Grammar word order also - Word и Excel - помощь в работе с программами

One of the most common mistakes associated with word order is the tendency to put adverbs in the wrong place. This particularly applies to the word “also”, but other adverbs are commonly misplaced too.

Consider the following examples with “also”:

WRONG
We included also the information that the holiday year starts on 1 January.
RIGHT
We also included the information that the holiday year starts on 1 January.

WRONG
The rules set out above apply also to the Confidential Information.
RIGHT
The rules set out above also apply to the Confidential Information.

As these examples show, “also” should go between the subject and the verb, NOT after the verb. The next examples – with other adverbs – follow the same pattern:

WRONG
We have only time to finish the first part of the project by the deadline.
RIGHT
We only have time to finish the first part of the project by the deadline.

WRONG
Who has usually access to classified information?
RIGHT
Who usually has access to classified information?

WRONG
Do you know when Jan Kowalski started officially his work for the Company?
RIGHT
Do you know when Jan Kowalski officially started his work for the Company?

There is, of course, an exception to this rule. When the verb is “to be” the adverb usually goes after the verb:

She is also an experienced adviser on mergers and acquisitions in this sector.

The client is often unable to sign documents at short notice due to extensive foreign travel.

When a sentence has an auxiliary verb and a main verb, it is usual to put adverbs between them. For example:

We have finally completed the project.

Here “have” is the auxiliary verb and “completed” is the main verb; “have completed” is the present perfect tense.

More examples:

You must also send us the signed PoA.
(“must” is a modal auxiliary verb which modifies “send”)

We have already heard about the outcome.
(“have heard” = present perfect)

He is just arriving now.
(“is arriving” = present continuous)

The firm has frequently been praised for its commercial approach to problem solving.
(“has been praised” = present perfect passive)

In some of these examples the adverb could be put in a different place for particular emphasis. But these show standard word order.

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All are grammatically correct, but can have slightly different meanings.

You also are allowed to see your son.

This could mean that in addition to other things that you are allowed to do, you are allowed to see your son. Depending on context, it could mean that in addition to others being allowed, you are too. E.g. «Your son’s wife is allowed to see him. You also are allowed to see him.»

You are also allowed to see your son.

Pretty much the same as the previous. We would be less likely to use this form to say #2 above, i.e. that you are allowed along with others who are allowed. This would more likely mean #1, in addition to other things, you are also allowed, etc.

Also, you are allowed to see your son.

In addition to other things, you are allowed to see your son. This differs from the first two in that it can be used when the other things are not permissions, while the first two would generally be used only to discuss several different permissions. That is, for example:

You are allowed to have a lawyer present during questioning. You are also allowed to see your son.

Versus:

Your deposit will be refunded. Also, you are now allowed to see your son.

Finally,

You are allowed to see your son also.

This one is most different. It would normally be used if there are specifically others that you are allowed to see, and your son is one of those. Like, «You are allowed to see your daughter. You are allowed to see your son also.» You wouldn’t use this form with other permissions or with other things that are not permissions.

But note that if you put a comma between «son» and «also», then it becomes the same as «Also, you are …»

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Also, as well and too are adverbs and mean ‘in addition’.

Also

Also is commonly used in writing, but is less common in speaking. Also occupies different positions in a sentence.

We use also in front position to emphasise what follows or to add a new point or topic:

It’s very humid. Also, you can easily get sunburnt.

[on the telephone]

OK, I’ll phone you next week and we can discuss it then. Also, we need to decide who will be going to Singapore.

We use also in the normal mid position for adverbs, between the subject and main verb, or after the modal verb or first auxiliary verb, or after be as a main verb. In this position, the meaning of also usually connects back to the whole clause that comes before:

She works very hard but she also goes to the gym every week.

I’ve been working in the garden this week, and I’ve also been reading a lot.

In end position, also normally connects two phrases. We use as well and too instead of also, in end position, especially in speech:

She contacted him in the office but he didn’t answer the phone. His mobile phone was silent also. (or His mobile phone was silent too. or … was silent as well.)

As well

Spoken English:

As well is much more common in speaking than in writing, and is more common in speaking than also.

As well almost always comes in end position:

[In a restaurant. Customer (A) is ordering from a waiter (B)]

A:

I’ll have steak please.

A:

And I’ll have the mixed vegetables as well.

Too

We usually put too in end position:

Gill’s having chicken. I’ll probably have chicken too.

She looks really tired and she must be really hungry too.

Too can occur immediately after the subject, if it refers directly to the subject. It does not normally occur after a modal or auxiliary verb. We sometimes write commas before and after too:

I too thought she looked unwell.

We, too, have been very pleased to receive the prize on her behalf.

