Forms of the word hypothesis

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Формы слова

noun
ед. ч.(singular): hypothesis
мн. ч.(plural): hypotheses

English[edit]

Etymology[edit]

Recorded since 1596, from Middle French hypothese, from Late Latin hypothesis, from Ancient Greek ὑπόθεσις (hupóthesis, “base, basis of an argument, supposition”, literally “a placing under”), itself from ὑποτίθημι (hupotíthēmi, “I set before, suggest”), from ὑπό (hupó, “below”) + τίθημι (títhēmi, “I put, place”).

Pronunciation[edit]

• (UK) IPA^(key): /haɪˈpɒθɪsɪs/, /hɪˈpɒθɪsɪs/, /həˈpɒθɪsɪs/, /-əsəs/, /-əsɪs/
• (US) IPA^(key): /haɪˈpɑː.θə.sɪs/

Noun[edit]

hypothesis (plural hypotheses)

1. (sciences) Used loosely, a tentative conjecture explaining an observation, phenomenon or scientific problem that can be tested by further observation, investigation and/or experimentation. As a scientific term of art, see the attached quotation. Compare to theory, and quotation given there.

   • 2001 September 27, Terrie E. Moffitt; Avshalom Caspi; Michael Rutter; Phil A. Silva, Sex Differences in Antisocial Behaviour: Conduct Disorder, Delinquency, and Violence in the Dunedin Longitudinal Study‎^[1], Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 151:

     This hypothesis goes by many names, including group resistence, the threshold effect, and the gender paradox. Because the hypothesis holds such wide appeal, it is worth revisiting the logic behind it. The hypothesis is built on the factual observation that fewer females than males act antisocially.

   • 2005, Ronald H. Pine, http://www.csicop.org/specialarticles/show/intelligent_design_or_no_model_creationism, 15 October 2005:

     Far too many of us have been taught in school that a scientist, in the course of trying to figure something out, will first come up with a «hypothesis» (a guess or surmise—not necessarily even an «educated» guess). … [But t]he word «hypothesis» should be used, in science, exclusively for a reasoned, sensible, knowledge-informed explanation for why some phenomenon exists or occurs. An hypothesis can be as yet untested; can have already been tested; may have been falsified; may have not yet been falsified, although tested; or may have been tested in a myriad of ways countless times without being falsified; and it may come to be universally accepted by the scientific community. An understanding of the word «hypothesis,» as used in science, requires a grasp of the principles underlying Occam’s Razor and Karl Popper’s thought in regard to «falsifiability»—including the notion that any respectable scientific hypothesis must, in principle, be «capable of» being proven wrong (if it should, in fact, just happen to be wrong), but none can ever be proved to be true. One aspect of a proper understanding of the word «hypothesis,» as used in science, is that only a vanishingly small percentage of hypotheses could ever potentially become a theory.

2. (general) An assumption taken to be true for the purpose of argument or investigation.
3. (grammar) The antecedent of a conditional statement.

Synonyms[edit]

• supposition
• theory
• thesis
• educated guess
• guess
• See also Thesaurus:supposition

Derived terms[edit]

Translations[edit]

Latin[edit]

Etymology[edit]

Borrowed from Ancient Greek ὑπόθεσις (hupóthesis, “hypothesis”, noun).

Pronunciation[edit]

• (Classical) IPA^(key): /hyˈpo.tʰe.sis/, [hʏˈpɔt̪ʰɛs̠ɪs̠]
• (Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /iˈpo.te.sis/, [iˈpɔːt̪es̬is]

Noun[edit]

hypothesis f (genitive hypothesis or hypotheseōs or hypothesios); third declension

1. hypothesis

Declension[edit]

Third-declension noun (Greek-type, i-stem, i-stem).

¹Found sometimes in Medieval and New Latin.

• There is also genitive plural hypotheseōn.
• The genitive singular is also spelled hypotheseωs and the genitive plural hypotheseωn.

