Greek word for numbers

Если вы оказались  на отдыхе в Греции или на Кипре, иногда полезно знать, как звучат (произносятся) и пишутся греческие числительные: цифры и числа .

Знать, как называются цифры и числа по-гречески, полезно и в аэропорту (хотя там все дублируется по-английски), в отеле, магазинах и рынках. Возможно вам пригодится знание греческого в кафе или ресторане, в небольшой деревушке, куда вы поехали на экскурсию, потому что там греки и киприоты могут и не знать английского. Ну и просто для общего развития, как любому культурному человеку.

Или девушкам для знакомства, чтобы сказать, сколько вам лет по-гречески и узнать возраст греческого ухажера.

Цифры и числа — чем отличаются

Что такое цифры

Цифры — условные знаки (символы) для обозначения чисел (количества чего-либо).

Цифр всего 10 (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9). Из цифр и их комбинаций состоят числа.

Что такое числа

Число — количественная характеристика объекта (сколько?). Состоит из цифр.

Проще сказать,  по аналогии с языком: цифры — это буквы, числа — это слова.

Как пишутся и читаются цифры на греческом

Пишу: цифрами — греческое название цифры — произношение (русская транскрипция цифры с ударением) — русское название цифры.

1 —  ένα — эна — один;

2 — δύο (вио или дио, шепелявый звук, язычок между зубов) — два;

3 — τρία — триа — три;

4 — τέσσερα — тэсера — четыре;

5 — πέντε — пэндэ — пять;

6 — έξι — экси — шесть;

7 — επτά — эпта — семь;

8 — οκτώ — окто — восемь;

9 — εννέα — эниа;

0 — μηδέν — мивэн или мидэн.

Как образуются числа из греческих цифр

Греческие числа от 10 до 19 (второй десяток)

10 — δέκα — вэка или зэка (с присвистом, язычок между зубов, сделать из «д»  — «в» или «з») — десять;

11 — έντεκα — эндэка — одиннадцать (соединяется один — эна и десять — дэка) ;

12 — δώδεκα — довэка или додэка — двенадцать;

13 — δεκατρία — вэкатриа или дэкатриа — тринадцать;

14 — δεκατέσσερα — вэкатэсера — четырнадцать;

15 — δεκαπέντε — векапэнбэ — пятнадцать;

16 — δεκαέξι — вэкаэкси — шестнадцать;

17 — δεκαεπτά — вэкаэпта — семнадцать;

18 — δεκαοχτώ — вэкаохто — восемнадцать;

19 — δεκαεννέα — вэкаэнэа — девятнадцать.

Как произносить греческие числа  от 20 до 100

20 — είκοσι — икоси — двадцать;

40 — σαράντα — саранда — сорок;

50 — πενήντα — пэнинда — пятьдесят;

60 — εξήντα — эксина — шестьдесят;

70 — εβδομήντα — эвзоминда или эвдоминда — семьдесят;

80 — ογδόντα — ойвонда или ойзонда — восемьдесят;

90 — ενενήντα — энэнинда — девяносто;

Числа от 21 до 29 образуются путем прибавления к икоси (обозначает греческое «двадцать» цифр 1-9 (см. выше из названия по-гречески).

По тому же принципу образуются греческие названия чисел от 41 до 49, от 51 до 59 и т.д.

30 — τριάντα — трианда — тридцать;

31 — τριάντα ένας  — трианва энас — тридцать один;

32 — τριάντα δύο — трианва вио — тридцать два;

33 — τριάντα τρεις — трианва трэис — тридцать три;

34 — τριάντα τέσσερα — трианва тэсэра — тридцать четыре;

35 — τριάντα πέντε — трианва пэндэ — тридцать пять;

36 — τριάντα έξι — трианва экси — тридцать шесть;

37 — τριάντα επτά — трианва эпта — тридцать семь;

38 — τριάντα οκτώ — трианва окто — тридцать восемь;

39 — τριάντα εννέα — трианва энэа — тридцать девять;

Числительные по-гречески, образованные от шестидесяти произносятся с более звонким «д» или «мв» в зависимости от сочетания букв последующего слова, правила чтения можете посмотреть в греческом алфавите. Например:

100 — εκατό — экато — сто;

101 — εκατόν ένα — экатон эна — сто один (и т.д., прибавлением нужных чисительных);

200 — διακόσια — викосиа (дикосиа) — двести;

300 — τριακόσια — триакосиа — триста;

400 — τετρακόσια — тэтракосиа — четыреста;

500 — πεντακόσια — пэндакосиа — пятьсот;

600 — εξακόσιες — эксакосиэс — шестьсот;

700 — επτακόσια — эптакосиа — семьсот;

800 — οκτακόσιες — октакосиэс — восемьсот;

900 — εννιακόσιες — энякосиес — девятьсот.

1000 — χίλια — хилиа или хилья — тысяча;

1010 — χίλιοι δέκα — хили вэка (дэка) — тысяча десять;

1110 — χίλια εκατόν δέκα — хилиа экатон вэка (или дека) — тысяча сто десять;

2000 — δύο χιλιάδες — вио хилявес — две тысячи;

3000 — τρεις χιλιάδες — трэс хилявэс — три тысячи;

4000 — τέσσερις χιλιάδες — тэсэрис хилявэс — четыре тысячи;

10 000 — δέκα χιλιάδες — вэка хилявэс — десять тысяч;

100 000 — εκατό χιλιάδες — экато хилявэс — сто тысяч;

1 000 000 — εκατομμύριο — экатомирио — миллион;

1 000 000 000 — δισεκατομμύριο — висэкатомирио — миллиард.

