Give the english equivalents for the words and word combinations below течь протекать

CHAPTER I

UNIT 1

I. Read the text

THE NATURE OF ELECTRICITY

Practical electricity is produced by small atomic particles known as
elec-

trons. It is the movement of these particles which produce the
effects of heat and light.

The pressure that forces these atomic particles to move, the effects
they

encounter opposition and how these forces are controlled are some of
the principles of electricity.

Accepted atomic theory states that all matter is electrical in
structure. Any

object is largely composed of a combination of positive and negative
particles of electricity. Electric current will pass through a wire,
a body, or along a stream of water. It can be established in some
substances more readily than in others, that all matter is composed
of electric particles despite some basic differences in materials.
The science of electricity then must begin with a study of the
structure of matter.

Matter is defined as any substance which has mass (or weight) and
occupies space. This definition should be broad enough to cover all
physical objects in the universe. Wood, water, iron, and paper are
some examples of matter. Energy is closely related to, but not to be
confused with, matter. Energy does not have mass, and it does not
occupy space. Heat and light are examples of energy.

The smallest particle of matter which can be recognized as an
original

substance was thought to be a unit called the atom. Recently
scientists have found particles even smaller than atoms, but our
theories are still based on the atom. The atom consists of a nucleus
and a cloud of electrons. It is generally agreed that the electrons
are small particles of electricity, which are negative in nature.
These particles orbit the nucleus in much the same fashion that
planets orbit a sun.

II. Guess the meaning of the following
international words: electricity, electron, effect, structure,
combination, material, mass, energy,

atom, orbit

III. Give the English equivalents for the words below:

1) производить; 2) частица; 3) тепло и свет;
4) напряжение; 5) сила;

6) вещество; 7) положительный; отрицательный;
9) электрический ток;

10) вес; 11) ядро

IV. Translate into Russian the words and expressions from the text:

1) atomic particle; 2) effects of heat and light;
3) encounter opposition;

4) principles of electricity; 5) composed (of); 6) pass through a
wire; 7) structure of matter; occupy space; 9) physical objects;
10) a cloud of electrons;

11) in the same fashion.

V. Complete the sentences using the text:

1. Electricity is produced by …

2. The effects of heat and light are produced by …

3. According to the accepted atomic theory all matter is …

4. Any object is composed of …

5. Matter is defined as …

6. Energy must not be confused with …

7. The atom consists of …

8. The smallest particle of matter is …

9. Most theories are based on …

10. Electrons are …

VI. Answer the questions:

1) What are the principles of electricity? 2) What must the science
of

electricity begin with? 3) Are there any differences between energy
and matter? What are they? 4) What is recognized as an original
substance now?

VII. Topics for discussion:

1. The nature of electricity;

2. The nature of matter;

3. Contents of atomic theory.

UNIT 2

ELECTRIC CURRENT

The electric current is a quantity of electrons flowing in a circuit
per sec-

ond of time. The unit of measure for current is ampere. If one
coulomb passes a point in a circuit per second then the current
strength is 1 ampere. The symbol for current is I.

The current which flows along wires consists of moving electrons. The

electrons move along the circuit because the e .m. f. drives them.
The current is directly proportional to the e. m. f.

In addition to traveling through solids, however, the electric
current can

flow through liquids as well and even through gases. In both cases it
produces some most important effects to meet industrial requirements.

Some liquids, such as melted metals for example, conduct current
without

any change to themselves. Others, called electrolytes, are found to
change

greatly when the current passes through them.

When the electrons flow in one direction only, the current is known
to be

d. c., that is, direct current. The simplest source of power for the
direct current is a battery, for a battery pushes the electrons in
the same direction all the time (i.e., from the negatively charged
terminal to the positively charged terminal).

The letters a. c. stand for alternating current. The current under
considera-

tion flows first in one direction and then in the opposite one. The
a. c. used for power and lighting purposes is assumed to go through
50 cycles in one second.

One of the great advantages of a. c. is the ease with which power at
low voltage can be changed into an almost similar amount of power at
high voltage and vice versa. Hence, on the one hand alternating
voltage is increased when it is necessary for long-distance
transmission and, on the other hand, one can decrease it to meet
industrial requirements as well as to operate various devices at
home.

Although there are numerous cases when d. c. is required, at least 90
per

cent of electrical energy to be generated at present is a. c. In
fact, it finds wide application for lighting, heating, industrial,
and some other purposes.