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What Is The Definition Of Hypothesis

As found in the Meriam Webster Dictionary 

• An assumption or concession made for the sake of argument
• an interpretation of a practical situation or condition taken as the ground for action
• a tentative assumption made in order to draw out and test its logical or empirical consequences
• the antecedent clause of a conditional statement

As found in the Cambridge Dictionary

• an idea or explanation for something that is based on known facts but has not yet been proved: several hypotheses for global warming have been suggested.

In “The Origin of Hypothesis” it is phrased as a ‘scientific guess’. In the context of science, a hypothesis is a placeholder for a theory until it is proven by science to be accurate.

A scientific hypothesis sed to explain something occurring in our universe that currently does not fit into our current available scientific theories. Scientific hypotheses also include null hypothesis, working hypothesis, and alternative hypothesis. 

History and Origin of The Word

From the Greek hypotithenai to put under, suppose, from hypo- + tithenai to put. The first use of the word hypothesis can be traced back to 1596. Issac Newton actually rejected the hypothesis, he said “Hypotheses non fingo” which translates to “I Frame no hypotheses”. This was back in 1721 in Issac Newton’s book “Opticks, or A Treatise of the Reflections, Refractions, Inflections, and Colours of Light”

What Is More Than One Hypothesis Called?

The plural form of the hypothesis is hypotheses. This is the only way in the English language to make hypothesis plural. Because of the Greek origin, the rule of making a noun that ends in “is” to change it to “es.”

Synonyms

• Assumption – Something taken for granted
• Postulate- suggest or assume the existence, fact, or truth of (something) as a basis for reasoning, discussion, or belief
• Rationale – Logic for belief, action
• Previous observations- things that were seen or experienced in the past
• Supposition – guess, belief
• Theorem – explanation based on hypothesis and experiments done by experimenters using the scientific method
• Thesis – belief, assumption to be tested
• Conjecture – speculation, assumption
• Conclusion – end
• Tentative Explanation – clarification; reason
• Guess – belief, speculation 
• Interpretation – understanding
• Premise – hypothesis, argument

What Is The Difference Between Hypothesis and Theory?

Since we now know that a hypothesis is a guess or assumption, how is that different from a theory? The definition of a theory is “a supposition or system of ideas intended to explain something, especially one based on general principles independent of the thing to be explained”. 

Although we might think of a theory as something that has not been 100% proven, its definition in the application of science is something that has been tested as an explanation for things occurring. It is still an explanation that is thought of as true until proven otherwise, the difference here is that a hypothesis is thought to explain something not yet tested and could also be thought of as an unproved theory or suggested explanation.

Follow these examples to see the difference in action:

• Fact: “The clouds are dark outside.” 
• Hypothesis: “It might storm today.”
• Theory: “Rain clouds are dark because of their particulate density. The denser the water droplets are in the cloud the more light will be scattered, which will lead to a darker appearance.”

• Fact: “Light roast coffee has more caffeine than dark roast coffee”
• Hypothesis: “I should drink a cup of light roast coffee if I want more caffeine”
• Theory: “During the roasting process caffeine is slowly burned off, therefore it is true that light roast coffee has more caffeine. You should however choose dark roast if you want more caffeine per cup because although per bean light roast has more caffeine, per gram of coffee dark roast contains more caffeine. This is because you have to consider the percent of weight loss that occurs with roasting a coffee to a dark level, which is higher than the percent of caffeine lost, therefore you have more caffeine per gram in dark roast over light roast, only by a minuscule amount.”

What Is The Difference Between An Idea and Hypothesis?

Since a hypothesis is an idea that can be tested, here are some examples of what is just an idea and can’t be tested followed by a similar idea that can be tested and is a hypothesis.

• Idea: Biden would be a better president vs Trump – Can not be tested since we have no data. 
• Hypothesis: Obama did a better job at fixing unemployment vs Bush – can be tested by looking at the data.
• Idea: I could have been the best disc golfer if I started playing when I was a kid – Impossible to test
• Hypothesis: Paul McBeth probably hit more circle 2 putts on tour last year than Ricky Wysocki. – Can be proven by looking at the data for all their putts on the PDGA tour last year.

