Forms of the word abstract

English[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Middle English abstract, borrowed from Latin abstractus, perfect passive participle of abstrahō (“draw away”), formed from abs- (“away”) + trahō (“to pull, draw”). The verbal sense is first attested in 1542.

Pronunciation[edit]

• Noun:
  • IPA^(key): /ˈæbˌstɹækt/
• Adjective:
  • (UK) IPA^(key): /ˈæbˌstɹækt/
  • (US) IPA^(key): /ˌæbˈstɹækt/, /əbˈstɹækt/, /ˈæbˌstɹækt/
• Verb:
  • IPA^(key): /ˌæbˈstɹækt/, /əbˈstɹækt/
• Rhymes: -ækt

Noun[edit]

abstract (plural abstracts)

1. An abridgement or summary of a longer publication. [First attested around 1350 to 1470.]^[1]

   • 1741, I[saac] Watts, The Improvement of the Mind: Or, A Supplement to the Art of Logick: […], London: […] James Brackstone, […], →OCLC:

     An analysis and abstract of every treatise he had read.

2. Something that concentrates in itself the qualities of a larger item, or multiple items. [First attested in the mid 16^th century.]^[1]
   • 1628, John Ford, The Lover’s Melancholy

     Man, the abstract Of all perfection, which the workmanship Of Heaven hath modeled.

   1. Concentrated essence of a product.
   2. (medicine) A powdered solid extract of a medicinal substance mixed with lactose.^[2]
3. An abstraction; an abstract term; that which is abstract. [First attested in the mid 16^th century.]^[1]

   • 1843, John Stuart Mill, chapter II, in A System of Logic, Ratiocinative and Inductive, being a Connected View of the Principles of Evidence, and the Methods of Scientific Investigation. […], volume I, London: John W[illiam] Parker, […], →OCLC, page 54:

     Thus the concrete like has its abstract likeness; the concretes, father and son, have the abstracts, paternity and filiation.

4. The theoretical way of looking at things; something that exists only in idealized form. [First attested in the early 17^th century.]^[1]
5. (art) An abstract work of art. [First attested in the early 20^th century.]
6. (real estate) A summary title of the key points detailing a tract of land, for ownership; abstract of title.

Usage notes[edit]

• (theoretical way of looking at things): Preceded, typically, by the.

Synonyms[edit]

• (statement summarizing the important points of a text): abridgment, compendium, epitome, synopsis

Derived terms[edit]

• abstract of title

Descendants[edit]

• Norwegian Bokmål: abstrakt

Translations[edit]

Adjective[edit]

abstract (comparative more abstract or abstracter, superlative most abstract or abstractest)^[3]

1. (obsolete) Derived; extracted. [Attested from around 1350 to 1470 until the late 15^th century.]^[1]
2. (now rare) Drawn away; removed from; apart from; separate. [First attested around 1350 to 1470.]^[1]
   • 17th century, John Norris (philosopher), The Oxford Dictionary:

     The more abstract we are from the body … the more fit we shall be to behold divine light.

3. Not concrete: conceptual, ideal. [First attested around 1350 to 1470.]^[1]

   Synonyms: conceptual, ideal, imaginary, incorporeal, intangible, nonempirical, theoretical

   Antonyms: actual, concrete, corporeal, empirical

   Her new film is an abstract piece, combining elements of magic realism, flashbacks, and animation but with very little in terms of plot construction.

   1. Insufficiently factual.^[3]

      Synonym: formal

   2. Apart from practice or reality; vague; theoretical; impersonal; not applied.

      • 1999, Nicholas Walker, “The Reorientation of Critical Theory: Habermas”, in Simon Glemdinning, editor, The Edinburgh Encyclopedia of Continental Philosophy‎^[1], Routledge, →ISBN, page 489:

        During the late 1950s and throughout the 1960s, this commitment brought him into frequent critical confrontation with entrenched forms of conservative thinking (in academic areas from history and social science to the more abstract domains of ethical and political philosophy), […]

      Synonyms: conceptual, theoretical

      Antonyms: applied, practical

   3. (grammar) As a noun, denoting a concept or intangible as opposed to an object, place, or person.
4. Difficult to understand; abstruse; hard to conceptualize. [First attested around 1350 to 1470.]^[1]

   The politician gave a somewhat abstract answer when asked about their plans to cut spending.

   Synonym: abstruse

5. Separately expressing a property or attribute of an object that is considered to be inherent to that object: attributive, ascriptive. [First attested around 1350 to 1470.]^[1]

   Synonyms: attributive, ascriptive

   • 1843, John Stuart Mill, A System of Logic, Ratiocinative and Inductive, Volume 1, page 34,

     A concrete name is a name which stands for a thing; an abstract name which stands for an attribute of a thing…

6. Pertaining comprehensively to, or representing, a class or group of objects, as opposed to any specific object; considered apart from any application to a particular object: general, generic, nonspecific; representational. [First attested by Locke in 1689.]

