German word for french

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is a list of Standard French words and phrases deriving from any Germanic language of any period, whether incorporated in the formation of the French language or borrowed at any time thereafter.

Historical background[edit]

French is a Romance language descended primarily from the Gallo-Roman language, a form of Vulgar Latin, spoken in the late Roman Empire by the Gauls and more specifically the Belgae. However, northern Gaul from the Rhine southward to the Loire starting in the 3rd century was gradually co-populated by a Germanic confederacy, the Franks, culminating after the departure of the Roman administration in a re-unification by the first Christian king of the Franks, Clovis I, in AD 486. From the name of his domain, Francia (which covered northern France, the lowlands and much of Germany), comes the modern name, France. For a few centuries, sizeable minorities of Frankish speaking peasants held on to their native language, but in northern France they shifted to their own dialect of Gallo-Roman.[1]

The first Franks spoke Frankish, a Western Germanic language. As the Frankish Kingdom expanded under the reigns of Charles Martel and Pepin the Short, becoming the earliest Holy Roman Empire under Charlemagne, the common language differentiated into a number of mutually incomprehensible languages of Europe. The main division was between High German and Low German. The dividing zone was the Rhenish Fan. The Ripuarian and Carolingian Franks came to speak a form of Old High German. The Salian Franks spoke Old Frankish or Old Franconian, which later evolved into Old Dutch. The Franks in northern Gaul adopted their own version of Gallo-Roman, which became French.[2] France emerged after the heirs of Charlemagne divided the empire along linguistic lines.

In France, Germanic language continued to be spoken among the kings and nobility until the time of the Capetian Kings (10th century).[3] Hugh Capet (AD 987), born to a Saxon mother, was reportedly the first King of France to need an interpreter when addressed by envoys from Frankish Germany. Generally, Frankish nobles of the Carolingian dynasty were bilingual in Frankish and Gallo-Romance. The Neustrian army had received orders in Gallo-Romance since the time of the Oaths of Strasbourg. The situation was not unlike the one in England after the Norman Conquest, with Frankish nobility occupying the role of superstratum language over the existing Proto-Romance language spoken by the populace.

The development of French[edit]

As a result of over 500 years of Germano-Latin bilingualism, many Germanic words became ingrafted into the Gallo-Romance speech by the time it emerged as Old French in AD 900. And after the Franks abandoned Frankish, their version of Old French tended to be heavily Frankish influenced, with a distinctively Frankish accent, which introduced new phonemes, stress-timing, Germanic grammatical and syntactical elements, and contained many more Germanic loans not found in the Old French spoken by the native Gallo-Romans. Even though the Franks were largely outnumbered by the Gallo-Roman population, the position of the Franks as leaders and landholders lent their version of Old French a greater power of influence over that of the Gallo-Romans; it thereby became the basis of later versions of the French language, including Modern French (see Francien language). It is for this reason that Modern French pronunciation has a rather distinct and undeniably «Germanic» sound when compared to other Romance languages, such as Italian and Spanish, and is a major contributing factor in why there exists a distinction between Northern French varieties spoken in regions where Frankish settlement was heavy (langue d’oïl) vs. those where Frankish settlement was relatively slight (langue d’oc).[4]

Although approximately ten percent of Modern French words are derived from Frankish,[5] Frankish was not the only source of Germanic words in French. Gothic languages, like Burgundian, made contributions (via Provençal), as did Old Norse and Old English via Norman French. Other words were borrowed directly from Old, Middle and Modern versions of Dutch and German, and still others came through the Germanic elements found in Latin (particularly Medieval Latin) and other Romance languages, like Walloon, Italian, and Spanish. Finally, Modern English has made contributions to the French lexicon, most notably within the past few decades.

Scope of the dictionary[edit]

The following list details words, affixes and phrases that contain Germanic etymons. Words where only an affix is Germanic (e.g. fait, bouillard, carnavalesque) are excluded, as are words borrowed from a Germanic language where the origin is other than Germanic (for instance, cabaret is from Dutch, but the Dutch word is ultimately from Latin/Greek, so it is omitted). Likewise, words which have been calqued from a Germanic tongue (e.g. pardonner, bienvenue, entreprendre, toujours, compagnon, plupart, manuscrit, manoeuvre), or which received their usage or sense (i.e. were created, modified or influenced) due to Germanic speakers or Germanic linguistic habits (e.g. comté, avec, commun, on, panne, avoir, ça) are not included.

