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#1
My question about this word «all» is:
Does this word truly mean «all» or does it only refer to «all groups» or «all types» of people?
I want to know if it means that Jesus will draw all to Him or that He will draw those He has chosen from all groups or all types?
John 12:32 [πάντας] I have been in an on-going discussion in dealing with the topic of predestination.
There are three main views: Pelagianism, Semi-Pelagianism (aka Semi-Augustinianism) and Augustinianism.
I have come to find that the difference between Semi-Pelagianism (aka Semi-Augustinianism) and Augustinianism hinges on this word «all».
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#2
Let’s see the Greek text:
«καγὼ ἐάν ὑψωθῶ ἐκ τῆς γῆς πάντας ἐλκύσω προς ἐμαυτόν» John 13:32.
Πάντας here is masculine accusative plural of the adj. πᾶς-πᾶσα-πᾶν—> all, the whole.
Since «ἄνθρωπος» (human, human being) is a masculine noun in Greek, it’s clear to me that the noun omitted and is grammatically related to the adj. is «ἀνθρώπους» therefore:
«καγὼ ἐάν ὑψωθῶ ἐκ τῆς γῆς πάντας [ἀνθρώπους] ἐλκύσω προς ἐμαυτόν»
«And I, if I be lifted up from the earth, will draw all men unto me» (KJV)
«And I, if I am lifted up from the earth, will draw all peoples to Myself» (NKJV)
Both the KJV and the NKJ have it right.
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#3
I know Attic Greek, which is similar enough to Koine that I feel I can comment here.
Does this word truly mean «all» or does it only refer to «all groups» or «all types» of people?
I want to know if it means that Jesus will draw all to Him or that He will draw those He has chosen from all groups or all types?
The Greek doesn’t go into that sort of detail. It just says ‘all’.
Last edited: Oct 25, 2011
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#4
Does this word truly mean «all» or does it only refer to «all groups» or «all types» of people?
The «all» (people) includes the «all groups or types». My understanding of the Greek original is «I will attract all towards me». Ελκύω implies a tendency, attraction, movement towards a direction but doesn’t necessarily mean arrival to a particular destination. A magnet attracts (ελκύει) an iron but this doesn’t necessarily sticks on the magnet.
I know this is a subject for another thread, but I ‘m curious about the meaning of 32:27 «ήλθον». Is it singular (I came) or plural (they came) in which case may refer to the Greeks of .32:20 ?
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#5
Thank you all. I do greatly appreciate it!
Greece is one of the unique places with its mythological history, pleasing streets, warm people and delicious food, which visually satisfies our souls. It always arouses curiosity with its language and historical texture. In terms of the appearance of Greek letters Although it may seem incomprehensible, it is actually a pleasant language that leaves a sweet sound in the ear. Moreover, Greek and Greek words are very rich in terms of expressions and meanings. It is one of the oldest languages in the Indo-European family. If we look at its history, it has a rich and varied history with its writing system inspired by the Phoenician alphabet. The history of the Greek language spans more than 2,000 years and various periods, from the Archaic Period (900-600 BC) to the Hellenistic Period (323-30 BC), but its written tradition dates back to the 1st century BC. It begins with epic poetry at the beginning of the millennium.
One of the most fascinating things about the Greek language is its ancient roots. The Greeks have been speaking a unique language for over 3000 years! As we all know, alphabets were used in Ancient Greece and were taken as a part of cultural heritage by many countries colonized by the Greeks. Fortunately, being influenced by other languages does not change one’s roots; it just makes them stronger.
The dialect of Greece is a very poetic dialect. It has a soothing voice that makes it easy to learn and can be memorized effortlessly. Unlike other languages, Greek makes use of visual images in the meaning of words. So besides their true meaning, certain features such as colours, sounds and causes make them unique. Greek has been spoken for over three and a half thousand years, making it the oldest of the Indo-European languages – hence its nickname “the mother of western languages”. Only 13.5 million people speak Greek as their mother tongue, but the global impact is huge. Most of the major foundational texts in Western philosophy – think Plato and Aristotle. And Greek is the foundation of grammar and syntax rules, as well as words and phrases in languages spoken around the world, so don’t be surprised if some of these words sound familiar to you.
