Food with the word dog in it

This article is about human consumption of dog flesh and parts. For meat eaten by dogs themselves, see dog food. For the character in the Fallout series of video games, see Dogmeat (Fallout).

Dog meat

Dog Meat.jpg

Various cuts of dog meat
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy 1,096 kJ (262 kcal)

Carbohydrates

0.1 g
Dietary fiber 0 g

Fat

20.2 g

Protein

19 g
Vitamins Quantity

%DV†
Vitamin A equiv.

0%

3.6 μg
Thiamine (B1)

10%

0.12 mg
Riboflavin (B2)

15%

0.18 mg
Niacin (B3)

13%

1.9 mg
Vitamin C

4%

3 mg
Minerals Quantity

%DV†
Calcium

1%

8 mg
Iron

22%

2.8 mg
Phosphorus

24%

168 mg
Potassium

6%

270 mg
Sodium

5%

72 mg
Other constituents Quantity
Water 60.1 g
Cholesterol 44.4 mg
Ash 0.8 g
  • Units
  • μg = micrograms • mg = milligrams
  • IU = International units
†Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults.
Source: Yong-Geun Ann (1999)[1]

Dog meat is the flesh and other edible parts derived from dogs. Historically, human consumption of dog meat has been recorded in many parts of the world.[2] During the 19th century westward movement in the United States, mountainmen, Native Americans, the U.S. Army, as well as the Confederacy during the American Civil War[3] frequently had to sustain themselves on dogmeat; first to be consumed would be the horses, then the mules, and lastly the dogs.[4] In the 21st century, dog meat is consumed to a limited extent in South Korea, China,[5] Indonesia, Nigeria,[6] Switzerland,[7] and Vietnam,[8] and it is eaten or is legal to be eaten in other countries throughout the world. Some cultures view the consumption of dog meat as part of their traditional, ritualistic, or day-to-day cuisine, and other cultures consider consumption of dog meat a taboo, even where it had been consumed in the past. Opinions also vary drastically across different regions within different countries.[9][10] It was estimated in 2014 that worldwide, 27 million dogs are eaten each year by humans.[11]

Historical practices[edit]

Aztecs[edit]

In the Aztec Empire, Mexican hairless dogs were bred for, among other purposes,[12] their meat. Hernán Cortés reported when he arrived in Tenochtitlan in 1519, «small gelded dogs which they breed for eating» were among the goods sold in the city markets.[13] These dogs, Xoloitzcuintles, were often depicted in pre-Columbian Mexican pottery. The breed was almost extinct in the 1940s, but the British military attaché in Mexico City, Norman Wright, developed a thriving breed from some of the dogs he found in remote villages.[14] The genetic heritage of the breed has been almost erased through interbreeding with other dog breeds to keep its looks alive.[15]

Native North Americans[edit]

The traditional culture surrounding the consumption of dog meat varied from tribe to tribe among the original inhabitants of North America, with some tribes relishing it as a delicacy, and others (such as the Comanche) treating it as a forbidden food.[16] Native peoples of the Great Plains, such as the Sioux and Cheyenne, consumed it, but there was a concurrent religious taboo against the meat of wild canines.[17]

The Kickapoo people include puppy meat in many of their traditional festivals.[18] This practice has been well documented in the Works Progress Administration «Indian Pioneer History Project for Oklahoma».[19][20]

On 20 December 2018, the federal Dog and Cat Meat Trade Prohibition Act was signed into law as part of the 2018 Farm Bill. It bans slaughtering dogs and cats for food in the United States, with exceptions for Native American rituals.[21]

Europe[edit]

One of Ireland’s mythological heroes, Cú Chulainn, had two geasa, or vows, one of which was to avoid the meat of dogs and the other was not to refuse an offer of hospitality. In the myth of his death, the breaking of this geis after being offered a meal of dog flesh removed his invulnerability, allowing him to be killed in battle the next day.

Ovid, Plutarch, Pliny and other Latin authors describe the sacrifice of puppies (catulina) to infernal deities, and for protection against grain-rust, the meat being subsequently prepared and consumed.[22]

Polynesia[edit]

Dogs were historically eaten in Tahiti and other islands of Polynesia, including Hawaii[23][24] at the time of first European contact. James Cook, when first visiting Tahiti in 1769, recorded in his journal, «few were there of us but what allow’d that a South Sea Dog was next to an English Lamb, one thing in their favour is that they live entirely upon Vegetables».[25] Calvin Schwabe reported in 1979 that dog was widely eaten in Hawaii and considered to be of higher quality than pork or chicken. When Hawaiians first encountered early British and American explorers, they were at a loss to explain the visitors’ attitudes about dog meat. The Hawaiians raised both dogs and pigs as pets and for food. They could not understand why their British and American visitors only found the pig suitable for consumption.[2] This practice seems to have died out, along with the native Hawaiian breed of dog, the unique Hawaiian Poi Dog, which was primarily used for this purpose.[26]

Although Hawaii has outlawed commercial sales of dog meat, until the federal Dog and Cat Meat Trade Prohibition Act it was legal to slaughter an animal classified as a pet if it was «bred for human consumption» and done in a «humane» manner. This allowed dog meat trade to continue, mostly using stray, lost, or stolen dogs.[27][28]

Religious dietary laws[edit]

According to kashrut, Jewish dietary law, it is forbidden to consume the flesh of terrestrial mammals that do not chew their cud and have cloven hooves, which includes dogs.[29]

In Islamic dietary laws, the consumption of the flesh of a dog, or any carnivorous animal, or any animal bearing fangs, claws, fingers or reptilian scales, is prohibited.[30]

Dogs as survival food[edit]

Wars and famines[edit]

In most European countries, the consumption of dog meat is taboo. Exceptions occurred in times of scarcity, such as sieges or famines.