А если вы позабыли, как правильно говорить по-гречески или боитесь ошибиться в произношении греческих цифр и чисел, то можете сказать нужные числительные по-английски или написать цифрами на бумажке.

Порядковые числительные на греческом

Первый (1-й) — πρώτα — прОта;

Второй (2-й) — δεύτερος — вЭфтэрос или δεύτερη  — вЭфтэри;

Третий (3-й) — τρίτος — трИтос, το τρίτο — то трИто;

Четвертый (4-й) —  τέταρτος — тэтартОс или τέταρτο — тЭтарто;

Пятый (5-й) — πέμπτος — пЭнтос;

Шестой (6-й) — έκτος — Эктос;

Седьмой (7-й) — έβδομος — Эвдомос;

Восьмой (8-й) — όγδοο — Огво (Огthо) или όγδοος — Огвос;;

Девятый (9-й) — ένατος — Энатос;

Десятый (10-й) — δέκατος — вЭкатос;

Одиннадцатый (11-й) — ενδέκατος — энвЭкатос;

Двенадцатый (12-й) — δωδέκατος — вовЭкатос;

Тринадцатый (13-й) — δέκατος τρίτος — вЭкатос (или дЭкатос) трИтос;

Четырнадцатый (14-й) — δέκατος τέταρτος — вЭкатос тЭтартос;

Пятнадцатый (15-й) — δέκατη πέμπτη — вЭкаты пЭнты;

Шестнадцатый (16-й) — δέκατος έκτος — вЭкатос Эктос;

Семнадцатый (17-й) —  δέκατης έβδομης — вЭкатыс Эфвомыс;

Восемнадцатый (18-й) — δέκατο έγδοο — вЭкато эфвО;

Девятнадцатый (19-й) — δέκατη ένατη — вЭкаты Энаты;

Двадцатый (20-й) — εικοστή — икостЫ.

Римские цифры

Если же вы искали римские цифры (которые обозначаются большими латинскими буквами типа XX, VIII, M, L, IX) и ошибочно считали их греческими, то вот вам таблица написания римских цифр.

Ключевые латинские буквы — цифры

Для обозначения цифр используются следующие символы:

I (1), V (5), X (10), L (50), C (100), D (500), M (1000).

Все остальные числа обрадуются путем сочетания этих латинских букв.

Особенности написания римских цифр

Одинаковые символы могут повторятся (например, III=3) пока счет идет до четырех, сорока, четырехсот — они пишутся с помощью цифры V (5), но без единицы. То есть, римская цифра 4 — это 5-1=IV.  Отсутствие 1 обозначается буквой I =1, которая для этого ставится перед V.

По тому же принципу пишут с числа 9 (IX), 90 (XC), 900 (CM). Меньшая буква (в девятке — I=1) ставится перед большей (X=10) и, значит, ее надо вычесть из 10.

Таким образом, если перед большей римской цифрой  стоит меньшая (предшествующая по рангу), ее надо отнять от большей.

Если же меньшая по значению римская цифра стоит после большей, то эти цифры надо сложить.

Число, написанное несколькими латинскими буквами, является их суммой или суммой целых чисел и разностей.

Например,  число MCMXXXVI (1936) означает M+(M-C)+X+X+X+V+I=1000+(1000-100)+10+10+10+5+1=1000+900+10+10+10+5+1=1936.

Просто надо выучить ключевые символы римских цифр, а потом складывать или отнимать.

Таблица перевода обычных (арабских цифр) в римские

Арабская цифра — Римская цифра

Один —       1                    I

Два —         2                    II

Три —         3                    III

Четыре —   4                    IV (5 без 1, на I меньше V)

Пять —        5                    V  

Шесть —     6                    VI (V=I=5+1=6)

Семь —       7                    VII

Восемь —   8                    VIII

Девять —    9                   IX (X-I=10-1=9)

Десять —   10                   X

                  11                   XI

                  12                   XII (X+I+I=10+1+1-12)

                  13                   XIII

                  14                   XIV

                   15                  XV

                   16                  XVI

                   17                  XVII

                   18                  XVIII

                   19                  XIX

                   20                  XX

                   30                  XXX

                   40                  XL (50 без 10, на X< L, L-X=50-10=40)

50                  L  

                   60                  LX (L+X=50+10=60)

                   70                  LXX

                   80                  LXXX

                   90                  XC (C-X=100-10=90)

100                 C

                  110                 CX

                  120                 CXX

                  200                 CC

                  300                 CCC

                  400                 CD (D-C=500-100=400)

 500                D

                   600                DC

                   700                DCC

                   800                DCCC

                   900                CM (M-C=1000-100=900)

                   1000              M

                   2000             MM

                   3000             MMM

                   3999             MMMIM

Как написать римские цифры

Способ написания вручную

• Переключить клавиатуру в английский язык (обычно это клавиши Shift + Alt). Или мышкой в нижней правой части экрана монитора выбрать вручную.
• Нажать Caps Lock и печатать нужные заглавные латинские буквы.

Способ перевода цифр в римские в Wordе

Если курсор уже мигает в нужном месте текста (куда надо написать римское число), нажать:

• Ctrl+F9, появятся серые скобки {  } 
• в скобки вставить: =число* Roman

это будет выглядеть для числа 285 так:   {=285* Roman}

• нажать F9.  (В моем примере 285 переводится в CCLXXXV).