   Synonyms: general, generalized, generic, nonspecific, representational

   Antonyms: discrete, specific, particular, precise

   • 1843, John Stuart Mill, A System of Logic, Ratiocinative and Inductive, Volume 1, page 34,

     A concrete name is a name which stands for a thing; an abstract name which stands for an attribute of a thing. […] A practice, however, has grown up in more modern times, which, if not introduced by Locke, has gained currency from his example, of applying the expression «abstract name» to all names which are the result of abstraction and generalization, and consequently to all general names, instead of confining it to the names of attributes.

   • 2012, Laurence, Stephen and Margolis, Eric, Abstraction and the Origin of General Ideas, Philosophers’ Imprint volume 12, no. 19, December 2012:

     Given their opposition to innate ideas, philosophers in the empiricist tradition have sought to explain how the rich and multifarious representational capacities that human beings possess derive from experience. A key explanatory strategy in this tradition, tracing back at least as far as John Locke’s An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, is to maintain that the acquisition of many of these capacities can be accounted for by a process of abstraction. In fact, Locke himself claims in the Essay that abstraction is the source of all general ideas (1690/1975, II, xii, §1). Although Berkeley and Hume were highly critical of Locke, abstraction as a source of generality has been a lasting theme in empiricist thought.

7. (archaic) Absent-minded. [First attested in the early 16^th century.]^[1]

   • 1667, John Milton, “Book VII”, in Paradise Lost. […], London: […] [Samuel Simmons], […], →OCLC; republished as Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […], London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC, line 1099:

     Abſtract as in a tranſe methought I ſaw,

     abstract, as in a trance
8. (art) Pertaining to the formal aspect of art, such as the lines, colors, shapes, and the relationships among them. [First attested in the mid 19^th century.]^[1]
   1. (art, often capitalized) Free from representational qualities, in particular the non-representational styles of the 20^th century. [First attested in the mid 19^th century.]^[1]

      • 1921, Aldous Huxley, chapter 12, in Crome Yellow‎^[2], London: Chatto & Windus:

        But his design is wonderful. He’s getting more and more abstract every day. He’d given up the third dimension when I was there and was just thinking of giving up the second. Soon, he says, there’ll be just the blank canvas. That’s the logical conclusion. Complete abstraction.

   2. (music) Absolute.
   3. (dance) Lacking a story.
9. (object-oriented programming, of a class) Being a partial basis for subclasses rather than a complete template for objects.

Derived terms[edit]

Translations[edit]

See also[edit]

• reify

Verb[edit]

abstract (third-person singular simple present abstracts, present participle abstracting, simple past and past participle abstracted)

1. (transitive) To separate; to disengage. [First attested around 1350 to 1470.]^[1]
2. (transitive) To remove; to take away; withdraw. [First attested in the late 15^th century.]^[1]

   • 1834, Harriet Martineau, Illustration of Political Economy, volume IX:

     The lightning of the public burdens, which at present abstract a large proportion of profits and wages.

3. (transitive, euphemistic) To steal; to take away; to remove without permission. [First attested in the late 15^th century.]^[1]
   • 1872, William Black, The Strange Adventures of a Phaeton

     Von Rosen had quietly abstracted the bearing-reins from the harness.

   • 1869, Bholanauth Chunder, The Travels of a Hindoo to Various Parts of Bengal and Upper India:

     The inlaid characters in diamond, and other precious stones, have been all abstracted away by the pelf-loving Jaut and Mahratta—leaving the walls defaced with the hollow marks of the chisel.

   • 2014, A P Simester, J R Spencer, G R Sullivan, Simester and Sullivan’s Criminal Law: Theory and Doctrine

     Section 13 of the 1968 Act enacts a separate offence of dishonestly abstracting electricity. The separate offence is needed because electricity, like other forms of energy such as heat, is not property.

4. (transitive) To summarize; to abridge; to epitomize. [First attested in the late 16^th century.]^[1]
5. To conceptualize an ideal subgroup by means of the generalization of an attribute, as follows: by apprehending an attribute inherent to one individual, then separating that attribute and contemplating it by itself, then conceiving of that attribute as a general quality, then despecifying that conceived quality with respect to several or many individuals, and by then ideating a group composed of those individuals perceived to possess said quality.
6. (transitive, obsolete) To extract by means of distillation. [Attested from the early 17^th century until the early 18^th century.]^[1]

   • 1601, John Marston, Antonio’s Revenge, Act II, Scene I:

     Poison from roses who could e’er abstract?

7. (transitive) To consider abstractly; to contemplate separately or by itself; to consider theoretically; to look at as a general quality. [First attested in the early 17^th century.]^[1]
8. (intransitive, reflexive, literally, figuratively) To withdraw oneself; to retire. [First attested in the mid 17^th century.]^[1]
9. (transitive) To draw off (interest or attention).
   • June 1869, William Blackwood, Late for the Train (published in Blackwood’s Magazine)

     The young stranger had been abstracted and silent.