In Germany, dog meat has been eaten in every major crisis since at least the time of Frederick the Great, and was commonly referred to as «blockade mutton».[9]

Great Dog Butchery, Paris, France, 1910

During the Siege of Paris (1870–1871), food shortages caused by the German blockade of the city caused the citizens of Paris to turn to alternative sources for food, including dog meat. Dog meat was also reported as being sold by some butchers in Paris in 1910.[31][32]

In the early 20th century, high meat prices led to widespread consumption of horse and dog meat in Germany.[33][34][35]

In the early 20th century in the United States, dog meat was consumed during times of meat shortage.[36]

A few meat shops sold dog meat during the German occupation of Belgium in World War I, when food was scarce.[37]

In the latter part of World War I, dog meat was being eaten in Saxony by the poorer classes because of famine conditions.[38]

In Germany, the consumption of dog meat continued in the 1920s.[39][40] In 1937, a meat inspection law targeted against trichinella was introduced for pigs, dogs, boars, foxes, badgers, and other carnivores.[41]

During severe meat shortages coinciding with the German occupation from 1940 to 1945, sausages found to have been made of dog meat were confiscated by Nazi authorities in the Netherlands.[42]

Expeditions and emergencies[edit]

Travelers sometimes have to eat their accompanying dogs to survive when stranded without other food. For example, Benedict Allen ate his dog when lost in the Brazilian rainforest.[43] A case in Canada was reported in 2013.[44]

Lewis and Clark[edit]

During the Lewis and Clark expedition (1803–1806), Meriwether Lewis and the other members of the Corps of Discovery consumed dog meat, either from their own animals or supplied by Native American tribes, including the Paiutes and Wah-clel-lah Indians, a branch of the Watlatas,[45] the Clatsop,[46] the Teton Sioux (Lakota),[47] the Nez Perce Indians (who did not eat dog themselves[48]),[49] and the Hidatsas.[50] Lewis and the members of the expedition ate dog meat, except William Clark, who reportedly could not bring himself to eat dogs.[51][52][53]

Polar exploration[edit]

British explorer Ernest Shackleton and his Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition became trapped, and ultimately killed their sled dogs for food.

Norwegian explorer Roald Amundsen’s party famously planned to eat their sled dogs, as well as to feed weaker dogs to other dogs, during their expedition to the South Pole. This allowed the party to carry less food, thus lightening the load, and ultimately helped Amundsen to win his race to the South Pole against Robert Scott’s expedition, which used ponies.[54] When comparing sled dogs to ponies as draught animals, Amundsen noted:

There is the obvious advantage that dog can be fed on dog. One can reduce one’s pack little by little, slaughtering the feebler ones and feeding the chosen with them. In this way they get fresh meat. Our dogs lived on dog’s flesh and pemmican the whole way, and this enabled them to do splendid work. And if we ourselves wanted a piece of fresh meat we could cut off a delicate little fillet; it tasted to us as good as the best beef. The dogs do not object at all; as long as they get their share they do not mind what part of their comrade’s carcass it comes from. All that was left after one of these canine meals was the teeth of the victim – and if it had been a really hard day, these also disappeared.[55]

Douglas Mawson and Xavier Mertz were part of the Far Eastern Party, a three-man sledging team with Lieutenant B. E. S. Ninnis, to survey King George V Land, Antarctica. On 14 December 1912 Ninnis fell through a snow-covered crevasse along with most of the party’s rations, and was never seen again. Mawson and Mertz turned back immediately. They had one and a half weeks’ food for themselves and nothing at all for the dogs. Their meagre provisions forced them to eat their remaining sled dogs on their 315-mile (507 km) return journey. Their meat was tough, stringy and without a vestige of fat. Each animal yielded very little, and the major part was fed to the surviving dogs, which ate the meat, skin and bones until nothing remained. The men also ate the dog’s brains and livers. Unfortunately eating the liver of sled dogs produces the condition hypervitaminosis A because canines have a much higher tolerance for vitamin A than humans do. Mertz suffered a quick deterioration. He developed stomach pains and became incapacitated and incoherent. On 7 January 1913, Mertz died. Mawson continued alone, eventually making it back to camp alive.[10]

Current laws[edit]

The slaughter, sale, purchase (including import), or consumption of dog meat is banned in some countries and legal in others, as listed in the table below and summed up in the map.

    Restrictions in the entire territory on any of the following: selling, purchasing, or consuming dog meat, or slaughtering dogs. There are exceptions in the Philippines and US for traditional use.
    No data or no such restrictions.

Laws about dog meat intended for human consumption

Country/Territory Slaughter and sale Consumption Purchase and import
Argentina Argentina Red X Consumption illegal[56][57]
Australia Australia Red X Slaughter and sale illegal[58] Green tick Consumption legal[58] except South Australia since 1953[59]
Austria Austria Red X Slaughter illegal[60]
Brazil Brazil Green tick Slaughter legal, except of pets[61][62] Green tick Consumption legal
Canada Canada Green tick Slaughter and sale legal[63] Green tick Consumption legal[64]
Chile Chile Red X Commercial sale illegal[65] Green tick Consumption legal[65]
Colombia Colombia Red X Consumption illegal[66]
China China Red X Commercial slaughter and sale illegal since 2020[67] Green tick Slaughter for own use legal,[68] except Macau where all sale and slaughter for consumption is banned since 2016[69] Green tick Consumption legal, except Shenzhen and Zhuhai since 2020[68][70][71][72]
France France Red X Slaughter and sale illegal[73] Green tick Consumption legal[73]
Germany Germany Red X Production and sale illegal since 1986[74] Green tick Consumption legal[75] Red X Import illegal[76]
India India Green tick Sale legal, except in the states of Mizoram and Nagaland since 2020[77][78]
Hong Kong Hong Kong Red X All slaughter and sale is unlawful since 1950[79] Red X Consumption illegal since 1950 Green tick Import requires a permit[80]
Kazakhstan Kazakhstan Green tick Consumption legal, ban announced in October 2021[81][82][83][84]
Mali Mali Red X Slaughter illegal since 2012[85]
Mexico Mexico Red X Consumption illegal[86]
Philippines Philippines Red X Slaughter illegal since 1998. Religious rituals are exempt[87][88]
Russia Russia Green tick Consumption legal[89]
Rwanda Rwanda Green tick Sale legal[90] Green tick Purchase legal[90]
South Korea South Korea Red X Sale illegal [91] Green tick Consumption legal
Switzerland Switzerland Red X Commercial slaughter illegal.[92] Green tick Slaughter for own use legal[93] Green tick Consumption legal[94] Red X Import illegal[92]
Taiwan Taiwan Red X Slaughter and sale illegal since 1998[95][96] Red X Consumption illegal since 2017[96]
United Kingdom United Kingdom Red X Sale illegal[97] Green tick Consumption legal[98]
United States United States Red X Slaughter and sale illegal since 2018.[99][100] Native Americans performing religious ceremonies are exempt. Before 2018, banned in 6 states[101] Red X Any purchase (including import) illegal since 2018[99]

Modern practices[edit]

Africa[edit]

Cameroon[edit]

Dogs are eaten by Vame people for certain religious rituals.[102]

Democratic Republic of the Congo[edit]

In 2011 it was reported that, due to high prices on other types of meat, the consumption of dog meat is common despite a longstanding taboo.[103]