 Способ написание римских цифр в Excel

• в нужную ячейку написать:  =РИМСКОЕ(число)

И в ячейке сразу появится нужное число из букв. Ничего больше нажимать не нужно.

Например, для числа 187 нужно набрать следующий тест формулы: =РИМСКОЕ(187). В ячейке появится CLXXXVII=187.

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Numbers are all around us. Therefore, learning how to count in Greek will surely come in handy at one point or another. In this article, you’ll learn how to write and pronounce Greek numbers and how you can use them in everyday life with GreekPod101.com.

Numbers in Greek have changed over the years. The original Greek number system was developed in ancient Greece and included the use of alphabet letters instead of numbers. As centuries passed by, the use of ancient Greek numbers faded away and Greeks started to use the Hindu-Arabic numeral system, which is still used today.

That said, let’s go on ahead and learn more about numbers in the Greek language, as well as more information about Greek numerals.

Table of Contents

1. Greek Numbers 0-9
2. Greek Numbers 10-99
3. Greek Numbers up to 1000
4. Cardinal Numbers in Greek
5. Ordinal Greek Numbers
6. Everyday Use of Greek Numbers
7. Conclusion

1. Greek Numbers 0-9

The Greek numbers from 0 to 9 are demonstrated below, accompanied by their pronunciation.

• 0 – μηδέν (midén)
• 1 – ένα (éna)
• 2 – δύο (dío)
• 3 – τρία (tría)
• 4 – τέσσερα (tésera)
• 5 – πέντε (pénde)
• 6 – έξι (éxi)
• 7 – επτά (eptá)
• 8 – οκτώ (októ)
• 9 – εννέα (enéa)

This is the base of almost all numbers, so make sure you study them thoroughly.

Do you feel like listening to each number’s pronunciation? Check out our Greek Numbers List.

2. Greek Numbers 10-99

Learning how to count in Greek is easy. However, there are a few particularities you should definitely watch out for. Let’s take a look at the numbers from 10-19.

• 10 – δέκα (déka)
• 11 – έντεκα (éndeka)
• 12 – δώδεκα (dódeka)
• 13 – δεκατρία (dekatría)
• 14 – δεκατέσσερα (dekatésera)
• 15 – δεκαπέντε (dekapénde)
• 16 – δεκαέξι (dekaéxi)
• 17 – δεκαεπτά (dekaeptá)
• 18 – δεκαοκτώ (dekaoktó)
• 19 – δεκαεννέα (dekaenéa)

All of the above numbers consist of one word, of which the prefix indicates the first digit and the suffix represents the second digit.

The first difficulty you’ll probably face is learning the numbers 11 or έντεκα (éndeka) and 12 or δώδεκα (dódeka). These are the only two-digit numbers that don’t follow the aforementioned rule.

When it comes to numbers 20-100, here’s a preview:

• 20 – είκοσι (íkosi)
• 21 – είκοσι ένα (íkosi éna)
• 22 – είκοσι δύο (íkosi dío)
• 23 – είκοσι τρία (íkosi tría)

Note a major change at this point. Every number greater than 20 consists of two words. Again, in this case the first word refers to the first digit and the second word indicates the second digit respectively. Another thing you might have noticed is that 21 or είκοσι ένα (íkosi éna) and 22 or είκοσι δύο (íkosi dío) just follow the rule.

So, what happens for greater numbers? The idea is the same, so each number will consist of two words. The first one will be one of the following, accompanied by a second word which will indicate the second digit 1-9.

• 20 – είκοσι (íkosi)
• 30 – τριάντα (triánda)
• 40 – σαράντα (saránda)
• 50 – πενήντα (penínda)
• 60 – εξήντα (eksínda)
• 70 – εβδομήντα (evdomínda)
• 80 – ογδόντα (ogdónda)
• 90 – ενενήντα (enenínda)

As shown above, the second digit, which is 0 or μηδέν (midén,) isn’t pronounced in Greek, as each of these words has a unique one-word name.

3. Greek Numbers up to 1000

Feeling puzzled? Don’t worry, your struggle pretty much ends here!

For numbers 100-999 the only additional thing you need to learn is how the hundreds are pronounced.

• 100 – εκατό(ν) (ekató(n))
• 200 – διακόσια (diakósia)
• 300 – τριακόσια (triakósia)
• 400 – τετρακόσια (tetrakósia)
• 500 – πεντακόσια (pendakósia)
• 600 – εξακόσια (exakósia)
• 700 – επτακόσια (eptakósia)
• 800 – οκτακόσια (oktakósia)
• 900 – εννιακόσια (eniakósia)
• 1000 – χίλια (hília)

So, in the case of three digit numbers, the only thing you need to add is a word indicating the hundreds. All the rest is the same. Please note that only for the number 100 or εκατό (ekató) we omit the final “ν” (n) of the word. For numbers above 100, we include the final “ν” (n).

• 100 – εκατό (ekató)
• 101 – εκατόν ένα (ekatón éna)
• 102 – εκατόν δύο (ekatón dío)
• 103 – εκατόν τρία (ekatón tría)
• 104 – εκατόν τέσσερα (ekatón tésera)

…….

• 110 – εκατόν δέκα (ekatón déka)
• 111 – εκατόν έντεκα (ekatón éndeka)
• 112 – εκατόν δώδεκα (ekatón dódeka)
• 113 – εκατόν δεκατρία (ekatón dekatría)

……..

