane close-up
    
    ­ A view from the Azu…

11. crusher

    a device that crushes something

    Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane, in the mill yard, to dump them onto the conveyor
    
    ­ The cane-sugar factory also has a chapel
    
    ­ The former entrance to the cane-sugar factory, on the inside and outside, where the workers during the harvesting season hung out their clothes
    
    ­ The steam machine that moves the mills that crush the sugarcane
    
    ­ The main sugarcane
    crusher
    
    ­ The main warehouse where the sugarcane is crushed
    
    ­ The main sugarcane crusher; cane entering the crusher
    
    ­ Mills, r…
12. conveyor

    a person who conveys (carries or transmits)

    These are the ratoons left for the next season after cutting the cane
    
    ­ Bridge crane with a hydraulic cylinder that perforates the truckload to take samples (rupro) of the sugarcane
    
    ­ Control of sugarcane samples and weighing scales
    
    ­ Mill yard, where the freshly cut cane is unloaded
    
    ­ Truck unloading cane
    
    ­ Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane and truck unloading it in the mill yard
    
    ­ Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane in the mill yard to dump it on the
    conveyor, and Salobreña cas…

13. Iberian Peninsula

    a peninsula in southwestern Europe

    Plantations on the
    Iberian Peninsula date back to 711, when the Arabs conquered the Iberian Peninsula and imported sugarcane from Egypt.

14. crystallize

    cause to form crystals or assume crystalline form

    More or less pure
    crystallized sucrose, known as kandi sefid, was a luxury item used mainly for medicinal preparations.

15. cane

    a strong slender often flexible stem as of bamboos, reeds, rattans, or sugar cane

    Egypt was the first nation to develop the
    cane-sugar industry and trade.

16. crystallizing

    the formation of crystals

    Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane, in the mill yard, to dump them onto the conveyor
    
    ­ The cane-sugar factory also has a chapel
    
    ­ The former entrance to the cane-sugar factory, on the inside and outside, where the workers during the harvesting season hung out their clothes
    
    ­ The steam machine that moves the mills that crush the sugarcane
    
    ­ The main sugarcane crusher
    
    ­ The main warehouse where the sugarcane is crushed
    
    ­ The main sugarcane crusher; cane entering the crusher
    
    ­ Mills, rollers …

17. fuel oil

    a petroleum product used for fuel

    The bagasse, or squeezed cane that comes out of the last mill is automatically transported to the factory’s depots, which are separate from the coal and
    fuel oil tanks, and used to produce a quick, hot flame.

18. shredder

    a device that shreds documents

    Mills have undergone many improvements over the years, with hydraulic pressure regulation, cutters, and
    shredders.

19. sucrose

    a complex carbohydrate found in many plants and used as a sweetening agent

    More or less pure crystallized
    sucrose, known as kandi sefid, was a luxury item used mainly for medicinal preparations.

20. confectionary

    a confectioner’s shop

    Now there will be no mills to crush the sugarcane grown in this country, although sugar is widely appreciated for its qualities and used in cooking and
    confectionary.

21. lay out

    lay out orderly or logically in a line or as if in a line

    ­
    
    ­ Azucarera del Guadalfeo, “Antiguo Ingenio de Nuestra Señora del Rosario”, founded in 1860; to the right, La Caleta, with the Mediterranean in the background, Salobreña, Granada
    
    ­
    
    ­ A plantation of sugarcane growing in the fertile lowlands of Salobreña, Granada
    
    ­ The front line of sugarcane, tied together to withstand the wind
    
    ­ A close-up of ripe sugarcane ready for cutting
    
    ­ The fertile lowlands and Sierra Nevada mountains, Salobreña, Granada
    
    ­ Sugarcane close-up
    
    ­ A view from the Azu…

22. beet sugar

    sugar made from sugar beets

    After the cane juice is extracted by the mills, it undergoes the processes of clarification, concentration, crystallization and centrifuging, all of which are similar to the process for
    beet sugar.

23. distiller

    someone who distills alcoholic liquors

    Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane, in the mill yard, to dump them onto the conveyor
    
    ­ The cane-sugar factory also has a chapel
    
    ­ The former entrance to the cane-sugar factory, on the inside and outside, where the workers during the harvesting season hung out their clothes
    
    ­ The steam machine that moves the mills that crush the sugarcane
    
    ­ The main sugarcane crusher
    
    ­ The main warehouse where the sugarcane is crushed
    
    ­ The main sugarcane crusher; cane entering the crusher
    
    ­ Mills, rollers …

24. sugar

    a white crystalline carbohydrate used as a sweetener

    Solid
    sugar was obtained from the juice; although some confused data seem to indicate that it was known to the Chinese long before Christ was born.
25. round the clock

    without stopping

    These are the ratoons left for the next season after cutting the cane
    
    ­ Bridge crane with a hydraulic cylinder that perforates the truckload to take samples (rupro) of the sugarcane
    
    ­ Control of sugarcane samples and weighing scales
    
    ­ Mill yard, where the freshly cut cane is unloaded
    
    ­ Truck unloading cane
    
    ­ Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane and truck unloading it in the mill yard
    
    ­ Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane in the mill yard to dump it on the conveyor, and Salobreña castle in …

26. machete

    a large knife used as a weapon or for cutting vegetation

    ­
    
    ­ Azucarera del Guadalfeo, “Antiguo Ingenio de Nuestra Señora del Rosario”, founded in 1860; to the right, La Caleta, with the Mediterranean in the background, Salobreña, Granada
    
    ­
    
    ­ A plantation of sugarcane growing in the fertile lowlands of Salobreña, Granada
    
    ­ The front line of sugarcane, tied together to withstand the wind
    
    ­ A close-up of ripe sugarcane ready for cutting
    
    ­ The fertile lowlands and Sierra Nevada mountains, Salobreña, Granada
    
    ­ Sugarcane close-up
    
    ­ A view from the Azu…

27. haulage

    the act of drawing or hauling something

    The harvest operations of the corta, cutting the cane; monda, cane stripping and non-sweet tip; and conducción or
    haulage to the processing plant must be performed rapidly; once cut, the cane hardens and begins to lose its sugar content.

28. centrifuge

    an apparatus that separates particles from a suspension

    After the cane juice is extracted by the mills, it undergoes the processes of clarification, concentration, crystallization and
    centrifuging, all of which are similar to the process for beet sugar.

29. Rosario

    a port city on the Parana River in eastern central Argentina

    It was during this period that the sugar factory known as Azucarera del Guadalfeo, formerly Nuestra Señora del
    Rosario, in Salobreña (Granada) first started its ‘sweet’ task with a few simple mills.

30. perforate

    make a hole into or between, as for ease of separation

    These are the ratoons left for the next season after cutting the cane
    
    ­ Bridge crane with a hydraulic cylinder that
    perforates the truckload to take samples (rupro) of the sugarcane
    
    ­ Control of sugarcane samples and weighing scales
    
    ­ Mill yard, where the freshly cut cane is unloaded
    
    ­ Truck unloading cane
    
    ­ Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane and truck unloading it in the mill yard
    
    ­ Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane in the mill yard to dump it on the conveyor, and Salobreña cas…

31. clarification

    the act of removing solid particles from a liquid

    Large quantities of colloidal substances are extracted along with the remnant of juice, making the chemical
    clarification process much more difficult.

32. unload

    leave or discharge

    The Plaza de Cañas is the mill yard where the cane is
    unloaded.

33. packaging

    material used to make packages

    Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane, in the mill yard, to dump them onto the conveyor
    
    ­ The cane-sugar factory also has a chapel
    
    ­ The former entrance to the cane-sugar factory, on the inside and outside, where the workers during the harvesting season hung out their clothes
    
    ­ The steam machine that moves the mills that crush the sugarcane
    
    ­ The main sugarcane crusher
    
    ­ The main warehouse where the sugarcane is crushed
    
    ­ The main sugarcane crusher; cane entering the crusher
    
    ­ Mills, rollers …

34. Iberian

    of or relating to the Iberian Peninsula or its inhabitants

    Plantations on the
    Iberian Peninsula date back to 711, when the Arabs conquered the Iberian Peninsula and imported sugarcane from Egypt.
35. colloidal

    of or relating to or having the properties of a colloid

    Large quantities of
    colloidal substances are extracted along with the remnant of juice, making the chemical clarification process much more difficult.

36. factory worker

    a workman in a mill or factory

    Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane, in the mill yard, to dump them onto the conveyor
    
    ­ The cane-sugar factory also has a chapel
    
    ­ The former entrance to the cane-sugar factory, on the inside and outside, where the workers during the harvesting season hung out their clothes
    
    ­ The steam machine that moves the mills that crush the sugarcane
    
    ­ The main sugarcane crusher
    
    ­ The main warehouse where the sugarcane is crushed
    
    ­ The main sugarcane crusher; cane entering the crusher
    
    ­ Mills, rollers …

37. beet

    biennial Eurasian plant usually having a swollen edible root

    After the boom, sugarcane went into decline and was replaced by sugar
    beets.

38. Senora

    a Spanish title or form of address for a married woman

    It was during this period that the sugar factory known as Azucarera del Guadalfeo, formerly Nuestra
    Señora del Rosario, in Salobreña (Granada) first started its ‘sweet’ task with a few simple mills.

39. stripper

    a chemical compound used to remove paint or varnish

    ­
    
    ­ Azucarera del Guadalfeo, “Antiguo Ingenio de Nuestra Señora del Rosario”, founded in 1860; to the right, La Caleta, with the Mediterranean in the background, Salobreña, Granada
    
    ­
    
    ­ A plantation of sugarcane growing in the fertile lowlands of Salobreña, Granada
    
    ­ The front line of sugarcane, tied together to withstand the wind
    
    ­ A close-up of ripe sugarcane ready for cutting
    
    ­ The fertile lowlands and Sierra Nevada mountains, Salobreña, Granada
    
    ­ Sugarcane close-up
    
    ­ A view from the Azu…

40. fertile

    capable of reproducing

    The area of low-lying
    fertile land along the coast was perfect for growing sugarcane, a tropical crop that requires the right combination of heat and humidity.

41. crush

    compress with violence, out of natural shape or condition

    The history of hand-harvested sugarcane, the zafra, and the sugar industry in Spain came to an end in 2006 with the last harvest in Salobreña and the last
    crushed cane.

42. mill

    a facility for manufacturing

    The Plaza de Cañas is the
    mill yard where the cane is unloaded.

43. manually

    by hand

    ­
    
    ­ Azucarera del Guadalfeo, “Antiguo Ingenio de Nuestra Señora del Rosario”, founded in 1860; to the right, La Caleta, with the Mediterranean in the background, Salobreña, Granada
    
    ­
    
    ­ A plantation of sugarcane growing in the fertile lowlands of Salobreña, Granada
    
    ­ The front line of sugarcane, tied together to withstand the wind
    
    ­ A close-up of ripe sugarcane ready for cutting
    
    ­ The fertile lowlands and Sierra Nevada mountains, Salobreña, Granada
    
    ­ Sugarcane close-up
    
    ­ A view from the Azu…

44. populate

    inhabit or live in; be an inhabitant of

    In the Neolithic Period it was
    populated by semi-nomad peoples and later by the Phoenicians, who settled in Salobreña (Sagalvina) first and subsequently in Almuñecar (Xexi).
45. Andalusia

    a region in southern Spain on the Atlantic and the Mediterranean; formerly a center of Moorish civilization

    View of Azucarera del Guadalfeo from La Caleta, Salobreña, Granada,
    Andalusia, Spain
    
    ­ The calm after the storm of activity
    
    ­ The sun sets for the last time on the sugarcane on the Tropical Coast of Granada, Andalusia, Spain
    
    ­ The distillery building

46. molasses

    thick dark syrup produced by boiling down juice from sugar cane; especially during sugar refining

    Next, it is crushed in mills to extract the juice (guarapo), called
    molasses.

47. hydraulic

    moved or operated or effected by liquid

    Cane has an irregular shape so it cannot be conveyed by the
    hydraulic means used in sugar beet silos.

48. brown sugar

    unrefined or only partly refined sugar

    Finally, the sugar is cooked until it crystallizes and turns into the
    brown sugar we are familiar with today.

49. monitoring

    the act of observing something

    Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane, in the mill yard, to dump them onto the conveyor
    
    ­ The cane-sugar factory also has a chapel
    
    ­ The former entrance to the cane-sugar factory, on the inside and outside, where the workers during the harvesting season hung out their clothes
    
    ­ The steam machine that moves the mills that crush the sugarcane
    
    ­ The main sugarcane crusher
    
    ­ The main warehouse where the sugarcane is crushed
    
    ­ The main sugarcane crusher; cane entering the crusher
    
    ­ Mills, rollers …

50. factory

    a plant with facilities for manufacturing

    It was during this period that the sugar
    factory known as Azucarera del Guadalfeo, formerly Nuestra Señora del Rosario, in Salobreña (Granada) first started its ‘sweet’ task with a few simple mills.

51. Plantation

    a newly established colony

    Plantations on the Iberian Peninsula date back to 711, when the Arabs conquered the Iberian Peninsula and imported sugarcane from Egypt.

52. Neolithic

    latest part of the Stone Age beginning about 10,000 BC in the Middle East (but later elsewhere)

    In the
    Neolithic Period it was populated by semi-nomad peoples and later by the Phoenicians, who settled in Salobreña (Sagalvina) first and subsequently in Almuñecar (Xexi).

53. cutting

    the act of penetrating or opening open with a sharp edge

    The harvest operations of the corta,
    cutting the cane; monda, cane stripping and non-sweet tip; and conducción or haulage to the processing plant must be performed rapidly; once cut, the cane hardens and begins to lose its sugar content.

54. crane

    a long-necked wading bird

    It is loaded by hand or
    crane onto a moving table that takes it to the first stage of the process: the cutting machine, where it is cut into chips to make it easier for the mills to crush it.
55. silo

    a cylindrical tower used for storing grain

    Cane has an irregular shape so it cannot be conveyed by the hydraulic means used in sugar beet
    silos.

56. juice

    the liquid part that can be extracted from plant or animal tissue by squeezing or cooking

    From there it was grown in China and what is now known as the Middle East where only its
    juice, either natural or concentrated, was used.

57. monitor

    someone who observes to ensure fairness or prevent mistakes

    Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane, in the mill yard, to dump them onto the conveyor
    
    ­ The cane-sugar factory also has a chapel
    
    ­ The former entrance to the cane-sugar factory, on the inside and outside, where the workers during the harvesting season hung out their clothes
    
    ­ The steam machine that moves the mills that crush the sugarcane
    
    ­ The main sugarcane crusher
    
    ­ The main warehouse where the sugarcane is crushed
    
    ­ The main sugarcane crusher; cane entering the crusher
    
    ­ Mills, rollers …
58. furnace

    an enclosed chamber in which heat is produced for a building

    Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane, in the mill yard, to dump them onto the conveyor
    
    ­ The cane-sugar factory also has a chapel
    
    ­ The former entrance to the cane-sugar factory, on the inside and outside, where the workers during the harvesting season hung out their clothes
    
    ­ The steam machine that moves the mills that crush the sugarcane
    
    ­ The main sugarcane crusher
    
    ­ The main warehouse where the sugarcane is crushed
    
    ­ The main sugarcane crusher; cane entering the crusher
    
    ­ Mills, rollers …

59. harvesting

    the gathering of a ripened crop

    ­
    
    ­ Azucarera del Guadalfeo, “Antiguo Ingenio de Nuestra Señora del Rosario”, founded in 1860; to the right, La Caleta, with the Mediterranean in the background, Salobreña, Granada
    
    ­
    
    ­ A plantation of sugarcane growing in the fertile lowlands of Salobreña, Granada
    
    ­ The front line of sugarcane, tied together to withstand the wind
    
    ­ A close-up of ripe sugarcane ready for cutting
    
    ­ The fertile lowlands and Sierra Nevada mountains, Salobreña, Granada
    
    ­ Sugarcane close-up
    
    ­ A view from the Azu…

60. Phoenician

    of or relating to or characteristic of Phoenicia or its inhabitants

    In the Neolithic Period it was populated by semi-nomad peoples and later by the
    Phoenicians, who settled in Salobreña (Sagalvina) first and subsequently in Almuñecar (Xexi).