Ghana[edit]

The Tallensi, the Akyims, the Kokis, and the Yaakuma, one of many cultures of Ghana, consider dog meat a delicacy. The Mamprusi people generally avoid dog meat, and it is eaten in a «courtship stew» provided by a king to his royal lineage. Two Tribes in Ghana, Frafra and Dagaaba are particularly known to be «tribal playmates» and consumption of dog meat is the common bond between the two tribes. Every year around September, games are organised between these two tribes and the Dog Head is the trophy at stake for the winning tribe.[104]

It was reported in 2017 that increasing demand for dog meat (due to the belief it gives more energy) has led politician Anthony Karbo to propose dog meat factories in three northern regions of Ghana.[105][106]

Nigeria[edit]

Dogs are eaten by various groups in some states of Nigeria, including Ondo State, Akwa Ibom, Cross River, Plateau, Kalaba, Taraba and Gombe of Nigeria.[104][107] They are believed to have medicinal powers. The meat is believed to improve one’s sex life, provide immunity from diseases and poisoning, and offer protection from juju (charms).[6][108]

In late 2014, the fear of contracting the Ebola virus disease from bushmeat led at least one major Nigerian newspaper to imply that eating dog meat was a healthy alternative.[109] That paper documented a thriving trade in dog meat and slow sales of even well smoked bushmeat.

Asia/Pacific[edit]

Cambodia[edit]

Animal welfare NGO Four Paws estimates that 2–3 million dogs are slaughtered annually for their meat in Cambodia. Methods of slaughtering the dog can range from strangulation, drowning, stabbing, or clubbing the head.[110] According to a market research study in 2019 on the dog meat trade in Cambodia, overall a total of 53.6% of respondents indicated that they have eaten dog meat at some time in their lives (72.4% of males and 34.8% of females).[111] A new campaign began in 2020 to end dog meat consumption.[112][113][114][115][116][117]

Hong Kong[edit]

In Hong Kong, the Dogs and Cats Ordinance was introduced by the British Hong Kong Government on 6 January 1950.[118] It prohibits the slaughter of any dog or cat for use as food by fine and imprisonment.[119][120] In February 1998, a Hong Konger was sentenced to one month imprisonment and a fine of two thousand HK dollars for hunting street dogs for food.[121] Four local men were sentenced to 30 days imprisonment in December 2006 for having slaughtered two dogs.[122]

India[edit]

Consumption of dog meat is very rare in India, seen in a few tribal communities in some states of Northeast India, particularly Mizoram,[123] Nagaland,[124] Manipur,[125] Tripura, and Arunachal Pradesh.[126]

In March 2020, the Government of Mizoram passed the Animal Slaughter Bill 2020 which effectively bans dogs from being slaughtered in the state.[127]

In Nagaland, dog lovers had launched a campaign to end Nagaland’s dog meat trade.[128] The Government of Nagaland banned the consumption and trading of dog meat in the state on 3 July 2020.[129][130]

Indonesia[edit]

Rintek wuuk (RW), a Manado dog meat dish from North Sulawesi

Indonesia is predominantly Muslim, a faith which considers dog meat, along with pork, to be haram (ritually unclean).[131] The New York Times has reported that in spite of this, dog meat consumption has been growing in popularity among Muslims and other ethnic groups in the country due to its cheap price and purported health or medicinal benefits.[132]

Although reliable data on the dog meat trade is scarce, various welfare groups estimate that at least 1 million dogs are killed every year to be eaten.[133] On the resort island of Bali alone, between 60,000 and 70,000 dogs are slaughtered and eaten a year, in spite of lingering concerns about the spread of rabies following an outbreak of the disease there a few years ago, according to the Bali Animal Welfare Association.[134] Marc Ching of the Animal Hope and Wellness Foundation claimed in 2017 that the treatment of dogs in Indonesia was the «most sadistic» out of anywhere they were killed for their meat.[135] According to Rappler and The Independent, the slaughter process for dogs in Tomohon, Sulawesi resulted in some of them being blowtorched alive.[136][137]

The consumption of dog meat is often associated with the Minahasa culture of North Sulawesi,[138] Maluku culture, Toraja culture, various ethnic from East Nusa Tenggara, and the Bataks of northern Sumatra.[139] The code for restaurants or vendors selling dog meat is «RW», an abbreviation for rintek wuuk (Minahasan euphemism means «fine hair») or «B1» abbreviation for biang (Batak language for female dog or «bitch»).

Popular Indonesian dog-meat dishes are Minahasan spicy meat dish called rica-rica. Dog meat rica-rica specifically called rica-rica «RW» which stands for Rintek Wuuk in the Minahasan language, which means «fine hair» as a euphemism referring for fine hair found in roasted dog meat.[131] It is cooked as Patong dish by Toraja people, and as Saksang «B1» (stands for Biang which means «dog» or «bitch» in Batak dialect) by Batak people of North Sumatra. On Java, there are several dishes made from dog meat, such as sengsu (tongseng asu), sate jamu (lit. «medicinal satay»), and kambing balap (lit. «racing goat»). Asu is Javanese for «dog».

Dog consumption in Indonesia gained attention during the 2012 U.S. presidential election when incumbent Barack Obama was pointed out by his opponent to have eaten dog meat served by his Indonesian stepfather Lolo Soetoro when Obama was living in the country.[131] Obama wrote about his experience of eating dog in his book Dreams of My Father,[140] and at the 2012 White House Correspondents’ Dinner joked about eating dog.[141][142]

According to Lyn White of Animals Australia, the consumption of dog meat in Bali is not a long-held tradition. She said the meat first came from a Christian ethnic group coming to Bali, where a minority of the immigrants working in the hospitality industry have fuelled the trade.[143]

In June 2017, an investigative report discovered that tourists in Bali are unknowingly eating dog meat sold by street vendors.[144]

Japan[edit]

Although the vast majority of Japanese do not eat dog meat, it has been reported that more than 100 outlets in the country have been selling it imported, mainly to Zainichi Korean[145] customers.[146][147] In 675 AD, Emperor Tenmu decreed a prohibition on its consumption during the 4th through 9th months of the year. According to Meisan Shojiki Ōrai (名産諸色往来) published in 1760, the meat of wild dog was sold along with boar, deer, fox, wolf, bear, raccoon dog, otter, weasel and cat in some regions of Edo.[148]

Mainland China[edit]