• 120 – εκατόν είκοσι ένα (ekatón íkosi éna)
• 121 – εκατόν είκοσι δύο (ekatón íkosi dío)
• 123 – εκατόν είκοσι τρία (ekatón íkosi tría)

……….

4. Cardinal Numbers in Greek

Cardinal numbers are considered adjectives in Greek, so they need to agree in gender, number, and case with the noun they define. So, let’s have a look at the following examples.

Masculine Noun

• Greek: Ένας σκύλος.
• Romanization: Énas skílos.
• Meaning: “One dog.”

Feminine Noun

• Greek: Mία γάτα.
• Romanization: Mía gáta.
• Meaning: “One cat.”

Neutral Noun

• Greek: Ένα πουλί.
• Romanization: Éna pulí.
• Meaning: “One bird.”

As you can figure out from the above examples, the number 1 gets inflected according to the gender of the noun it’s referring to. Learn more animals in Greek and their gender in our relevant vocabulary lesson. In addition to number 1, numbers 3 and 4 also get inflected, as shown below, as well as all the numbers that end in those digits (1, 3, 4).

Masculine Noun

• Greek: Τρεις/Τέσσερις σκύλοι.
• Romanization: Tris/Téseris skíli.
• Meaning: “Three/Four dogs.”

Feminine Noun

• Greek: Είκοσι τρεις/Είκοσι τέσσερις γάτες.
• Romanization: Íkosi tris/Íkosi téseris gátes.
• Meaning: “Twenty-three/Twenty-four cats.”

Neutral Noun

• Greek: Εκατόν τρία/ Εκατόν τέσσερα πουλιά.
• Romanization: Ekatón tría/ Ekatón tésera puliá.
• Meaning: “One hundred and three/ One hundred and four birds.”

The above examples are indicative for phrases that use the numbers in the nominative case. There are more variations when it comes to other cases, and general inflection is a pretty big chapter in Greek grammar. So, if you want to learn more and master your Greek cardinal numbers knowledge, you should watch a video we’ve created especially for this.

Apart from the numbers that end in the digits 1, 3, and 4, the rest of the numbers up to 1000 have only one form for all genders and cases.

5. Ordinal Greek Numbers

Ordinal numbers in Greek are also adjectives. So, for each ordinal number there are three variations, showcasing different endings, depending on whether the referenced noun is masculine, feminine, or neutral.

For masculine/feminine/neutral nouns:

• 1st – πρώτος / -η / -ο (prótos / -i / -o)
• 2nd – δεύτερος (défteros)
• 3rd – τρίτος (trítos)
• 4th – τέταρτος (tétartos)
• 5th – πέμπτος (pémptos)
• 6th – έκτος (éktos)
• 7th – έβδομος (évdomos)
• 8th – όγδοος (ógdoos)
• 9th – ένατος (énatos)
• 10th – δέκατος (dékatos)
• 11th – ενδέκατος (endékatos)
• 12th – δωδέκατος (dodékatos)
• 13th – δέκατος τρίτος (dékatos trítos)
• 14th – δέκατος τέταρτος (dékatos tétartos)

……..

• 20th – εικοστός (ekatostós)
• 21st – εικοστός πρώτος (ekatostós prótos)
• 22nd – εικοστός δεύτερος (ekatostós défteros)

……

• 30th – τριακοστός (triakostós)
• 40th – τεσσαρακοστός (tesarakostós)
• 50th – πεντηκοστός (pendikostós)
• 60th – εξηκοστός (exikostós)
• 70th – εβδομηκοστός (evdomikostós)
• 80th – ογδοηκοστός (ogdoikostós)
• 90th – ενενηκοστός (enenikostós)
• 100th – εκατοστός (ekatostós)

…….

Ordinal numbers show the order of an individual or an item. Let’s have a closer look with an example, shall we?

• Greek: Στον αγώνα τρεξίματος ο Γιώργος τερμάτισε πρώτος, η Μαρία δεύτερη και ο Δημήτρης τρίτος.
• Romanization: Ston agóna trexímatos o Yórgos termátise prótos, i María défteri ke o Dimítris trítos.
• Meaning: “In the running race, George crossed the finish line first, Maria was second, and Dimitris was third.”

See how the ordinal numbers get inflected? The same goes for all the other Greek ordinal numbers.

If you want even more information on Greek numbers, our YouTube channel has some great videos for you to watch and learn with!

6. Everyday Use of Greek Numbers

1- How to Give Your Phone Number in Greek

Giving your phone number in Greek is pretty simple. You just have to say one digit at a time.

• Greek: Το τηλέφωνό μου είναι: εννέα, οκτώ, επτά, ένα, δύο, τρία, τέσσερα, πέντε, έξι (987123456).
• Romanization: To tiléfonó mu íne: enéa, októ, eptá, éna, dío, tría, tésera, pénde, éxi.
• Meaning: “My phone number is: nine, eight, seven, one, two, three, four, five, six (987123456).”

Greeks, however, tend to say their phone number in a wide variety of ways in oral speech. So, understanding or writing down someone’s number might be quite a challenge. They usually say their number informally the way they remember it and in groups.

For example, someone might say ενενήντα οκτώ (enenída októ) meaning “ninety eight,” instead of εννέα, οκτώ (enéa, októ) which would be “nine, eight.” In this case, you can politely ask for a one-by-one digit version like this:

• Greek: Μπορείτε να μου πείτε τα νούμερα ένα ένα;
• Romanization: Boríte na mu píte ta númera éna éna?
• Meaning: “Can you tell me the numbers one by one?”