We have compiled the meanings of some of the most beautiful words in modern Greek for you. Here are some beautiful Greek words that will make you wonder what I’m waiting for to discover the history of this poetic language and its effects on languages in the world. Happy reading…
1) Charmolypi | χαρμολύπη
The first word in our list of Greek words is charmolypi. The expression Charmolipi etymologically refers to the word “joy and sorrow”. It is basically a compound word consisting of the terms joy and grief or sadness. It’s hard to translate, but conveys the idea of bittersweetness and having mixed feelings about something. It is more practical to say that chrematoli can be written as Chara (joy) or Molos (sadness). The word Charmolipi cannot be translated exactly but still it is wonderful and full of meaning. Composed of two Greek terms, one for joy and the other for grief, charmolipi encompasses all of what life means. After all, isn’t it a stunning mix of joy and sorrow?
2) Elpida | ελπίδα
This beautiful word has an equally wonderful meaning. Derived from the word Elpis, Elpida means hope. In Greek mythology, Elpis was considered the spirit and embodiment of hope, and was usually represented by a young woman bearing fertility. Elpida comes from the ancient Greek word ἐλπίς (elpis) and is the personification and spirit of hope in Greek mythology, often depicted as a young woman bearing flowers or fertility. Today, Elpida is actually a popular name for women.
3) Ygeia | ὑγίεια
Today’s medical care has its roots in ancient Greece. The word Ygeia extends from these roots to the present day. The word associated with Hygieia, the goddess of health and cleanliness, is derived from the word “hygiene”. Before it became colloquial, the Modern Greek phrase “Geia sou or Geia sas”—meaning “your health”—was used to wish someone well. Ygeia is also part of the Greek greeting Yia Sou, which is a wish for health.
4) Philoxenia | φιλοξενία
We’re sure you’ve heard how hospitable the Greeks are. But did you know that this hospitality dates back to ancient Greece? True, the ancestors of the Greeks thought that Zeus sent strangers on their way and they had a moral obligation to offer everything they could to outsiders, who were considered holy persons. Okay, maybe your hotel owner or a stranger you ask for directions on the street won’t consider you exactly holy today, but they will definitely be really friendly to you and treat you like a guest of their country. Also, the word they use to describe their hospitality is the same as the Greeks used in antiquity: “filoxenia”[filokseniːa] , literally being friends with strangers.
5) Kalon | καλόν
The word kalon means beautiful in Greek. It does not only express the visible beauty, but also expresses the invisible beauty by looking at the skin. It is used to describe someone who is not only outwardly great, but also has noble intentions and an honorable character. Greek words fascinate us all with the meanings of their roots as they reach our days, right?
6) Filia | φιλία
Many languages use a word meaning “kisses” and “filia” as their tradition of saying goodbye.[filiaː] This is exactly what it means in Greek. Contrary to what you might imagine, it doesn’t usually mean intimacy, although it’s obvious that you’d just call someone you know pretty well “filia”, whether when you’re leaving or before you hang up. The “sweeter” version is “filakia” (literally little kisses) in which younger women sing more often. The Greek word for “kiss” is “friendship”[filiːa] You also need to make sure you don’t confuse it with
7) Curiosity | µεράκι
This word is one of the most difficult to translate; Doing something out of curiosity means adding “a piece of your soul” to what you do. The root of this term is curiosity, which means doing something with pleasure or “labor of love” in Turkish. In usage, this word expresses a passion, an absolute devotion. When you do something with Meraki, you put your soul into it. Surprisingly, this widely used modern Greek word comes across as the term “curiosity” in Turkish. Well, curiosity breeds passion, and passion breeds labor and love. Doesn’t the thought in Turkish sound great to you too?
Peratzatha | Περατζάδα
Peratzatha | Περατζάδα
“peratzatha”, one of many words that can tell you something about Greek culture[peratzaːða] refers to the idle but extremely relaxing activity of people watching. Many Greeks consider this one of the most fun things to do in life, so if you’ve been to Greece before, you’ve probably noticed that many Athenian bars and cafes have tables outside. This is to take advantage of the gorgeous weather that Greece is proud of, of course, but also because there’s something strangely hypnotic about watching people pass by while you sip your coffee or drink. So, if an authentic travel experience of Greece is what you are looking for, we have not only taught you a really great Greek vocabulary, but also a very Greek alternative to the local activities that most local city tours require.
9) Eudaimonia | ευδαιμονία
This word is formed from the root eu meaning good and tyhi meaning “luck”. It can also be translated as “contentment,” which some might say is the most genuine and most consistent form of happiness. Also spelled as Eudaemonia, the term refers to the state of being happy, healthy, and prosperous. Simply put, it means the state in which a person truly develops. We have to thank Aristotle for this term – a single term that effortlessly explains something so broad and profound.