Many other Germanic words found in older versions of French, such as Old French and Anglo-French are no longer extant in Standard Modern French. Many of these words do, however, continue to survive dialectally and in English. See: List of English Latinates of Germanic origin.

A-B[edit]

C-G[edit]

H-Z[edit]

See also[edit]

  • History of French
  • Franks
  • Old Frankish
  • Influence of French on English
  • List of French words of Gaulish origin
  • List of Galician words of Germanic origin
  • List of German words of French origin
  • List of Portuguese words of Germanic origin
  • List of Spanish words of Germanic origin

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ Thomason & Kaufman 1991, p. 127.
  2. ^ «A brief history of the Franks». Eupedia.
  3. ^ Wise, The vocabulary of modern French: origins, structure and function, pg 35.
  4. ^ Price, The French language: present and past, pg 11.
  5. ^ Nadeau, Barlow, The Story of French, pg 24.

References[edit]

  • Auguste Brachet, An Etymological Dictionary of the French Language: Third Edition
  • Auguste Scheler, «Dictionnaire d’étymologie française d’après les résultats de la science moderne» (in French)
  • Centre National de Ressources Textuelles et Lexicales (in French)
  • Dictionary.com
  • Friedrich Diez, «An Etymological Dictionary of the Romance Languages»
  • Dossier des Latinistes, La Greffe Germanique (in French)
  • Thomason, Sarah Grey; Kaufman, Terrence (1991) [1988]. Language Contact, Creolization, and Genetic Linguistics (1st pbk. print. ed.). Berkeley: Univ. of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-07893-2.
  • Langenscheidt
  • German-French dictionary

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Список французских слов германского происхождения — List of French words of Germanic origin

Статья списка Википедии

Это список стандартного французского языка слова и фразы, происходящие из любого германского языка любого периода, независимо от того, включены ли они в формирование французского языка или заимствованы в любое время после этого.

Историческая справка

Французский — романский язык, произошедший в основном от галло-римского языка, разновидности вульгарной латыни, на которой говорят в конце Римской империи — галлами, а точнее белгами. Однако северная Галлия от Рейна на юг до Луары, начиная с III века, постепенно была заселена германской конфедерацией франков, достигнув высшей точки после уход римской администрации в результате воссоединения первого христианского короля франков Хлодвига I в 486 году нашей эры. По названию его владений Francia (которые занимали север Франция, низменности и большая часть Германии), происходит современное название Франция. В течение нескольких столетий значительные меньшинства франкоговорящих крестьян сохранили свой родной язык, но в северной Франции они перешли на свой собственный диалект галло-римского.

Первые франки говорили франкский, западногерманский язык. Когда Франкское королевство расширилось под властью Карла Мартеля и Пипина Короткого, став самой ранней Священной Римской империей под Карл Великий, общий язык разделился на ряд взаимно непонятных языков Европы. Основное деление было между верхненемецким и нижненемецким. Разделительной зоной был Рейнский веер. прибрежные и каролингские франки стали говорить на одной из форм древневерхненемецкого. салийские франки говорили на старофранкском или старофранконском, который позже превратился в староголландский. Франки в северной Галлии приняли свою собственную версию галло-римского языка, которая стала французской. Франция возникла после того, как наследники Карла Великого разделили империю по языковому признаку.

Во Франции короли и знать продолжали говорить на германском языке до времен королей-капетингов (10 век). Хью Капет (987 г. н.э.), рожденный от саксонской матери, по сообщениям, был первым королем Франции, которому понадобился переводчик, когда к нему обратились послы из франкской Германии. Как правило, франкская знать из династии Каролингов была двуязычна на франкском и галло-романском языках. Нейстрийская армия получила приказы в Галло-Романтике со времен Страсбургских клятв. Ситуация мало чем отличалась от той, что сложилась в Англии после норманнского завоевания, когда франкская знать играла роль надслойного языка над существующим прото-романским языком, на котором говорило население.