2- How to Say Prices in Greek

Greece, as a member of the European Union, uses Euro as its currency. All prices in shops are indicated with numerical digits, so you probably won’t face any problems. Moreover, the prices are pronounced as simple numbers, as shown in the example below.

• Greek: Αυτό το φόρεμα κοστίζει τριάντα πέντε (35) ευρώ.
• Romanization: Aftó to fórema kostízi triánda pénde evró.
• Meaning: “This dress costs thirty-five euros.”

Do you want to ask for a price? We’ve got you covered, just take a look at the following example.

• Greek: Πόσο κάνει/κοστίζει αυτό;
• Romanization: Póso káni/kostízi aftó?
• Meaning: “How much does this cost?”

You can either say κάνει (káni) or κοστίζει (kostízi) and this phrase can be used for any item regardless of its gender. Just point at the item you’re interested in and ask.

7. Conclusion

Learning Greek numbers can be a real challenge for a total beginner. But that’s why we’re here! Start learning Greek today in a consistent and organized manner by creating a free lifetime account on GreekPod101.com. Tons of free vocabulary lists, YouTube videos, and grammar tips are waiting for you to discover.

In the meantime, keep in mind that Greek numbers in language learning are of great importance, so keep up the good work!

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The numerical signs ʹ and ͵ redirect here. For the accent mark ‘, see Acute accent.

Greek numerals, also known as Ionic, Ionian, Milesian, or Alexandrian numerals, are a system of writing numbers using the letters of the Greek alphabet. In modern Greece, they are still used for ordinal numbers and in contexts similar to those in which Roman numerals are still used in the Western world. For ordinary cardinal numbers, however, modern Greece uses Arabic numerals.

History[edit]

The Minoan and Mycenaean civilizations’ Linear A and Linear B alphabets used a different system, called Aegean numerals, which included number-only symbols for powers of ten: 𐄇 = 1, 𐄐 = 10, 𐄙 = 100, 𐄢 = 1000, and 𐄫 = 10000.^[1]

Attic numerals comprised another system that came into use perhaps in the 7th century BCE. They were acrophonic, derived (after the initial one) from the first letters of the names of the numbers represented. They ran  = 1,  = 5,  = 10,  = 100,  = 1,000, and  = 10,000. The numbers 50, 500, 5,000, and 50,000 were represented by the letter with minuscule powers of ten written in the top right corner: , , , and .^[1] One-half was represented by 𐅁 (left half of a full circle) and one-quarter by the right side of the circle. The same system was used outside of Attica, but the symbols varied with the local alphabets, for example, 1,000 was in Boeotia.^[2]

The present system probably developed around Miletus in Ionia. 19th century classicists placed its development in the 3rd century BCE, the occasion of its first widespread use.^[3] More thorough modern archaeology has caused the date to be pushed back at least to the 5th century BCE,^[4] a little before Athens abandoned its pre-Euclidean alphabet in favour of Miletus’s in 402 BCE, and it may predate that by a century or two.^[5] The present system uses the 24 letters used by Euclid, as well as three Phoenician and Ionic ones that had not been dropped from the Athenian alphabet (although kept for numbers): digamma, koppa, and sampi. The position of those characters within the numbering system imply that the first two were still in use (or at least remembered as letters) while the third was not. The exact dating, particularly for sampi, is problematic since its uncommon value means the first attested representative near Miletus does not appear until the 2nd century BCE,^[6] and its use is unattested in Athens until the 2nd century CE.^[7] (In general, Athenians resisted using the new numerals for the longest of any Greek state, but had fully adopted them by c. 50 CE.^[2])

Description[edit]

Greek numerals are decimal, based on powers of 10. The units from 1 to 9 are assigned to the first nine letters of the old Ionic alphabet from alpha to theta. Instead of reusing these numbers to form multiples of the higher powers of ten, however, each multiple of ten from 10 to 90 was assigned its own separate letter from the next nine letters of the Ionic alphabet from iota to koppa. Each multiple of one hundred from 100 to 900 was then assigned its own separate letter as well, from rho to sampi.^[8] (That this was not the traditional location of sampi in the Ionic alphabetical order has led classicists to conclude that sampi had fallen into disuse as a letter by the time the system was created.^{[citation needed]})

This alphabetic system operates on the additive principle in which the numeric values of the letters are added together to obtain the total. For example, 241 was represented as  (200 + 40 + 1). (It was not always the case that the numbers ran from highest to lowest: a 4th-century BC inscription at Athens placed the units to the left of the tens. This practice continued in Asia Minor well into the Roman period.^[9]) In ancient and medieval manuscripts, these numerals were eventually distinguished from letters using overbars: α, β, γ, etc. In medieval manuscripts of the Book of Revelation, the number of the Beast 666 is written as χξϛ (600 + 60 + 6). (Numbers larger than 1,000 reused the same letters but included various marks to note the change.) Fractions were indicated as the denominator followed by a keraia (ʹ); γʹ indicated one third, δʹ one fourth and so on. As an exception, special symbol ∠ʹ indicated one half, and γ°ʹ or γoʹ was two-thirds. These fractions were additive (also known as Egyptian fractions); for example δʹ ϛʹ indicated 1⁄4 + 1⁄6 = 5⁄12.