10) Aionia | αιώνια
The word comes from the ancient Greek term aion, meaning “age,” and gives English an indefinite but long period of time, aeon, or describes a large part of geological time. In astronomy and less formal contexts, an aeon denotes a time span of one billion years, while its full Turkish equivalent is infinity.
11) Paracosm | παρακοσμικος
Paracosm comes from the ancient Greek words παρά (pará, ‘beside’, ‘beside’) and κόσμος (kósmos, ‘earth’, ‘universe’). The dictionary meaning of this word, also known as parakosmikos, can be defined as extraterrestrial. Together, these two expressions form the paracosm, an elaborate fantasy world woven especially by children. It is so fascinating that there is a separate Greek word for this wonderful thing that children do!
12) Agapi | Aγάπη
With ancient Greek words, love is defined by many different words. Agapi is considered the highest form of love – the love of two partners for each other, the love that unites parents and their children, or even people’s love for God and vice versa. The term erotas (έρωτας) in modern Greek words means sincere love of a more romantic or sexual nature, while filia (φιλία) means love and friendship. It can be thought of how it differs from agapi in terms of meaning. What sets Agapi apart from others is that she is the purest form of love. Agapi or a-ga-pee is one of many beautiful Greek words for love.
13) Kairos | καιρός
Closely related to the Greek word for time, chronos, kairos is the acknowledgment of a special moment in less than a measure of hours and years. It is the idea of the perfect moment, ripe for action. Kairos is the right moment, at the right time and in the right place, creating the perfect atmosphere for everything to fall into place effortlessly. While the English term serendipity is a fortunate development, Kairos capitalizes on coincidence. Isn’t it fascinating how everything is connected!
14) Yia Mas | Για εμάς
As you can probably guess, “yia mas”[jaː mas] It is also a wish for health, but this time it is ours. Unlike yia soun, “yia mas” is not a greeting, but the standard toast we Greeks do before sipping a glass of alcohol in hand. So if you’re planning to explore the world-famous Athens nightlife, this is a phrase you’ll likely hear a lot. If someone offers you a toast saying “yia mas”, respond and enjoy. Pretty easy, right? You’ll enjoy Athens’ nightlife and bar hopping – and you’ll probably hear and sing about Yia Mas over and over!
15) Philoteimos | φιλότιμο
Another difficult-to-translate word is filotimo, which encompasses a number of virtues: honor, dedication, duty, courage, pride, and honesty. Filotimo, meaning “friend of honor” or “love of honor”, refers to the once honorable and virtuous, even if it is not in his own interest. Although long counted among the highest of Greek virtues, it carried negative connotations in early writings.
16) Chalara | χαλαρά
In its most general sense, halara means “keep calm”. When looking at the dictionary meaning, it means to relax, to relax. Often associated with the northern Greek city of Thessaloniki – known for its chilly atmosphere compared to Athens – chalara denotes a way of life meaning “relaxed” and “relaxed”.
17) Nostalgia | Νοσταλγία
Nostalgia is one of the Greek words derived from nostos meaning returning home and algos meaning pain of something.
The meaning it gives is a combination of nostos, which means returning home, and algos, which means a dull pain, longing. Together, they create nostalgia, which refers to a deep nostalgia or sad love for the past—especially when talking about or commemorating something that was had but no longer has. Oh nostalgia!
18) Petricho | πετρίκο
We continue our list of Greek words with a very familiar word that has been adopted in every language: petríko. It means the smell of earth where the first drop of rain touches it. Close your eyes and imagine that the rain has just started. When the first drops of rain hit the dry ground, an earthy scent comes to your senses – does it sound familiar? This wonderful earthy aroma is called petrichor and is composed of the Greek word for stone, petra, and īchōr, the blood of the mythological Greek gods. It refers to the pleasant earthy smell produced when it rains on dry ground, especially after a long period of drought. The word comes from the Greek words petra (stone) and īchōr (blood of the Greek gods).
19) Eleftheria | Ελευθερία
Eleftheria, meaning “freedom”, specifically refers to the state of being freed from slavery. In essence, Eleftheria is gentle and pleasant; He is free-spirited and cannot be easily crushed. He doesn’t appreciate people with limited minds and attitudes. You can see this word in the Greek national slogan – Eleftheria i thanatos (Liberty or death) which is the subject of the songs of the Greek resistance against Ottoman rule.