Dogs being butchered in Guangdong, China

A platter of cooked dog meat in Guilin, China

Estimates for total dog killings in China range from 10 to 20 million dogs annually, for purposes of human consumption.[149] However, estimates such as these are not official and are derived from extrapolating industry reports on meat tonnage to an estimate of dogs killed.[150]

Consuming dog meat is legal in mainland China except for the city of Shenzhen,[68] and the Chinese Ministry of Agriculture has never issued quarantine procedures for slaughtering dogs.[151][152] In 2020, the commercial slaughter and sale of dogs was banned in all of China.[67]

The eating of dog meat in China dates back to around 500 BCE, and possibly even earlier. It has been suggested that wolves in southern China may have been domesticated as a source of meat.[153] Mencius (372–289 BCE) talked about dog meat as being an edible, dietary meat.[154] It was reported in the early 2000s that the meat was thought to have medicinal properties, and had been popular in northern China during the winter, as it was believed to raise body temperature after consumption and promote warmth.[155][156] Historical records have shown how in times of food scarcities (as in wartime situations), dogs could also be eaten as an emergency food source.[157]

In modern times, the extent of dog consumption in China varies by region. Generally, it is most prevalent in some of the southern provinces, especially in Canton, Guangxi, Yunnan, Sichuan, Hubei and Anhui, as well as a few of the northern provinces such as Henan, Shandong and Jilin.[158] It was reportedly common in 2010 to find dog meat served in restaurants in Southern China, where dogs are reared on farms for consumption.[159] In 2012, Chinese netizens and the Chinese police intercepted trucks transporting caged dogs to be slaughtered in localities such as Chongqing and Kunming.[160]

Prepared and cooked dog ready for purchase

Since 2009,[161] Yulin, Guangxi, has held an annual festival of eating dog meat (purportedly a celebration of the summer solstice). In 2014, the municipal government published a statement distancing itself from the festival, saying it was not a cultural tradition, but rather a commercial event held by restaurants and the public.[162] The festival in 2011 spanned 10 days, during which 15,000 dogs were consumed.[163] Estimates of the number of dogs eaten in 2015 for the festival ranged from as high as 10,000[164][165] to lower than 1,000 amid growing pressure at home and abroad to end it.[166][167] Festival organizers state that only dogs bred specifically for consumption are used, while objectors say that some of the dogs purchased for slaughter and consumption are strays or stolen pets.[168][169] Some of the dogs at the festival are alleged to have been burnt or boiled alive[170] or beaten out of the belief that increased adrenaline circulating in the dog’s body adds to the flavor of the meat.[164][168] Other reports, however, state that there have been little evidence of those practices since 2015.[167][166]

Prior to the 2014 festival, eight dogs (and their two cages) sold for 1,150 yuan ($185) and six puppies for 1,200 yuan.[171] Prior to the 2015 festival, a protester bought 100 dogs for 7,000 yuan ($1,100; £710).[165] The animal rights NGO Best Volunteer Centre commented that the city had more than 100 slaughterhouses, processing between 30 and 100 dogs a day. The Yulin Centre for Animal Disease Control and Prevention states the city has only eight dog slaughterhouses selling approximately 200 dogs, and this increases to about 2,000 dogs during the Yulin festival.[172] There have been several campaigns to stop the festival, with the first one reportedly having started among locals in China.[167] In 2016, a petition calling for an end to the festival garnered 11 million signatures in the country.[173] More than 3 million people have also signed petitions against it on Weibo (China’s equivalent of Twitter).[164] Prior to the 2014 festival, doctors and nurses were ordered not to eat dog meat there, and local restaurants serving dog meat were ordered to cover the word «dog» on their signs and notices.[162] Reports in 2014 and 2016 have also suggested that the majority of Chinese on and offline disapprove of the festival.[174][175][176]

The movement against the consumption of cat and dog meat was given added impetus by the formation of the Chinese Companion Animal Protection Network (CCAPN). Having expanded to more than 40 member societies, CCAPN began organizing protests against eating dog and cat meat in 2006, starting in Guangzhou and continuing in more than ten other cities following a positive response from the public.[177] Before the 2008 Beijing Olympics, officials ordered dog meat to be taken off the menu at its 112 official Olympic restaurants to avoid offending visitors from various nations where the consumption of dog meat is taboo.[178] In 2010, draft legislation was proposed to prohibit the consumption of dog meat.[179] In 2010, the first draft proposal of it was introduced, with the rationale to protect animals from maltreatment. The legislation included a measure to jail people for up to 15 days for eating dog meat,[180] but there were few expectations for it to be enforced.[179]

Decline[edit]

As of the early 21st century, dog meat consumption in China is declining.[181] In 2014, dog meat sales decreased by a third compared to 2013.[182] It was reported that in 2015, one of the most popular restaurants in Guangzhou serving dog meat was closed after the local government tightened regulations; the restaurant had served dog meat dishes since 1963. Other restaurants that served dog and cat meat in the Yuancun and Panyu districts also stopped serving these dishes in 2015.[183] Close to 9 million Chinese in 2016 also voted online for proposed legislation to end the consumption of dog and cat meat, but the legislation was not taken forward.[166][184]

In April 2020, Shenzhen became the first Chinese city to ban consumption and production of dog and cat meat.[185] This came as part of a wider clampdown on the wildlife trade which was thought to be linked to COVID-19 outbreak. Citing examples of Hong Kong and Taiwan, the Shenzhen city government said, «Banning the consumption of dogs and cats and other pets is a common practice in developed countries … This ban also responds to the demand and spirit of human civilization».[186] The city of Zhuhai followed suit in the same month with a similar ban.[187] These decisions were applauded by animal welfare groups such as Humane Society International.[187][188]

In the same month, the Chinese Ministry of Agriculture said it considers dogs as «companion animals», not as livestock.[189][190]

Malaysia[edit]

The consumption of dog meat is legal in Malaysia. The issue was brought to light in 2013 after the Malaysian Independent Animal Rescue group received a report alleging that a restaurant in Kampung Melayu, Subang had dogs caged and tortured before slaughtering them for their meat.[191]

North Korea[edit]

A wall painting in the Goguryeo tombs complex in South Hwangghae Province, a World Heritage Site which dates from the 4th century AD, depicts a slaughtered dog in a storehouse. The Balhae people also enjoyed dog meat, and the modern-day tradition of canine cuisine seems to have come from that era.[192]

Daily NK reported that in early 2010, the North Korean government included dog meat in its list of one hundred fixed prices, setting a fixed price of 500 won per kilogram.[193]

South Korea[edit]

Gaegogi (개고기) literally means «dog meat» in Korean. The term itself is often mistaken as the term for Korean soup made from dog meat, which is actually called bosintang (보신탕; 補身湯, Body nourishing soup) (sometimes spelled «bo-shintang»).