61. mechanized

    equipped with machinery

    ­
    
    ­ Azucarera del Guadalfeo, “Antiguo Ingenio de Nuestra Señora del Rosario”, founded in 1860; to the right, La Caleta, with the Mediterranean in the background, Salobreña, Granada
    
    ­
    
    ­ A plantation of sugarcane growing in the fertile lowlands of Salobreña, Granada
    
    ­ The front line of sugarcane, tied together to withstand the wind
    
    ­ A close-up of ripe sugarcane ready for cutting
    
    ­ The fertile lowlands and Sierra Nevada mountains, Salobreña, Granada
    
    ­ Sugarcane close-up
    
    ­ A view from the Azu…

62. sharpen

    make sharp or sharper

    ­
    
    ­ Azucarera del Guadalfeo, “Antiguo Ingenio de Nuestra Señora del Rosario”, founded in 1860; to the right, La Caleta, with the Mediterranean in the background, Salobreña, Granada
    
    ­
    
    ­ A plantation of sugarcane growing in the fertile lowlands of Salobreña, Granada
    
    ­ The front line of sugarcane, tied together to withstand the wind
    
    ­ A close-up of ripe sugarcane ready for cutting
    
    ­ The fertile lowlands and Sierra Nevada mountains, Salobreña, Granada
    
    ­ Sugarcane close-up
    
    ­ A view from the Azu…

63. operator

    an agent that operates some apparatus or machine

    Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane, in the mill yard, to dump them onto the conveyor
    
    ­ The cane-sugar factory also has a chapel
    
    ­ The former entrance to the cane-sugar factory, on the inside and outside, where the workers during the harvesting season hung out their clothes
    
    ­ The steam machine that moves the mills that crush the sugarcane
    
    ­ The main sugarcane crusher
    
    ­ The main warehouse where the sugarcane is crushed
    
    ­ The main sugarcane crusher; cane entering the crusher
    
    ­ Mills, rollers …

64. date back

    belong to an earlier time

    Plantations on the Iberian Peninsula
    date back to 711, when the Arabs conquered the Iberian Peninsula and imported sugarcane from Egypt.

65. unloading

    the labor of taking a load of something off of or out of a vehicle or ship or container etc.

    These are the ratoons left for the next season after cutting the cane
    
    ­ Bridge crane with a hydraulic cylinder that perforates the truckload to take samples (rupro) of the sugarcane
    
    ­ Control of sugarcane samples and weighing scales
    
    ­ Mill yard, where the freshly cut cane is unloaded
    
    ­ Truck
    unloading cane
    
    ­ Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane and truck unloading it in the mill yard
    
    ­ Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane in the mill yard to dump it on the conveyor, and Salobreña cas…

66. traction

    the friction between a body and a surface on which it moves

    The original mills came from the mills used for corn and were followed by three-cylinder vertical ones moved by animal
    traction, water, or the wind.

67. Sierra Nevada

    a mountain range in southern Spain along the Mediterranean coast to the east of Granada

    ­
    
    ­ Azucarera del Guadalfeo, “Antiguo Ingenio de Nuestra Señora del Rosario”, founded in 1860; to the right, La Caleta, with the Mediterranean in the background, Salobreña, Granada
    
    ­
    
    ­ A plantation of sugarcane growing in the fertile lowlands of Salobreña, Granada
    
    ­ The front line of sugarcane, tied together to withstand the wind
    
    ­ A close-up of ripe sugarcane ready for cutting
    
    ­ The fertile lowlands and
    Sierra Nevada mountains, Salobreña, Granada
    
    ­ Sugarcane close-up
    
    ­ A view from …

68. purifying

    freeing from noxious matter

    Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane, in the mill yard, to dump them onto the conveyor
    
    ­ The cane-sugar factory also has a chapel
    
    ­ The former entrance to the cane-sugar factory, on the inside and outside, where the workers during the harvesting season hung out their clothes
    
    ­ The steam machine that moves the mills that crush the sugarcane
    
    ­ The main sugarcane crusher
    
    ­ The main warehouse where the sugarcane is crushed
    
    ­ The main sugarcane crusher; cane entering the crusher
    
    ­ Mills, rollers …

69. semi

    a truck consisting of a tractor and trailer together

    In the Neolithic Period it was populated by
    semi-nomad peoples and later by the Phoenicians, who settled in Salobreña (Sagalvina) first and subsequently in Almuñecar (Xexi).

70. distillery

    a plant and works where alcoholic drinks are made by distillation

    View of Azucarera del Guadalfeo from La Caleta, Salobreña, Granada, Andalusia, Spain
    
    ­ The calm after the storm of activity
    
    ­ The sun sets for the last time on the sugarcane on the Tropical Coast of Granada, Andalusia, Spain
    
    ­ The
    distillery building

71. crystallization

    the formation of crystals

    After the cane juice is extracted by the mills, it undergoes the processes of clarification, concentration,
    crystallization and centrifuging, all of which are similar to the process for beet sugar.

72. truck

    an automotive vehicle suitable for hauling

    ­
    
    ­ Azucarera del Guadalfeo, “Antiguo Ingenio de Nuestra Señora del Rosario”, founded in 1860; to the right, La Caleta, with the Mediterranean in the background, Salobreña, Granada
    
    ­
    
    ­ A plantation of sugarcane growing in the fertile lowlands of Salobreña, Granada
    
    ­ The front line of sugarcane, tied together to withstand the wind
    
    ­ A close-up of ripe sugarcane ready for cutting
    
    ­ The fertile lowlands and Sierra Nevada mountains, Salobreña, Granada
    
    ­ Sugarcane close-up
    
    ­ A view from the Azu…

73. unloaded

    (of weapons) not charged with ammunition

    The Plaza de Cañas is the mill yard where the cane is
    unloaded.

74. medicinal

    treating, preventing or alleviating the symptoms of disease

    More or less pure crystallized sucrose, known as kandi sefid, was a luxury item used mainly for
    medicinal preparations.

75. crushing

    physically or spiritually devastating

    Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane, in the mill yard, to dump them onto the conveyor
    
    ­ The cane-sugar factory also has a chapel
    
    ­ The former entrance to the cane-sugar factory, on the inside and outside, where the workers during the harvesting season hung out their clothes
    
    ­ The steam machine that moves the mills that crush the sugarcane
    
    ­ The main sugarcane crusher
    
    ­ The main warehouse where the sugarcane is crushed
    
    ­ The main sugarcane crusher; cane entering the crusher
    
    ­ Mills, rollers …

76. residual

    relating to or indicating a remainder

    In more recent years, a diffuser is used to increase extraction from bagasse, the
    residual cane fibre after the juice is removed.

77. purify

    distill or remove contaminants from

    Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane, in the mill yard, to dump them onto the conveyor
    
    ­ The cane-sugar factory also has a chapel
    
    ­ The former entrance to the cane-sugar factory, on the inside and outside, where the workers during the harvesting season hung out their clothes
    
    ­ The steam machine that moves the mills that crush the sugarcane
    
    ­ The main sugarcane crusher
    
    ­ The main warehouse where the sugarcane is crushed
    
    ­ The main sugarcane crusher; cane entering the crusher
    
    ­ Mills, rollers …

78. loading

    weight to be borne or conveyed

    ­
    
    ­ Azucarera del Guadalfeo, “Antiguo Ingenio de Nuestra Señora del Rosario”, founded in 1860; to the right, La Caleta, with the Mediterranean in the background, Salobreña, Granada
    
    ­
    
    ­ A plantation of sugarcane growing in the fertile lowlands of Salobreña, Granada
    
    ­ The front line of sugarcane, tied together to withstand the wind
    
    ­ A close-up of ripe sugarcane ready for cutting
    
    ­ The fertile lowlands and Sierra Nevada mountains, Salobreña, Granada
    
    ­ Sugarcane close-up
    
    ­ A view from the Azu…

79. Christopher Columbus

    Italian navigator who discovered the New World in the service of Spain while looking for a route to China (1451-1506)

    Curiously, Latin American countries, now the main growers of sugarcane, did not know the plant until
    Christopher Columbus took it there in his second voyage in 1494.

80. harvest

    the gathering of a ripened crop

    The history of hand-
    harvested sugarcane, the zafra, and the sugar industry in Spain came to an end in 2006 with the last harvest in Salobreña and the last crushed cane.

81. extract

    remove, usually with some force or effort

    Next, it is crushed in mills to
    extract the juice (guarapo), called molasses.

82. nomad

    a member of a people who have no permanent home

    In the Neolithic Period it was populated by semi-
    nomad peoples and later by the Phoenicians, who settled in Salobreña (Sagalvina) first and subsequently in Almuñecar (Xexi).

83. boiler

    a metal pot for stewing or boiling; usually has a lid

    Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane, in the mill yard, to dump them onto the conveyor
    
    ­ The cane-sugar factory also has a chapel
    
    ­ The former entrance to the cane-sugar factory, on the inside and outside, where the workers during the harvesting season hung out their clothes
    
    ­ The steam machine that moves the mills that crush the sugarcane
    
    ­ The main sugarcane crusher
    
    ­ The main warehouse where the sugarcane is crushed
    
    ­ The main sugarcane crusher; cane entering the crusher
    
    ­ Mills, rollers …

84. residue

    matter that remains after something has been removed

    Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane, in the mill yard, to dump them onto the conveyor
    
    ­ The cane-sugar factory also has a chapel
    
    ­ The former entrance to the cane-sugar factory, on the inside and outside, where the workers during the harvesting season hung out their clothes
    
    ­ The steam machine that moves the mills that crush the sugarcane
    
    ­ The main sugarcane crusher
    
    ­ The main warehouse where the sugarcane is crushed
    
    ­ The main sugarcane crusher; cane entering the crusher
    
    ­ Mills, rollers …

85. processing

    preparing or putting through a prescribed procedure

    The harvest operations of the corta, cutting the cane; monda, cane stripping and non-sweet tip; and conducción or haulage to the
    processing plant must be performed rapidly; once cut, the cane hardens and begins to lose its sugar content.

86. organise

    arrange by systematic planning and united effort

    Transport needs to be well
    organised, for the Salobreña area has no railway.

87. cellulose

    a polysaccharide that is the chief constituent of all plant tissues and fibers

    The cane-sugar company in Salobreña, Nuestra Señora del Rosario, Ltd., always ready to introduce modern industrial improvements, was the first mill to use bagasse to produce
    cellulose and its derivatives, that is, for purposes other than heating.

88. roller

    a mechanical device consisting of a cylindrical tube around which the hair is wound to curl it

    Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane, in the mill yard, to dump them onto the conveyor
    
    ­ The cane-sugar factory also has a chapel
    
    ­ The former entrance to the cane-sugar factory, on the inside and outside, where the workers during the harvesting season hung out their clothes
    
    ­ The steam machine that moves the mills that crush the sugarcane
    
    ­ The main sugarcane crusher
    
    ­ The main warehouse where the sugarcane is crushed
    
    ­ The main sugarcane crusher; cane entering the crusher
    
    ­ Mills,
    rolle…

89. propel

    cause to move forward with force

    The first steam-
    propelled machine was installed in Jamaica in 1769.

90. dump

    a piece of land where waste materials are dumped

    These are the ratoons left for the next season after cutting the cane
    
    ­ Bridge crane with a hydraulic cylinder that perforates the truckload to take samples (rupro) of the sugarcane
    
    ­ Control of sugarcane samples and weighing scales
    
    ­ Mill yard, where the freshly cut cane is unloaded
    
    ­ Truck unloading cane
    
    ­ Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane and truck unloading it in the mill yard
    
    ­ Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane in the mill yard to
    dump it on the conveyor, and Salobreña cas…

91. hang out

    spend time in a certain location or with certain people

    Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane, in the mill yard, to dump them onto the conveyor
    
    ­ The cane-sugar factory also has a chapel
    
    ­ The former entrance to the cane-sugar factory, on the inside and outside, where the workers during the harvesting season
    hung out their clothes
    
    ­ The steam machine that moves the mills that crush the sugarcane
    
    ­ The main sugarcane crusher
    
    ­ The main warehouse where the sugarcane is crushed
    
    ­ The main sugarcane crusher; cane entering the crusher
    
    ­ Mills, r…

92. before Christ

    before the Christian era

    Solid sugar was obtained from the juice; although some confused data seem to indicate that it was known to the Chinese long
    before Christ was born.

93. process

    a particular course of action intended to achieve a result

    The latter encouraged sugarcane cultivation in the area and built the first trapiches or sugarcane mills (later known as ingenios), thus originating the entire sugar-making
    process.

94. cylinder

    a surface generated by rotating a line around a fixed line

    The original mills came from the mills used for corn and were followed by three-
    cylinder vertical ones moved by animal traction, water, or the wind.

95. transport

    move something or somebody around

    Transport needs to be well organised, for the Salobreña area has no railway.

96. grower

    someone concerned with the science or art or business of cultivating the soil

    Curiously, Latin American countries, now the main
    growers of sugarcane, did not know the plant until Christopher Columbus took it there in his second voyage in 1494.

97. plantation

    an estate where cash crops are grown on a large scale

    Salobreña became an alquería, an important
    plantation on the coast of Alvira.

98. Mills

    United States architect who was the presidentially appointed architect of Washington D.C. (1781-1855)

    Mills have undergone many improvements over the years, with hydraulic pressure regulation, cutters, and shredders.

99. crystallized

    having both internal structure and external form of a crystal

    More or less pure
    crystallized sucrose, known as kandi sefid, was a luxury item used mainly for medicinal preparations.

100. low-lying

     lying below the normal level

     The area of
     low-lying fertile land along the coast was perfect for growing sugarcane, a tropical crop that requires the right combination of heat and humidity.

101. laying

     the production of eggs (especially in birds)

     ­
     
     ­ Azucarera del Guadalfeo, “Antiguo Ingenio de Nuestra Señora del Rosario”, founded in 1860; to the right, La Caleta, with the Mediterranean in the background, Salobreña, Granada
     
     ­
     
     ­ A plantation of sugarcane growing in the fertile lowlands of Salobreña, Granada
     
     ­ The front line of sugarcane, tied together to withstand the wind
     
     ­ A close-up of ripe sugarcane ready for cutting
     
     ­ The fertile lowlands and Sierra Nevada mountains, Salobreña, Granada
     
     ­ Sugarcane close-up
     
     ­ A view from the Azu…

102. Alexander the Great

     king of Macedon

     Two generals under
     Alexander the Great were the first to bring news to Europe that “in the East there are plants from which honey is produced without the intervention of bees”.

103. stack

     an orderly pile

     ­
     
     ­ Azucarera del Guadalfeo, “Antiguo Ingenio de Nuestra Señora del Rosario”, founded in 1860; to the right, La Caleta, with the Mediterranean in the background, Salobreña, Granada
     
     ­
     
     ­ A plantation of sugarcane growing in the fertile lowlands of Salobreña, Granada
     
     ­ The front line of sugarcane, tied together to withstand the wind
     
     ­ A close-up of ripe sugarcane ready for cutting
     
     ­ The fertile lowlands and Sierra Nevada mountains, Salobreña, Granada
     
     ­ Sugarcane close-up
     
     ­ A view from the Azu…

104. clock in

     register one’s arrival at work

     These are the ratoons left for the next season after cutting the cane
     
     ­ Bridge crane with a hydraulic cylinder that perforates the truckload to take samples (rupro) of the sugarcane
     
     ­ Control of sugarcane samples and weighing scales
     
     ­ Mill yard, where the freshly cut cane is unloaded
     
     ­ Truck unloading cane
     
     ­ Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane and truck unloading it in the mill yard
     
     ­ Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane in the mill yard to dump it on the conveyor, and Salobreña castle in …

105. derivative

     a compound obtained from another compound

     The cane-sugar company in Salobreña, Nuestra Señora del Rosario, Ltd., always ready to introduce modern industrial improvements, was the first mill to use bagasse to produce cellulose and its
     derivatives, that is, for purposes other than heating.

106. humidity

     wetness in the atmosphere

     The area of low-lying fertile land along the coast was perfect for growing sugarcane, a tropical crop that requires the right combination of heat and
     humidity.