20) Philocalist | Φιλοκαλιστ
Philokalist or Philocalist is a Greek term used to describe a person who is able to see beauty in everything. The philologist is essentially a lover of beauty, someone who appreciates the beauty of the little things that make life worthwhile. It may not be a person found beautiful, but a tree, building or landscape. In short, this term tells us that we are in love with everything that looks beautiful. Wonderful!
21) Eucharist | Ευχαριστω
The eucharist is a Greek word meaning ‘thank you’. Efharisto is a word you can use when you sincerely want to express your gratitude and appreciation for what has been given. If you’re traveling to Greece and just need to learn a word, let this be it. This will open up new conversations with the locals and let them know that you are enjoying all the philoxenia the Greeks shower on you!
22) Calimera | Καλημέρα
“Calimera”[kalimeːra] another super useful and beautiful greek word. This is probably the clearest word we know of Greek. Kalimera literally means “have a nice day”. Technically, you have to use it until 12:00, after that “kalispera”[kalispeːra] – so it is preferable to say “have a nice day”. This distinction can be thought of as the difference between the English Good Morning and Good Afternoon. Both words are fairly easy to pronounce, so if you’re looking to impress your Athens tour guide or the Greek restaurant owner you just met, throwing a casual ‘kalimera’ or ‘kalispera’ into the conversation will likely get you patted on the back.
23) Ataraxia | Aταραξία
The literal translation of Ataraxia is a state of calm calm. But the literal translation of the Greek word ataraxia is indifference. Its usage is used to express a state of ultimate freedom in which the mind is freed from the shackles of emotional disturbances such as stress and anxiety. Oh, dream!
24) Parakalo | παρακαλο
The response to the Eucharist, parakalo, is the modern Greek word for “welcome”. But that’s not all! The Greeks like to attach several meanings to a single term. So parakalo means please along with the meaning of welcome. Between the eucharist and the parakalo, you can now say thank you, welcome and please – the holy trinity of a polite tourist!
25) Empyrean | Ουράνιος
Yes, we have come to the end of our list of Greek words. We chose a great word for closing: Empyrean. It takes its origin from the modern Greek word empyros, which is on fire or burning. Its use comes from the Ancient Greek cosmology, the highest place in heaven called Empyrean. Although it is defined as heaven in the most basic sense, it is also referred to as the highest point of the sky, the sky dome in some sources. The term itself evokes a cosmic emotion, doesn’t it?
26)Philosophia | Φιλοσοφία
Philosophy” comes from the Greek word “philosophia,” which means “love of wisdom.” This word is derived from the combination of “philo,” meaning “love,” and “sophia,” meaning “wisdom.”
27)Theoria | Θεωρία
“Theory” comes from the Greek word “theoria,” which means “contemplation” or “a looking at.” This word is derived from the combination of “thea,” meaning “a viewing,” and “horao,” meaning “to gaze at.”
28)Klinike | Κλινική
“Clinic” comes from the Greek word “klinike,” which means “bed” or “infirmary.” This word is derived from the root “kline,” meaning “bed,” which is also the origin of the English word “incline.”
29)Krisis | Κρίσις
“Crisis” comes from the Greek word “krisis,” which means “decision” or “judgment.” This word is derived from the root “krin,” meaning “to separate” or “to decide.”
30)Khaos
“Chaos” comes from the Greek word “khaos,” which means “void” or “emptiness.” This word is derived from the root “kha,” which means “to gape” or “to be wide open.”
31)Kosmos | Κόσμος
“Cosmos” comes from the Greek word “kosmos,” which means “order” or “harmony.” This word is derived from the root “kosm,” meaning “to order” or “to arrange.”
32)Ekleipsis | Εκλειψις
“Eclipse” comes from the Greek word “ekleipsis,” which means “an abandonment” or “a failure to appear.” This word is derived from the combination of “ek,” meaning “out of,” and “leip,” meaning “to leave.”
33)Heureka
“Eureka” comes from the Greek exclamation “heureka,” which means “I have found it!” This word is derived from the combination of “eu,” meaning “well,” and “heurisk,” meaning “to find.”
34)Hyperbole | Υπερβολή
“Hyperbole” comes from the Greek word “hyperbole,” which means “excess” or “overstatement.” This word is derived from the combination of “hyper,” meaning “over,” and “bole,” meaning “to throw.”