Estimates of the number of animals consumed vary widely. The Humane Society International has estimated that 2 million[194] or possibly more than 2.5 million dogs are reared on «dog meat farms» in South Korea (though, this number includes puppy mills for the pet industry).[195][196] According to the Korea Animal Rights Advocates (KARA), approximately 780,000 to 1 million dogs are consumed per year in South Korea.[197] However, these numbers have been critiqued as not being based on actual data and having no scientific basis.[198]

Estimates of dog meat consumption is much lower when accounting for actual sales. In 2017 the Moran Market, which occupied 30–40% of dog meat market in the nation,[199] reported sales of about 20,000 dogs per year.[200] Numbers have further declined from these 2017 estimates and all the major markets have shutdown, including Moran Market.[201] According to the Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, approximately 200 dog farms have been reported to be operating; though, the supply to the dog meat market is unclear as these farms also supply the pet industry.[202]

In 2022, the Ministry for Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries of South Korea published a first official report called «Edible dog breeding and distribution survey». According to the report, as of February 2022, 521,121 dogs are reared in 1,156 dog meat farms and 388,000 dogs are consumed in 1,666 restaurants per year.[203]

Over the past 50 years, dog meat consumption has been declining as more people have been adopting dogs as pets. In a 2020 survey, 84% of the Korean population reported never having consumed dog meat nor having plans to ever do so.[204]

Dog meat is consumed by an estimated 3.9% of the population based on a 2018 survey.[205] The most popular dish is the soup «boshingtang», a spicy stew meant to balance the body’s heat during the summer months. Eating hot soups during the summer is thought to ensure good health by balancing one’s «qi», the believed vital energy of the body. Dog meat is believed by some to increase the body temperature, to induce sweating to keep one cool during the summer (the way of dealing with heat is called heal heat with heat (이열치열, 以熱治熱, i-yeol-chi-yeol)). A 19th-century version of gaejang-guk explains the preparation of the dish by boiling dog meat with vegetables such as green onions and chili pepper powder. Variations of the dish contain chicken and bamboo shoots.[206]

The sale of dog meat is illegal, but slaughter and consumption is legal.[207] However, ‘brutal’ slaughters of any animals is prohibited by the Animal Protection Law (동물보호법), and some people were fined for slaughter of dogs by this law.[208] The sale is disallowed because South Korean Food Sanitary Law (식품위생법) does not include dog meat as a legal food ingredient. The Ministry of Food and Drug Safety recognizes any edible product other than drugs as food.[209] In the capital city of Seoul, the sale of dog meat was outlawed by regulation on 21 February 1984, by classifying dog meat as «repugnant food» (혐오식품, 嫌惡食品, hyeom-o sigpum), but the regulation was not rigorously enforced except during the 1988 Seoul Olympics. In 2001, the Mayor of Seoul announced there would be no extra enforcement efforts to control the sale of dog meat during the 2002 FIFA World Cup, which was partially hosted in Seoul. On 21 November 2018, the South Korean government closed the Taepyeong-dong complex in Seongnam, which served as the country’s main dog slaughterhouse.[210][211]

The primary dog breed raised for meat is a non-specific landrace, whose dogs are commonly named as Nureongi (누렁이) or Hwangu (황구).[212][213] Nureongi are not the only type of dog currently slaughtered for their meat in South Korea. In 2015, The Korea Observer reported that many different pet breeds of dog are eaten in South Korea, including labradors, retrievers and cocker spaniels, and that the dogs slaughtered for their meat often include former pets.[214] Some of them have reportedly been stolen from family homes.[215] This is the saddest part for all dog lovers in Korea, because official records show they are the oldest Korean dog breed, dating back to the first century AD. [216]

There is some vocal group of Koreans (consisting of a number of animal welfare groups) who oppose the practice of eating dog meat. Some Koreans do not eat the meat, but feel that it is the right of others to do so.[217] A group of activists attempted to promote and publicize the consumption of dog meat worldwide during the run-up to the 2002 FIFA World Cup, co-hosted by Japan and South Korea, which prompted retaliation from animal rights campaigners and prominent figures such as Brigitte Bardot to denounce the practice.[218] Opponents of dog meat consumption in South Korea are critical of the eating of dog meat, as some dogs are beaten, burnt or hanged to make their meat more tender.[219][220] In more recent decades, such practices are being prosecuted by law.[221][222]

Amidst the decline in dog meat consumption in contemporary Korea, a vocal group in Korea has critiqued the international outcry toward dog meat consumption as being hypocritical.[223] International animal rights activists have noted the hypocrisy, as well, given the horrific conditions under which factory farmed animals are raised in the West.[224] Some Korean citizens, as well as members of the international community, have pointed out that the nations from which most of the outcry has emerged have the highest per capita meat consumption on the planet, several-fold higher than that of South Korea.[225][226][227]

Philippines[edit]

The European Society of Dog and Animal Welfare estimates that half a million dogs are slaughtered for food each year in the Philippines.[228]

In the capital city of Manila, Metro Manila Commission Ordinance 82-05 specifically prohibits the killing and selling of dogs for food.[229] More generally, the Philippine Animal Welfare Act 1998[230] prohibits the killing of any animal other than cattle, pigs, goats, sheep, poultry, rabbits, carabaos, horses, deer, and crocodiles–with exemptions for religious, cultural, research, public safety, and/or animal health reasons. Nevertheless, the consumption of dog meat is not uncommon in the Philippines, reflected in the occasional coverage in Philippine newspapers.[231] Philippine news outlets ABS-CBN and SunStar stated in 2012 and 2017 that Korean nationals in Baguio had been playing a role in the city’s dog meat trade.[232][233]

According to the Animal Welfare Institute, stray dogs, with many of them having been people’s pets, have been rounded up off the street for the dog meat trade and shipped to the Benguet province without food or water while steel cans are forced onto their noses and their legs are tied behind their backs. Nearly half the dogs reportedly die before reaching their final destination. They are usually then killed via clubbing or having their throats cut, after which their fur is scorched off with a blow-torch and their bodies are dismembered.[234] According to a 2007 book co-authored by Temple Grandin, dogs and other animals in some rural Philippine areas could risk getting beaten before slaughter, out of the belief it would create better meat.[235]

Asocena is a dish primarily consisting of dog meat originating from the Philippines. The province of Benguet specifically allows cultural use of dog meat by indigenous people and acknowledges this might lead to limited commercial use.[236]