107. cut

     separate with or as if with an instrument

     The harvest operations of the corta,
     cutting the cane; monda, cane stripping and non-sweet tip; and conducción or haulage to the processing plant must be performed rapidly; once cut, the cane hardens and begins to lose its sugar content.

108. warehouse

     a storehouse for goods and merchandise

     Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane, in the mill yard, to dump them onto the conveyor
     
     ­ The cane-sugar factory also has a chapel
     
     ­ The former entrance to the cane-sugar factory, on the inside and outside, where the workers during the harvesting season hung out their clothes
     
     ­ The steam machine that moves the mills that crush the sugarcane
     
     ­ The main sugarcane crusher
     
     ­ The main
     warehouse where the sugarcane is crushed
     
     ­ The main sugarcane crusher; cane entering the crusher
     
     ­ Mills, r…

109. yard

     enclosed land around a house or other building

     The Plaza de Cañas is the mill
     yard where the cane is unloaded.

110. machine

     a mechanical or electrical device that transmits energy

     A great many sugarcane mills were built and employed the most advanced technology of the day, such as steam
     machines.

111. do by

     interact in a certain way

     Making sugar from sugarcane is a laborious process
     done by traditional methods.

112. front line

     the line along which opposing armies face each other

     ­
     
     ­ Azucarera del Guadalfeo, “Antiguo Ingenio de Nuestra Señora del Rosario”, founded in 1860; to the right, La Caleta, with the Mediterranean in the background, Salobreña, Granada
     
     ­
     
     ­ A plantation of sugarcane growing in the fertile lowlands of Salobreña, Granada
     
     ­ The
     front line of sugarcane, tied together to withstand the wind
     
     ­ A close-up of ripe sugarcane ready for cutting
     
     ­ The fertile lowlands and Sierra Nevada mountains, Salobreña, Granada
     
     ­ Sugarcane close-up
     
     ­ A view from …

113. load

     weight to be borne or conveyed

     It is
     loaded by hand or crane onto a moving table that takes it to the first stage of the process: the cutting machine, where it is cut into chips to make it easier for the mills to crush it.

114. fuel

     a substance that can be consumed to produce energy

     The bagasse, or squeezed cane that comes out of the last mill is automatically transported to the factory’s depots, which are separate from the coal and
     fuel oil tanks, and used to produce a quick, hot flame.

115. evaporation

     the process of becoming a suspension of particles in the air

     Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane, in the mill yard, to dump them onto the conveyor
     
     ­ The cane-sugar factory also has a chapel
     
     ­ The former entrance to the cane-sugar factory, on the inside and outside, where the workers during the harvesting season hung out their clothes
     
     ­ The steam machine that moves the mills that crush the sugarcane
     
     ­ The main sugarcane crusher
     
     ­ The main warehouse where the sugarcane is crushed
     
     ­ The main sugarcane crusher; cane entering the crusher
     
     ­ Mills, rollers …

116. Latin American

     a native of Latin America

     Curiously,
     Latin American countries, now the main growers of sugarcane, did not know the plant until Christopher Columbus took it there in his second voyage in 1494.

117. stripping

     the removal of covering

     The harvest operations of the corta, cutting the cane; monda, cane
     stripping and non-sweet tip; and conducción or haulage to the processing plant must be performed rapidly; once cut, the cane hardens and begins to lose its sugar content.

118. facility

     a building or place that provides a particular service

     Over the years, older machines were replaced by modern ones until none of the machines used in the original
     facilities remained.

119. diffusion

     the act of dispersing something

     Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane, in the mill yard, to dump them onto the conveyor
     
     ­ The cane-sugar factory also has a chapel
     
     ­ The former entrance to the cane-sugar factory, on the inside and outside, where the workers during the harvesting season hung out their clothes
     
     ­ The steam machine that moves the mills that crush the sugarcane
     
     ­ The main sugarcane crusher
     
     ­ The main warehouse where the sugarcane is crushed
     
     ­ The main sugarcane crusher; cane entering the crusher
     
     ­ Mills, rollers …

120. cutter

     a cutting implement; a tool for cutting

     Mills have undergone many improvements over the years, with hydraulic pressure regulation,
     cutters, and shredders.

121. originate

     come into existence; take on form or shape

     The latter encouraged sugarcane cultivation in the area and built the first trapiches or sugarcane mills (later known as ingenios), thus
     originating the entire sugar-making process.

122. install

     set up for use

     The first steam-propelled machine was
     installed in Jamaica in 1769.

123. Mediterranean

     the largest inland sea; between Europe and Africa and Asia

     ­
     
     ­ Azucarera del Guadalfeo, “Antiguo Ingenio de Nuestra Señora del Rosario”, founded in 1860; to the right, La Caleta, with the
     Mediterranean in the background, Salobreña, Granada
     
     ­
     
     ­ A plantation of sugarcane growing in the fertile lowlands of Salobreña, Granada
     
     ­ The front line of sugarcane, tied together to withstand the wind
     
     ­ A close-up of ripe sugarcane ready for cutting
     
     ­ The fertile lowlands and Sierra Nevada mountains, Salobreña, Granada
     
     ­ Sugarcane close-up
     
     ­ A view from …

124. Sanskrit

     an ancient language of India

     In
     Sanskrit, the root of so many European words, the word for sugar was sarkara (fine sand), the origin of the word for sugar in every language.

125. confuse

     mistake one thing for another

     Solid sugar was obtained from the juice; although some
     confused data seem to indicate that it was known to the Chinese long before Christ was born.

126. tropical

     relating to part of the Earth’s surface with hot climate

     The history of the
     Tropical Coast, as the Salobreña region is currently known, goes back thousands of years.

127. extraction

     taking out something

     In more recent years, a diffuser is used to increase
     extraction from bagasse, the residual cane fibre after the juice is removed.

128. replace

     put something back where it belongs

     In the 17th and 18th centuries it was
     replaced by cotton.

129. populated

     furnished with inhabitants

     In the Neolithic Period it was
     populated by semi-nomad peoples and later by the Phoenicians, who settled in Salobreña (Sagalvina) first and subsequently in Almuñecar (Xexi).

130. background

     the part of a scene behind objects in the front

     ­
     
     ­ Azucarera del Guadalfeo, “Antiguo Ingenio de Nuestra Señora del Rosario”, founded in 1860; to the right, La Caleta, with the Mediterranean in the
     background, Salobreña, Granada
     
     ­
     
     ­ A plantation of sugarcane growing in the fertile lowlands of Salobreña, Granada
     
     ­ The front line of sugarcane, tied together to withstand the wind
     
     ­ A close-up of ripe sugarcane ready for cutting
     
     ­ The fertile lowlands and Sierra Nevada mountains, Salobreña, Granada
     
     ­ Sugarcane close-up
     
     ­ A view from …

131. settler

     a person who resides in a new colony or country

     Over the centuries the area attracted many different
     settlers, notably Phoenicians, Romans, and Arabs.

132. package

     a wrapped container

     Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane, in the mill yard, to dump them onto the conveyor
     
     ­ The cane-sugar factory also has a chapel
     
     ­ The former entrance to the cane-sugar factory, on the inside and outside, where the workers during the harvesting season hung out their clothes
     
     ­ The steam machine that moves the mills that crush the sugarcane
     
     ­ The main sugarcane crusher
     
     ­ The main warehouse where the sugarcane is crushed
     
     ­ The main sugarcane crusher; cane entering the crusher
     
     ­ Mills, rollers …

133. filter

     device that removes something from what passes through it

     Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane, in the mill yard, to dump them onto the conveyor
     
     ­ The cane-sugar factory also has a chapel
     
     ­ The former entrance to the cane-sugar factory, on the inside and outside, where the workers during the harvesting season hung out their clothes
     
     ­ The steam machine that moves the mills that crush the sugarcane
     
     ­ The main sugarcane crusher
     
     ­ The main warehouse where the sugarcane is crushed
     
     ­ The main sugarcane crusher; cane entering the crusher
     
     ­ Mills, rollers …

134. by hand

     without the use of a machine

     It is loaded
     by hand or crane onto a moving table that takes it to the first stage of the process: the cutting machine, where it is cut into chips to make it easier for the mills to crush it.

135. steam

     water at boiling temperature diffused in the atmosphere

     A great many sugarcane mills were built and employed the most advanced technology of the day, such as
     steam machines.

136. sample

     a small part intended as representative of the whole

     These are the ratoons left for the next season after cutting the cane
     
     ­ Bridge crane with a hydraulic cylinder that perforates the truckload to take
     samples (rupro) of the sugarcane
     
     ­ Control of sugarcane samples and weighing scales
     
     ­ Mill yard, where the freshly cut cane is unloaded
     
     ­ Truck unloading cane
     
     ­ Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane and truck unloading it in the mill yard
     
     ­ Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane in the mill yard to dump it on the conveyor, and Salobreña cas…

137. harden

     make hard or harder

     The harvest operations of the corta, cutting the cane; monda, cane stripping and non-sweet tip; and conducción or haulage to the processing plant must be performed rapidly; once cut, the cane
     hardens and begins to lose its sugar content.

138. clothe

     provide with clothes or put clothes on

     Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane, in the mill yard, to dump them onto the conveyor
     
     ­ The cane-sugar factory also has a chapel
     
     ­ The former entrance to the cane-sugar factory, on the inside and outside, where the workers during the harvesting season hung out their
     clothes
     
     ­ The steam machine that moves the mills that crush the sugarcane
     
     ­ The main sugarcane crusher
     
     ­ The main warehouse where the sugarcane is crushed
     
     ­ The main sugarcane crusher; cane entering the crusher
     
     ­ Mills, r…

139. Mill

     English philosopher and economist remembered for his interpretations of empiricism and utilitarianism (1806-1873)

     These are the ratoons left for the next season after cutting the cane
     
     ­ Bridge crane with a hydraulic cylinder that perforates the truckload to take samples (rupro) of the sugarcane
     
     ­ Control of sugarcane samples and weighing scales
     
     ­
     Mill yard, where the freshly cut cane is unloaded
     
     ­ Truck unloading cane
     
     ­ Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane and truck unloading it in the mill yard
     
     ­ Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane in the mill yard to dump it on the conveyor, and Salobreña cas…

140. crushed

     treated so as to have a permanently wrinkled appearance

     The history of hand-harvested sugarcane, the zafra, and the sugar industry in Spain came to an end in 2006 with the last harvest in Salobreña and the last
     crushed cane.

141. Spain

     a parliamentary monarchy in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula; a former colonial power

     Sugarcane spread very quickly in the favourable climate, whereas in
     Spain the sugar industry gradually went into decline during the colonial period.

142. peninsula

     a large mass of land projecting into a body of water

     Plantations on the Iberian
     Peninsula date back to 711, when the Arabs conquered the Iberian Peninsula and imported sugarcane from Egypt.

143. item

     a distinct part that can be specified separately in a group

     More or less pure crystallized sucrose, known as kandi sefid, was a luxury
     item used mainly for medicinal preparations.

144. laboratory

     a workplace for the conduct of scientific research

     Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane, in the mill yard, to dump them onto the conveyor
     
     ­ The cane-sugar factory also has a chapel
     
     ­ The former entrance to the cane-sugar factory, on the inside and outside, where the workers during the harvesting season hung out their clothes
     
     ­ The steam machine that moves the mills that crush the sugarcane
     
     ­ The main sugarcane crusher
     
     ­ The main warehouse where the sugarcane is crushed
     
     ­ The main sugarcane crusher; cane entering the crusher
     
     ­ Mills, rollers …

145. appreciated

     fully understood or grasped

     The sugar produced on the coast of Granada province during the Arab period was much
     appreciated throughout Europe and some master cane-sugar producers became famous.

146. subsequent

     following in time or order

     ­
     
     ­ Azucarera del Guadalfeo, “Antiguo Ingenio de Nuestra Señora del Rosario”, founded in 1860; to the right, La Caleta, with the Mediterranean in the background, Salobreña, Granada
     
     ­
     
     ­ A plantation of sugarcane growing in the fertile lowlands of Salobreña, Granada
     
     ­ The front line of sugarcane, tied together to withstand the wind
     
     ­ A close-up of ripe sugarcane ready for cutting
     
     ­ The fertile lowlands and Sierra Nevada mountains, Salobreña, Granada
     
     ­ Sugarcane close-up
     
     ­ A view from the Azu…

147. organised

     being a member of or formed into a labor union

     Transport needs to be well
     organised, for the Salobreña area has no railway.

148. fibre

     a slender and greatly elongated substance capable of being spun into yarn

     In more recent years, a diffuser is used to increase extraction from bagasse, the residual cane
     fibre after the juice is removed.

149. plaza

     a public square with room for pedestrians

     The
     Plaza de Cañas is the mill yard where the cane is unloaded.

150. produce

     bring forth or yield

     Two generals under Alexander the Great were the first to bring news to Europe that “in the East there are plants from which honey is
     produced without the intervention of bees”.

151. 18th

     coming next after the seventeenth in position

     In the 17th and
     18th centuries it was replaced by cotton.

152. valve

     a mechanical device for controlling the flow of a fluid

     Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane, in the mill yard, to dump them onto the conveyor
     
     ­ The cane-sugar factory also has a chapel
     
     ­ The former entrance to the cane-sugar factory, on the inside and outside, where the workers during the harvesting season hung out their clothes
     
     ­ The steam machine that moves the mills that crush the sugarcane
     
     ­ The main sugarcane crusher
     
     ­ The main warehouse where the sugarcane is crushed
     
     ­ The main sugarcane crusher; cane entering the crusher
     
     ­ Mills, rollers …

153. Arab

     a member of a Semitic people from the Middle East

     Plantations on the Iberian Peninsula date back to 711, when the
     Arabs conquered the Iberian Peninsula and imported sugarcane from Egypt.

154. cut into

     turn up, loosen, or remove earth

     It is loaded by hand or crane onto a moving table that takes it to the first stage of the process: the cutting machine, where it is
     cut into chips to make it easier for the mills to crush it.

155. freshly

     very recently

     These are the ratoons left for the next season after cutting the cane
     
     ­ Bridge crane with a hydraulic cylinder that perforates the truckload to take samples (rupro) of the sugarcane
     
     ­ Control of sugarcane samples and weighing scales
     
     ­ Mill yard, where the
     freshly cut cane is unloaded
     
     ­ Truck unloading cane
     
     ­ Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane and truck unloading it in the mill yard
     
     ­ Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane in the mill yard to dump it on the conveyor, and Salobreña cas…

156. worker

     a person who works at a specific occupation

     Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane, in the mill yard, to dump them onto the conveyor
     
     ­ The cane-sugar factory also has a chapel
     
     ­ The former entrance to the cane-sugar factory, on the inside and outside, where the
     workers during the harvesting season hung out their clothes
     
     ­ The steam machine that moves the mills that crush the sugarcane
     
     ­ The main sugarcane crusher
     
     ­ The main warehouse where the sugarcane is crushed
     
     ­ The main sugarcane crusher; cane entering the crusher
     
     ­ Mills, r…

157. be born

     come into existence through birth

     Solid sugar was obtained from the juice; although some confused data seem to indicate that it was known to the Chinese long before Christ
     was born.

158. plant

     a living organism without the power to move

     These and other data indicate that the wild
     plant was originally from the north of India.

159. Ltd.

     a company that is organized to give its owners limited liability

     The cane-sugar company in Salobreña, Nuestra Señora del Rosario,
     Ltd., always ready to introduce modern industrial improvements, was the first mill to use bagasse to produce cellulose and its derivatives, that is, for purposes other than heating.

160. Buddhist

     one who follows the teachings of Buddha

     The first historical references to sugarcane are to be found in certain
     Buddhist legends from the 5th century BC.