II. Guess the meaning of the following international words:

electric, ampere, symbol, proportional, industrial, metal,
electrolyte, bat-

tery, generate.

III. Give the English equivalents for the words and word combinations
below:

a. 1) течь, протекать; 2) цепь, схема; 3)
единица измерения; 4) про-

вод; 5) электродвижущая сила; 6) твердое
тело; 7) жидкость; прово-

дить (ток); 9) источник энергии; 10) постоянный
ток; 11) переменный

ток; 12) напряжение.

IV. Give Russian equivalents for the following:

b. 1) to meet industrial requirements; 2) melted metals; 3) to push
in the

same direction; 4) negatively (positively) charged terminal; 5) power
and lightning purposes; 6) long-distance transmission; 7) to operate
devices; to find wide application.

V. Say whether these sentences are true or false:

1. The symbol for current is I.

2. The electric current can flow only through liquids.

3. The current can be of two types: direct current and alternating
current.

4. The alternating current flows in one direction.

5. A battery is the simplest source of power for the direct current.

6. Direct current finds wider application than alternating current.

7. Electrolytes don’t change greatly when current passes through
them.

8. One of the great advantages of alternating current is the ease
with

which voltage can be changed.

VI. Fill in the blanks, using the words from the box:

A quantity of moving electrons flowing in a circuit is the a)
_______ .

The current can flow through b) ________ and c) ________ . Some
liquids

d) _______ current without any change to themselves. When the
electrons

direct current, solids, conduct, electric current, liquids, voltage,

alternating current.

flow in one direction only, the current is known to be e) _______ .
The current flowing first in one direction and then in the opposite
one is f) _______ . Such advantage of alternating current as
alternating g) _______ finds wide industrial and household
application.

VII. State the questions to the underlined words:

1. Melted metals conduct current without any change to themselves.

2. Alternating voltage can be changed to operate various devices at
home.

3. A battery pushes the electrons in the same direction.

4. The alternating current is used for power and lightning purposes.

5. Alternating current accounts for 90 per cent of electrical energy
gener-

ated now.

VIII. Say some sentences about the types of electric current and its
properties

UNIT 3

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Другие языки

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Задание 1. Read and translate the text and do the activities below.

STUDENTS’ LIFE

In two weeks I shall finish my first year at Cambridge. Let me tell you something about students’ life and my impressions of it.

The students are mainly English, but there are many others, particularly so in the block of rooms in which I live, for my neighbours include a Chinese studying English, a Canadian studying history and a Frenchman studying science.

The rooms have a pleasant outlook over the college gardens. There is a very small gas-stove on which we make tea or coffee. It is a popular tradition here to invite friends in the afternoon for tea and hot buttered toast and jam. To each room there is a man-servant who with a woman-servant, known as a “bedder”, keep it clean.

***

In the old days when Colleges were religious institutions the students were clergymen, and their life was much more strict and disciplined than now. Friendship with young ladies was not allowed and the only women inside the college were washerwomen. The legend is that these women had to be “old and ugly”.

The students eat their meals in the college dining-hall. At some colleges there is an interesting tradition. It is known as “sconcing”. If a student comes late to dinner or he is not correctly dressed, or he breaks one of the laws of behavior, then the senior student orders him to be sconced.

A large silver cup, known as “sconce” cup, filled with beer is brought and placed in front of him and he must drink it in one attempt without taking the cup from lips (it holds two and a half pints, or 1,5 litres). If he can do it, then the senior pays for it, if not, the cup is passed round and the student who has been “sconced” must pay for it. In general, the discipline is not strict.

***

The students can stay out till twelve o’clock. Each evening a Proctor with two assistants, called “Bulldogs”, walks about the town keeping an eye on the students behavior. If he sees a student breaking a rule he will come up to him and say, “Are you a member of the University, sir?”, and if a student runs away, then the “Bulldogs” run after him, and if they catch him (they are chosen, it is said, because they are good runners), they fine the student.

Apart from fines a student may be dismissed for the university for one term.

 ***

We attend our lectures in the morning and in the afternoon we are free. I usually work in my room or play some sport. The most popular sport is rowing.

There are over a hundred societies and clubs. There are religious societies a society for those who don’t believe; political, sporting and dramatic societies. There is even one for people with beards. Perhaps the most popular is the Debating Society at which students debate political and other questions with famous politicians and writers.