In the early 1980s, there was an international outcry about dog meat consumption in the Philippines after newspapers published photos of Margaret Thatcher, then British prime minister, with a dog carcass hanging beside her on a market stall. The British Government discussed withdrawing foreign aid and other countries, such as Australia, considered similar action. To avoid such action, the Filipino government banned the sale of dog meat. Dog meat was then the third most consumed meat, behind pork and goat and ahead of beef.[237]

Singapore[edit]

The sale of dog meat is banned in Singapore.[238][better source needed]

Taiwan[edit]

In 2001, the Taiwanese government imposed a ban on the sale of dog meat, due to both pressure from domestic animal welfare groups and a desire to improve international perceptions, and there were some protests.[239] In 2007, another law was passed, significantly increasing the fines to sellers of the meat.[240] According to The Daily Meal in 2014, dog meat remained popular in Taiwan despite the laws, especially at smaller towns and villages.[241] Animal rights activists have accused the Taiwanese government of not prosecuting those who continue to slaughter and serve dog meat at restaurants.

In April 2017, Taiwan became the first country in East Asia to officially ban the consumption of dog and cat meat as well as jail time for those who torture and kill animals. The Animal Protection Act amendments approved by the Legislative Yuan aims to punish the sale, purchase or consumption of dog or cat meat with fines ranging from NT$50,000 to NT$2 million. The amendments also stiffen punishment for those who intentionally harm animals to a maximum two years’ imprisonment and fines of NT$200,000 to NT$2 million.[242]

In October 2017, Taiwan’s national legislature, known as Legislative Yuan, passed amendments to the country’s Animal Protection Act which «bans the sale and consumption of dog and cat meat and of any food products that contain the meat or other parts of these animals.»[243]

Timor-Leste[edit]

Indonesian in Balibo barbecuing a dog

Dog meat is a delicacy popular in Timor-Leste.[244]

Thailand[edit]

There used to be a small regional culture of eating dog meat, as well as a trade of dogs for consumption and transporting them to nearby Vietnam where dog meat consumption was more common.[245] In 2014, Thailand passed the Prevention of Animal Cruelty and Provision of Animal Welfare Act which, among other provisions, made it illegal to trade in or consume dog meat.[246] As of 2016, the trade to Vietnam has continued, with CNN reporting that broken bones and crushed skulls have been a common injury for the smuggled dogs.[247]

Uzbekistan[edit]

Dog meat has sometimes been used in Uzbekistan in the belief that it has medicinal properties.[248][249][250][251]

Vietnam[edit]

Dog meat in Hanoi, Vietnam

A dog meat platter found in a street market a few kilometres east of Hanoi, Vietnam

Dog meat in Hanoi, Vietnam

Around five million dogs are slaughtered in Vietnam every year, making the country the second-biggest consumer of dog meat in the world after China.[252] The consumption has been criticized by many in Vietnam and around the world as most of the dogs are pets stolen and killed in brutal ways, usually by being bludgeoned, stabbed, burned alive, or having their throat slit.[253] Vietnam does not have strong regulations to stop the practice. Dog thieves are rarely punished, and neither are the people who buy and sell stolen meat. Dog meat is particularly popular in the urban areas of the north, and can be found in special restaurants which specifically serve dog meat.[149][254]

A 2013 survey on VietNamNet, with a participation of more than 3,000 readers, showed that the majority of people, at 80%, supported eating dog meat. Up to 66 percent of the readers said that dog meat is nutritious and has been a traditional food for a very long time. Some 13% said eating dog meat is okay but dog slaughtering must be strictly controlled in order to avoid embarrassing images.[255]

Dog meat is believed to bring good fortune in Vietnamese culture.[256] It is seen as being comparable in consumption to chicken or pork.[257] In urban areas, there are neighbourhoods that contain many dog meat restaurants. For example, on Nhat Tan Street, Tây Hồ District, Hanoi, many restaurants serve dog meat. Groups of customers, usually male, seated on mats, will spend their evenings sharing plates of dog meat and drinking alcohol. The consumption of dog meat can be part of a ritual usually occurring toward the end of the lunar month for reasons of astrology and luck. Restaurants which mainly exist to serve dog meat may only open for the last half of the lunar month.[257] Dog meat is also believed to raise men’s libido.[257][258] There used to be a large smuggling trade from Thailand to export dogs to Vietnam for human consumption.[259] A concerted campaign between 2007 and 2014 by animal activists in Thailand, led by the Soi Dog Foundation, convinced authorities in both Thailand and Vietnam that the dog meat trade was a hindrance to efforts to tackle rabies in Southeast Asia. In 2014, Thailand introduced a new law against animal cruelty, which greatly increased penalties faced by dog smugglers. The trade had significantly diminished.[260]

In 2009, dog meat was found to be a main carrier of the Vibrio cholerae bacterium, which caused the summer epidemic of cholera in northern Vietnam.[261][262]

Prior to 2014, more than 5 million dogs were killed for meat every year in Vietnam according to the Asia Canine Protection Alliance. There are indications that the desire to eat dog meat in Vietnam is waning.[181] Part of the decline is thought to be due to an increased number of Vietnamese people keeping dogs as pets, as their incomes have risen in the past few decades.

[People] used to raise dogs to guard the house, and when they needed the meat, they ate it. Now they keep dog as pets, imported from China, Japan, and other countries. One pet dog might cost hundreds of millions of dong [100 million dong is $4,677].[181]

In 2018, officials in the city of Hanoi urged citizens to stop eating dog and cat meat, citing concerns about the cruel methods with which the animals are slaughtered and the diseases this practice propagates, including rabies and leptospirosis. The primary reason for this exhortation seems to be a fear that the practice of dog and cat consumption, most of which are stolen household pets, could tarnish the city’s image as a “civilised and modern capital”.[263]

Europe[edit]

Austria[edit]

Section 6, Paragraph 2 of the law for the protection of animals prohibits the killing of dogs and cats for purposes of consumption as food or for other products.[264]

Switzerland[edit]

In 2012, the Swiss newspaper Tages-Anzeiger reported that dogs, as well as cats, are eaten regularly by a few farmers in rural areas.[265][266][267] Commercial slaughter and sale of dog meat is banned, but farmers are allowed to slaughter dogs for personal consumption.