35)Odysseia | Οδύσσεια
“Odyssey” comes from the Greek word “odysseia”
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relating to a clear organic acid with a pungent odor
marked by strong resentment or cynicism
motionlessness attributable to a temporary paralysis
of rocks, deposits, etc.
stimulating the central nervous system
the reversal of the normal order of words
a formal ecclesiastical curse accompanied by excommunication
curse or declare to be evil
absence of the sense of smell
suggesting human features for animals or inanimate things
of or relating to eaters of human flesh
a system of beliefs and practices based on the philosophy of Rudolf Steiner; it claims to integrate the practical and psychological in child-centered education
a cosmic cataclysm in which God destroys the powers of evil
abbreviation of a word by omitting the final sound or sounds
14 books of the Old Testament included in the Vulgate (except for II Esdras) but omitted in Jewish and Protestant versions of the Bible; eastern Christian churches (except the Coptic Church) accept all these books as canonical; the Russian Orthodox Church accepts these texts as divinely inspired but does not grant them the same status
marked by extreme anger
a loss of consciousness from the lack of oxygen in the brain
of or relating to an archdeacon or his office
resembling or containing or abounding in sand
the bone in the ankle that articulates with the leg bones to form the ankle joint
a heating device used to sterilize tools and instruments
navigable deep diving vessel for underwater exploration
navigable deep diving vessel for underwater exploration
of or relating to a library or bibliotheca or a librarian
grow and flourish
tuft of strong filaments by which e.g. a mussel makes itself fast to a fixed surface
feeding on fruit
short-tailed wildcats with usually tufted ears
oral religious instruction
an elementary book summarizing the principles of a religion
a new convert being taught the principles of Christianity by a catechist
emotionally purging
monument to honor those whose remains are interred elsewhere
a grasping structure on the limb of a crustacean or other arthropods
a person who believes in the coming of the millennium
a grotesque product of the imagination
fortuneteller who predicts your future by the lines on your palms
pertaining to or characteristic of a choragus
relating to or consisting of or emphasizing chords
a journalist who writes editorials
embryonic leaf in seed-bearing plants
the ideal in terms of which something can be judged
having a usually flat-topped flower cluster in which the main and branch stems each end in a flower that opens before those below it or to its side
small carnivorous reptiles
something that provides guidance
an ornamental jeweled headdress signifying sovereignty
either of the two main stops on a pipe organ
the dispersion of something that was originally localized
instructive, especially excessively
abnormality in performing voluntary muscle movements
the purple or black-and-blue area resulting from a bruise
concerned with promoting unity among churches or religions
concern for your own interests and welfare
of visual imagery of almost photographic accuracy
of or relating to the sky or heavens
something that baffles understanding and cannot be explained
not clear to the understanding
anything short-lived, as an insect that lives only for a day
short-lived insect
a person devoted to refined sensuous enjoyment
devoted to pleasure
a witty saying
bleeding from the nose
an inscription in memory of a buried person
an abnormally high degree of irritability or sensitivity to stimulation of an organ or body part
make weak by stunting the growth or development of
measuring instrument consisting of a graduated glass tube for measuring volume changes in chemical reactions between gases
an inoffensive expression substituted for an offensive one
an explanation or critical interpretation
resembling starch
indicator provided by the stationary arm whose shadow indicates the time on the sundial
plant growing naturally in very salty soil
a form of schizophrenia characterized by severe disintegration of personality including erratic speech and childish mannerisms and bizarre behavior; usually becomes evident during puberty; the most common diagnostic category in mental institutions
the dominance or leadership of one social group over others
the worship of the sun
extravagant exaggeration
the rarified fluid said to flow in the veins of the Gods
only partly in existence; imperfectly formed
the craniometric point that is the most prominent point at the back of the head (at the occipital protuberance)
showing sorrow
relative large gnawing animals
presence of excess lipids in the blood
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of noxious stench from atmospheric pollution
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relating to life in an isolated religious community
a follower who carries out orders without question
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inability to see clearly in dim light
the contemplation of one’s navel; complacent self-absorption
herbivorous dinosaur with a pelvis like that of a bird
a measuring instrument that measures the oxygen in arterial blood
of or relating to or characteristic of pachyderms
a flourish added after or under your signature
someone who educates young people
the profession of a teacher
an act of expressing things in an indirect or roundabout way
resembling stone in hardness
any closely ranked crowd of people
a tower with a light that gives warning of shoals to passing ships
plant tissue that conducts synthesized food substances
extreme excess
florists’ primroses