Although the Greek alphabet began with only majuscule forms, surviving papyrus manuscripts from Egypt show that uncial and cursive minuscule forms began early.^{[clarification needed]} These new letter forms sometimes replaced the former ones, especially in the case of the obscure numerals. The old Q-shaped koppa (Ϙ) began to be broken up ( and ) and simplified ( and ). The numeral for 6 changed several times. During antiquity, the original letter form of digamma (Ϝ) came to be avoided in favour of a special numerical one (). By the Byzantine era, the letter was known as episemon and written as or . This eventually merged with the sigma-tau ligature stigma ϛ ( or ).

In modern Greek, a number of other changes have been made. Instead of extending an over bar over an entire number, the keraia (κεραία, lit. «hornlike projection») is marked to its upper right, a development of the short marks formerly used for single numbers and fractions. The modern keraia (´) is a symbol similar to the acute accent (´), the tonos (U+0384,΄) and the prime symbol (U+02B9, ʹ), but has its own Unicode character as U+0374. Alexander the Great’s father Philip II of Macedon is thus known as Φίλιππος Βʹ in modern Greek. A lower left keraia (Unicode: U+0375, «Greek Lower Numeral Sign») is now standard for distinguishing thousands: 2019 is represented as ͵ΒΙΘʹ (2 × 1,000 + 10 + 9).

The declining use of ligatures in the 20th century also means that stigma is frequently written as the separate letters ΣΤʹ, although a single keraia is used for the group.^[10]

Isopsephy[edit]

The practice of adding up the number values of Greek letters of words, names and phrases, thus connecting the meaning of words, names and phrases with others with equivalent numeric sums, is called isopsephy. A similar practice adapted for the Hebrew alphabet is referred to as gematria.

Table[edit]

Ancient	Byzantine	Modern	Value		Ancient	Byzantine	Modern	Value		Ancient	Byzantine	Modern	Value
	α	Αʹ	1			ι	Ιʹ	10			ρ	Ρʹ	100
	β	Βʹ	2		κ	Κʹ	20		σ	Σʹ	200
	γ	Γʹ	3		λ	Λʹ	30		τ	Τʹ	300
	δ	Δʹ	4		μ	Μʹ	40		υ	Υʹ	400
	ε	Εʹ	5		ν	Νʹ	50		φ	Φʹ	500
	and   and	Ϛʹ Ϝʹ ΣΤʹ	6		ξ	Ξʹ	60		χ	Χʹ	600
	ζ	Ζʹ	7		ο	Οʹ	70		ψ	Ψʹ	700
	η	Ηʹ	8		π	Πʹ	80		ω	Ωʹ	800
	θ	Θʹ	9		and   and	Ϟʹ Ϙʹ	90	and   and	and   and   and	Ϡʹ Ͳʹ	900
and	͵α	,Α	1000		͵ι	,Ι	10000		͵ρ	,Ρ	100000
	͵β	,Β	2000		͵κ	,Κ	20000		͵σ	,Σ	200000
	͵	,Γ	3000		͵λ	,Λ	30000		͵τ	,Τ	300000
	͵	,Δ	4000		͵μ	,Μ	40000		͵υ	,Υ	400000
	͵ε	,Ε	5000		͵ν	,Ν	50000		͵φ	,Φ	500000
	͵ and ͵ ͵ and ͵	,Ϛ ,Ϝ ,ΣΤ	6000		͵ξ	,Ξ	60000		͵χ	,Χ	600000
	͵ζ	,Ζ	7000		͵ο	,Ο	70000		͵ψ	,Ψ	700000
	͵η	,Η	8000		͵π	,Π	80000		͵ω	,Ω	800000
	͵θ	,Θ	9000		͵ and ͵ ͵ and ͵	,Ϟ ,Ϙ	90000	and   and	͵ and ͵ ͵ ͵ and ͵ ͵ and ͵ ͵	,Ϡ ,Ͳ	900000

• Alternatively, sub-sections of manuscripts are sometimes numbered by lowercase characters (αʹ. βʹ. γʹ. δʹ. εʹ. ϛʹ. ζʹ. ηʹ. θʹ.).
• In Ancient Greek, myriad notation is used for multiples of 10,000, for example βΜ for 20,000 or ρκγΜ͵δφξζ (also written on the line as ρκγΜ ͵δφξζ) for 1,234,567.^[11]

Higher numbers[edit]

In his text The Sand Reckoner, the natural philosopher Archimedes gives an upper bound of the number of grains of sand required to fill the entire universe, using a contemporary estimation of its size. This would defy the then-held notion that it is impossible to name a number greater than that of the sand on a beach or on the entire world. In order to do that, he had to devise a new numeral scheme with much greater range.

Pappus of Alexandria reports that Apollonius of Perga developed a simpler system based on powers of the myriad; αΜ was 10,000, βΜ was 10,000² = 100,000,000, γΜ was 10,000³ = 10¹² and so on.^[11]

Zero[edit]

Hellenistic astronomers extended alphabetic Greek numerals into a sexagesimal positional numbering system by limiting each position to a maximum value of 50 + 9 and including a special symbol for zero, which was only used alone for a whole table cell, rather than combined with other digits, like today’s modern zero, which is a placeholder in positional numeric notation. This system was probably adapted from Babylonian numerals by Hipparchus c. 140 BC. It was then used by Ptolemy (c. 140), Theon (c. 380) and Theon’s daughter Hypatia (died 415). The symbol for zero is clearly different from that of the value for 70, omicron or «ο». In the 2nd-century papyrus shown here, one can see the symbol for zero in the lower right, and a number of larger omicrons elsewhere in the same papyrus.