In his 1979 book Unmentionable Cuisine, Calvin Schwabe described a Swiss dog meat recipe, gedörrtes Hundefleisch, served as paper-thin slices, as well as smoked dog ham, Hundeschinken, which is prepared by salting and drying raw dog meat.[268]

It is illegal in Switzerland to commercially produce food made from dog meat.[269]

United Kingdom[edit]

Although the commercial trade of dog meat is illegal, it is still currently legal in the United Kingdom to consume dog meat.[270]

France[edit]

In France, butcher shops selling dog meat were open all around the country until c. 1910.[citation needed]

In his poem «Alcools,» Guillaume Apollinaire mentions a butcher who sells dog meat.[271]

Oceania[edit]

Australia[edit]

Each Australian state or territory has its own regulation, but all have laws either making it illegal to eat dog meat or to kill a dog for consumption. It is also prohibited to sell dog meat based on meat processing standards and codes.[272]

Tonga[edit]

The consumption of domestic dog meat is commonplace in Tonga, and has also been noted in expatriate Tongan communities in New Zealand, Australia, and the United States.[273][274]

Other dog products[edit]

Central Asia[edit]

According to Eurasianet, dog fat is seen as a well-established would-be treatment for tuberculosis in parts of Central Asia.[275] The fat has reportedly been used as a folk remedy for COVID-19 in Uzbekistan[276] and Kyrgyzstan.[275]

Poland[edit]

Eating dog meat is taboo in Polish culture. However, since the 16th century, fat from various animals, including dogs, was used as part of folk medicine, and since the 18th century dog fat has had a reputation as being beneficial for the lungs. According to Polityka magazine, the main producers of dog fat in 19th- and early 20th-century Poland were Gypsies.[277] While making lard, or smalec, out of dogs’ fat is currently discouraged in the country,[278] this practice continues in some rural areas, especially Lesser Poland.[279][280]

In 2009, Polish prosecutors reportedly found that a farm near Częstochowa was overfeeding dogs to be rendered down into lard.[281][278] According to Grażyna Zawada, from Gazeta Wyborcza, there were farms in Częstochowa, Kłobuck, and in the Radom area, and in the decade from 2000 to 2010 six people producing dog lard were found guilty of breaching animal welfare laws and sentenced to jail.[277][failed verification] However, the Krakow Post reported that a man who had admitted to stealing and killing dogs for lard in 2009 at Wieliczka was found not guilty of any crimes by the court, who ruled that the dogs had been slaughtered humanely for culinary purposes.[282] As of 2014, there have been new cases prosecuted.[283][failed verification]

South Korea[edit]

Gaesoju (개소주; 개燒酒) also known as dog wine, is a mixed drink containing dog meat and other Chinese medicine ingredients such as ginger, chestnut, and jujube to act primarily as a powerful sex drive booster for men, though it is also used to get rid of colds.

It is produced by putting a slaughtered dog into a chicken plucker to remove the fur before being placed into a pressure cooker between 6–19 hours with herbs until it is a dark liquid and bottled as a drink. Women in South Korea produce homemade gaesoju for their husbands as a bedroom gift, or they purchase commercial gaesoju from special markets.

In terms of popularity, there is a South Korean song which mentions a wife turning a dog into gaesoju for her husband[284] and popularity of Gaesoju as a sex tonic is rising compared to dog meat sales.[285]

Dog breeds used for meat[edit]

The Nureongi in Korea is most often used as a livestock dog, raised for its meat, and not commonly kept as pets.[286][287] In 2015, The Korea Observer reported that many different pet breeds of dog are eaten in South Korea, including Labrador retrievers and Cocker Spaniels, and that the dogs slaughtered for their meat may include former pets.[214]

The Tosa, or Japanese Fighting Dog is replacing older breeds or mutts in South Korea. The Tosa is not commonly a pet and is banned in multiple countries; it is also very lean with a little bit of fat, making it perfect for meat production. Currently only Government-Approved dog farms in Korea raise Tosa for meat.[288]

The Dabengou translated as “Big Dumb Dog” is the most used dog in dog meat farms in China. They are mutts produced by breeding St. Bernard dogs from Russia or Kazakhstan with local Chinese dogs. This produces a “beef” like texture of fat and lean, allowing the dog meat to be made into more tender dishes like burgers, sausages or steaks. They also produce larger amounts of pups, weigh over 200 pounds, grow up faster and are immune to most dog diseases. A single St. Bernard from a premium Chinese breeding farm can range from $3000–4000 since it is desired so much to produce larger mutts.[289]

The Chow Chow was also known as “Chinese Edible-Dog” because after the Han dynasty collapsed, they were fattened and bred with Chinese breeds for meat. Today Chinese dog farms still raise Chow Chow for the purpose of eating, black skinned ones are valued due to their taste when fried while yellow are typically turned into stews.[290]

The Xoloitzcuintli, or Mexican hairless dog, is one of several breeds of hairless dog and has been used as a historical source of food for the Aztec Empire.[12]

The extinct Hawaiian Poi Dog and Polynesian Dog were breeds of pariah dog used by Native Hawaiians as a spiritual protector of children and as a source of food.[23][24]

The extinct Tahitian Dog was a food source, and served by high ranking chiefs to the early European explorers who visited the islands. Captain James Cook and his crew developed a taste for the dog, with Cook noting, «For tame Animals they have Hogs, Fowls, and Dogs, the latter of which we learned to Eat from them, and few were there of us but what allow’d that a South Sea dog was next to an English Lamb.»[291][292][293]

See also[edit]

  • Canine butcher
  • Carnism
  • Cat meat
  • Cow meat
  • Pig meat
  • Speciesism
  • Seal meat
  • Taboo food and drink
  • Wolf meat

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  292. ^ Heringman, Noah (4 April 2013). Sciences of Antiquity: Romantic Antiquarianism, Natural History, and Knowledge Work. Oxford University Press. p. 73. ISBN 9780191626067. Retrieved 15 March 2017.
  293. ^ Holland, Leandra Zim (22 January 2004). Feasting and Fasting with Lewis & Clark: A Food and Social History of the Early 1800s. Emigrant, Montana: Old Yellowstone Publishing, Sweetgrass Books. p. 189. ISBN 9781591520078.