of or relating to or characterized by polyphony
having many meanings
any igneous rock with crystals embedded in a finer groundmass of minerals
preceding and preparing for something
strongly laxative
of or relating to the craft of making fireworks
a person without moral scruples
study of the technique for using language effectively
a person who delivers a speech or oration
a stone coffin, usually bearing sculpture or inscriptions
division of a group into opposing factions
of or relating to or involved in or characteristic of schism
a descendent or heir
something causing misery or death
a deliberately invalid argument in the hope of deceiving
a pressure gauge for measuring blood pressure
something wound in a continuous series of loops
a tall tower that forms the superstructure of a building
parasitic or free-living bacteria
abnormal narrowing of a bodily canal or passageway
the relation that exists when things occur at the same time
the union of different systems of thought or belief
the branch of biology concerned with the development of malformations or serious deviations from the normal type of organism
taking a series of rhythmical steps in time to music
abnormally distended especially by fluids or gas
of the color intermediate between green and orange in the color spectrum; of something resembling the color of an egg yolk
a fear of foreigners or strangers
plant tissue that conducts water and dissolved nutrients
rhetorical use of a word to govern two or more words
the branch of sociology that studies election trends
enlarged beyond truth or reasonableness
a hymn of praise
drooping of the upper eyelid caused by muscle paralysis and weakness
a chronic skin disease characterized by dry red patches covered with scales; occurs especially on the scalp and ears and genitalia and the skin over bony prominences
a purging medicine
of or relating to the chest or thorax
a chronic disorder that occurs in tropical and non-tropical forms and in both children and adults; nutrients are not absorbed; symptoms include foul-smelling diarrhea and emaciation
a miniature model of something
any plant of the genus Silene
having male and female reproductive organs in the same plant or animal
not genuine but having the appearance of
originating where it is found
any vertical post or rod used as a support
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a mournful poem; a lament for the dead
the delusion that you have assumed the form of an animal
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use of a series of subjects with a single predicate
having the qualities of butter or yielding or containing a substance like butter
immediate rephrasing for intensification or justification
a viral disease (usually fatal) of rabbits
related to or resembling an almond
(formal) ordinary and not refined
of or relating to meaning or the study of meaning
containing an unusual amount of grease or oil
a newly invented word or phrase
an inflammation characterized by hoarseness or loss of voice
the structure containing the vocal cords
surgical removal of part or all of the larynx
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someone skilled at informal chitchat
one of two spiral bands of tissue connecting the egg yolk to the enclosing membrane at either end of the shell
a drugless method of treatment based on the belief that disease symptoms arise from problems with ligaments and connective tissues
a collection of maps in book form
relating to or affecting the viscera
a figure of a man used as a supporting column
(Judaism) either of two small leather cases containing texts from the Hebrew Scriptures (known collectively as tefillin); traditionally worn (on the forehead and the left arm) by Jewish men during morning prayer
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abnormally long muscular contractions
any of several skin disorders characterized by shedding dry flakes of skin
disorder involving lesions or eruptions of the skin
the branch of biology that studies plants
having the shape of a leaf
a small vascular growth on the surface of a mucous membrane
a pathological condition in which a word is rapidly and involuntarily repeated
mechanical and meaningless repetition of another’s words
an abrupt change within a sentence from one syntactic structure to another
of or relating to poetry that expresses emotion
a person who writes the words for songs
having a corolla composed of partially or wholly fused petals forming a corolla shaped like a tube or funnel
very sentimental or emotional
a sudden violent change in the earth’s surface
a three-dimensional representation of a scene
of or relating to or characteristic of a spirit
an exclamatory rhetorical device
express in the metric system
based on a decimal unit of measurement
resembling or characteristic of a lament for the dead
relating to or involving the search for abstract universal principles
the spreading of a disease to another part of the body
the spreading of a disease to another part of the body
spread throughout the body
white-flowered pyrethrum of Balkan area whose pinnate leaves are white and silky-hairy below; source of an insecticide; sometimes placed in genus Chrysanthemum
the first largest innermost toe
the brightest star in Gemini; close to Castor
cell division that produces reproductive cells
a medical instrument for separating substances in solution by unequal diffusion through semipermeable membranes
the membrane in the ear that vibrates to sound
inflammation of the bile ducts
rare doglike carnivorous marsupial of Tasmania having stripes on its back; probably extinct
northern African mongoose
large primitive reptile having a tall spinal sail
the collection and study of postage stamps