   He was wholly abstracted by other objects.

10. (intransitive, rare) To perform the process of abstraction.
    • 1710, George Berkeley, A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge

      I own myself able to abstract in one sense.

11. (intransitive, fine arts) To create abstractions.
12. (intransitive, computing) To produce an abstraction, usually by refactoring existing code. Generally used with «out».

    He abstracted out the square root function.

Usage notes[edit]

• (to separate or disengage): Followed by the word from.
• (to withdraw oneself): Followed by the word from.
• (to summarize): Pronounced predominantly as /ˈæbˌstrækt/.
• All other senses are pronounced as /əbˈstrækt/.

Conjugation[edit]

Synonyms[edit]

• (to remove, separate, take away, or withdraw): remove, separate, take away, withdraw
• (to abridge, epitomize, or summarize): abridge, epitomize, summarize
• (to filch, purloin, or steal): filch, purloin, steal

Derived terms[edit]

[edit]

Translations[edit]

References[edit]

• abstract at OneLook Dictionary Search
• abstract in Keywords for Today: A 21st Century Vocabulary, edited by The Keywords Project, Colin MacCabe, Holly Yanacek, 2018.
• “abstract”, in The Century Dictionary […], New York, N.Y.: The Century Co., 1911, →OCLC.
• abstract in Webster’s Revised Unabridged Dictionary, G. & C. Merriam, 1913

Dutch[edit]

Etymology[edit]

Borrowed from Middle French abstract, from Latin abstractus; compare English abstract.

Pronunciation[edit]

• IPA^(key): /ɑpˈstrɑkt/
• Hyphenation: ab‧stract
• Rhymes: -ɑkt

Adjective[edit]

abstract (comparative abstracter, superlative abstractst)

1. abstract
2. (art) abstract

   Antonym: figuratief

Inflection[edit]

Inflection of abstract
uninflected	abstract
inflected	abstracte
comparative	abstracter
	positive	comparative	superlative
predicative/adverbial	abstract	abstracter	het abstractst het abstractste
indefinite	m./f. sing.	abstracte	abstractere	abstractste
n. sing.	abstract	abstracter	abstractste
plural	abstracte	abstractere	abstractste
definite	abstracte	abstractere	abstractste
partitive	abstracts	abstracters	—

Derived terms[edit]

• abstractie

Descendants[edit]

• Afrikaans: abstrak
• → Indonesian: abstrak

Middle English[edit]

Alternative forms[edit]

• abstracte

Etymology[edit]

From Latin abstractus, from abstrahō.

Pronunciation[edit]

• IPA^(key): /abˈstrakt(ə)/

Adjective[edit]

abstract (Late Middle English, rare)

1. Drawn away or out of; detached:
   1. Excerpted; quoted from another text.
   2. Out of one’s mind or detached from reality; temporarily insane.
   3. Having been (pulled or moved) above the ground.
   4. Barely comprehensible; hard to read.
   5. (grammar) Abstract (of a noun).

[edit]

Descendants[edit]

• English: abstract
• Scots: abstract

References[edit]

• “abstract, ppl.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 2018-05-24.

Noun[edit]

abstract

1. (Late Middle English, rare) abstract, synopsis

Descendants[edit]

• English: abstract
  • Norwegian Bokmål: abstrakt
• Scots: abstract

References[edit]

• “abstract, n.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 2018-05-24.

Romanian[edit]

Etymology[edit]

Borrowed from Latin abstractus, German Abstrakt.

Pronunciation[edit]

• IPA^(key): /abˈstrakt/, [apˈstrakt]

Adjective[edit]

abstract m or n (feminine singular abstractă, masculine plural abstracți, feminine and neuter plural abstracte)

1. abstract

   Antonym: concret

Declension[edit]

[edit]

Scots[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

• IPA^(key): /ˈəbstrak(t)/

Noun[edit]

abstract (plural abstracts)

1. abstract

Adjective[edit]

abstract (comparative mair abstract, superlative maist abstract)

1. abstract

Verb[edit]

abstract (third-person singular simple present abstracts, present participle abstractin, simple past abstractit, past participle abstractit)

1. abstract

абстрактный, отвлеченный, абстракция, резюме, реферат, абстрагировать

прилагательное ↓

существительное ↓

глагол ↓

Словосочетания

abstract science — фундаментальная наука  
abstract of the specifications — краткое описание технических характеристик  
abstract term — общее понятие  
abstract of account — выписка из счета  
abstract mathematics — чистая математика  

Примеры с переводом

Примеры, ожидающие перевода

Возможные однокоренные слова

abstracted  — рассеянный, погруженный в мысли, отдаленный, удаленный
abstraction  — абстракция, отвлечение, рассеянность
abstractive  — абстрактный, абстрагирующий, отвлеченный
abstractness  — абстрактность, отвлеченность
abstracter  — референт, составитель рефератов, лицо, составляющее справки о правовом титуле
abstracting  — реферирование, абстрагирование

Формы слова

noun
ед. ч.(singular): abstract
мн. ч.(plural): abstracts

Recent Examples on the Web

Bows also showed up in abstract or aggressive forms—or performed unlikely tricks—in recent collections from Rodarte, Khaite and Batsheva.