Развитие французского

В результате более 500 лет германо-латинского двуязычия многие германские слова были привиты в галло-романскую речь благодаря когда он появился как старофранцузский в 900 году нашей эры. А после того, как франки отказались от франкского языка, старофранцузский, на котором они говорили, как правило, находился под сильным франкским влиянием, с отчетливо франкским акцентом, который привнес новые фонемы, ударение-синхронизация, германские грамматические и синтаксические элементы, а также многие другие германские заимствования, которых нет в старофранцузском, на котором говорят местные галло-римляне. Несмотря на то, что франки в значительной степени превосходили численностью галло-римского населения, положение франков как лидеров и землевладельцев придавало их версии старофранцузского языка большую власть над влиянием галло-римлян; таким образом, он стал основой для более поздних версий французского языка, включая современный французский (см. французский язык ). Именно по этой причине современное французское произношение имеет довольно отчетливое и, несомненно, «германское» звучание по сравнению с другими романскими языками, такими как итальянский и испанский, и является основным фактором, определяющим, почему существует различие между северофранцузскими вариантами, на которых говорят на регионы, где франкские поселения были многочисленными (langue d’oïl ) по сравнению с теми, где франкские поселения были относительно небольшими (langue d’oc ).

Хотя примерно десять процентов современных французских слов произошли от, Франкский язык был не единственным источником германских слов во французском языке. готские языки, такие как бургундский, внесли свой вклад (через провансальский ), как и старый Норвежский и древнеанглийский через нормандский французский. Другие слова были заимствованы непосредственно из старых, средних и современных версий голландского и немецкого <96.>, а третьи пришли через германские элементы, найденные в латыни (особенно средневековой латыни ) и других романских языках. возрастов, например валлонский, итальянский и испанский. Наконец, современный английский внес свой вклад во французский лексикон, особенно в последние несколько десятилетий.

Объем словаря

В следующем списке подробно описаны слова, аффиксы и фразы, содержащие германские этимоны. Слова, в которых только аффикс является германским (например, méfait, bouillard, carnavalesque ), исключаются, как и слова, заимствованные из германский язык, где происхождение отличается от германского (например, кабаре происходит от голландского, но голландское слово в конечном итоге происходит от латинского / греческого, поэтому оно опускается). Точно так же слова, образованные из германского языка (например, pardonner, bienvenue, entparendre, toujours, compagnon, plupart, manuscrit, maneuver ), или которые получили свое использование или смысл (т.е. были созданы, изменены или подверглись влиянию) из-за германских носителей или германских языковые привычки (например, comté, avec, commun, on, panne, escapeir, ça ) не включены.

Многие другие германские слова, встречающиеся в более старых версиях французского языка, такие как старофранцузский и англо-французский, больше не существуют в стандартном современном французском языке. Однако многие из этих слов продолжают существовать диалектно и в английском. См.: Список латинских англичан германского происхождения.

Словарь

Содержание:

  • Историческая справка
  • Развитие французского языка
  • Объем словаря
  • A
  • B
  • C
  • D
  • E
  • F
  • G
  • H
  • I
  • J
  • K
  • L
  • M
  • N
  • O
  • P
  • Q
  • R
  • S
  • T
  • U
  • V
  • W
  • Y
  • Z
  • См. Также
  • Литература
  • Примечания

AB

CG

HZ

См. Также

  • История французского языка
  • Франков
  • Старофранкский
  • Влияние французского языка на английском языке
  • Список французских слов галльского происхождения
  • Список галисийских слов германского происхождения
  • Список немецких слов французского происхождения
  • Список португальских слов германского происхождения
  • Список испанских слов Германское происхождение