Not: We have too been very pleased …

Too is especially common in responses to fixed expressions such as giving good wishes, and in responses consisting of a single object pronoun:

B:

Thanks. You enjoy your evening too. (preferred to You enjoy your evening as well. or You also enjoy your evening.)

A:

I need to go to the gym.

B:

Yeah, me too. (preferred to Yeah, me also. or Yeah, me as well.)

In imperative clauses, as well and too are normally preferred to also:

[customer in a post office, buying books of first and second class stamps]

Give me a book of ten first and a book of ten second as well then please. (preferred to … and a book of ten second also then please.)

Linking negatives

We use either not also, as well or too to connect two negative ideas:

Bill’s not here. I don’t think Dave is either, is he?

Not: I don’t think Dave is also/as well/too.

A:

That’s not in paperback yet. It’s not been in any book clubs either, has it?

Not: It’s not been in any book clubs also/as well/too, has it?

Also, as well and too: typical error

We don’t use as well at the beginning of a clause. As well usually comes at the end of a clause:

I just ignored it. I think everybody else did as well.

Not: As well I think everybody else did.

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What is the difference between also, too, and as well? You may think that they can be used at any time, but there are actually a few differences. In this English grammar lesson, we will look at those differences. First, I will teach you the meaning of each of these words and their function in a sentence. Hint: two of them are adverbs, and the other is a phrase. Then, I will show you how they are normally used, as well as some special cases. It’s important to know how to use these words in order to avoid sounding too repetitive. If you always use too, you can change it up and use also or as well, but you need to know how to use them correctly. So watch the lesson, and then do the quiz to practice what you’ve learned!

Quiz

Test your understanding of this English lesson

Test your understanding of the English lesson by answering these questions. You will get the answers and your score at the end of the quiz.

Basic Sentence Structure and word order rules in English

For English sentences, the simple rule of thumb is that the subject should always come before the verb followed by the object. This rule is usually referred to as the SVO word order, and then most sentences must conform to this. However, it is essential to know that this rule only applies to sentences that have a subject, verb, and object.

For example

Subject + Verb + Object

He loves food

She killed the rat

Sentences are usually made of at least one clause. A clause is a string of words with a subject(noun) and a predicate (verb). A sentence with just one clause is referred to as a simple sentence, while those with more than one clause are referred to as compound sentences, complex sentences, or compound-complex sentences.

The following is an explanation and example of the most commonly used clause patterns in the English language.

Inversion

The English word order is inverted in questions. The subject changes its place in a question. Also, English questions usually begin with a verb or a helping verb if the verb is complex.

For example

Verb + Subject + object

Can you finish the assignment?

Did you go to work?

SVOMPT word order

Intransitive Verbs

Some sentences use verbs that require no object or nothing else to follow them. These verbs are generally referred to as intransitive verbs. With intransitive verbs, you can form the most basic sentences since all that is required is a subject (made of one noun) and a predicate (made of one verb).

For example

Subject + verb

John eats

Christine fights

Linking Verbs

Linking verbs are verbs that connect a subject to the quality of the subject. Sentences that use linking verbs usually contain a subject, the linking verb and a subject complement or predicate adjective in this order.

For example

Subject + verb + Subject complement/Predicate adjective

The dress was beautiful

Her voice was amazing

Transitive Verbs

Transitive verbs are verbs that tell what the subject did to something else. Sentences that use transitive verbs usually contain a subject, the transitive verb, and a direct object, usually in this order.

For example

Subject + Verb + Direct object

The father slapped his son

The teacher questioned his students

Indirect Objects

Sentences with transitive verbs can have a mixture of direct and indirect objects. Indirect objects are usually the receiver of the action or the audience of the direct object.

For example

Subject + Verb + IndirectObject + DirectObject

He gave the man a good job.

The singer gave the crowd a spectacular concert.

The order of direct and indirect objects can also be reversed. However, for the reversal of the order, there needs to be the inclusion of the preposition “to” before the indirect object. The addition of the preposition transforms the indirect object into what is called a prepositional phrase.

For example

Subject + Verb + DirectObject + Preposition + IndirectObject

He gave a lot of money to the man

The singer gave a spectacular concert to the crowd.

Adverbials

Adverbs are phrases or words that modify or qualify a verb, adjective, or other adverbs. They typically provide information on the when, where, how, and why of an action. Adverbs are usually very difficult to place as they can be in different positions in a sentence. Changing the placement of an adverb in a sentence can change the meaning or emphasis of that sentence.

Therefore, adverbials should be placed as close as possible to the things they modify, generally before the verbs.

For example

He hastily went to work.

He hurriedly ate his food.

However, if the verb is transitive, then the adverb should come after the transitive verb.

For example

John sat uncomfortably in the examination exam.

She spoke quietly in the class

The adverb of place is usually placed before the adverb of time

For example

John goes to work every morning

They arrived at school very late

The adverb of time can also be placed at the beginning of a sentence

For example

On Sunday he is traveling home

Every evening James jogs around the block

When there is more than one verb in the sentence, the adverb should be placed after the first verb.