—Kristen Bateman, WSJ, 31 Mar. 2023




Thanks to everyone who came from near far wide abstract and online.


—Anna Myers, Peoplemag, 30 Mar. 2023




Read full article Carew is primarily a painter but also works in sculpture, installation, and printmaking to create abstract and vibrant pieces with spiritual undertones.


—Abigail Lee, BostonGlobe.com, 29 Mar. 2023




Instead, the metallic gold-on-white print is abstract enough to be modern but organic enough to maintain a girly feel.


—Caitlin Sole, Better Homes & Gardens, 27 Mar. 2023




The possibility of a DeSantis run was very abstract last year at this time.


—Laura Jedeed, The New Republic, 4 Mar. 2023




Claflin took cues from Bruce Springsteen and Lindsey Buckingham for his on-stage swagger, while Keough’s inspiration was much more abstract.


—Ellise Shafer, Variety, 3 Mar. 2023




Conversations by policy experts and advocates about the caregiving crisis can be too abstract, and any meaningful structural and cultural change must acknowledge the tensions, human toll, material consequences, complexities and nuances about care from the people who provide and rely on it.


—Alice Wong, CNN, 22 Feb. 2023




Words are concrete, while music is abstract.


—Bethanne Patrick, Los Angeles Times, 20 Feb. 2023

The acquisitions include ancient American artwork, abstracts and black-and-white photography.


—Matthew J. Palm, Orlando Sentinel, 31 Mar. 2023




Still, Hallström mostly strikes a nice balance between approachability and mystique, between the definitive and the abstract, getting a huge amount of help from his daughter Tora’s open and warm performance in her first leading role.


—Tomris Laffly, Variety, 30 Mar. 2023




The study’s abstract defines its findings in explicitly racial terms.


—Alexander Hall, Fox News, 10 Mar. 2023




Microsoft, for instance, is developing a system for researchers called BioGPT that will focus on clinical research, not consumer health care, and it’s trained on 15 million abstracts from studies.


—Karen Weintraub, USA TODAY, 27 Feb. 2023




Hicks Pries is pleased the abstracts will be put back, but challenges AGU’s characterization of the scientists’ actions.


—Bywarren Cornwall, science.org, 23 Feb. 2023




Since its release, the tool has been used to write articles for at least one news publication, drafted research paper abstracts that fooled some scientists and even passed graduate-level law and business exams (albeit with low marks).


—Jessie Yeung, CNN, 23 Feb. 2023




Researchers in Poland bioprinted a functional prototype of a pancreas in which stable blood flow was achieved in pigs during an observed two-week period, according to a 2022 abstract and Dr. Michal Wszola, creator of Bionic Pancreas.


—Carolyn Barber, Fortune Well, 15 Feb. 2023




What if a user asks an AI tool to summarize their paper in a snappy abstract?


—James Vincent, The Verge, 5 Jan. 2023

But so many of us still have the luxury, with our clean air and water, our safety, our lack of proximity, of abstracting disaster into polemic instead.


—Sarah Stankorb, The New Republic, 1 Mar. 2023




For the astronomers working on the Carte du Ciel, no model yet existed that could abstract the positions of millions of stars into a theory of how our galaxy evolved; the researchers instead only had an intuition that photographic techniques could be useful to map the world.


—H.j. Mccracken, Ars Technica, 13 Sep. 2022




So to abstract the nose is to erase all possible recognition of a character as someone related or familiar to the viewer and instead creates the possibility that this character could be anyone, that what is happening to the character could happen to anyone. .


—Ian Parker, The New Yorker, 22 Feb. 2021




That means adopting tools and technologies that abstract away underlying cryptographic primitives and that can change readily.


—Patrick Walsh, Forbes, 11 Nov. 2022




Many of Saunders’s bags, in tomato red and Yves Klein blue, come with malleable wire framing so that the wearer can abstract the classic square shape into something more surreal.


—Steff Yotka, Vogue, 22 July 2022




From there, determine the context analytics must abstract for each of those sub-domains.


—Amandeep Midha, Forbes, 19 May 2022




Cloud platforms continually move up the infrastructure stack to simplify and abstract extraordinarily complex concepts like pub-sub, container orchestration, queueing and more.


—Jack Naglieri, Forbes, 15 Sep. 2021




In order to transform this pain point into a competitive advantage in 2022, businesses will seek new tools such as API gateways and microservices management tools that abstract away complexity and align with existing IT and DevOps processes.