In Ptolemy’s table of chords, the first fairly extensive trigonometric table, there were 360 rows, portions of which looked as follows:

Each number in the first column, labeled περιφερειῶν, is the number of degrees of arc on a circle. Each number in the second column, labeled εὐθειῶν, is the length of the corresponding chord of the circle, when the diameter is 120. Thus πδ represents an 84° arc, and the ∠′ after it means one-half, so that πδ∠′ means 84+1⁄2°. In the next column we see π μα γ , meaning   80 + 41/60 + 3/60². That is the length of the chord corresponding to an arc of 84+1⁄2° when the diameter of the circle is 120. The next column, labeled ἐξηκοστῶν, for «sixtieths», is the number to be added to the chord length for each 1° increase in the arc, over the span of the next 12°. Thus that last column was used for linear interpolation.

The Greek sexagesimal placeholder or zero symbol changed over time: The symbol used on papyri during the second century was a very small circle with an overbar several diameters long, terminated or not at both ends in various ways. Later, the overbar shortened to only one diameter, similar to the modern o-macron (ō) which was still being used in late medieval Arabic manuscripts whenever alphabetic numerals were used. But the overbar was omitted in Byzantine manuscripts, leaving a bare ο (omicron). This gradual change from an invented symbol to ο does not support the hypothesis that the latter was the initial of οὐδέν meaning «nothing».^[12][13] Note that the letter ο was still used with its original numerical value of 70; however, there was no ambiguity, as 70 could not appear in the fractional part of a sexagesimal number, and zero was usually omitted when it was the integer.

Some of Ptolemy’s true zeros appeared in the first line of each of his eclipse tables, where they were a measure of the angular separation between the center of the Moon and either the center of the Sun (for solar eclipses) or the center of Earth’s shadow (for lunar eclipses). All of these zeros took the form ο | ο ο, where Ptolemy actually used three of the symbols described in the previous paragraph. The vertical bar (|) indicates that the integral part on the left was in a separate column labeled in the headings of his tables as digits (of five arc-minutes each), whereas the fractional part was in the next column labeled minute of immersion, meaning sixtieths (and thirty-six-hundredths) of a digit.^[14]

Character information

Preview	𐆊
Unicode name	GREEK ZERO SIGN
Encodings	decimal	hex
Unicode	65930	U+1018A
UTF-8	240 144 134 138	F0 90 86 8A
UTF-16	55296 56714	D800 DD8A
Numeric character reference	𐆊	𐆊

See also[edit]

• Alphabetic numeral system – Type of numeral system
• Attic numerals – Symbolic number notation used by the ancient Greeks
• Cyrillic numerals – Numeral system derived from the Cyrillic script
• Greek mathematics – Mathematics of Ancient Greeks
• Greek numerals in Unicode – Graphemes for various number systems (acrophonic, not alphabetic, numerals)
• Hebrew numerals – Numeral system using letters of the Hebrew alphabet, based on the Greek system
• History of ancient numeral systems – Symbols representing numbers
• History of arithmetic – Aspect of history
• History of communication – Aspect of history
• Isopsephy – Practice of adding up number values of letters in a word to form a single number
• List of numeral system topics
• List of numeral systems
• Number of the beast – Number associated with the Beast of Revelation
• Roman numerals – Numbers in the Roman numeral system

References[edit]

External links[edit]

• The Greek Number Converter

Numbers in Greek are a little different from other European countries, so it is essential to know how to do it before heading to Greece. In this guide, I’m going to explain everything you need to know for you to be a pro at counting in this incredible language! Keep reading below!

Knowing how to count in a new language is fundamental if you want to blend in easily with the locals and appreciate better their native language. Of course, having an understanding of how this goes will help you break down language barriers and ensure that you are giving a clear message. With a few numbers on the tip of your tongue, you can ask for prices, order food, or even tell your address.

Numbers in Greek have changed a lot over the years. While initially, the original Greek numbering system was based on ancient Greek and alphabet letters instead of numbers, as centuries passed, Greek started to use the Hindu-Arabic numeral system that is still being used today. So how do Greeks count and write cardinal numbers? Let’s find out!

Numbers From 0 To 9 In Greek

Let’s start with the most simple numbers and the Greek numerals you’ll most frequently use. In the following list are Greek numbers written from 0 to 10 for you to learn and practice.

• 0 – μηδέν (midén)
  

• 1 – ένα (éna)
  

• 2 – δύο (dío)
  

• 3 – τρία (tría)
  

• 4 – τέσσερα (tésera)
  

• 5 – πέντε (pénde)
  

• 6 – έξι (éxi)
  

• 7 – επτά (eptá)
  

• 8 – οκτώ (októ)
  

• 9 – εννέα (enéa)
  

Keep these numbers in mind as they will be used in addition to other prefixes and suffixes to form the remaining numbers in the Greek language.

Numbers From 10 To 99 In Greek

Next, let’s learn how to count from 10 to 19. All these numbers consist of one single word. To make this word, the rule in Greek is pretty straightforward: the prefix will indicate the first digit, and the suffix will denote the second digit. Sounds simple right?

Let’s look at some examples:

• 10 – δέκα (déka)
  

• 11 – έντεκα (éndeka)
  

• 12 – δώδεκα (dódeka)
  

• 13 – δεκατρία (dekatría)
  

• 14 – δεκατέσσερα (dekatésera)
  

• 15 – δεκαπέντε (dekapénde)
  

• 16 – δεκαέξι (dekaéxi)
  

• 17 – δεκαεπτά (dekaeptá)
  

• 18 – δεκαοκτώ (dekaoktó)
  

• 19 – δεκαεννέα (dekaenéa)
  

Well, hold on, didn’t I say that they all followed the rule? As any rule has exceptions, the first exceptions appear right at the beginning with the έντεκα (éndeka) and δώδεκα (dódeka), which don’t follow the aforesaid rule.