The walks into the country, the talks, the games and the work, the traditions and the customs – all are part of the students’ life which would be poorer if anyof them was lost.

 Решение:

СТУДЕНЧЕСКАЯ ЖИЗНЬ

Через две недели я закончу свой первый год в Кембридже. Позвольте мне рассказать вам кое-что о студенческой жизни и моих впечатлениях от нее.

Студенты в основном англичане, но есть много других, особенно в блоке комнат, в котором я живу, потому что среди моих соседей есть китаец, изучающий английский, канадец, изучающий историю, и француз, изучающий науку.

Номера выходят окнами на сады колледжа. Есть очень маленькая газовая плита, на которой мы варим чай или кофе. Это популярная традиция здесь пригласить друзей во второй половине дня на чай и горячие тосты с маслом и джемом. В каждой комнате есть мужчина-слуга, который вместе со служанкой, известной как «постельничая», следит за ее чистотой.

***

В прежние времена, когда колледжи были религиозными учреждениями, студенты были священнослужителями, и их жизнь была гораздо более строгой и дисциплинированной, чем сейчас. Дружба с молодыми леди не разрешалась, и единственными женщинами в колледже были прачки. Легенда гласит, что эти женщины должны были быть “старыми и уродливыми”.

Студенты едят в столовой колледжа. В некоторых колледжах есть интересная традиция. Он известен как «бра“. Если ученик опаздывает к обеду, или он неправильно одет, или он нарушает один из законов поведения, то старший ученик приказывает, чтобы его зажгли.

Перед ним приносят и ставят большую серебряную чашу, известную как чашка “бра”, наполненную пивом, и он должен выпить ее с одной попытки, не отрывая чашки от губ (она вмещает две с половиной пинты, или 1,5 литра). Если он может это сделать, то старший платит за это, если нет, то чашка передается по кругу, и студент, который был «зажжен», должен заплатить за это. В общем, дисциплина не строгая.

***

Студенты могут отсутствовать до двенадцати часов. Каждый вечер Проктор с двумя помощниками, называемыми «Бульдогами», прогуливается по городу, следя за поведением студентов. Если он видит студента, нарушающего правило, он подходит к нему и говорит: “Вы член университета, сэр?”, А если студент убегает, то “Бульдоги” бегут за ним, и если они его ловят (говорят, что они избранные), то он убегает.потому что они хорошие бегуны), они штрафуют ученика.

Помимо штрафов студент может быть уволен из университета на один семестр.

 ***

Мы посещаем наши лекции утром, а днем мы свободны. Обычно я работаю в своей комнате или занимаюсь спортом. Самый популярный вид спорта — гребля.

Существует более ста обществ и клубов. Есть религиозные общества, общество для тех, кто не верит; политические, спортивные и драматические общества. Есть даже один для людей с бородами. Пожалуй, самым популярным является Дискуссионное общество, в котором студенты обсуждают политические и другие вопросы с известными политиками и писателями.

Прогулки за город, беседы, игры и работа, традиции и обычаи — все это часть жизни студентов, которая была бы беднее, если бы кто-то из них был потерян.

 Задание 2. Give the English equivalents for the following Russian words and words combinations.

·                     горничная в университетских общежитиях

·                     наложения штрафа на нарушение правил

·                     религиозный кружок

·                     иметь приятный вид на сад

·                     священник

·                     столовая колледжа

·                     посещать лекции

Решение:

— Maid in university dormitories

— Imposing a fine for breaking the rules

— Religious circle

— Have a pleasant view of the garden

— a priest

— College cafeteria

— attend lectures

Задание 3. Answer the questions.

1.                  What tradition is popular among the students at Cambridge?

2.                  What are students “sconced (штрафоваться) for?

3.                  What do the so-called “Bulldogs” do if a students whom they come up to runs away?

4.                  What students’ societies are there at Cambridge and which is the most popular one?

 Решение:

1. a popular tradition among college students is to invite friends in the afternoon for tea, with hot toast with butter and jam

2. If a student comes late to dinner or he is not correctly dressed, or he breaks one of the laws of behavior, then the senior student orders him to be sconced.

3. if a student runs away, the “Bulldogs” run after him, and if they catch him, they fine him

4. There are more than a hundred societies and clubs. There are religious societies, a society for those who do not believe; political, sports and dramatic societies. There’s even one for people with beards. Perhaps the most popular is the Discussion Society, in which students discuss political and other issues with famous politicians and writers.

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