—Augusto Marietti, Forbes, 27 Jan. 2022


See More

noun

verb

adjective

Extra examples

Word forms

verb
I/you/we/they: abstract
he/she/it: abstracts
present participle: abstracting
past tense: abstracted
past participle: abstracted

noun
singular: abstract
plural: abstracts

See Also: abstainer abstemious abstention abstentionism abstergent abstersive abstinence abstinence syndrome abstinence theory abstr. abstract abstract algebra abstract expressionism abstract music abstract noun abstract number abstract of title abstract space abstracted abstracting journal abstracting service Recent searches: View All

Go to Preferences page and choose from different actions for taps or mouse clicks. WordReference Random House Learner’s Dictionary of American English © 2023 ab•stract /adj. æbˈstrækt, ˈæbstrækt; n. ˈæbstrækt; v. æbˈstrækt/USA pronunciation   adj.  thought of apart from concrete realities or specific objects:an abstract idea. (of a word) describing a quality or idea apart from any specific object or instance:an abstract word like justice. difficult to understand; abstruse:an abstract theory. Fine Art(of art) emphasizing line, color, and shape rather than specific objects or forms. n. [countable] a summary of a text, technical article, speech, etc:Please include a 250-word abstract of the paper. v. [ ~ + object (+ from)] to make a summary of or from (a piece of writing, a speech, etc.); summarize:abstracted the main points from the essay. Idioms Idioms in the abstract, without reference to a specific object or instance; in theory:He understood the idea in the abstract. ab•stract•ly, adv.  ab•stract•ness, n. [uncountable]See -trac-. WordReference Random House Unabridged Dictionary of American English © 2023 ab•stract  (adj. ab strakt′, ab′strakt;n. ab′strakt; v. ab strakt′ for 11–14, ab′strakt for 15),USA pronunciation adj.  thought of apart from concrete realities, specific objects, or actual instances:an abstract idea. expressing a quality or characteristic apart from any specific object or instance, as justice, poverty, and speed. theoretical; not applied or practical:abstract science. difficult to understand; abstruse:abstract speculations. Fine Art of or pertaining to the formal aspect of art, emphasizing lines, colors, generalized or geometrical forms, etc., esp. with reference to their relationship to one another. (often cap.) pertaining to the nonrepresentational art styles of the 20th century. n. a summary of a text, scientific article, document, speech, etc.; epitome. something that concentrates in itself the essential qualities of anything more extensive or more general, or of several things; essence. an idea or term considered apart from some material basis or object. Fine Artan abstract work of art. in the abstract, without reference to a specific object or instance; in theory:beauty in the abstract. v.t. to draw or take away; remove. to divert or draw away the attention of. to steal. to consider as a general quality or characteristic apart from specific objects or instances:to abstract the notions of time, space, and matter. to make an abstract of; summarize. abstract away from, to omit from consideration. Latin abstractus drawn off (past participle of abstrahere). See abs-, tract1 late Middle English: withdrawn from worldly interests 1400–50 ab•stract′er, n.  ab•stract′ly, adv.  ab′stract•ness, n.  Collins Concise English Dictionary © HarperCollins Publishers:: abstract adj /ˈæbstrækt/ having no reference to material objects or specific examples; not concrete not applied or practical; theoretical hard to understand; recondite; abstruse denoting art characterized by geometric, formalized, or otherwise nonrepresentational qualities n /ˈæbstrækt/ a condensed version of a piece of writing, speech, etc; summary an abstract term or idea an abstract painting, sculpture, etc in the abstract ⇒ without reference to specific circumstances or practical experience vb /æbˈstrækt/(transitive) to think of (a quality or concept) generally without reference to a specific example; regard theoretically to form (a general idea) by abstraction /ˈæbstrækt/(also intr) to summarize or epitomize to remove or extract Etymology: 14th Century: (in the sense: extracted): from Latin abstractus drawn off, removed from (something specific), from abs- ab-1 + trahere to draw ‘abstract‘ also found in these entries (note: many are not synonyms or translations):

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Examples from texts

If few of them can see a good education as an abstract goal, the value of education as a path to relative economic security is readily understood.

Они отлично понимают его если не абстрактную, то практическую ценность как средства достижения относительной экономической стабильности.

Schur, Edwin M. / Our Criminal Society: The Social and Legal Sources of Crime in AmericaШур, Эдвин M. / Наше преступное общество: Социальные и правовые источники преступности в Америке

Наше преступное общество: Социальные и правовые источники преступности в Америке

Шур, Эдвин M.

© Перевод с английского с изменениями, «Прогресс», 1977

Our Criminal Society: The Social and Legal Sources of Crime in America

Schur, Edwin M.

But these abstract principles of social economy do not exist of themselves, they are only the general expression of the real interests of a certain class, namely that of trade and industry.

Но эти отвлеченные принципы общественного хозяйства существуют не сами по себе, а представляют лишь общее выражение действительных интересов известного — именно, торгово-промышленного — класса.