161. clearing

     a treeless tract of land in the middle of a wooded area

     Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane, in the mill yard, to dump them onto the conveyor
     
     ­ The cane-sugar factory also has a chapel
     
     ­ The former entrance to the cane-sugar factory, on the inside and outside, where the workers during the harvesting season hung out their clothes
     
     ­ The steam machine that moves the mills that crush the sugarcane
     
     ­ The main sugarcane crusher
     
     ­ The main warehouse where the sugarcane is crushed
     
     ­ The main sugarcane crusher; cane entering the crusher
     
     ­ Mills, rollers …

162. gather

     assemble or get together

     These are the ratoons left for the next season after cutting the cane
     
     ­ Bridge crane with a hydraulic cylinder that perforates the truckload to take samples (rupro) of the sugarcane
     
     ­ Control of sugarcane samples and weighing scales
     
     ­ Mill yard, where the freshly cut cane is unloaded
     
     ­ Truck unloading cane
     
     ­ Forklift tractor
     gathering sugarcane and truck unloading it in the mill yard
     
     ­ Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane in the mill yard to dump it on the conveyor, and Salobreña cas…

163. gathering

     the act of gathering something

     These are the ratoons left for the next season after cutting the cane
     
     ­ Bridge crane with a hydraulic cylinder that perforates the truckload to take samples (rupro) of the sugarcane
     
     ­ Control of sugarcane samples and weighing scales
     
     ­ Mill yard, where the freshly cut cane is unloaded
     
     ­ Truck unloading cane
     
     ­ Forklift tractor
     gathering sugarcane and truck unloading it in the mill yard
     
     ­ Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane in the mill yard to dump it on the conveyor, and Salobreña cas…

164. burn

     destroy by fire

     ­
     
     ­ Azucarera del Guadalfeo, “Antiguo Ingenio de Nuestra Señora del Rosario”, founded in 1860; to the right, La Caleta, with the Mediterranean in the background, Salobreña, Granada
     
     ­
     
     ­ A plantation of sugarcane growing in the fertile lowlands of Salobreña, Granada
     
     ­ The front line of sugarcane, tied together to withstand the wind
     
     ­ A close-up of ripe sugarcane ready for cutting
     
     ­ The fertile lowlands and Sierra Nevada mountains, Salobreña, Granada
     
     ­ Sugarcane close-up
     
     ­ A view from the Azu…

165. nonetheless

     despite anything to the contrary

     Nonetheless, it was in Cuba, not Spain, where the new techniques for the sugar industry were first used and subsequently exported to Spain.

166. heating

     the process of becoming warmer; a rising temperature

     The cane-sugar company in Salobreña, Nuestra Señora del Rosario, Ltd., always ready to introduce modern industrial improvements, was the first mill to use bagasse to produce cellulose and its derivatives, that is, for purposes other than
     heating.

167. invent

     come up with after a mental effort

     In the late 18th century, Smeaton
     invented the current system of trapiches, or three-cylinder mills, the basic machinery of the cane-sugar industry.

168. automatically

     in a mechanical manner; by a mechanism

     The bagasse, or squeezed cane that comes out of the last mill is
     automatically transported to the factory’s depots, which are separate from the coal and fuel oil tanks, and used to produce a quick, hot flame.

169. withstand

     resist or confront with resistance

     ­
     
     ­ Azucarera del Guadalfeo, “Antiguo Ingenio de Nuestra Señora del Rosario”, founded in 1860; to the right, La Caleta, with the Mediterranean in the background, Salobreña, Granada
     
     ­
     
     ­ A plantation of sugarcane growing in the fertile lowlands of Salobreña, Granada
     
     ­ The front line of sugarcane, tied together to
     withstand the wind
     
     ­ A close-up of ripe sugarcane ready for cutting
     
     ­ The fertile lowlands and Sierra Nevada mountains, Salobreña, Granada
     
     ­ Sugarcane close-up
     
     ­ A view from …

170. Nevada

     a state in the southwestern United States

     ­
     
     ­ Azucarera del Guadalfeo, “Antiguo Ingenio de Nuestra Señora del Rosario”, founded in 1860; to the right, La Caleta, with the Mediterranean in the background, Salobreña, Granada
     
     ­
     
     ­ A plantation of sugarcane growing in the fertile lowlands of Salobreña, Granada
     
     ­ The front line of sugarcane, tied together to withstand the wind
     
     ­ A close-up of ripe sugarcane ready for cutting
     
     ­ The fertile lowlands and Sierra
     Nevada mountains, Salobreña, Granada
     
     ­ Sugarcane close-up
     
     ­ A view from …

171. subsequently

     happening at a time later than another time

     In the Neolithic Period it was populated by semi-nomad peoples and later by the Phoenicians, who settled in Salobreña (Sagalvina) first and
     subsequently in Almuñecar (Xexi).

172. sierra

     a range of mountains

     ­
     
     ­ Azucarera del Guadalfeo, “Antiguo Ingenio de Nuestra Señora del Rosario”, founded in 1860; to the right, La Caleta, with the Mediterranean in the background, Salobreña, Granada
     
     ­
     
     ­ A plantation of sugarcane growing in the fertile lowlands of Salobreña, Granada
     
     ­ The front line of sugarcane, tied together to withstand the wind
     
     ­ A close-up of ripe sugarcane ready for cutting
     
     ­ The fertile lowlands and
     Sierra Nevada mountains, Salobreña, Granada
     
     ­ Sugarcane close-up
     
     ­ A view from …

173. laborious

     characterized by effort to the point of exhaustion

     Making sugar from sugarcane is a
     laborious process done by traditional methods.

174. privileged

     blessed with special advantages

     In those days sugar was a luxury item for the
     privileged few, and for medicinal purposes.

175. concentrate

     make denser, stronger, or purer

     From there it was grown in China and what is now known as the Middle East where only its juice, either natural or
     concentrated, was used.

176. depot

     a station for loading and unloading passengers or goods

     The bagasse, or squeezed cane that comes out of the last mill is automatically transported to the factory’s
     depots, which are separate from the coal and fuel oil tanks, and used to produce a quick, hot flame.

177. chip

     a small fragment of something broken off from the whole

     It is loaded by hand or crane onto a moving table that takes it to the first stage of the process: the cutting machine, where it is cut into
     chips to make it easier for the mills to crush it.

178. chips

     strips of potato fried in deep fat

     It is loaded by hand or crane onto a moving table that takes it to the first stage of the process: the cutting machine, where it is cut into
     chips to make it easier for the mills to crush it.

179. appreciate

     be fully aware of; realize fully

     The sugar produced on the coast of Granada province during the Arab period was much
     appreciated throughout Europe and some master cane-sugar producers became famous.

180. remnant

     a small part remaining after the main part no longer exists

     Large quantities of colloidal substances are extracted along with the
     remnant of juice, making the chemical clarification process much more difficult.

181. squeeze

     press firmly

     The bagasse, or
     squeezed cane that comes out of the last mill is automatically transported to the factory’s depots, which are separate from the coal and fuel oil tanks, and used to produce a quick, hot flame.

182. undergo

     pass through

     Mills have
     undergone many improvements over the years, with hydraulic pressure regulation, cutters, and shredders.

183. cook

     transform by heating

     Now there will be no mills to crush the sugarcane grown in this country, although sugar is widely appreciated for its qualities and used in
     cooking and confectionary.

184. indicate

     designate a place, direction, person, or thing

     These and other data
     indicate that the wild plant was originally from the north of India.

185. Jamaica

     a country on the island of Jamaica

     The first steam-propelled machine was installed in
     Jamaica in 1769.

186. industry

     the action of making of goods and services for sale

     Egypt was the first nation to develop the cane-sugar
     industry and trade.

187. area

     the extent of a two-dimensional surface within a boundary

     Over the centuries the
     area attracted many different settlers, notably Phoenicians, Romans, and Arabs.

188. technique

     a practical method or art applied to some particular task

     Nonetheless, it was in Cuba, not Spain, where the new
     techniques for the sugar industry were first used and subsequently exported to Spain.

189. luxury

     something that is an indulgence rather than a necessity

     More or less pure crystallized sucrose, known as kandi sefid, was a
     luxury item used mainly for medicinal preparations.

190. coast

     the shore of a sea or ocean

     Salobreña became an alquería, an important plantation on the
     coast of Alvira.

191. complex

     complicated in structure

     Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane, in the mill yard, to dump them onto the conveyor
     
     ­ The cane-sugar factory also has a chapel
     
     ­ The former entrance to the cane-sugar factory, on the inside and outside, where the workers during the harvesting season hung out their clothes
     
     ­ The steam machine that moves the mills that crush the sugarcane
     
     ­ The main sugarcane crusher
     
     ­ The main warehouse where the sugarcane is crushed
     
     ­ The main sugarcane crusher; cane entering the crusher
     
     ­ Mills, rollers …

192. solid

     not soft or yielding to pressure

     Solid sugar was obtained from the juice; although some confused data seem to indicate that it was known to the Chinese long before Christ was born.

193. rum

     liquor distilled from fermented molasses

     White sugar, widely used to make
     rum, can also be obtained from sugarcane by extracting it from the molasses.

194. decline

     grow worse

     Sugarcane spread very quickly in the favourable climate, whereas in Spain the sugar industry gradually went into
     decline during the colonial period.

195. vertical

     at right angles to the plane of the horizon or a base line

     The original mills came from the mills used for corn and were followed by three-cylinder
     vertical ones moved by animal traction, water, or the wind.

196. weighing

     careful consideration

     These are the ratoons left for the next season after cutting the cane
     
     ­ Bridge crane with a hydraulic cylinder that perforates the truckload to take samples (rupro) of the sugarcane
     
     ­ Control of sugarcane samples and
     weighing scales
     
     ­ Mill yard, where the freshly cut cane is unloaded
     
     ­ Truck unloading cane
     
     ­ Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane and truck unloading it in the mill yard
     
     ­ Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane in the mill yard to dump it on the conveyor, and Salobreña cas…

197. leaf

     a flat, usually green part of a plant attached to a stem

     ­
     
     ­ Azucarera del Guadalfeo, “Antiguo Ingenio de Nuestra Señora del Rosario”, founded in 1860; to the right, La Caleta, with the Mediterranean in the background, Salobreña, Granada
     
     ­
     
     ­ A plantation of sugarcane growing in the fertile lowlands of Salobreña, Granada
     
     ­ The front line of sugarcane, tied together to withstand the wind
     
     ­ A close-up of ripe sugarcane ready for cutting
     
     ­ The fertile lowlands and Sierra Nevada mountains, Salobreña, Granada
     
     ­ Sugarcane close-up
     
     ­ A view from the Azu…

198. concentration

     the spatial property of being crowded together

     After the cane juice is extracted by the mills, it undergoes the processes of clarification,
     concentration, crystallization and centrifuging, all of which are similar to the process for beet sugar.

199. go into

     to come or go into

     Sugarcane spread very quickly in the favourable climate, whereas in Spain the sugar industry gradually
     went into decline during the colonial period.

200. output

     production of a certain amount

     Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane, in the mill yard, to dump them onto the conveyor
     
     ­ The cane-sugar factory also has a chapel
     
     ­ The former entrance to the cane-sugar factory, on the inside and outside, where the workers during the harvesting season hung out their clothes
     
     ­ The steam machine that moves the mills that crush the sugarcane
     
     ­ The main sugarcane crusher
     
     ­ The main warehouse where the sugarcane is crushed
     
     ­ The main sugarcane crusher; cane entering the crusher
     
     ­ Mills, rollers …

201. use

     put into service

     From there it was grown in China and what is now known as the Middle East where only its juice, either natural or concentrated, was
     used.

202. improvement

     the act of making something better

     Mills have undergone many
     improvements over the years, with hydraulic pressure regulation, cutters, and shredders.

203. notably

     especially; in particular

     Over the centuries the area attracted many different settlers,
     notably Phoenicians, Romans, and Arabs.

204. main

     most important element

     Curiously, Latin American countries, now the
     main growers of sugarcane, did not know the plant until Christopher Columbus took it there in his second voyage in 1494.

205. fisherman

     someone whose occupation is catching fish

     Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane, in the mill yard, to dump them onto the conveyor
     
     ­ The cane-sugar factory also has a chapel
     
     ­ The former entrance to the cane-sugar factory, on the inside and outside, where the workers during the harvesting season hung out their clothes
     
     ­ The steam machine that moves the mills that crush the sugarcane
     
     ­ The main sugarcane crusher
     
     ­ The main warehouse where the sugarcane is crushed
     
     ­ The main sugarcane crusher; cane entering the crusher
     
     ­ Mills, rollers …

206. Middle East

     the area around the eastern Mediterranean

     From there it was grown in China and what is now known as the
     Middle East where only its juice, either natural or concentrated, was used.

207. widely

     to a great degree

     Now there will be no mills to crush the sugarcane grown in this country, although sugar is
     widely appreciated for its qualities and used in cooking and confectionary.

208. export

     sell or transfer abroad

     Nonetheless, it was in Cuba, not Spain, where the new techniques for the sugar industry were first used and subsequently
     exported to Spain.

209. setting

     the physical position of something

     ­
     
     ­ Azucarera del Guadalfeo, “Antiguo Ingenio de Nuestra Señora del Rosario”, founded in 1860; to the right, La Caleta, with the Mediterranean in the background, Salobreña, Granada
     
     ­
     
     ­ A plantation of sugarcane growing in the fertile lowlands of Salobreña, Granada
     
     ­ The front line of sugarcane, tied together to withstand the wind
     
     ­ A close-up of ripe sugarcane ready for cutting
     
     ­ The fertile lowlands and Sierra Nevada mountains, Salobreña, Granada
     
     ­ Sugarcane close-up
     
     ­ A view from the Azu…

210. intervention

     the act of interposing one thing between or among others

     Two generals under Alexander the Great were the first to bring news to Europe that “in the East there are plants from which honey is produced without the
     intervention of bees”.

211. Persia

     a theocratic Islamic republic in the Middle East in western Asia; Iran was the core of the ancient empire that was known as Persia until 1935; rich in oil

     Certainly it was made in
     Persia towards the year 500 AD.

212. lime

     the green acidic fruit of any of various lime trees

     Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane, in the mill yard, to dump them onto the conveyor
     
     ­ The cane-sugar factory also has a chapel
     
     ­ The former entrance to the cane-sugar factory, on the inside and outside, where the workers during the harvesting season hung out their clothes
     
     ­ The steam machine that moves the mills that crush the sugarcane
     
     ­ The main sugarcane crusher
     
     ­ The main warehouse where the sugarcane is crushed
     
     ­ The main sugarcane crusher; cane entering the crusher
     
     ­ Mills, rollers …

213. import

     bring in from abroad

     Plantations on the Iberian Peninsula date back to 711, when the Arabs conquered the Iberian Peninsula and
     imported sugarcane from Egypt.

214. imported

     purchased from a foreign source

     Plantations on the Iberian Peninsula date back to 711, when the Arabs conquered the Iberian Peninsula and
     imported sugarcane from Egypt.

215. used

     previously owned by another

     From there it was grown in China and what is now known as the Middle East where only its juice, either natural or concentrated, was
     used.

216. tank

     a large vessel for holding gases or liquids

     The bagasse, or squeezed cane that comes out of the last mill is automatically transported to the factory’s depots, which are separate from the coal and fuel oil
     tanks, and used to produce a quick, hot flame.

217. century

     a period of 100 years

     The first historical references to sugarcane are to be found in certain Buddhist legends from the 5th
     century BC.

218. weigh

     have a certain heft

     These are the ratoons left for the next season after cutting the cane
     
     ­ Bridge crane with a hydraulic cylinder that perforates the truckload to take samples (rupro) of the sugarcane
     
     ­ Control of sugarcane samples and
     weighing scales
     
     ­ Mill yard, where the freshly cut cane is unloaded
     
     ­ Truck unloading cane
     
     ­ Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane and truck unloading it in the mill yard
     
     ­ Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane in the mill yard to dump it on the conveyor, and Salobreña cas…

219. 17th

     coming next after the sixteenth in position

     In the
     17th and 18th centuries it was replaced by cotton.

220. operate

     perform as expected when applied

     These are the ratoons left for the next season after cutting the cane
     
     ­ Bridge crane with a hydraulic cylinder that perforates the truckload to take samples (rupro) of the sugarcane
     
     ­ Control of sugarcane samples and weighing scales
     
     ­ Mill yard, where the freshly cut cane is unloaded
     
     ­ Truck unloading cane
     
     ­ Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane and truck unloading it in the mill yard
     
     ­ Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane in the mill yard to dump it on the conveyor, and Salobreña castle in …

221. 5th

     coming next after the fourth and just before the sixth in position

     The first historical references to sugarcane are to be found in certain Buddhist legends from the
     5th century BC.