(ophthalmology) the normal refractive condition of the eye in which there is clear focus of light on the retina
the branch of medicine concerned with the eye
a small sebaceous cyst of the eyelid resulting when a Meibomian gland is blocked
bent or curved backward
of words; having many meanings
any of a group of cryptogamic organisms consisting principally of a thallus and thus showing no differentiation into stem and root and leaf
of or relating to a cryptogam
sudden prostration due to exposure to the sun or excessive heat
a mass of cytoplasm containing several nuclei and enclosed in a membrane but no internal cell boundaries (as in muscle fibers)
the protoplasm of a cell excluding the nucleus
the substance inside a cell, not including the nucleus
to dry by freezing in a high vacuum
use of two conjoined nouns instead of a noun and modifier
(anatomy) a natural outgrowth or projection on an organ or body part such as the process of a vertebra
a tan discoloration of a woman’s face that is associated with pregnancy or with the use of oral contraceptives
a tan discoloration of a woman’s face that is associated with pregnancy or with the use of oral contraceptives
resembling or containing clay
a small round table
any of various Old World herbs of the genus Anchusa having one-sided clusters of trumpet-shaped flowers
reflex pupillary dilation as a muscle pulls the iris outward
a drug that causes the pupil of the eye to dilate
a projecting parapet on a medieval castle
a Chinese green tea with twisted leaves
arachnid of warm dry regions having a long segmented tail ending in a venomous stinger
of or occurring every seven days
of or occurring every seven days
flat-topped or convex inflorescence in which the individual flower stalks grow upward from various points on the main stem to approximately the same height; outer flowers open first
bent or curved forward or upward
a metal helmet worn by common soldiers in the 16th century
capable of destroying fungi
a minute red or purple spot on the surface of the skin as the result of tiny hemorrhages of blood vessels in the skin (as in typhoid fever)
any of various amines (such as putrescine or cadaverine) formed by the action of putrefactive bacteria
a garnet consisting of calcium iron silicate and having any color ranging from yellow and green to brown and black; used as gemstone
probably warm-blooded; considered direct ancestor of mammals
derived from experiment and observation rather than theory
relating to the abode of the blessed after death
a place or condition of ideal happiness
a history of a word
drawing a comparison in order to show a similarity
similar or equivalent in some respects
something having a similarity to something else
the study of the rules for forming admissible sentences
of or relating to a hemorrhage
a passionate hymn, usually in honor of Dionysus
of or in the manner of a dithyramb
personal attractiveness that enables you to influence others
using more words than necessary
the relation of opposition along a diameter
a volatile, flammable liquid made of hydrocarbons
a mythical bird said to breed at the winter solstice
a sugar extracted from wood or straw
a secret rendezvous, especially a romantic one
showing little emotion
of flowering plants that are pollinated by the wind
not having or producing echoes; sound-absorbent
a loud electric horn
relating to the seas, especially smaller or inland seas
of or relating to tears
a slender graceful young woman
a silvery metallic element that is common in rare-earth minerals; used in magnesium and aluminum alloys
so thin as to transmit light
purging the body by the use of a cathartic to stimulate evacuation of the bowels
purging the body to stimulate evacuation of the bowels
devoted to raising sheep or cattle
relating to a victory that is offset by staggering losses
having male and female reproductive organs in the same plant or animal
lacking columns or pillars
fishes having the head armored with bony plates
the means of connection between things linked in series
a word pronounced the same with another meaning or spelling
irritable as if suffering from indigestion
optical device used to follow the path of a celestial body and reflect its light into a telescope; has a movable and a fixed mirror
probably warm-blooded; considered direct ancestor of mammals
one of two words spelled the same way that differ in meaning
a proposition that is not susceptible of proof or disproof
the collection and study of mollusc shells
a fluorocarbon with chlorine
containing an unusual amount of grease or oil
someone who uses a divining rod to find underground water
periodic shedding of the cuticle in arthropods or the outer skin in reptiles
a devoted follower or assistant
a zoologist who studies fishes
an orange-yellow pigment in the bile that forms as a product of hemoglobin; excess amounts in the blood produce the yellow appearance observed in jaundice
compose a sequence of dance steps, often to music
the chief source of beryllium
the main cavity of the ear
the tissue of the jaws that surrounds the bases of the teeth
the process of an individual organism growing organically
the process of an individual organism growing organically
inflammation of the inner ear
After French, Latin and Viking (and Old English of course, but that is English), the Greek language has contributed more words to modern English than any other – perhaps 5%.
Many Greek words sprang from Greek mythology and history. Knowing those subjects was evidence that a person was educated, so dropping a reference to Greek literature was encouraged even into the 20th century. From Greek mythology, we get words such as atlas, chaos, chronological, erotic, herculean, hypnotic, muse, nectar, promethean, and even cloth.