Плеханов, Г. В. / Наши разногласия. Письмо к П. Л. ЛавровуPlekhanov, G. V. / Our Differences. Letter to P. L. Lavrov

Our Differences. Letter to P. L. Lavrov

Plekhanov, G. V.

Наши разногласия. Письмо к П. Л. Лаврову

Плеханов, Г. В.

© Государственное издательство политической литературы, 1949 г.

For stack algorithms, it is often convenient to represent the reference string in a more abstract way than the actual page numbers.

Часто для магазинных алгоритмов удобно представить последовательность обращений в более абстрактном виде, чем фактические номера страниц.

Tanenbaum, Andrew S. / Modern Operating SystemsТаненбаум, Эндрю / Современные операционные системы

Современные операционные системы

Таненбаум, Эндрю

© Prentice Hall, Inc., 2001

© Перевод на русский язык, ЗАО Издательский дом «Питер», 2002

© ЗАО Издательский дом «Питер», 2002

Modern Operating Systems

Tanenbaum, Andrew S.

© Prentice Hall, Inc., 2001

You don’t want Him to become real, you live with an abstract God.

Вы не хотите, чтобы Он стал реальным, вы продолжаете жить с абстрактным Богом.

Osho, Bhagvan Shree Rajneesh / The Revolution. Talks on KabirОшо Бхагван Шри Раджниш / Революция. Беседы по песням Кабира

Революция. Беседы по песням Кабира

Ошо Бхагван Шри Раджниш

The Revolution. Talks on Kabir

Osho, Bhagvan Shree Rajneesh

abstract (up to 400 symbols with spaces) in Russian;

аннотация (объемом не более 400 символов, включая пробелы) – на русском языке;

© 2009-2011, Форум «Россия — спортивная держава»

© 2009-2011, Forum «Russia – Country of Sports»

We shall show in this section how the abstract-index formalism adapts naturally to the treatment of Yang-Mills fields.

В данном параграфе будет показано, что формализм абстрактных индексов позволяет естественным образом описывать поля Янга — Миллса.

Penrose, Roger,Rindler, Wolfgang / Spinors and Space-Time: Volume 1: Two-Spinor Calculus and Relativistic FieldsПенроуз, Роджер,Риндлер, В. / Спиноры и пространство-время. Два-спинорное исчисление и релятивистские поля

Спиноры и пространство-время. Два-спинорное исчисление и релятивистские поля

Пенроуз, Роджер,Риндлер, В.

© Cambridge University Press 1984

© перевод на русский язык, «Мир», 1987

Spinors and Space-Time: Volume 1: Two-Spinor Calculus and Relativistic Fields

Penrose, Roger,Rindler, Wolfgang

© Cambridge University Press 1984

The method under point 1, different that the minimum format of representation of the information is supplement with translation of the abstract of the Application in one of working languages of auction.

Способ по п.1 , отличающийся тем, что минимальный формат представления информации на аукцион дополняют переводом реферата заявки на один из рабочих языков аукциона.

You can derive a new component from an existing component or from an abstract component class—one that does not correspond to a usable component.

Новый компонент может исходить от существующего компонента или от абстрактного класса компонента — класса, не имеющего готового к использованию компонента.

Cantu, Marco / Mastering Delphi 7Кэнту, М. / Delphi 7: для профессионалов

Delphi 7: для профессионалов

Кэнту, М.

© 2003 SYBEX Inc

© Перевод на русский язык, ЗАО Издательский дом «Питер», 2004

© Издание на русском языке, оформление, ЗАО Издательский дом «Питер», 2004

Mastering Delphi 7

Cantu, Marco

Here the linear operator K is the extrinsic curvature presented as an abstract coordinate-independent geometric object.

Здесь линейный оператор К есть внешняя кривизна, представленная как абстрактный геометрический объект, не зависящий от выбора координат.

Misner, Charles W.,Thorne, Kip S.,Wheeler, John Archibald / GravitationМизнер, Ч.,Торн, К.,Уилер, Дж. / Гравитация

Гравитация

Мизнер, Ч.,Торн, К.,Уилер, Дж.

© 1973 by W. H. Freeman and Company

© Перевод на русский язык «Мир», 1977

Gravitation

Misner, Charles W.,Thorne, Kip S.,Wheeler, John Archibald

© 1970 and 1971 by Charles W. Misner, Kip S. Thorne, and John Archibald Wheeler.

© 1973 by W. H. Freeman and Company.

It is well known that these abstract propositions serve admirably as a beginning … as a starting-point….

Известное дело: эти отвлеченности очень и очень годятся как начало… как исходная точка…

Turgenev, I.S. / The Torrents of SpringТургенев, И.С. / Вешние воды

Вешние воды

Тургенев, И.С.

© Издательство «Художественная литература», 1978

The Torrents of Spring

Turgenev, I.S.

Fortunately, the mathematician as such need not be concerned with the philosophical nature of the transition from collections of concrete objects to the abstract number concept.