222. coal

     fossil fuel consisting of carbonized vegetable matter

     The bagasse, or squeezed cane that comes out of the last mill is automatically transported to the factory’s depots, which are separate from the
     coal and fuel oil tanks, and used to produce a quick, hot flame.

223. chimney

     vertical flue carrying smoke through the wall of a building

     Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane, in the mill yard, to dump them onto the conveyor
     
     ­ The cane-sugar factory also has a chapel
     
     ­ The former entrance to the cane-sugar factory, on the inside and outside, where the workers during the harvesting season hung out their clothes
     
     ­ The steam machine that moves the mills that crush the sugarcane
     
     ­ The main sugarcane crusher
     
     ­ The main warehouse where the sugarcane is crushed
     
     ­ The main sugarcane crusher; cane entering the crusher
     
     ­ Mills, rollers …

224. boom

     a deep prolonged loud noise

     After the
     boom, sugarcane went into decline and was replaced by sugar beets.

225. period

     an amount of time

     In the Neolithic
     Period it was populated by semi-nomad peoples and later by the Phoenicians, who settled in Salobreña (Sagalvina) first and subsequently in Almuñecar (Xexi).

226. conquer

     take possession of by force, as after an invasion

     Plantations on the Iberian Peninsula date back to 711, when the Arabs
     conquered the Iberian Peninsula and imported sugarcane from Egypt.

227. producer

     someone who manufactures something

     The sugar produced on the coast of Granada province during the Arab period was much appreciated throughout Europe and some master cane-sugar
     producers became famous.

228. regulation

     the act of bringing to uniformity

     Mills have undergone many improvements over the years, with hydraulic pressure
     regulation, cutters, and shredders.

229. 19th

     coming next after the eighteenth in position

     In the
     19th century Spain knew a period of prosperity and production increased due to the huge demand for sugar.

230. castle

     a large building formerly occupied by a ruler and fortified against attack

     These are the ratoons left for the next season after cutting the cane
     
     ­ Bridge crane with a hydraulic cylinder that perforates the truckload to take samples (rupro) of the sugarcane
     
     ­ Control of sugarcane samples and weighing scales
     
     ­ Mill yard, where the freshly cut cane is unloaded
     
     ­ Truck unloading cane
     
     ­ Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane and truck unloading it in the mill yard
     
     ­ Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane in the mill yard to dump it on the conveyor, and Salobreña
     castle<…

231. data

     a collection of facts from which conclusions may be drawn

     These and other
     data indicate that the wild plant was originally from the north of India.

232. concentrated

     gathered together or made less diffuse

     From there it was grown in China and what is now known as the Middle East where only its juice, either natural or
     concentrated, was used.

233. lay

     put into a certain place

     ­
     
     ­ Azucarera del Guadalfeo, “Antiguo Ingenio de Nuestra Señora del Rosario”, founded in 1860; to the right, La Caleta, with the Mediterranean in the background, Salobreña, Granada
     
     ­
     
     ­ A plantation of sugarcane growing in the fertile lowlands of Salobreña, Granada
     
     ­ The front line of sugarcane, tied together to withstand the wind
     
     ­ A close-up of ripe sugarcane ready for cutting
     
     ­ The fertile lowlands and Sierra Nevada mountains, Salobreña, Granada
     
     ­ Sugarcane close-up
     
     ­ A view from the Azu…

234. ripe

     fully developed or matured and ready to be eaten or used

     ­
     
     ­ Azucarera del Guadalfeo, “Antiguo Ingenio de Nuestra Señora del Rosario”, founded in 1860; to the right, La Caleta, with the Mediterranean in the background, Salobreña, Granada
     
     ­
     
     ­ A plantation of sugarcane growing in the fertile lowlands of Salobreña, Granada
     
     ­ The front line of sugarcane, tied together to withstand the wind
     
     ­ A close-up of
     ripe sugarcane ready for cutting
     
     ­ The fertile lowlands and Sierra Nevada mountains, Salobreña, Granada
     
     ­ Sugarcane close-up
     
     ­ A view from …

235. cooked

     having been prepared for eating by the application of heat

     Finally, the sugar is
     cooked until it crystallizes and turns into the brown sugar we are familiar with today.

236. heat

     a form of energy transferred by a difference in temperature

     The area of low-lying fertile land along the coast was perfect for growing sugarcane, a tropical crop that requires the right combination of
     heat and humidity.

237. non

     negation of a word or group of words

     The harvest operations of the corta, cutting the cane; monda, cane stripping and
     non-sweet tip; and conducción or haulage to the processing plant must be performed rapidly; once cut, the cane hardens and begins to lose its sugar content.

238. basic

     reduced to the simplest and most significant form possible

     In the late 18th century, Smeaton invented the current system of trapiches, or three-cylinder mills, the
     basic machinery of the cane-sugar industry.

239. bee

     a hairy-bodied insect including social and solitary species

     Two generals under Alexander the Great were the first to bring news to Europe that “in the East there are plants from which honey is produced without the intervention of
     bees”.

240. activity

     any specific behavior

     Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane, in the mill yard, to dump them onto the conveyor
     
     ­ The cane-sugar factory also has a chapel
     
     ­ The former entrance to the cane-sugar factory, on the inside and outside, where the workers during the harvesting season hung out their clothes
     
     ­ The steam machine that moves the mills that crush the sugarcane
     
     ­ The main sugarcane crusher
     
     ­ The main warehouse where the sugarcane is crushed
     
     ­ The main sugarcane crusher; cane entering the crusher
     
     ­ Mills, rollers …

241. irregular

     not level or flat or symmetrical

     Cane has an
     irregular shape so it cannot be conveyed by the hydraulic means used in sugar beet silos.

242. entire

     constituting the full quantity or extent; complete

     The latter encouraged sugarcane cultivation in the area and built the first trapiches or sugarcane mills (later known as ingenios), thus originating the
     entire sugar-making process.

243. currently

     at this time or period

     The history of the Tropical Coast, as the Salobreña region is
     currently known, goes back thousands of years.

244. Columbus

     Italian navigator who discovered the New World in the service of Spain while looking for a route to China (1451-1506)

     Curiously, Latin American countries, now the main growers of sugarcane, did not know the plant until Christopher
     Columbus took it there in his second voyage in 1494.

245. cultivation

     production of food by preparing the land to grow crops

     The latter encouraged sugarcane
     cultivation in the area and built the first trapiches or sugarcane mills (later known as ingenios), thus originating the entire sugar-making process.

246. feeding

     the act of consuming food

     These are the ratoons left for the next season after cutting the cane
     
     ­ Bridge crane with a hydraulic cylinder that perforates the truckload to take samples (rupro) of the sugarcane
     
     ­ Control of sugarcane samples and weighing scales
     
     ­ Mill yard, where the freshly cut cane is unloaded
     
     ­ Truck unloading cane
     
     ­ Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane and truck unloading it in the mill yard
     
     ­ Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane in the mill yard to dump it on the conveyor, and Salobreña castle in …

247. attract

     exert a force on

     Over the centuries the area
     attracted many different settlers, notably Phoenicians, Romans, and Arabs.

248. Egypt

     a republic in northeastern Africa known as the United Arab Republic until 1971; site of an ancient civilization that flourished from 2600 to 30 BC

     Egypt was the first nation to develop the cane-sugar industry and trade.

249. Christopher

     Christian martyr and patron saint of travellers

     Curiously, Latin American countries, now the main growers of sugarcane, did not know the plant until
     Christopher Columbus took it there in his second voyage in 1494.

250. favourable

     encouraging or approving or pleasing

     Sugarcane spread very quickly in the
     favourable climate, whereas in Spain the sugar industry gradually went into decline during the colonial period.

251. colonial

     relating to a body of people who settle far from home

     Sugarcane spread very quickly in the favourable climate, whereas in Spain the sugar industry gradually went into decline during the
     colonial period.

252. tip

     the extreme end of something, especially something pointed

     The harvest operations of the corta, cutting the cane; monda, cane stripping and non-sweet
     tip; and conducción or haulage to the processing plant must be performed rapidly; once cut, the cane hardens and begins to lose its sugar content.

253. shift

     move very slightly

     These are the ratoons left for the next season after cutting the cane
     
     ­ Bridge crane with a hydraulic cylinder that perforates the truckload to take samples (rupro) of the sugarcane
     
     ­ Control of sugarcane samples and weighing scales
     
     ­ Mill yard, where the freshly cut cane is unloaded
     
     ­ Truck unloading cane
     
     ­ Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane and truck unloading it in the mill yard
     
     ­ Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane in the mill yard to dump it on the conveyor, and Salobreña castle in …

254. Cuba

     the largest island in the West Indies

     Nonetheless, it was in
     Cuba, not Spain, where the new techniques for the sugar industry were first used and subsequently exported to Spain.

255. convey

     transmit or serve as the medium for transmission

     Cane has an irregular shape so it cannot be
     conveyed by the hydraulic means used in sugar beet silos.

256. controlled

     restrained or managed or kept within certain bounds

     Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane, in the mill yard, to dump them onto the conveyor
     
     ­ The cane-sugar factory also has a chapel
     
     ­ The former entrance to the cane-sugar factory, on the inside and outside, where the workers during the harvesting season hung out their clothes
     
     ­ The steam machine that moves the mills that crush the sugarcane
     
     ­ The main sugarcane crusher
     
     ­ The main warehouse where the sugarcane is crushed
     
     ­ The main sugarcane crusher; cane entering the crusher
     
     ­ Mills, rollers …

257. obtain

     come into possession of

     Solid sugar was
     obtained from the juice; although some confused data seem to indicate that it was known to the Chinese long before Christ was born.

258. peoples

     the human beings of a particular nation or community or ethnic group

     In the Neolithic Period it was populated by semi-nomad
     peoples and later by the Phoenicians, who settled in Salobreña (Sagalvina) first and subsequently in Almuñecar (Xexi).

259. encourage

     inspire with confidence

     The latter
     encouraged sugarcane cultivation in the area and built the first trapiches or sugarcane mills (later known as ingenios), thus originating the entire sugar-making process.

260. cooking

     the act of preparing something by the application of heat

     Now there will be no mills to crush the sugarcane grown in this country, although sugar is widely appreciated for its qualities and used in
     cooking and confectionary.

261. strip

     take off or remove

     The harvest operations of the corta, cutting the cane; monda, cane
     stripping and non-sweet tip; and conducción or haulage to the processing plant must be performed rapidly; once cut, the cane hardens and begins to lose its sugar content.

262. honey

     a sweet yellow liquid produced by bees

     Two generals under Alexander the Great were the first to bring news to Europe that “in the East there are plants from which
     honey is produced without the intervention of bees”.

263. control

     power to direct or determine

     These are the ratoons left for the next season after cutting the cane
     
     ­ Bridge crane with a hydraulic cylinder that perforates the truckload to take samples (rupro) of the sugarcane
     
     ­
     Control of sugarcane samples and weighing scales
     
     ­ Mill yard, where the freshly cut cane is unloaded
     
     ­ Truck unloading cane
     
     ­ Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane and truck unloading it in the mill yard
     
     ­ Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane in the mill yard to dump it on the conveyor, and Salobreña cas…

264. brown

     of a color similar to that of wood or earth

     Finally, the sugar is cooked until it crystallizes and turns into the
     brown sugar we are familiar with today.

265. separate

     standing apart; not attached to or supported by anything

     The bagasse, or squeezed cane that comes out of the last mill is automatically transported to the factory’s depots, which are
     separate from the coal and fuel oil tanks, and used to produce a quick, hot flame.

266. introduce

     bring something new to an environment

     The cane-sugar company in Salobreña, Nuestra Señora del Rosario, Ltd., always ready to
     introduce modern industrial improvements, was the first mill to use bagasse to produce cellulose and its derivatives, that is, for purposes other than heating.

267. chemical

     produced by reactions involving atomic or molecular changes

     Large quantities of colloidal substances are extracted along with the remnant of juice, making the
     chemical clarification process much more difficult.

268. legend

     a story about mythical or supernatural beings or events

     The first historical references to sugarcane are to be found in certain Buddhist
     legends from the 5th century BC.

269. curiously

     in a manner differing from the usual or expected

     Curiously, Latin American countries, now the main growers of sugarcane, did not know the plant until Christopher Columbus took it there in his second voyage in 1494.

270. crop

     a cultivated plant that is grown commercially

     The area of low-lying fertile land along the coast was perfect for growing sugarcane, a tropical
     crop that requires the right combination of heat and humidity.

271. East

     the countries of Asia

     From there it was grown in China and what is now known as the Middle
     East where only its juice, either natural or concentrated, was used.

272. employ

     put into service

     A great many sugarcane mills were built and
     employed the most advanced technology of the day, such as steam machines.

273. be well

     be healthy; feel good

     Transport needs to
     be well organised, for the Salobreña area has no railway.

274. known

     apprehended with certainty

     From there it was grown in China and what is now
     known as the Middle East where only its juice, either natural or concentrated, was used.

275. system

     a group of independent elements comprising a unified whole

     In the late 18th century, Smeaton invented the current
     system of trapiches, or three-cylinder mills, the basic machinery of the cane-sugar industry.

276. traditional

     consisting of or derived from a practice of long standing

     Making sugar from sugarcane is a laborious process done by
     traditional methods.

277. electricity

     a physical phenomenon that can produce light, heat and power

     Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane, in the mill yard, to dump them onto the conveyor
     
     ­ The cane-sugar factory also has a chapel
     
     ­ The former entrance to the cane-sugar factory, on the inside and outside, where the workers during the harvesting season hung out their clothes
     
     ­ The steam machine that moves the mills that crush the sugarcane
     
     ­ The main sugarcane crusher
     
     ­ The main warehouse where the sugarcane is crushed
     
     ­ The main sugarcane crusher; cane entering the crusher
     
     ­ Mills, rollers …

278. move

     change location

     It is loaded by hand or crane onto a
     moving table that takes it to the first stage of the process: the cutting machine, where it is cut into chips to make it easier for the mills to crush it.

279. loaded

     filled with a great quantity

     It is
     loaded by hand or crane onto a moving table that takes it to the first stage of the process: the cutting machine, where it is cut into chips to make it easier for the mills to crush it.

280. grown

     (of animals) fully developed

     From there it was
     grown in China and what is now known as the Middle East where only its juice, either natural or concentrated, was used.

281. sand

     a loose material consisting of grains of rock or coral

     In Sanskrit, the root of so many European words, the word for sugar was sarkara (fine
     sand), the origin of the word for sugar in every language.

282. neighbourhood

     a surrounding or nearby region

     Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane, in the mill yard, to dump them onto the conveyor
     
     ­ The cane-sugar factory also has a chapel
     
     ­ The former entrance to the cane-sugar factory, on the inside and outside, where the workers during the harvesting season hung out their clothes
     
     ­ The steam machine that moves the mills that crush the sugarcane
     
     ­ The main sugarcane crusher
     
     ­ The main warehouse where the sugarcane is crushed
     
     ­ The main sugarcane crusher; cane entering the crusher
     
     ­ Mills, rollers …

283. encouraged

     inspired with confidence

     The latter
     encouraged sugarcane cultivation in the area and built the first trapiches or sugarcane mills (later known as ingenios), thus originating the entire sugar-making process.

284. privilege

     a special advantage or benefit not enjoyed by all

     In those days sugar was a luxury item for the
     privileged few, and for medicinal purposes.

285. develop

     progress or evolve through a process of natural growth

     Egypt was the first nation to
     develop the cane-sugar industry and trade.

286. confused

     unable to think with clarity or act intelligently

     Solid sugar was obtained from the juice; although some
     confused data seem to indicate that it was known to the Chinese long before Christ was born.

287. Europe

     the 2nd smallest continent

     Two generals under Alexander the Great were the first to bring news to
     Europe that “in the East there are plants from which honey is produced without the intervention of bees”.

288. mainly

     for the most part

     More or less pure crystallized sucrose, known as kandi sefid, was a luxury item used
     mainly for medicinal preparations.