Example Sentences In Context

The following are examples of hypothesis in context:

“We came up with the assumptions and then narrowed them down to one hypothesis for each category.” – Forbes

“The notion of hypothesis testing has recently invaded the practice of entrepreneurship as a tool to construct of new ventures” – Forbes

“There’s not one unifying hypothesis as to why, but there’s probably five to 20 different things that have contributed to it.” – USA Today

“Most thinkers or hypothesists of any degree of sobriety allow, that an hypothesis…is not to be received as probably true because it accounts for all the known phenomena since this is a condition sometimes fulfilled tolerably well by two conflicting hypotheses…while there are probably a thousand more which are equally possible, but which, for want of anything analogous in our experience, our minds are unfitted to conceive” – Underdetermination of Scientific Theory

“The expensive tissue hypothesis was focused on human brains and it was never intended as a one-size-fits-all possible explanation that applied across all mammals. The original paper even said that “the cost of the additional brain tissue could have been met by strategies other than a reduction in gut size.” – National Geographic

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

A hypothesis (plural hypotheses) is a proposed explanation for a phenomenon. For a hypothesis to be a scientific hypothesis, the scientific method requires that one can test it. Scientists generally base scientific hypotheses on previous observations that cannot satisfactorily be explained with the available scientific theories. Even though the words «hypothesis» and «theory» are often used interchangeably, a scientific hypothesis is not the same as a scientific theory. A working hypothesis is a provisionally accepted hypothesis proposed for further research^[1] in a process beginning with an educated guess or thought.^[2]

A different meaning of the term hypothesis is used in formal logic, to denote the antecedent of a proposition; thus in the proposition «If P, then Q«, P denotes the hypothesis (or antecedent); Q can be called a consequent. P is the assumption in a (possibly counterfactual) What If question.

The adjective hypothetical, meaning «having the nature of a hypothesis», or «being assumed to exist as an immediate consequence of a hypothesis», can refer to any of these meanings of the term «hypothesis».

Uses

In its ancient usage, hypothesis referred to a summary of the plot of a classical drama. The English word hypothesis comes from the ancient Greek word ὑπόθεσις hypothesis whose literal or etymological sense is «putting or placing under» and hence in extended use has many other meanings including «supposition».^[1][3][4][5]

In Plato’s Meno (86e–87b), Socrates dissects virtue with a method used by mathematicians,^[6] that of «investigating from a hypothesis».^[7] In this sense, ‘hypothesis’ refers to a clever idea or to a convenient mathematical approach that simplifies cumbersome calculations.^[8] Cardinal Bellarmine gave a famous example of this usage in the warning issued to Galileo in the early 17th century: that he must not treat the motion of the Earth as a reality, but merely as a hypothesis.^[9]

In common usage in the 21st century, a hypothesis refers to a provisional idea whose merit requires evaluation. For proper evaluation, the framer of a hypothesis needs to define specifics in operational terms. A hypothesis requires more work by the researcher in order to either confirm or disprove it. In due course, a confirmed hypothesis may become part of a theory or occasionally may grow to become a theory itself. Normally, scientific hypotheses have the form of a mathematical model.^[10] Sometimes, but not always, one can also formulate them as existential statements, stating that some particular instance of the phenomenon under examination has some characteristic and causal explanations, which have the general form of universal statements, stating that every instance of the phenomenon has a particular characteristic.

In entrepreneurial science, a hypothesis is used to formulate provisional ideas within a business setting. The formulated hypothesis is then evaluated, where the hypothesis is proven to be either «true» or «false» through a verifiability- or falsifiability-oriented experiment.^[11][12]

Any useful hypothesis will enable predictions by reasoning (including deductive reasoning). It might predict the outcome of an experiment in a laboratory setting or the observation of a phenomenon in nature. The prediction may also invoke statistics and only talk about probabilities. Karl Popper, following others, has argued that a hypothesis must be falsifiable, and that one cannot regard a proposition or theory as scientific if it does not admit the possibility of being shown to be false. Other philosophers of science have rejected the criterion of falsifiability or supplemented it with other criteria, such as verifiability (e.g., verificationism) or coherence (e.g., confirmation holism). The scientific method involves experimentation to test the ability of some hypothesis to adequately answer the question under investigation. In contrast, unfettered observation is not as likely to raise unexplained issues or open questions in science, as would the formulation of a crucial experiment to test the hypothesis. A thought experiment might also be used to test the hypothesis.