For example

Peter will never forget his first dog

She has always loved eating rice.

Adjectives

Adjectives commonly refer to words that are used to describe someone or something. Adjectives can appear almost anywhere in the sentence.

Adjectives can sometimes appear after the verb to be

For example

He is fat

She is big

Adjectives can also appear before a noun.

For example

A big house

A fat boy

However, some sentences can contain more than one adjective to describe something or someone. These adjectives have an order in which they can appear before a now. The order is

Opinion – size – physical quality – shape – condition – age – color – pattern – origin – material – type – purpose

If more than one adjective is expected to come before a noun in a sentence, then it should follow this order. This order feels intuitive for native English speakers. However, it can be a little difficult to unpack for non-native English speakers.

For example

The ugly old woman is back

The dirty red car parked outside your house

When more than one adjective comes after a verb, it is usually connected by and

For example

The room is dark and cold

Having said that, Susan is tall and big

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“Not only…but also…” is a very powerful and useful structure that you can use to add emphasis to your arguments.

However, the grammar related to this structure can be a little tricky.

In this lesson you’ll learn about the principle of “inversion” (when the normal sentence structure changes into a question structure) and how to use it in IELTS Writing Task 2.

The meaning of ‘Not only but also’

Look at the 4 sentences below. They are all grammatically correct, and they all mean the same thing.

So what is the difference between them?

1. I can speak English and French.

2. I can speak both English and French.

3. I can speak not only English, but (also) French.

4. Not only can I speak English, but I can also speak French.

They are different only in terms of how much emphasis the speaker puts on the fact that they can speak 2 languages.

#1 – simply states the facts

#2 – ‘both’ adds emphasis to the fact that they speak more than one language

#3 – ‘not only’ adds more emphasis, especially to the new information (I speak French too!)

#4 – The heavy emphasis of ‘Not only’ at the start of the sentence suggests that speaking these two languages is something amazing!

In Spoken English, you can use your voice (intonation) to add emphasis, but in Formal Written English (example 4), ‘Not only’ + inversion helps you add emphasis.

You can use ‘Not only…but also’ to add emphasis to what you’re saying, so it’s really useful for example in Writing Task 2 when you want to write about advantages/disadvantages:

Cycling is good for our health and the environment. (Band 5)
Cycling is good for both our health and also for the environment. (Band 6)
Not only is cycling good for our health, but it is also good for the environment. (Band 7)

‘Not only but also’ GRAMMAR (inversion)

Look at the sentences below.

What happens when you use ‘Not only’ at the START of the sentence?

1a I can speak English and French.

1b Not only can I speak English, but I can also speak French.

You will notice that after ‘Not only‘, the normal word order changes to a QUESTION word order (Can I speak English?)

The normal word order is inverted (changed).

This is quite simple with modal verbs (e.g. can, will/would and should) because you don’t need to worry about auxiliary verbs (is/are/was/were, do/did and have).

2a It will affect both animals and people.

2b Not only will it affect animals, but it will also harm people.

3a We should ban the use of both plastic and fossil fuels.

3b Not only should we ban the use of plastic, but we should also ban fossil fuels.

Inversion with auxiliary or ‘helping’ verbs

We saw above that you need to turn the statements into a ‘QUESTION’ word order when you put ‘Not only’ at the START of the sentence.

4. Cycling is good for our health and the environment.

Question Form: Is cycling good…?
Not only is cycling good for our health, but it is also good for the environment.

5. It wasted time and money.

Question Form: Did it waste…?
Not only did it waste time, but it also wasted money.

6. I’ve been to London and Tokyo.

Question Form: Have I been…?
Not only have I been to London, but I’ve also been to Tokyo.

7. My phone has both a camera and a stylus.

Question Form: Does my phone have...
Not only does my phone have a camera but it also has a stylus.

8. The food tasted awful and it was cold.

Question Form: Did the food taste awful..?
Not only did the food taste awful, but it was also cold.

Other times you can use inversion

The ‘Not only’ structure is mostly used in formal writing (but you can use it in Speaking for emphasis, especially when telling a story in Speaking Part 2 e.g ‘Not only did I lose my phone, but I also lost my wallet!’).

Other structures that take inversion include:

9a. We should not leave the EU.

9b. Under no circumstances should we leave the EU.

10a. Life has never been this comfortable.

10b. Never before has life been this comfortable.

11a. I did not think I would pass.

11b Not for a moment did I think I would pass.

12a. I realised my mistake when I got home.

12b. Not until I got home did I realise my mistake.