289. prior

     earlier in time

     Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane, in the mill yard, to dump them onto the conveyor
     
     ­ The cane-sugar factory also has a chapel
     
     ­ The former entrance to the cane-sugar factory, on the inside and outside, where the workers during the harvesting season hung out their clothes
     
     ­ The steam machine that moves the mills that crush the sugarcane
     
     ­ The main sugarcane crusher
     
     ­ The main warehouse where the sugarcane is crushed
     
     ­ The main sugarcane crusher; cane entering the crusher
     
     ­ Mills, rollers …

290. tie

     fasten or secure with a rope, string, or cord

     ­
     
     ­ Azucarera del Guadalfeo, “Antiguo Ingenio de Nuestra Señora del Rosario”, founded in 1860; to the right, La Caleta, with the Mediterranean in the background, Salobreña, Granada
     
     ­
     
     ­ A plantation of sugarcane growing in the fertile lowlands of Salobreña, Granada
     
     ­ The front line of sugarcane,
     tied together to withstand the wind
     
     ­ A close-up of ripe sugarcane ready for cutting
     
     ­ The fertile lowlands and Sierra Nevada mountains, Salobreña, Granada
     
     ­ Sugarcane close-up
     
     ­ A view from …

291. used to

     in the habit

     White sugar, widely
     used to make rum, can also be obtained from sugarcane by extracting it from the molasses.

292. preparation

     setting in order in advance some act or purpose

     More or less pure crystallized sucrose, known as kandi sefid, was a luxury item used mainly for medicinal
     preparations.

293. combination

     the act of bringing things together to form a new whole

     The area of low-lying fertile land along the coast was perfect for growing sugarcane, a tropical crop that requires the right
     combination of heat and humidity.

294. machinery

     mechanical or electrical devices collectively

     In the late 18th century, Smeaton invented the current system of trapiches, or three-cylinder mills, the basic
     machinery of the cane-sugar industry.

295. Romans

     a New Testament book containing an exposition of the doctrines of Saint Paul; written in AD 58

     Over the centuries the area attracted many different settlers, notably Phoenicians,
     Romans, and Arabs.

296. cease

     put an end to a state or an activity

     Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane, in the mill yard, to dump them onto the conveyor
     
     ­ The cane-sugar factory also has a chapel
     
     ­ The former entrance to the cane-sugar factory, on the inside and outside, where the workers during the harvesting season hung out their clothes
     
     ­ The steam machine that moves the mills that crush the sugarcane
     
     ­ The main sugarcane crusher
     
     ­ The main warehouse where the sugarcane is crushed
     
     ­ The main sugarcane crusher; cane entering the crusher
     
     ­ Mills, rollers …

297. grow

     increase in size by natural process

     The area of low-lying fertile land along the coast was perfect for
     growing sugarcane, a tropical crop that requires the right combination of heat and humidity.

298. ready

     completely prepared or in condition for immediate action or use or progress

     The cane-sugar company in Salobreña, Nuestra Señora del Rosario, Ltd., always
     ready to introduce modern industrial improvements, was the first mill to use bagasse to produce cellulose and its derivatives, that is, for purposes other than heating.

299. season

     one of the natural periods into which the year is divided by the equinoxes and solstices or atmospheric conditions

     ­
     
     ­ Azucarera del Guadalfeo, “Antiguo Ingenio de Nuestra Señora del Rosario”, founded in 1860; to the right, La Caleta, with the Mediterranean in the background, Salobreña, Granada
     
     ­
     
     ­ A plantation of sugarcane growing in the fertile lowlands of Salobreña, Granada
     
     ­ The front line of sugarcane, tied together to withstand the wind
     
     ­ A close-up of ripe sugarcane ready for cutting
     
     ­ The fertile lowlands and Sierra Nevada mountains, Salobreña, Granada
     
     ­ Sugarcane close-up
     
     ­ A view from the Azu…

300. root

     underground plant organ that lacks buds or leaves or nodes

     In Sanskrit, the
     root of so many European words, the word for sugar was sarkara (fine sand), the origin of the word for sugar in every language.

301. prosperity

     the condition of having good fortune

     In the 19th century Spain knew a period of
     prosperity and production increased due to the huge demand for sugar.

302. clock

     a timepiece that shows the time of day

     These are the ratoons left for the next season after cutting the cane
     
     ­ Bridge crane with a hydraulic cylinder that perforates the truckload to take samples (rupro) of the sugarcane
     
     ­ Control of sugarcane samples and weighing scales
     
     ­ Mill yard, where the freshly cut cane is unloaded
     
     ­ Truck unloading cane
     
     ­ Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane and truck unloading it in the mill yard
     
     ­ Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane in the mill yard to dump it on the conveyor, and Salobreña castle in …

303. increase

     a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous

     In the 19th century Spain knew a period of prosperity and production
     increased due to the huge demand for sugar.

304. other than

     in another and different manner

     The cane-sugar company in Salobreña, Nuestra Señora del Rosario, Ltd., always ready to introduce modern industrial improvements, was the first mill to use bagasse to produce cellulose and its derivatives, that is, for purposes
     other than heating.

305. chapel

     a place of worship that has its own altar

     Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane, in the mill yard, to dump them onto the conveyor
     
     ­ The cane-sugar factory also has a
     chapel
     
     ­ The former entrance to the cane-sugar factory, on the inside and outside, where the workers during the harvesting season hung out their clothes
     
     ­ The steam machine that moves the mills that crush the sugarcane
     
     ­ The main sugarcane crusher
     
     ­ The main warehouse where the sugarcane is crushed
     
     ­ The main sugarcane crusher; cane entering the crusher
     
     ­ Mills, r…

306. animal

     a living organism characterized by voluntary movement

     The original mills came from the mills used for corn and were followed by three-cylinder vertical ones moved by
     animal traction, water, or the wind.

307. perform

     get done

     The harvest operations of the corta, cutting the cane; monda, cane stripping and non-sweet tip; and conducción or haulage to the processing plant must be
     performed rapidly; once cut, the cane hardens and begins to lose its sugar content.

308. originally

     with reference to the origin or beginning

     These and other data indicate that the wild plant was
     originally from the north of India.

309. growing

     relating to or suitable for growth

     The area of low-lying fertile land along the coast was perfect for
     growing sugarcane, a tropical crop that requires the right combination of heat and humidity.

310. sweet

     having or denoting the characteristic taste of sugar

     It was during this period that the sugar factory known as Azucarera del Guadalfeo, formerly Nuestra Señora del Rosario, in Salobreña (Granada) first started its ‘
     sweet’ task with a few simple mills.

311. today

     on this day as distinct from yesterday or tomorrow

     Finally, the sugar is cooked until it crystallizes and turns into the brown sugar we are familiar with
     today.

312. railway

     line that is the commercial organization responsible for operating a system of transportation for trains that pull passengers or freight

     Transport needs to be well organised, for the Salobreña area has no
     railway.

313. work in

     add by mixing or blending on or attaching

     Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane, in the mill yard, to dump them onto the conveyor
     
     ­ The cane-sugar factory also has a chapel
     
     ­ The former entrance to the cane-sugar factory, on the inside and outside, where the workers during the harvesting season hung out their clothes
     
     ­ The steam machine that moves the mills that crush the sugarcane
     
     ­ The main sugarcane crusher
     
     ­ The main warehouse where the sugarcane is crushed
     
     ­ The main sugarcane crusher; cane entering the crusher
     
     ­ Mills, rollers …

314. element

     a substance that cannot be separated into simpler substances

     Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane, in the mill yard, to dump them onto the conveyor
     
     ­ The cane-sugar factory also has a chapel
     
     ­ The former entrance to the cane-sugar factory, on the inside and outside, where the workers during the harvesting season hung out their clothes
     
     ­ The steam machine that moves the mills that crush the sugarcane
     
     ­ The main sugarcane crusher
     
     ­ The main warehouse where the sugarcane is crushed
     
     ­ The main sugarcane crusher; cane entering the crusher
     
     ­ Mills, rollers …

315. making

     the act that results in something coming to be

     The latter encouraged sugarcane cultivation in the area and built the first trapiches or sugarcane mills (later known as ingenios), thus originating the entire sugar-
     making process.

316. feed

     provide as food

     These are the ratoons left for the next season after cutting the cane
     
     ­ Bridge crane with a hydraulic cylinder that perforates the truckload to take samples (rupro) of the sugarcane
     
     ­ Control of sugarcane samples and weighing scales
     
     ­ Mill yard, where the freshly cut cane is unloaded
     
     ­ Truck unloading cane
     
     ­ Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane and truck unloading it in the mill yard
     
     ­ Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane in the mill yard to dump it on the conveyor, and Salobreña castle in …

317. modern

     ahead of the times

     Over the years, older machines were replaced by
     modern ones until none of the machines used in the original facilities remained.

318. settle

     become resolved, fixed, established, or quiet

     In the Neolithic Period it was populated by semi-nomad peoples and later by the Phoenicians, who
     settled in Salobreña (Sagalvina) first and subsequently in Almuñecar (Xexi).

319. original

     preceding all others in time

     Over the years, older machines were replaced by modern ones until none of the machines used in the
     original facilities remained.

320. scale

     an ordered reference standard

     These are the ratoons left for the next season after cutting the cane
     
     ­ Bridge crane with a hydraulic cylinder that perforates the truckload to take samples (rupro) of the sugarcane
     
     ­ Control of sugarcane samples and weighing
     scales
     
     ­ Mill yard, where the freshly cut cane is unloaded
     
     ­ Truck unloading cane
     
     ­ Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane and truck unloading it in the mill yard
     
     ­ Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane in the mill yard to dump it on the conveyor, and Salobreña cas…

321. hang

     cause to be hanging or suspended

     Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane, in the mill yard, to dump them onto the conveyor
     
     ­ The cane-sugar factory also has a chapel
     
     ­ The former entrance to the cane-sugar factory, on the inside and outside, where the workers during the harvesting season
     hung out their clothes
     
     ­ The steam machine that moves the mills that crush the sugarcane
     
     ­ The main sugarcane crusher
     
     ­ The main warehouse where the sugarcane is crushed
     
     ­ The main sugarcane crusher; cane entering the crusher
     
     ­ Mills, r…

322. remove

     take something away as by lifting, pushing, or taking off

     In more recent years, a diffuser is used to increase extraction from bagasse, the residual cane fibre after the juice is
     removed.

323. set

     put into a certain place or abstract location

     ­
     
     ­ Azucarera del Guadalfeo, “Antiguo Ingenio de Nuestra Señora del Rosario”, founded in 1860; to the right, La Caleta, with the Mediterranean in the background, Salobreña, Granada
     
     ­
     
     ­ A plantation of sugarcane growing in the fertile lowlands of Salobreña, Granada
     
     ­ The front line of sugarcane, tied together to withstand the wind
     
     ­ A close-up of ripe sugarcane ready for cutting
     
     ­ The fertile lowlands and Sierra Nevada mountains, Salobreña, Granada
     
     ­ Sugarcane close-up
     
     ­ A view from the Azu…

324. oil

     a slippery or viscous liquid or liquefiable substance not miscible with water

     The bagasse, or squeezed cane that comes out of the last mill is automatically transported to the factory’s depots, which are separate from the coal and fuel
     oil tanks, and used to produce a quick, hot flame.

325. come out

     appear or become visible; make a showing

     The bagasse, or squeezed cane that
     comes out of the last mill is automatically transported to the factory’s depots, which are separate from the coal and fuel oil tanks, and used to produce a quick, hot flame.

326. substance

     the real physical matter of which a person or thing consists

     Large quantities of colloidal
     substances are extracted along with the remnant of juice, making the chemical clarification process much more difficult.

327. technology

     the practical application of science to commerce or industry

     A great many sugarcane mills were built and employed the most advanced
     technology of the day, such as steam machines.

328. fire

     the process of combustion of inflammable materials

     ­
     
     ­ Azucarera del Guadalfeo, “Antiguo Ingenio de Nuestra Señora del Rosario”, founded in 1860; to the right, La Caleta, with the Mediterranean in the background, Salobreña, Granada
     
     ­
     
     ­ A plantation of sugarcane growing in the fertile lowlands of Salobreña, Granada
     
     ­ The front line of sugarcane, tied together to withstand the wind
     
     ­ A close-up of ripe sugarcane ready for cutting
     
     ­ The fertile lowlands and Sierra Nevada mountains, Salobreña, Granada
     
     ­ Sugarcane close-up
     
     ­ A view from the Azu…

329. flame

     combustion of materials producing heat and light and smoke

     The bagasse, or squeezed cane that comes out of the last mill is automatically transported to the factory’s depots, which are separate from the coal and fuel oil tanks, and used to produce a quick, hot
     flame.

330. industrial

     of or relating to commercial enterprise

     The cane-sugar company in Salobreña, Nuestra Señora del Rosario, Ltd., always ready to introduce modern
     industrial improvements, was the first mill to use bagasse to produce cellulose and its derivatives, that is, for purposes other than heating.

331. go out

     move out of or depart from

     Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane, in the mill yard, to dump them onto the conveyor
     
     ­ The cane-sugar factory also has a chapel
     
     ­ The former entrance to the cane-sugar factory, on the inside and outside, where the workers during the harvesting season hung out their clothes
     
     ­ The steam machine that moves the mills that crush the sugarcane
     
     ­ The main sugarcane crusher
     
     ­ The main warehouse where the sugarcane is crushed
     
     ­ The main sugarcane crusher; cane entering the crusher
     
     ­ Mills, rollers …

332. first

     preceding all others in time or space or degree

     The
     first historical references to sugarcane are to be found in certain Buddhist legends from the 5th century BC.

333. entering

     the act of entering

     Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane, in the mill yard, to dump them onto the conveyor
     
     ­ The cane-sugar factory also has a chapel
     
     ­ The former entrance to the cane-sugar factory, on the inside and outside, where the workers during the harvesting season hung out their clothes
     
     ­ The steam machine that moves the mills that crush the sugarcane
     
     ­ The main sugarcane crusher
     
     ­ The main warehouse where the sugarcane is crushed
     
     ­ The main sugarcane crusher; cane
     entering the crusher
     
     ­ Mills, r…

334. more or less

     (of quantities) imprecise but fairly close to correct

     More or less pure crystallized sucrose, known as kandi sefid, was a luxury item used mainly for medicinal preparations.

335. historical

     of or relating to the study of recorded time

     The first
     historical references to sugarcane are to be found in certain Buddhist legends from the 5th century BC.

336. hill

     a local and well-defined elevation of the land

     Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane, in the mill yard, to dump them onto the conveyor
     
     ­ The cane-sugar factory also has a chapel
     
     ­ The former entrance to the cane-sugar factory, on the inside and outside, where the workers during the harvesting season hung out their clothes
     
     ­ The steam machine that moves the mills that crush the sugarcane
     
     ­ The main sugarcane crusher
     
     ­ The main warehouse where the sugarcane is crushed
     
     ­ The main sugarcane crusher; cane entering the crusher
     
     ­ Mills, rollers …

337. cotton

     erect bushy mallow plant or small tree bearing bolls containing seeds with many long hairy fibers

     In the 17th and 18th centuries it was replaced by
     cotton.

338. view

     the visual percept of a region

     ­
     
     ­ Azucarera del Guadalfeo, “Antiguo Ingenio de Nuestra Señora del Rosario”, founded in 1860; to the right, La Caleta, with the Mediterranean in the background, Salobreña, Granada
     
     ­
     
     ­ A plantation of sugarcane growing in the fertile lowlands of Salobreña, Granada
     
     ­ The front line of sugarcane, tied together to withstand the wind
     
     ­ A close-up of ripe sugarcane ready for cutting
     
     ­ The fertile lowlands and Sierra Nevada mountains, Salobreña, Granada
     
     ­ Sugarcane close-up
     
     ­ A
     view from …

339. built

     having a substance added to increase effectiveness

     The latter encouraged sugarcane cultivation in the area and
     built the first trapiches or sugarcane mills (later known as ingenios), thus originating the entire sugar-making process.

340. Alexander

     king of Macedon

     Two generals under
     Alexander the Great were the first to bring news to Europe that “in the East there are plants from which honey is produced without the intervention of bees”.

341. climate

     the weather in some location averaged over a period of time

     Sugarcane spread very quickly in the favourable
     climate, whereas in Spain the sugar industry gradually went into decline during the colonial period.

342. go back

     return in thought or speech to something

     The history of the Tropical Coast, as the Salobreña region is currently known,
     goes back thousands of years.