In framing a hypothesis, the investigator must not currently know the outcome of a test or that it remains reasonably under continuing investigation. Only in such cases does the experiment, test or study potentially increase the probability of showing the truth of a hypothesis.^{[13]: pp17, 49–50} If the researcher already knows the outcome, it counts as a «consequence» — and the researcher should have already considered this while formulating the hypothesis. If one cannot assess the predictions by observation or by experience, the hypothesis needs to be tested by others providing observations. For example, a new technology or theory might make the necessary experiments feasible.

Scientific hypothesis

A trial solution to a problem is commonly referred to as a hypothesis—or, often, as an «educated guess»^[14][2]—because it provides a suggested outcome based on the evidence. However, some scientists reject the term «educated guess» as incorrect. Experimenters may test and reject several hypotheses before solving the problem.

According to Schick and Vaughn,^[15] researchers weighing up alternative hypotheses may take into consideration:

• Testability (compare falsifiability as discussed above)
• Parsimony (as in the application of «Occam’s razor», discouraging the postulation of excessive numbers of entities)
• Scope – the apparent applicability of the hypothesis to multiple known phenomena
• Fruitfulness – the prospect that the hypothesis may explain further phenomena in the future
• Conservatism – the degree of «fit» with existing recognized knowledge-systems.

Working hypothesis

A working hypothesis is a hypothesis that is provisionally accepted as a basis for further research^[16] in the hope that a tenable theory will be produced, even if the hypothesis ultimately fails.^[17]
Like all hypotheses, a working hypothesis is constructed as a statement of expectations, which can be linked to the exploratory research purpose in empirical investigation. Working hypotheses are often used as a conceptual framework in qualitative research.^[18][19]

The provisional nature of working hypotheses makes them useful as an organizing device in applied research. Here they act like a useful guide to address problems that are still in a formative phase.^[20]

In recent years, philosophers of science have tried to integrate the various approaches to evaluating hypotheses, and the scientific method in general, to form a more complete system that integrates the individual concerns of each approach. Notably, Imre Lakatos and Paul Feyerabend, Karl Popper’s colleague and student, respectively, have produced novel attempts at such a synthesis.

Hypotheses, concepts and measurement

Concepts in Hempel’s deductive-nomological model play a key role in the development and testing of hypotheses. Most formal hypotheses connect concepts by specifying the expected relationships between propositions. When a set of hypotheses are grouped together, they become a type of conceptual framework. When a conceptual framework is complex and incorporates causality or explanation, it is generally referred to as a theory. According to noted philosopher of science Carl Gustav Hempel,

An adequate empirical interpretation turns a theoretical system into a testable theory: The hypothesis whose constituent terms have been interpreted become capable of test by reference to observable phenomena. Frequently the interpreted hypothesis will be derivative hypotheses of the theory; but their confirmation or disconfirmation by empirical data will then immediately strengthen or weaken also the primitive hypotheses from which they were derived.^[21]: 36

Hempel provides a useful metaphor that describes the relationship between a conceptual framework and the framework as it is observed and perhaps tested (interpreted framework). «The whole system floats, as it were, above the plane of observation and is anchored to it by rules of interpretation. These might be viewed as strings which are not part of the network but link certain points of the latter with specific places in the plane of observation. By virtue of those interpretative connections, the network can function as a scientific theory.»^[21]: 36 Hypotheses with concepts anchored in the plane of observation are ready to be tested. In «actual scientific practice the process of framing a theoretical structure and of interpreting it are not always sharply separated, since the intended interpretation usually guides the construction of the theoretician».^[21]: 33 It is, however, «possible and indeed desirable, for the purposes of logical clarification, to separate the two steps conceptually».^[21]: 33

Statistical hypothesis testing

When a possible correlation or similar relation between phenomena is investigated, such as whether a proposed remedy is effective in treating a disease, the hypothesis that a relation exists cannot be examined the same way one might examine a proposed new law of nature. In such an investigation, if the tested remedy shows no effect in a few cases, these do not necessarily falsify the hypothesis. Instead, statistical tests are used to determine how likely it is that the overall effect would be observed if the hypothesized relation does not exist. If that likelihood is sufficiently small (e.g., less than 1%), the existence of a relation may be assumed. Otherwise, any observed effect may be due to pure chance.