Примечания

Ссылки

  • Огюст Брахе, Этимологический словарь французского языка: третье издание
  • Огюст Шелер, «Французский словарик по оценке результатов исследований» (Dictionnaire d’étymologie française d’après les résultats de la science moderne «(на французском языке)
  • Национальный центр ресурсов Textuelles et Lexicales (на французском языке)
  • Dictionary.com
  • Фридрих Диец,« Этимологический словарь романских языков »
  • Досье des Latini stes, La Greffe Germanique (на французском)
  • Томасон, Сара Грей; Кауфман, Терренс (1991) [1988]. Языковой контакт, креолизация и генетическая лингвистика (1-е изд. Изд.). Беркли: Univ. Калифорнийской прессы. ISBN 978-0-520-07893-2 . CS1 maint: ref = harv (ссылка )

Guten Tag! We have talked before about loanwords in the German language. There is quite a big crossover of both English words used in German, and German words used in English. However, did you know that there are many French words used in the German language, too? And many of these are everyday words we may not immediately recognise as being French!

Here are just some of the many French loan words in the German language. I have included their gender after the word, and extra information for some of them. Some are more obvious than others. Which ones did you know about before? Do any come as a surprise?

Image via Pixabay

German Words With French Roots

Abonnement, das – subscription
To use a very modern example: If you watch German YouTubers, at the end of their videos they usually say “Bitte ein Abo da lassen!” (“Please hit ‘subscribe’!”). ‘Abo’ is short for Abonnement.

Affäre, die – affair

aktuell – current
This is a good example of a false friend – a word that looks like it should mean one thing, when it means another. An English speaker would think aktuell translates to ‘actual’ but it means ‘current’. This is because the word comes from the French ‘actuel’.

Balkon, der – balcony

Image via Pixabay

Ballon, der – balloon
Think Nena’s classic song, 99 Luftballons!

Bonbon, der/das – bonbon (a sweet)

Büro, das – office

Café, das – cafe

Champignon, der – mushroom

Chef, der – boss
Another false friend. You can read about this word here.

Dame, die – lady/woman
Remember, in German you pronounce the letter ‘e’. So Dame is pronounced ‘Dah-meh’ in German!

Dusche, die/duschen – shower/to shower

Etikette, die – etiquette

Etui, das – case (small bag)

Friseur, der – hairdresser

Idee, die – idea

Kompliment, das – compliment

Kostüm, das – costume

Kuvert, das – envelope

Image via Pixabay

Omelett(e), das – omelette

Onkel, der – uncle

Parfüm, das – perfume

Pommes, die – fries (chips in British English)
Known as Pommes Frites in French, in German the word has been shortened to just Pommes. This is pronounced ‘pomm-ess’ in German, unlike in French, where it is pronounced ‘pomm’.

Saison, die – season

Salon, der – salon

Serviette, die – serviette

Sofa, das – sofa

Tante, die – aunty

Toilette, die – toilet

Zigarette, die – cigarette

And there are many more! Which ones did you know about before? Do any come as a surprise? Do you know any more?

Bis bald (see you soon)!

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Language German

Region

Native to: Primarily German-speaking Europe, also in the worldwide German-speaking diaspora
Official language in: 6 countries  Austria  Belgium  Germany  Liechtenstein  Luxembourg   Switzerland 3 dependencies South Tyrol (Italy) 31 communes in Poland 9 municipalities in Brazil Several international institutions

Users

90,000,000

Language French

Region

Native to: France
Region: Francophonie (French-speaking world) (geographical distribution below)
Official language in: 29 countries  Belgium  Benin  Burkina Faso  Burundi  Cameroon  Canada  Central African Republic  Chad  Comoros  Congo  Democratic Republic of the Congo  Djibouti  Equatorial Guinea  France  Gabon  Guinea  Haiti  Ivory Coast  Luxembourg  Madagascar  Mali  Monaco  Niger  Rwanda  Senegal  Seychelles   Switzerland  Togo  Vanuatu Administrative/cultural  Algeria  Cambodia  Laos  Lebanon  Mauritania  Mauritius  Morocco  Tunisia  Vietnam 15 dependent entities  Aosta Valley (Italy)  French Guiana  French Polynesia  Guadeloupe  Jersey  Louisiana (United States)  Maine (United States)  Martinique  Mayotte  New Caledonia  Réunion  Saint Barthélemy  Saint Martin  Saint Pierre and Miquelon  Wallis and Futuna Numerous international organisations

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