343. pipe

     a hollow cylindrical shape

     Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane, in the mill yard, to dump them onto the conveyor
     
     ­ The cane-sugar factory also has a chapel
     
     ­ The former entrance to the cane-sugar factory, on the inside and outside, where the workers during the harvesting season hung out their clothes
     
     ­ The steam machine that moves the mills that crush the sugarcane
     
     ­ The main sugarcane crusher
     
     ­ The main warehouse where the sugarcane is crushed
     
     ­ The main sugarcane crusher; cane entering the crusher
     
     ­ Mills, rollers …

344. late

     at or toward an end or late period or stage of development

     In the Neolithic Period it was populated by semi-nomad peoples and
     later by the Phoenicians, who settled in Salobreña (Sagalvina) first and subsequently in Almuñecar (Xexi).

345. elements

     violent or severe weather

     Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane, in the mill yard, to dump them onto the conveyor
     
     ­ The cane-sugar factory also has a chapel
     
     ­ The former entrance to the cane-sugar factory, on the inside and outside, where the workers during the harvesting season hung out their clothes
     
     ­ The steam machine that moves the mills that crush the sugarcane
     
     ­ The main sugarcane crusher
     
     ­ The main warehouse where the sugarcane is crushed
     
     ­ The main sugarcane crusher; cane entering the crusher
     
     ­ Mills, rollers …

346. next

     immediately following in time or order

     Next, it is crushed in mills to extract the juice (guarapo), called molasses.

347. formerly

     at a previous time

     It was during this period that the sugar factory known as Azucarera del Guadalfeo,
     formerly Nuestra Señora del Rosario, in Salobreña (Granada) first started its ‘sweet’ task with a few simple mills.

348. province

     the territory in an administrative district of a nation

     The sugar produced on the coast of Granada
     province during the Arab period was much appreciated throughout Europe and some master cane-sugar producers became famous.

349. voyage

     a journey to some distant place

     Curiously, Latin American countries, now the main growers of sugarcane, did not know the plant until Christopher Columbus took it there in his second
     voyage in 1494.

350. tied

     bound or secured closely

     ­
     
     ­ Azucarera del Guadalfeo, “Antiguo Ingenio de Nuestra Señora del Rosario”, founded in 1860; to the right, La Caleta, with the Mediterranean in the background, Salobreña, Granada
     
     ­
     
     ­ A plantation of sugarcane growing in the fertile lowlands of Salobreña, Granada
     
     ­ The front line of sugarcane,
     tied together to withstand the wind
     
     ­ A close-up of ripe sugarcane ready for cutting
     
     ­ The fertile lowlands and Sierra Nevada mountains, Salobreña, Granada
     
     ­ Sugarcane close-up
     
     ­ A view from …

351. reference

     the act of consulting

     The first historical
     references to sugarcane are to be found in certain Buddhist legends from the 5th century BC.

352. shape

     a perceptual structure

     Cane has an irregular
     shape so it cannot be conveyed by the hydraulic means used in sugar beet silos.

353. quantity

     how much there is or how many there are of something

     Large
     quantities of colloidal substances are extracted along with the remnant of juice, making the chemical clarification process much more difficult.

354. corn

     tall annual cereal grass bearing kernels on large ears: widely cultivated in America in many varieties; the principal cereal in Mexico and Central and South America since pre-Columbian times

     The original mills came from the mills used for
     corn and were followed by three-cylinder vertical ones moved by animal traction, water, or the wind.

355. China

     a communist nation that covers a vast territory in eastern Asia; the most populous country in the world

     From there it was grown in
     China and what is now known as the Middle East where only its juice, either natural or concentrated, was used.

356. word

     a unit of language that native speakers can identify

     In Sanskrit, the root of so many European
     words, the word for sugar was sarkara (fine sand), the origin of the word for sugar in every language.

357. Latin

     any dialect of the language of ancient Rome

     Curiously,
     Latin American countries, now the main growers of sugarcane, did not know the plant until Christopher Columbus took it there in his second voyage in 1494.

358. operations

     financial transactions at a brokerage

     The harvest
     operations of the corta, cutting the cane; monda, cane stripping and non-sweet tip; and conducción or haulage to the processing plant must be performed rapidly; once cut, the cane hardens and begins to lose its sugar content.

359. More

     English statesman who opposed Henry VIII’s divorce from Catherine of Aragon and was imprisoned and beheaded; recalled for his concept of Utopia, the ideal state

     More or less pure crystallized sucrose, known as kandi sefid, was a luxury item used mainly for medicinal preparations.

360. operation

     process or manner of functioning

     The harvest
     operations of the corta, cutting the cane; monda, cane stripping and non-sweet tip; and conducción or haulage to the processing plant must be performed rapidly; once cut, the cane hardens and begins to lose its sugar content.

361. origin

     the place where something begins

     In Sanskrit, the root of so many European words, the word for sugar was sarkara (fine sand), the
     origin of the word for sugar in every language.

362. require

     have need of

     The area of low-lying fertile land along the coast was perfect for growing sugarcane, a tropical crop that
     requires the right combination of heat and humidity.

363. know

     be cognizant or aware of a fact or a piece of information

     From there it was grown in China and what is now
     known as the Middle East where only its juice, either natural or concentrated, was used.

364. make

     perform or carry out

     Certainly it was
     made in Persia towards the year 500 AD.

365. year

     the period of time that it takes for a planet (as, e.g., Earth or Mars) to make a complete revolution around the sun

     Certainly it was made in Persia towards the
     year 500 AD.

366. constant

     uninterrupted in time and indefinitely long continuing

     Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane, in the mill yard, to dump them onto the conveyor
     
     ­ The cane-sugar factory also has a chapel
     
     ­ The former entrance to the cane-sugar factory, on the inside and outside, where the workers during the harvesting season hung out their clothes
     
     ­ The steam machine that moves the mills that crush the sugarcane
     
     ­ The main sugarcane crusher
     
     ­ The main warehouse where the sugarcane is crushed
     
     ­ The main sugarcane crusher; cane entering the crusher
     
     ­ Mills, rollers …

367. Man

     one of the British Isles in the Irish Sea

     Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane, in the mill yard, to dump them onto the conveyor
     
     ­ The cane-sugar factory also has a chapel
     
     ­ The former entrance to the cane-sugar factory, on the inside and outside, where the workers during the harvesting season hung out their clothes
     
     ­ The steam machine that moves the mills that crush the sugarcane
     
     ­ The main sugarcane crusher
     
     ­ The main warehouse where the sugarcane is crushed
     
     ­ The main sugarcane crusher; cane entering the crusher
     
     ­ Mills, rollers …

368. entrance

     something that provides access to get in

     Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane, in the mill yard, to dump them onto the conveyor
     
     ­ The cane-sugar factory also has a chapel
     
     ­ The former
     entrance to the cane-sugar factory, on the inside and outside, where the workers during the harvesting season hung out their clothes
     
     ­ The steam machine that moves the mills that crush the sugarcane
     
     ­ The main sugarcane crusher
     
     ­ The main warehouse where the sugarcane is crushed
     
     ­ The main sugarcane crusher; cane entering the crusher
     
     ­ Mills, r…

369. wind

     air moving from high pressure to low pressure

     The original mills came from the mills used for corn and were followed by three-cylinder vertical ones moved by animal traction, water, or the
     wind.

370. build

     make by combining materials and parts

     View of Azucarera del Guadalfeo from La Caleta, Salobreña, Granada, Andalusia, Spain
     
     ­ The calm after the storm of activity
     
     ­ The sun sets for the last time on the sugarcane on the Tropical Coast of Granada, Andalusia, Spain
     
     ­ The distillery
     building

371. cool

     neither warm nor very cold; giving relief from heat

     Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane, in the mill yard, to dump them onto the conveyor
     
     ­ The cane-sugar factory also has a chapel
     
     ­ The former entrance to the cane-sugar factory, on the inside and outside, where the workers during the harvesting season hung out their clothes
     
     ­ The steam machine that moves the mills that crush the sugarcane
     
     ­ The main sugarcane crusher
     
     ­ The main warehouse where the sugarcane is crushed
     
     ­ The main sugarcane crusher; cane entering the crusher
     
     ­ Mills, rollers …

372. getting

     the act of acquiring something

     ­
     
     ­ Azucarera del Guadalfeo, “Antiguo Ingenio de Nuestra Señora del Rosario”, founded in 1860; to the right, La Caleta, with the Mediterranean in the background, Salobreña, Granada
     
     ­
     
     ­ A plantation of sugarcane growing in the fertile lowlands of Salobreña, Granada
     
     ­ The front line of sugarcane, tied together to withstand the wind
     
     ­ A close-up of ripe sugarcane ready for cutting
     
     ­ The fertile lowlands and Sierra Nevada mountains, Salobreña, Granada
     
     ­ Sugarcane close-up
     
     ­ A view from the Azu…

373. 500

     the cardinal number that is the product of one hundred and five

     Certainly it was made in Persia towards the year
     500 AD.

374. purpose

     what something is used for

     In those days sugar was a luxury item for the privileged few, and for medicinal
     purposes.

375. burning

     a process in which a substance reacts with oxygen to give heat and light

     ­
     
     ­ Azucarera del Guadalfeo, “Antiguo Ingenio de Nuestra Señora del Rosario”, founded in 1860; to the right, La Caleta, with the Mediterranean in the background, Salobreña, Granada
     
     ­
     
     ­ A plantation of sugarcane growing in the fertile lowlands of Salobreña, Granada
     
     ­ The front line of sugarcane, tied together to withstand the wind
     
     ­ A close-up of ripe sugarcane ready for cutting
     
     ­ The fertile lowlands and Sierra Nevada mountains, Salobreña, Granada
     
     ­ Sugarcane close-up
     
     ­ A view from the Azu…

376. older

     advanced in years; (`aged’ is pronounced as two syllables)

     Over the years,
     older machines were replaced by modern ones until none of the machines used in the original facilities remained.

377. gradually

     in a gradual manner

     Sugarcane spread very quickly in the favourable climate, whereas in Spain the sugar industry
     gradually went into decline during the colonial period.

378. pressure

     the act of putting pressure on something

     Mills have undergone many improvements over the years, with hydraulic
     pressure regulation, cutters, and shredders.

379. make it

     succeed in a big way; get to the top

     It is loaded by hand or crane onto a moving table that takes it to the first stage of the process: the cutting machine, where it is cut into chips to
     make it easier for the mills to crush it.

380. north

     the direction corresponding to the northward cardinal compass point

     These and other data indicate that the wild plant was originally from the
     north of India.

381. important

     significant in effect or meaning

     Salobreña became an alquería, an
     important plantation on the coast of Alvira.

382. Christ

     a teacher and prophet born in Bethlehem and active in Nazareth; his life and sermons form the basis for Christianity (circa 4 BC — AD 29)

     Solid sugar was obtained from the juice; although some confused data seem to indicate that it was known to the Chinese long before
     Christ was born.

383. region

     the extended spatial location of something

     The history of the Tropical Coast, as the Salobreña
     region is currently known, goes back thousands of years.

384. calm

     not agitated; without losing self-possession

     View of Azucarera del Guadalfeo from La Caleta, Salobreña, Granada, Andalusia, Spain
     
     ­ The
     calm after the storm of activity
     
     ­ The sun sets for the last time on the sugarcane on the Tropical Coast of Granada, Andalusia, Spain
     
     ­ The distillery building

385. bridge

     structure allowing passage across a river or other obstacle

     These are the ratoons left for the next season after cutting the cane
     
     ­
     Bridge crane with a hydraulic cylinder that perforates the truckload to take samples (rupro) of the sugarcane
     
     ­ Control of sugarcane samples and weighing scales
     
     ­ Mill yard, where the freshly cut cane is unloaded
     
     ­ Truck unloading cane
     
     ­ Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane and truck unloading it in the mill yard
     
     ­ Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane in the mill yard to dump it on the conveyor, and Salobreña cas…

386. quality

     an essential and distinguishing attribute of something

     Now there will be no mills to crush the sugarcane grown in this country, although sugar is widely appreciated for its
     qualities and used in cooking and confectionary.

387. method

     a way of doing something, especially a systematic way

     Making sugar from sugarcane is a laborious process done by traditional
     methods.

388. type

     a subdivision of a particular kind of thing

     Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane, in the mill yard, to dump them onto the conveyor
     
     ­ The cane-sugar factory also has a chapel
     
     ­ The former entrance to the cane-sugar factory, on the inside and outside, where the workers during the harvesting season hung out their clothes
     
     ­ The steam machine that moves the mills that crush the sugarcane
     
     ­ The main sugarcane crusher
     
     ­ The main warehouse where the sugarcane is crushed
     
     ­ The main sugarcane crusher; cane entering the crusher
     
     ­ Mills, rollers …

389. employed

     having your services engaged for

     A great many sugarcane mills were built and
     employed the most advanced technology of the day, such as steam machines.

390. nation

     a politically organized body of people under a government

     Egypt was the first
     nation to develop the cane-sugar industry and trade.

391. rapidly

     with quick movements

     The harvest operations of the corta, cutting the cane; monda, cane stripping and non-sweet tip; and conducción or haulage to the processing plant must be performed
     rapidly; once cut, the cane hardens and begins to lose its sugar content.

392. production

     the act or process of making something

     In the 19th century Spain knew a period of prosperity and
     production increased due to the huge demand for sugar.

393. demand

     request urgently and forcefully

     In the 19th century Spain knew a period of prosperity and production increased due to the huge
     demand for sugar.

394. date

     the specified day of the month

     Plantations on the Iberian Peninsula
     date back to 711, when the Arabs conquered the Iberian Peninsula and imported sugarcane from Egypt.

395. advanced

     situated ahead or going before

     A great many sugarcane mills were built and employed the most
     advanced technology of the day, such as steam machines.

396. task

     any piece of work that is undertaken or attempted

     It was during this period that the sugar factory known as Azucarera del Guadalfeo, formerly Nuestra Señora del Rosario, in Salobreña (Granada) first started its ‘sweet’
     task with a few simple mills.

397. lie

     be prostrate; be in a horizontal position

     The area of low-
     lying fertile land along the coast was perfect for growing sugarcane, a tropical crop that requires the right combination of heat and humidity.

398. removed

     separate or apart in time

     In more recent years, a diffuser is used to increase extraction from bagasse, the residual cane fibre after the juice is
     removed.

399. storm

     a violent weather condition with winds 64-72 knots (11 on the Beaufort scale) and precipitation and thunder and lightning

     View of Azucarera del Guadalfeo from La Caleta, Salobreña, Granada, Andalusia, Spain
     
     ­ The calm after the
     storm of activity
     
     ­ The sun sets for the last time on the sugarcane on the Tropical Coast of Granada, Andalusia, Spain
     
     ­ The distillery building

400. using

     an act that exploits or victimizes someone

     Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane, in the mill yard, to dump them onto the conveyor
     
     ­ The cane-sugar factory also has a chapel
     
     ­ The former entrance to the cane-sugar factory, on the inside and outside, where the workers during the harvesting season hung out their clothes
     
     ­ The steam machine that moves the mills that crush the sugarcane
     
     ­ The main sugarcane crusher
     
     ­ The main warehouse where the sugarcane is crushed
     
     ­ The main sugarcane crusher; cane entering the crusher
     
     ­ Mills, rollers …

401. clear

     readily apparent to the mind

     Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane, in the mill yard, to dump them onto the conveyor
     
     ­ The cane-sugar factory also has a chapel
     
     ­ The former entrance to the cane-sugar factory, on the inside and outside, where the workers during the harvesting season hung out their clothes
     
     ­ The steam machine that moves the mills that crush the sugarcane
     
     ­ The main sugarcane crusher
     
     ­ The main warehouse where the sugarcane is crushed
     
     ­ The main sugarcane crusher; cane entering the crusher
     
     ­ Mills, rollers …

402. gate

     a movable barrier in a fence or wall

     Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane, in the mill yard, to dump them onto the conveyor
     
     ­ The cane-sugar factory also has a chapel
     
     ­ The former entrance to the cane-sugar factory, on the inside and outside, where the workers during the harvesting season hung out their clothes
     
     ­ The steam machine that moves the mills that crush the sugarcane
     
     ­ The main sugarcane crusher
     
     ­ The main warehouse where the sugarcane is crushed
     
     ­ The main sugarcane crusher; cane entering the crusher
     
     ­ Mills, rollers …

403. advance

     move forward

     A great many sugarcane mills were built and employed the most
     advanced technology of the day, such as steam machines.