Мы воспользуемся тем, что математик (как таковой) не обязан заниматься философской проблемой перехода от совокупностей конкретных предметов к абстрактному понятию числа.

Courant, Richard,Robbins, Herbert / What Is Mathematics? An Elementary Approach to Ideas and MethodsКурант, Р.,Роббинс, Г. / Что такое математика? Элементарный очерк идей и методов

Что такое математика? Элементарный очерк идей и методов

Курант, Р.,Роббинс, Г.

What Is Mathematics? An Elementary Approach to Ideas and Methods

Courant, Richard,Robbins, Herbert

© 1941 (renewed 1969) by Richard Courant

© 1996 by Oxford University Press, Inc.

Once the earlier parts of the book have put the concrete topics on the table, all you have to do to appreciate the abstract concepts is to pick up the topics from the various chapters and see how they’re related.

Поскольку конкретные вопросы уже рассмотрены в предыдущих главах, то, чтобы получить представление об абстрактных концепциях, нам нужно лишь вернуться к темам разных глав и посмотреть, как они взаимосвязаны.

McConnell, Steve / Code Complete: A Practical Handbook of Software ConstructionМакконнелл, Стив / Совершенный код: Практическое руководство по разработке программного обеспечения

Совершенный код: Практическое руководство по разработке программного обеспечения

Макконнелл, Стив

© Перевод на русский язык, Microsoft Corporation, 2004

© Оригинальное издание на английском языке, Steven С. McConnell, 2004

Code Complete: A Practical Handbook of Software Construction

McConnell, Steve

© 2004 by Steven С. McConnell

The second direction is that in which we continue to use L in the U language, but change or »abstract from» its meaning, so that it becomes the A language of a formal system; we shall call this second method abstraction.

Второе направление состоит в том, что мы продолжаем использовать L в U-языке, но изменяем его значение или «абстрагируемся» от его значения, так что L становится А-языком формальной системы; этот второй метод мы назовем абстракцией.

Curry, Haskell B. / Foundations of Mathematical LogicКарри, Хаскелл Б. / Основания математической логики

Основания математической логики

Карри, Хаскелл Б.

© Издательство «Мир», 1969

Foundations of Mathematical Logic

Curry, Haskell B.

© 1963 by Haskell B. Curry.

© 1977 by Haskell B. Curry.

He did not pay any rent for the apartment for there was no housing authority in that jungle settlement and rent was an abstract concept.

За квартиру Коля не платил. В диком поселке не было управдома, и квартирная плата была там понятием абстрактным.

Ilf, Ilya,Petrov, Eugene / The Twelve ChairsИльф, Илья,Петров, Евгений / Двенадцать Стульев

Двенадцать Стульев

Ильф, Илья,Петров, Евгений

© Издательство «Правда», 1987

The Twelve Chairs

Ilf, Ilya,Petrov, Eugene

© 1961 by Random House, Inc.

In addition, your Canvas subclass must define the paint() method, which is declared abstract in Canvas.

Кроме того, ваш подкласс Canvas должен описывать метод paint (), который объявляется абстрактным в Canvas.

Piroumian, Vartan / Wireless J2ME™ Platform ProgrammingПирумян, Вартан / Платформа программирования J2ME для портативных устройств

Платформа программирования J2ME для портативных устройств

Пирумян, Вартан

© НОУ «ОЦ КУДИЦ-ОБРАЗ», 2003

Wireless J2ME™ Platform Programming

Piroumian, Vartan

© 2002 Sun Microsystems, Inc.

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User translations

ab·stract

 (ăb-străkt′, ăb′străkt′)

adj.

1. Considered apart from concrete existence: an abstract concept.

2. Not applied or practical; theoretical.

3. Difficult to understand; abstruse: abstract philosophical problems.

4. Denoting something that is immaterial, conceptual, or nonspecific, as an idea or quality: abstract words like truth and justice.

5. Impersonal, as in attitude or views.

6. Having an intellectual and affective artistic content that depends solely on intrinsic form rather than on narrative content or pictorial representation: abstract painting and sculpture.

n. (ăb′străkt′)

1. A statement summarizing the important points of a text.

2. Something abstract.

3. An abstract of title.

tr.v. (ăb-străkt′) ab·stract·ed, ab·stract·ing, ab·stracts

1.

a. To take away; remove: abstract the most important data from a set of records.

b. To remove without permission; steal: a painting that was abstracted from the museum.

2. To consider (an idea, for example) as separate from particular examples or objects: abstract a principle of arrangement from a series of items.

3. (ăb′străkt′) To write a summary of; summarize: abstract a long article in a paragraph.

4. To create artistic abstractions of (something else, such as a concrete object or another style): «The Bauhaus Functionalists were … busy unornamenting and abstracting modern architecture, painting and design» (John Barth).

Idiom:

in the abstract

In a way that is conceptual or theoretical, as opposed to actual or empirical.

---

[Middle English, from Latin abstractus, past participle of abstrahere, to draw away : abs-, ab-, away; see ab-¹ + trahere, to draw.]