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Если сравнивать английскую грамматику с русской, то здесь несколько больше законов и правил, соблюдение которых строго необходимо. Если взять, к примеру, такое явление, как порядок слов в английском предложении, то здесь можно заметить, что отступить от норм так, как в русском языке уже не получится. Правила грамматики запрещают переставлять слова во фразе так, как того хочется говорящему, и строго регламентируют позицию каждого члена предложения.

Порядок слов в английском языке бывает двух видов: прямой и обратный (инверсионный). О каждом из них следует сказать более подробно.

Принцип прямого порядка слов

Прямой порядок слов в английском предложении – это расстановка членов предложения в определенном порядке. Так, в любой фразе на первом месте должно стоять подлежащее, за ним идет сказуемое, простое или составное, а дальше оставшиеся члены предложения.

Вот примеры того, как это выглядит:

· He came to me at sunset – Он пришел ко мне на закате
· We shall pass all our exams – Мы сдадим все свои экзамены

При этом у второстепенных членов также есть свой некий, пусть и негласный, порядок использования и своя последовательность. Если, например, в предложении употреблено несколько прилагательных, то оптимальной будет следующая схема их расположения (взяты основные типы определений):

Личное мнение – размер – возраст – форма – цвет – происхождение – материал

· He brought me a beautiful new green English book
· I want you to but that big old Italian wooden armchair

У обстоятельств в английском предложении также имеется свой порядок. Вообще считается, что английский язык лучше всего строить по следующему принципу: что? где? когда? Это значит, что при упоминании в предложении нескольких обстоятельств правильнее употреблять сначала место, а затем время:

· I met her near the shop yesterday – Я встретил ее у магазина вчера
· She will arrive at the station in a few hours – Она прибудет на станцию через несколько часов

Note: иногда допустимо ставить наречие времени в начале, нарушая тем самым прямой порядок слов в предложении. Это допустимо в том случае, когда говорящий хочет выразительно подчеркнуть срок совершения действия:

Tomorrow she will be 20 – Завтра ей будет 20 лет (акцент делается именно на слове «завтра»)

Обратный порядок слов в английском предложении

Inversion in English – это обратный порядок, характерный для ряда ситуаций и противоречащий прямому порядку. Инверсия в английском языке встречается довольно часто и, несмотря то, что многие не слышали о таком понятии, инверсионный порядок встречается практически в любом диалоге и самых обыденных ситуациях.

Инверсия в вопросах

Самая привычная ситуация для неправильного порядка слов – это вопросительные предложения. В таких конструкциях привычная поставка подлежащего на первое место невозможна.

Кроме того, порядок слов в вопросительном предложении зависит еще и от типа самого используемого вопроса. К примеру, в общем вопросе первоначальную позицию занимает либо вспомогательный глагол нужного времени, либо форма глагола to be, и только за чем-то из этого должно идти подлежащее:

· Will they set off tomorrow? – Они отправятся завтра?
· Are you a military man? – Вы военный?

Например, порядок слов в специальном вопросе тоже особенный: сначала должно идти главное вопросительное слово (why, when, how, etc.), за ним – вспомогательный глагол (или to be), и только потом идет подлежащее:

· Why did you return? – Почему ты вернулся?
· Where is your favorite cup? – Где твоя любимая чашка?

Note: для вопросов к подлежащему, начинающихся со слов who или what, обратный порядок слов не характерен; здесь не используется никаких вспомогательных глаголов, и English grammar не предусматривает инверсии в таких предложениях:

· Who brought this letter? – Кто принес это письмо?
· What made you feel happy? – Что заставило тебя чувствовать себя счастливым?

Стилистическая инверсия

Stylistic inversion – это особая сфера употребления обратного порядка слов, когда инверсия в английском языке нужна для выразительной передачи автором своей мысли и подчеркивания особенности высказывания. Здесь есть даже некая inversion table, так как случаев подобного использования обратного порядка слов несколько.

У такого типа inversion переводом часто служат эмоциональные фразы, которые передает сильный посыл автора, например:

Little does she know about me! – Мало она обо мне знает!

Еще один случай, который встречается довольно часто – это инверсия в условных предложениях, когда союз, вводящий условие, опускается, и порядок слов становится стандартным. Можно сравнить такие предложения:

· Had he come yesterday, we wouldn’t have had any problems – Приди он вчера, у нас бы не было никаких проблем
· Were she a little cleverer, she could understand everything – Будь она немного умнее, она могла бы все понять

Случаев инверсии в английском языке достаточно, но, как правило, ее использование редко является обязательным (за исключением вопросительных предложений) и относится скорее к авторским приемам, нежели к обязательному грамматическому строю. Особенно это касается случаев употребления стилистической инверсии, характерной больше для разговорного английского. Хотя знать подобные случаи будет совершенно нелишним, ведь их употребление сделает язык богаче и позволит выразить свою мысль ярко и в максимально свободном стиле.

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