404. Chinese

     of or pertaining to China or its peoples or cultures

     Solid sugar was obtained from the juice; although some confused data seem to indicate that it was known to the
     Chinese long before Christ was born.

405. White

     a member of the Caucasoid race

     White sugar, widely used to make rum, can also be obtained from sugarcane by extracting it from the molasses.

406. familiar

     a friend who is frequently in the company of another

     Finally, the sugar is cooked until it crystallizes and turns into the brown sugar we are
     familiar with today.

407. out

     moving or appearing to move away from a place, especially one that is enclosed or hidden

     The bagasse, or squeezed cane that comes
     out of the last mill is automatically transported to the factory’s depots, which are separate from the coal and fuel oil tanks, and used to produce a quick, hot flame.

408. needs

     in such a manner as could not be otherwise

     Transport
     needs to be well organised, for the Salobreña area has no railway.

409. huge

     unusually great in amount or degree or extent or scope

     In the 19th century Spain knew a period of prosperity and production increased due to the
     huge demand for sugar.

410. moving

     in motion

     It is loaded by hand or crane onto a
     moving table that takes it to the first stage of the process: the cutting machine, where it is cut into chips to make it easier for the mills to crush it.

411. Roman

     relating to or characteristic of people of Rome

     Over the centuries the area attracted many different settlers, notably Phoenicians,
     Romans, and Arabs.

412. famous

     widely known and esteemed

     The sugar produced on the coast of Granada province during the Arab period was much appreciated throughout Europe and some master cane-sugar producers became
     famous.

413. pure

     free of extraneous elements of any kind

     More or less
     pure crystallized sucrose, known as kandi sefid, was a luxury item used mainly for medicinal preparations.

414. European

     of or relating to or characteristic of Europe

     In Sanskrit, the root of so many
     European words, the word for sugar was sarkara (fine sand), the origin of the word for sugar in every language.

415. increased

     made greater in size or amount or degree

     In the 19th century Spain knew a period of prosperity and production
     increased due to the huge demand for sugar.

416. settled

     established in a desired position or place; not moving about

     In the Neolithic Period it was populated by semi-nomad peoples and later by the Phoenicians, who
     settled in Salobreña (Sagalvina) first and subsequently in Almuñecar (Xexi).

417. India

     a republic in the Asian subcontinent in southern Asia

     These and other data indicate that the wild plant was originally from the north of
     India.

418. throughout

     from first to last

     The sugar produced on the coast of Granada province during the Arab period was much appreciated
     throughout Europe and some master cane-sugar producers became famous.

419. current

     occurring in or belonging to the present time

     In the late 18th century, Smeaton invented the
     current system of trapiches, or three-cylinder mills, the basic machinery of the cane-sugar industry.

420. recent

     of the immediate past or just previous to the present time

     In more
     recent years, a diffuser is used to increase extraction from bagasse, the residual cane fibre after the juice is removed.

421. Old

     of a very early stage in development

     Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane, in the mill yard, to dump them onto the conveyor
     
     ­ The cane-sugar factory also has a chapel
     
     ­ The former entrance to the cane-sugar factory, on the inside and outside, where the workers during the harvesting season hung out their clothes
     
     ­ The steam machine that moves the mills that crush the sugarcane
     
     ­ The main sugarcane crusher
     
     ­ The main warehouse where the sugarcane is crushed
     
     ­ The main sugarcane crusher; cane entering the crusher
     
     ­ Mills, rollers …

422. clothes

     apparel in general

     Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane, in the mill yard, to dump them onto the conveyor
     
     ­ The cane-sugar factory also has a chapel
     
     ­ The former entrance to the cane-sugar factory, on the inside and outside, where the workers during the harvesting season hung out their
     clothes
     
     ­ The steam machine that moves the mills that crush the sugarcane
     
     ­ The main sugarcane crusher
     
     ­ The main warehouse where the sugarcane is crushed
     
     ­ The main sugarcane crusher; cane entering the crusher
     
     ­ Mills, r…

423. spread

     distribute or disperse widely

     Sugarcane
     spread very quickly in the favourable climate, whereas in Spain the sugar industry gradually went into decline during the colonial period.

424. lose

     fail to keep or to maintain

     The harvest operations of the corta, cutting the cane; monda, cane stripping and non-sweet tip; and conducción or haulage to the processing plant must be performed rapidly; once cut, the cane hardens and begins to
     lose its sugar content.

425. begin

     set in motion, cause to start

     The harvest operations of the corta, cutting the cane; monda, cane stripping and non-sweet tip; and conducción or haulage to the processing plant must be performed rapidly; once cut, the cane hardens and
     begins to lose its sugar content.

426. history

     a record or narrative description of past events

     The
     history of the Tropical Coast, as the Salobreña region is currently known, goes back thousands of years.

427. lying

     the deliberate act of deviating from the truth

     The area of low-
     lying fertile land along the coast was perfect for growing sugarcane, a tropical crop that requires the right combination of heat and humidity.

428. fully

     to the greatest degree or extent; completely or entirely;

     ­
     
     ­ Azucarera del Guadalfeo, “Antiguo Ingenio de Nuestra Señora del Rosario”, founded in 1860; to the right, La Caleta, with the Mediterranean in the background, Salobreña, Granada
     
     ­
     
     ­ A plantation of sugarcane growing in the fertile lowlands of Salobreña, Granada
     
     ­ The front line of sugarcane, tied together to withstand the wind
     
     ­ A close-up of ripe sugarcane ready for cutting
     
     ­ The fertile lowlands and Sierra Nevada mountains, Salobreña, Granada
     
     ­ Sugarcane close-up
     
     ­ A view from the Azu…

429. dry

     free from liquid or moisture

     Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane, in the mill yard, to dump them onto the conveyor
     
     ­ The cane-sugar factory also has a chapel
     
     ­ The former entrance to the cane-sugar factory, on the inside and outside, where the workers during the harvesting season hung out their clothes
     
     ­ The steam machine that moves the mills that crush the sugarcane
     
     ­ The main sugarcane crusher
     
     ­ The main warehouse where the sugarcane is crushed
     
     ­ The main sugarcane crusher; cane entering the crusher
     
     ­ Mills, rollers …

430. opening

     an open or empty space in or between things

     Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane, in the mill yard, to dump them onto the conveyor
     
     ­ The cane-sugar factory also has a chapel
     
     ­ The former entrance to the cane-sugar factory, on the inside and outside, where the workers during the harvesting season hung out their clothes
     
     ­ The steam machine that moves the mills that crush the sugarcane
     
     ­ The main sugarcane crusher
     
     ­ The main warehouse where the sugarcane is crushed
     
     ­ The main sugarcane crusher; cane entering the crusher
     
     ­ Mills, rollers …

431. inside

     relating to or being on the side closer to the center or within a defined space

     Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane, in the mill yard, to dump them onto the conveyor
     
     ­ The cane-sugar factory also has a chapel
     
     ­ The former entrance to the cane-sugar factory, on the
     inside and outside, where the workers during the harvesting season hung out their clothes
     
     ­ The steam machine that moves the mills that crush the sugarcane
     
     ­ The main sugarcane crusher
     
     ­ The main warehouse where the sugarcane is crushed
     
     ­ The main sugarcane crusher; cane entering the crusher
     
     ­ Mills, r…

432. content

     satisfied or showing satisfaction with things as they are

     The harvest operations of the corta, cutting the cane; monda, cane stripping and non-sweet tip; and conducción or haulage to the processing plant must be performed rapidly; once cut, the cane hardens and begins to lose its sugar
     content.

433. stage

     any distinct time period in a sequence of events

     It is loaded by hand or crane onto a moving table that takes it to the first
     stage of the process: the cutting machine, where it is cut into chips to make it easier for the mills to crush it.

434. born

     brought into existence

     Solid sugar was obtained from the juice; although some confused data seem to indicate that it was known to the Chinese long before Christ was
     born.

435. mountain

     a land mass that projects well above its surroundings

     ­
     
     ­ Azucarera del Guadalfeo, “Antiguo Ingenio de Nuestra Señora del Rosario”, founded in 1860; to the right, La Caleta, with the Mediterranean in the background, Salobreña, Granada
     
     ­
     
     ­ A plantation of sugarcane growing in the fertile lowlands of Salobreña, Granada
     
     ­ The front line of sugarcane, tied together to withstand the wind
     
     ­ A close-up of ripe sugarcane ready for cutting
     
     ­ The fertile lowlands and Sierra Nevada
     mountains, Salobreña, Granada
     
     ­ Sugarcane close-up
     
     ­ A view from …

436. quick

     moving rapidly and lightly

     The bagasse, or squeezed cane that comes out of the last mill is automatically transported to the factory’s depots, which are separate from the coal and fuel oil tanks, and used to produce a
     quick, hot flame.

437. close

     at or within a short distance in space or time

     ­
     
     ­ Azucarera del Guadalfeo, “Antiguo Ingenio de Nuestra Señora del Rosario”, founded in 1860; to the right, La Caleta, with the Mediterranean in the background, Salobreña, Granada
     
     ­
     
     ­ A plantation of sugarcane growing in the fertile lowlands of Salobreña, Granada
     
     ­ The front line of sugarcane, tied together to withstand the wind
     
     ­ A
     close-up of ripe sugarcane ready for cutting
     
     ­ The fertile lowlands and Sierra Nevada mountains, Salobreña, Granada
     
     ­ Sugarcane close-up
     
     ­ A view from …

438. last

     coming after all others in time or space or degree or being the only one remaining

     The Azucarera del Guadalfeo factory in Salobraeña was the
     last cane-sugar factory left in Europe.

439. later

     happening at a time subsequent to a reference time

     In the Neolithic Period it was populated by semi-nomad peoples and
     later by the Phoenicians, who settled in Salobreña (Sagalvina) first and subsequently in Almuñecar (Xexi).

440. become

     come into existence

     Salobreña
     became an alquería, an important plantation on the coast of Alvira.

441. after

     happening at a time subsequent to a reference time

     After the boom, sugarcane went into decline and was replaced by sugar beets.

442. series

     similar things placed in order or one after another

     Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane, in the mill yard, to dump them onto the conveyor
     
     ­ The cane-sugar factory also has a chapel
     
     ­ The former entrance to the cane-sugar factory, on the inside and outside, where the workers during the harvesting season hung out their clothes
     
     ­ The steam machine that moves the mills that crush the sugarcane
     
     ­ The main sugarcane crusher
     
     ­ The main warehouse where the sugarcane is crushed
     
     ­ The main sugarcane crusher; cane entering the crusher
     
     ­ Mills, rollers …

443. enter

     to come or go into

     Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane, in the mill yard, to dump them onto the conveyor
     
     ­ The cane-sugar factory also has a chapel
     
     ­ The former entrance to the cane-sugar factory, on the inside and outside, where the workers during the harvesting season hung out their clothes
     
     ­ The steam machine that moves the mills that crush the sugarcane
     
     ­ The main sugarcane crusher
     
     ­ The main warehouse where the sugarcane is crushed
     
     ­ The main sugarcane crusher; cane
     entering the crusher
     
     ­ Mills, r…

444. break

     destroy the integrity of

     ­
     
     ­ Azucarera del Guadalfeo, “Antiguo Ingenio de Nuestra Señora del Rosario”, founded in 1860; to the right, La Caleta, with the Mediterranean in the background, Salobreña, Granada
     
     ­
     
     ­ A plantation of sugarcane growing in the fertile lowlands of Salobreña, Granada
     
     ­ The front line of sugarcane, tied together to withstand the wind
     
     ­ A close-up of ripe sugarcane ready for cutting
     
     ­ The fertile lowlands and Sierra Nevada mountains, Salobreña, Granada
     
     ­ Sugarcane close-up
     
     ­ A view from the Azu…

445. similar

     having the same or nearly the same characteristics

     After the cane juice is extracted by the mills, it undergoes the processes of clarification, concentration, crystallization and centrifuging, all of which are
     similar to the process for beet sugar.

446. years

     a prolonged period of time

     The history of the Tropical Coast, as the Salobreña region is currently known, goes back thousands of
     years.

447. several

     of an indefinite number more than 2 or 3 but not many

     These are the ratoons left for the next season after cutting the cane
     
     ­ Bridge crane with a hydraulic cylinder that perforates the truckload to take samples (rupro) of the sugarcane
     
     ­ Control of sugarcane samples and weighing scales
     
     ­ Mill yard, where the freshly cut cane is unloaded
     
     ­ Truck unloading cane
     
     ­ Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane and truck unloading it in the mill yard
     
     ­ Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane in the mill yard to dump it on the conveyor, and Salobreña castle in …

448. sun

     the star that is the source of light and heat for the planets in the solar system

     View of Azucarera del Guadalfeo from La Caleta, Salobreña, Granada, Andalusia, Spain
     
     ­ The calm after the storm of activity
     
     ­ The
     sun sets for the last time on the sugarcane on the Tropical Coast of Granada, Andalusia, Spain
     
     ­ The distillery building

449. day

     time for Earth to make a complete rotation on its axis

     In those
     days sugar was a luxury item for the privileged few, and for medicinal purposes.

450. hot

     having a high or higher than desirable temperature

     The bagasse, or squeezed cane that comes out of the last mill is automatically transported to the factory’s depots, which are separate from the coal and fuel oil tanks, and used to produce a quick,
     hot flame.

451. perfect

     being complete of its kind and without defect or blemish

     The area of low-lying fertile land along the coast was
     perfect for growing sugarcane, a tropical crop that requires the right combination of heat and humidity.

452. building

     the act of constructing something

     View of Azucarera del Guadalfeo from La Caleta, Salobreña, Granada, Andalusia, Spain
     
     ­ The calm after the storm of activity
     
     ­ The sun sets for the last time on the sugarcane on the Tropical Coast of Granada, Andalusia, Spain
     
     ­ The distillery
     building

453. along

     in line with a length or direction

     The area of low-lying fertile land
     along the coast was perfect for growing sugarcane, a tropical crop that requires the right combination of heat and humidity.

454. working

     a mine or quarry that is being or has been worked

     Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane, in the mill yard, to dump them onto the conveyor
     
     ­ The cane-sugar factory also has a chapel
     
     ­ The former entrance to the cane-sugar factory, on the inside and outside, where the workers during the harvesting season hung out their clothes
     
     ­ The steam machine that moves the mills that crush the sugarcane
     
     ­ The main sugarcane crusher
     
     ­ The main warehouse where the sugarcane is crushed
     
     ­ The main sugarcane crusher; cane entering the crusher
     
     ­ Mills, rollers …

455. trade

     the commercial exchange of goods and services

     Egypt was the first nation to develop the cane-sugar industry and
     trade.

456. difficult

     requiring great physical or mental effort to accomplish

     Large quantities of colloidal substances are extracted along with the remnant of juice, making the chemical clarification process much more
     difficult.

457. due

     that which is deserved or owed

     In the 19th century Spain knew a period of prosperity and production increased
     due to the huge demand for sugar.

458. remain

     continue in a place, position, or situation

     Over the years, older machines were replaced by modern ones until none of the machines used in the original facilities
     remained.

459. language

     a means of communicating by the use of sounds or symbols

     In Sanskrit, the root of so many European words, the word for sugar was sarkara (fine sand), the origin of the word for sugar in every
     language.

460. middle

     an area that is approximately central within some larger region

     From there it was grown in China and what is now known as the
     Middle East where only its juice, either natural or concentrated, was used.

461. simple

     having few parts; not complex or complicated or involved

     It was during this period that the sugar factory known as Azucarera del Guadalfeo, formerly Nuestra Señora del Rosario, in Salobreña (Granada) first started its ‘sweet’ task with a few
     simple mills.

462. many

     amounting to a large but indefinite number

     In Sanskrit, the root of so
     many European words, the word for sugar was sarkara (fine sand), the origin of the word for sugar in every language.

Created on April 15, 2011