---

ab·stract′er n.

ab·stract′ly adv.

ab·stract′ness n.

American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fifth Edition. Copyright © 2016 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. All rights reserved.

abstract

adj

1. having no reference to material objects or specific examples; not concrete

2. not applied or practical; theoretical

3. hard to understand; recondite; abstruse

4. (Art Terms) denoting art characterized by geometric, formalized, or otherwise nonrepresentational qualities

5. defined in terms of its formal properties: an abstract machine.

6. (Philosophy) philosophy (of an idea) functioning for some empiricists as the meaning of a general term: the word ‘man’ does not name all men but the abstract idea of manhood.

n

7. a condensed version of a piece of writing, speech, etc; summary

8. an abstract term or idea

9. (Art Terms) an abstract painting, sculpture, etc

10. in the abstract without reference to specific circumstances or practical experience

vb (tr)

11. to think of (a quality or concept) generally without reference to a specific example; regard theoretically

12. to form (a general idea) by abstraction

13. (also intr) to summarize or epitomize

14. to remove or extract

15. euphemistic to steal

[C14: (in the sense: extracted): from Latin abstractus drawn off, removed from (something specific), from abs- ab-¹ + trahere to draw]

Collins English Dictionary – Complete and Unabridged, 12th Edition 2014 © HarperCollins Publishers 1991, 1994, 1998, 2000, 2003, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2011, 2014

ab•stract

(adj. æbˈstrækt, ˈæb strækt; n. ˈæb strækt; v. æbˈstrækt for 11-14, ˈæb strækt for 15 )

adj.

1. thought of apart from concrete realities, specific objects, or actual instances: an abstract idea.

2. expressing a quality or characteristic apart from any specific object or instance: an abstract word like justice.

3. theoretical; not applied or practical.

4. difficult to understand; abstruse.

5. emphasizing line, color, and nonrepresentational form: abstract art.

n.

6. a summary of a text, technical article, speech, etc.

7. an abstract idea or term.

8. an abstract work of art.

9. something that concentrates in itself the essential qualities of anything more extensive or more general.

v.t.

10. to draw or take away; remove.

11. to divert or draw away the attention of.

12. to steal.

13. to consider as a general quality or characteristic apart from specific objects or instances.

14. to make an abstract of; summarize.

Idioms:

in the abstract, without reference to a specific object or instance; in theory.

[1400–50; late Middle English: withdrawn from worldly interests < Medieval Latin abstractus, Latin: past participle of abstrahere to drag away, divert = abs- abs- + trahere to draw, pull; compare tract¹]

ab•stract′er, n.

ab•stract′ly, adv.

ab•stract′ness, n.

Random House Kernerman Webster’s College Dictionary, © 2010 K Dictionaries Ltd. Copyright 2005, 1997, 1991 by Random House, Inc. All rights reserved.

abstract

Past participle: abstracted
Gerund: abstracting

Imperative
abstract
abstract

Present
I abstract
you abstract
he/she/it abstracts
we abstract
you abstract
they abstract

Preterite
I abstracted
you abstracted
he/she/it abstracted
we abstracted
you abstracted
they abstracted

Present Continuous
I am abstracting
you are abstracting
he/she/it is abstracting
we are abstracting
you are abstracting
they are abstracting

Present Perfect
I have abstracted
you have abstracted
he/she/it has abstracted
we have abstracted
you have abstracted
they have abstracted

Past Continuous
I was abstracting
you were abstracting
he/she/it was abstracting
we were abstracting
you were abstracting
they were abstracting

Past Perfect
I had abstracted
you had abstracted
he/she/it had abstracted
we had abstracted
you had abstracted
they had abstracted

Future
I will abstract
you will abstract
he/she/it will abstract
we will abstract
you will abstract
they will abstract

Future Perfect
I will have abstracted
you will have abstracted
he/she/it will have abstracted
we will have abstracted
you will have abstracted
they will have abstracted

Future Continuous
I will be abstracting
you will be abstracting
he/she/it will be abstracting
we will be abstracting
you will be abstracting
they will be abstracting

Present Perfect Continuous
I have been abstracting
you have been abstracting
he/she/it has been abstracting
we have been abstracting
you have been abstracting
they have been abstracting

Future Perfect Continuous
I will have been abstracting
you will have been abstracting
he/she/it will have been abstracting
we will have been abstracting
you will have been abstracting
they will have been abstracting

Past Perfect Continuous
I had been abstracting
you had been abstracting
he/she/it had been abstracting
we had been abstracting
you had been abstracting
they had been abstracting

Conditional
I would abstract
you would abstract
he/she/it would abstract
we would abstract
you would abstract
they would abstract

Past Conditional
I would have abstracted
you would have abstracted
he/she/it would have abstracted
we would have abstracted
you would have abstracted
they would have abstracted

Collins English Verb Tables © HarperCollins Publishers 2011

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