In statistical hypothesis testing, two hypotheses are compared. These are called the null hypothesis and the alternative hypothesis. The null hypothesis is the hypothesis that states that there is no relation between the phenomena whose relation is under investigation, or at least not of the form given by the alternative hypothesis. The alternative hypothesis, as the name suggests, is the alternative to the null hypothesis: it states that there is some kind of relation. The alternative hypothesis may take several forms, depending on the nature of the hypothesized relation; in particular, it can be two-sided (for example: there is some effect, in a yet unknown direction) or one-sided (the direction of the hypothesized relation, positive or negative, is fixed in advance).^[22]

Conventional significance levels for testing hypotheses (acceptable probabilities of wrongly rejecting a true null hypothesis) are .10, .05, and .01. The significance level for deciding whether the null hypothesis is rejected and the alternative hypothesis is accepted must be determined in advance, before the observations are collected or inspected. If these criteria are determined later, when the data to be tested are already known, the test is invalid.^[23]

The above procedure is actually dependent on the number of the participants (units or sample size) that are included in the study. For instance, to avoid having the sample size be too small to reject a null hypothesis, it is recommended that one specify a sufficient sample size from the beginning. It is advisable to define a small, medium and large effect size for each of a number of important statistical tests which are used to test the hypotheses.^[24]

Honours

Mount Hypothesis in Antarctica is named in appreciation of the role of hypothesis in scientific research.

See also

References

Bibliography

• Popper, Karl R. (1959), The Logic of Scientific Discovery 1934, 1959.

External links

ThesaurusAntonymsRelated WordsSynonymsLegend:

Noun	1.	hypothesis — a proposal intended to explain certain facts or observations proposal — something proposed (such as a plan or assumption)
	2.	hypothesis — a tentative insight into the natural world; a concept that is not yet verified but that if true would explain certain facts or phenomena; «a scientific hypothesis that survives experimental testing becomes a scientific theory»; «he proposed a fresh theory of alkalis that later was accepted in chemical practices» hypothetical — a hypothetical possibility, circumstance, statement, proposal, situation, etc.; «consider the following, just as a hypothetical» gemmule — the physically discrete element that Darwin proposed as responsible for heredity framework, model, theoretical account — a hypothetical description of a complex entity or process; «the computer program was based on a model of the circulatory and respiratory systems» conjecture, speculation — a hypothesis that has been formed by speculating or conjecturing (usually with little hard evidence); «speculations about the outcome of the election»; «he dismissed it as mere conjecture» supposal, supposition, assumption — a hypothesis that is taken for granted; «any society is built upon certain assumptions» theory — a well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world; an organized system of accepted knowledge that applies in a variety of circumstances to explain a specific set of phenomena; «theories can incorporate facts and laws and tested hypotheses»; «true in fact and theory» historicism — a theory that social and cultural events are determined by history
	3.	hypothesis — a message expressing an opinion based on incomplete evidence opinion, view — a message expressing a belief about something; the expression of a belief that is held with confidence but not substantiated by positive knowledge or proof; «his opinions appeared frequently on the editorial page» divination — successful conjecture by unusual insight or good luck

Based on WordNet 3.0, Farlex clipart collection. © 2003-2012 Princeton University, Farlex Inc.

hypothesis

Collins Thesaurus of the English Language – Complete and Unabridged 2nd Edition. 2002 © HarperCollins Publishers 1995, 2002

hypothesis

noun

A belief used as the basis for action:

The American Heritage® Roget’s Thesaurus. Copyright © 2013, 2014 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. All rights reserved.

Translations

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