After 19, one big change occurs: every number greater than 20 that is not a dozen consists of two words instead of just one. The first word indicates the first digit and the second word, which will be the basis for the second digit. For example, the number 21 is είκοσι ένα (íkosi éna), and 22 is είκοσι δύο (íkosi dío). Do you see a pattern? Yes! Here, είκοσι (ikosi) is used to indicate numbers in the 20s, and the second word is simply the second digit. Pretty simple, right?

And what about numbers above this? Well, you simply have to remember that the rule is always the same, but instead of using the word είκοσι (ikosi) you use the correspondent dozen word. Let’s have a look at these words:

• 20 – είκοσι (íkosi)
  

• 30 – τριάντα (triánda)
  

• 40 – σαράντα (saránda)
  

• 50 – πενήντα (penínda)
  

• 60 – εξήντα (eksínda)
  

• 70 – εβδομήντα (evdomínda)
  

• 80 – ογδόντα (ogdónda)
  

• 90 – ενενήντα (enenínda)
  

In these words, the second digit that is 0, or μηδέν (midén), isn’t pronounced in the Greek numbers. If, for example, you wanted to say the number 48, you would say σαρανταοκτώ (sarantaoktó) where you would add the prefix σαράντα (saránda) for 40 and οκτώ (októ) for 8.

Numbers Up To 1000 In Greek

Are you feeling confused already? Good news: for numbers from 100 to 1000, the rule is the same, you have to know how to pronounce the hundreds, and you’re ready to say the words. 

• 100 – εκατό(ν) (ekató(n))
  

• 200 – διακόσια (diakósia)
  

• 300 – τριακόσια (triakósia)
  

• 400 – τετρακόσια (tetrakósia)
  

• 500 – πεντακόσια (pendakósia)
  

• 600 – εξακόσια (exakósia)
  

• 700 – επτακόσια (eptakósia)
  

• 800 – οκτακόσια (oktakósia)
  

• 900 – εννιακόσια (eniakósia)
  

• 1000 – χίλια (hília)
  

Now, for numbers in the hundreds place, the only change you need to introduce to your numbers is the word indicating the correct hundred. Quick note: the number 100, or εκατό (ekató), is the only number where the small letter ν (n) is not included.

• 100 – εκατό (ekató)
  

• 101 – εκατόν ένα (ekatón éna)
  

• 102 – εκατόν δύο (ekatón dío)
  

• 103 – εκατόν τρία (ekatón tría)
  

• 104 – εκατόν τέσσερα (ekatón tésera)
  

So, let’s now look at one example. Imagine you wanted to say the number 492. How would you say it? So let’s break it down, 400 is τετρακόσια (tetrakósia), 90 is ενενήντα (enenínda), and 2 is δύο (dío), so the final number would be:

τετρακόσια ενενήντα δύο (tetrakósia enenínta dío)

Other Number-Related Vocabulary 

Portuguese	English	Pronunciation
Προσθήκη (Prosthíki)	Add
δισεκατομμύριο (disekatommýrio)	Billion
διαιρέστε (diairéste)	Divide
Ντουζίνα (Ntouzína)	Dozen
Εκατό (Ekató)	Hundred
Απειρος (Apeiros)	Infinite
Εκατομμύριο (Ekatommýrio)	Million
Πολλαπλασιάζω (Pollaplasiázo)	Multiply
Αρνητικός (Arnitikós)	Negative
Τμήμα (Tmíma)	Portion
Θετικός (Thetikós)	Positive
Αφαιρώ (Afairó)	Subtract
δέκα (déka)	Ten
Χίλια (Chília)	Thousand
Σύνολο (Sýnolo)	Total
τρισεκατομμύριο (trisekatommýrio)	trillion
αξία (axía)	Value

Ordinal Numbers In Greek

Ordinal numbers in Greek are said as following:

• 1st – πρώτος / -η / -ο (prótos / -i / -o)
• 2nd – δεύτερος (défteros)
• 3rd – τρίτος (trítos)
• 4th – τέταρτος (tétartos)
• 5th – πέμπτος (pémptos)
• 6th – έκτος (éktos)
• 7th – έβδομος (évdomos)
• 8th – όγδοος (ógdoos)
• 9th – ένατος (énatos)
• 10th – δέκατος (dékatos)
• 11th – ενδέκατος (endékatos)
• 12th – δωδέκατος (dodékatos)
• 20th – εικοστός (ekatostós)
• 22nd – εικοστός δεύτερος (ekatostós défteros)
• 30th – τριακοστός (triakostós)
• 40th – τεσσαρακοστός (tesarakostós)
• 50th – πεντηκοστός (pendikostós)
• 60th – εξηκοστός (exikostós)
• 70th – εβδομηκοστός (evdomikostós)
• 80th – ογδοηκοστός (ogdoikostós)
• 90th – ενενηκοστός (enenikostós)
• 100th – εκατοστός (ekatostós)

Let’s look at one example and write the ordinal number 136th. Following the rule mentioned above, this number in Greek would be Εκατόν τριάντα έκτο (Ekatón triánta éktó). Similar to ordinal numbers, the first word indicates the first digit, the second word indicates the second digit, and so on.

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