But most Greek-origin words in English did not come straight from ancient Greek. Many are modern, not ancient, combinations of Greek root words. For example, you probably know the telephone was not used by the ancient Greeks. But the word itself is all Greek, made up of the Greek words for “distant” and “sound.” Besides tele and phon, common Greek roots include anti, arch, auto, bio, centro, chromo, cyclo, demo, dys, eu, graph, hydro, hypo, hyper, logo, macro, mega, meta, micro, mono, paleo, para, philo, photo, poly, pro, pseudo, psycho, pyro, techno, thermo and zoo. Among others.
Comparing the original and the modern meanings of Greek words that became English words sometimes shows not only how much language has changed, but how much culture has changed.
- idiot
Someone of very low intelligence. For the ancient Greeks, an idiot was a private citizen, a person not involved in civil government or politics. Related: idiosyncracy, idiom, and other individualistic words. - metropolis
The Greek roots of this word are “mother” and “city.” Socrates, convicted in court of corrupting the youth with his philosophy, was given a choice between drinking poison or exile from his mother city of Athens. He chose poison because he wasn’t an idiot, in the ancient sense. If you chose exile, you might be an idiot in the ancient sense, but you would be a live idiot. - acrobat
This circus performer who demonstrates feats of physical agility by climbing to the very top of the rope gets his name from the Greek words “high” and “walk,” with the sense of “rope dancer” and “tip-toe.” - bacterium
From a Greek word that means “stick” because under a microscope (another Greek word), some bacteria look like sticks. - cemetery
The Greek word koimeterion meant “sleeping place, dormitory.” Early Christian writers adopted the word for “burial ground,” and that’s why college students stay in the dormitory and not in the cemetery. - dinosaur
You may have heard this one before. Our word for these ancient reptiles is a modern (1841) combination of the Greek words for “terrible” and “lizard. - hippopotamus
The ancient Greeks called this large, moist African animal a hippopótamos, from the words for “horse” and “river.” In other words, river horse. - rhinoceros
Continuing our African theme, this large, dry African animal is named after the Greek words for “nose” and “horn.” Horns usually don’t grow on noses. - history
The Greek word historía meant “inquiry, record, narrative.” - dialogue
A monologue has one speaker, but a dialogue doesn’t necessarily have two speakers (that would be a “di-logue,” but there’s no such word). Dialogue comes from Greek words that mean “across-talk,” and more than two people can do that if they take turns. - economy
The Greek word for “household administration” has been expanded to mean the management of money, goods, and services for an entire community or nation. But “economical” still refers to personal thrift. - metaphor
In ancient times, this word meant “transfer” or “carrying over.” When my grandfather called my grandmother a peach, metaphorically speaking, he used a figure of speech that transferred the sweetness of the fruit to his sweet wife. - planet
The ancient Greeks get blamed for everything wrong with astronomy before the Renaissance, but they were astute enough to notice that while most stars stood still, some wandered from year to year. The word planet comes from the Greek word for “wandering.” - schizophrenia
People with this mental disorder have been described as having a “split personality,” and the name comes from Greek words for “split” and “mind.” Symptoms may include hallucinations, delusions, or disorganized speech. - technology
This word was not limited to industry or science until the mid-19th century, during the Industrial Revolution. Originally it referred to “technique” (same Greek root) or the systematic study of an art or craft – the art of grammar, at first, and later the fine arts. - grammatical
Speaking of grammar, the Ancient Greek word grammatike meant “skilled in writing.” Now it means “correct in writing.” - syntax
A combination of Ancient Greek words that mean “together” and “arrangement.” Syntax is how words are arranged together. - sarcasm
Though it was used to describe bitter sneering, the Greek word sarkazein literally meant “to cut off flesh,” which you might feel has happened to you when subjected to cutting sarcasm or critical humor. - sycophant
Not a word that I’ve ever used, but you might like it. It means “servile, self-seeking flatterer.” In ancient Greek, it meant “one who shows the fig.” That referred to an insulting hand gesture that respectable Greek politicians wouldn’t use against their opponents, but whose shameless followers could be encouraged to do so. - telescope
Another all-Greek word that wasn’t invented by the Greeks, but perhaps by the Dutch around 1600. Its roots mean “far-seeing” and Galileo Galilei was one of the first astronomers to use a telescope to see faraway things.
As you can see, Greek is deeply woven into modern English. To prove it, in the late 1950s, Greek economist Xenophon Zolotas gave two speeches in English, but using only Greek words, except for articles and prepositions. The results were rather high-sounding, but mostly comprehensible. As you become more familiar with Greek words, English will be easier to understand. And probably, more colorful.