Further reading[edit]

  • Barr, James, Capt. (1836). Correct And Authentic Narrative of the Florida War with a Description of MAJ. Dade’s Massacre, and an Account of the Extreme Suffering, For Want of Provisions of the Army-Having Been Obliged to Eat Horses’ and Dogs’ Flesh, etc. New York: J. Narine, Printer, 11 Wall St.
  • Kim, Rakhyun E. (2008). «Dog Meat in Korea: A Socio-Legal Challenge» (PDF). Animal Law Review. 14 (2): 201–236. SSRN 1325574. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 July 2011.
  • Yong-Geun Ann, Ph.D. Dog Meat (in Korean and English). Hyoil Book Publishing Company. Archived from the original on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 18 September 2009. (contains some recipes)
  • Dressler, Uwe; Alexander Neumeister (1 May 2003). Der Kalte Hund (in German). Dresden: IBIS-Ed. ISBN 978-3-8330-0650-0.
  • Sandburg, Carl. (1970). Abraham Lincoln, The Prairie Years and The War Years. Illustrated Edition. The Reader’s Digest Association, Pleasantville, New York; The Reader’s Digest Association LTD, Montreal, Canada.
  • Zawada, Grazyna (28 October 2010). «Szesc psow w sloiku». Gazeta Wyborcza (in Polish). Retrieved 26 March 2014.
  • Aisin Gioro, Ulhicun; Jin, Shi. «Manchuria from the Fall of the Yuan to the rise of the Manchu State (1368-1636)» (PDF). Retrieved 10 March 2014.

External links[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dog meat.

Источник

dogfood

(redirected from dog food)
Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Acronyms, Encyclopedia, Wikipedia.

dogfood

1. To use the product(s) one’s company produces or develops as a means of demonstrating or validating its quality, capabilities, or superiority to other brands. Used primarily in reference to software industries, the phrase is thought to have originated with advertisements for Alpo dog food in the 1980s, in which actor Lorne Green promoted the product by pointing out that he fed it to his own dogs. The company sent out a memo to all of its employees telling them to dogfood their new operating system to demonstrate its speed and ease of use to the public. The company has a strict policy of dogfooding their website’s own messenger system rather than traditional email, much to the consternation of some employees.

2. By extension, to use software one’s company is developing—usually in its beta form—so as to test it for flaws and ensure its ease of use by end users before it is released. We didn’t have time to dogfood the new operating system before its release, so I’m worried it may still have a lot of glitches that haven’t been accounted for yet.

eat (one’s) own dog food

1. To use the product(s) one’s company produces or develops as a means of demonstrating or validating its quality, capabilities, or superiority to other brands. Used primarily in reference to software industries, the phrase is thought to have originated with advertisements for Alpo dog food in the 1980s, in which actor Lorne Green promoted the product by pointing out that he fed it to his own dogs. The company sent out a memo to all of its employees telling them to eat their own dog food to demonstrate their new operating system’s speed and ease of use.

2. By extension, to use software one’s company is developing—usually in its beta form—so as to test it for flaws and ensure its ease of use by end users before it is released. We didn’t have time to eat our own dog food before the new operating system’s release, so I’m worried it may still have a lot of glitches that haven’t been accounted for yet.

Farlex Dictionary of Idioms. © 2022 Farlex, Inc, all rights reserved.

See also:

  • eat (one’s) own dog food
  • arms race
  • put a (good) word in (for one)
  • put in a (good) word (for one)
  • put in a good word
  • put in a good word for someone/something, to
  • put in a word
  • How bout them apples?
  • How ’bout them apples?
  • how do you like them apples

Источник

Настало время перечислить английские слова на тему еда и напитки на одной странице, чтобы вам было проще изучать лексику, связанную с приёмом пищи на английском языке.

Все слова для удобства поделены на тематические категории. Также среди текста вы найдёте видео по теме — визуальные словари, с помощью которых можно изучать новые слова.

Это очень большая статья, поэтому, чтобы не заблудиться в ней, воспользуйтесь содержанием.

Приёмы пищи и типы блюд

meal [miːl] — приём пищи;

appetizer [‘æpɪtaɪzə] — закуска (блюдо, которое подают перед горячими блюдами);

breakfast [‘brekfəst] — завтрак;

lunch [lʌnʧ] — обед/лёгкая закуска;

dinner [‘dɪnə] — обед (главный приём пищи в течение дня, часто вечером);

supper [‘sʌpə] — ужин;

dessert [dɪ’zɜːt] — десерт;

main course — основное блюдо.

Видео по теме:

Базовые блюда

breakfast cereal [‘brekfəst ‘sɪərɪəl] — хлопья на завтрак;

porridge [‘pɔrɪʤ] — каша;

salad [‘sæləd] — салат;

soup [suːp] — суп;

fish soup — рыбный суп;

mushroom soup — грибной суп;

creamy soup — суп-пюре;

broth [brɔθ] — бульон;

chicken broth — куриный бульон.

Фаст-фуд (fast-food)

sandwich [‘sænwɪʤ] — бутерброд, сэндвич;

hot dog — хот-дог;

hamburger [‘hæmˌbɜːgə] — гамбургер;

fried chicken — жареная курица;

french fries — картошка фри;

onion ring — луковое колечко;

chicken nugget — наггетс;

pizza [‘piːtsə] — пицца;

doner kebab [doʊnər kɪˈbɑːb] — турецкая шаурма;

taco [‘tækəu] — тако;

pita/pitta [‘pɪtə] — пита (хлебная лепешка).

Продукты

egg [eg] — яйцо;

flour [‘flauə] — мука;

dough [dəu] — тесто;

mushroom [‘mʌʃrum] — гриб; шампиньон;

Мясо (meat)

poultry [‘pəultrɪ] — мясо домашней птицы;

chicken [‘ʧɪkɪn] — курица;

chicken breast — куриная грудка;

chicken drumstick — куриная ножка;

chicken wing — куриное крыло;

duck [dʌk] — утка;

turkey [‘tɜːkɪ] — индейка;

steak [steɪk] — кусок мяса (для жаренья); бифштекс;

minced meat — мясной фарш;

bacon [‘beɪk(ə)n] — бекон;

pork [pɔːk] — свинина;

minced pork — свиной фарш;

beef [biːf] — говядина;

ground beef — говяжий фарш;

spare ribs — ребрышки;

liver [‘lɪvə] — печень;

ham [hæm] — ветчина, окорок;

sausage [‘sɔsɪʤ] — колбаса, сосиска;

shashlik/kebab — шашлык;

minced meat patty — мясная котлета;

meatball [‘miːtbɔːl] — фрикаделька, тефтелька.

Морепродукты (seafood)

fish [fɪʃ] — рыба;

salmon [‘sæmən] — лосось; семга;

sturgeon [‘stɜːʤ(ə)n] — осетр;

carp [kɑːp] — карп;

herring [‘herɪŋ] — сельдь;

cod [kɔd] — треска;

plaice [pleɪs] — камбала;

trout [traut] — форель;

eel [iːl] — угорь;

tuna [‘tjuːnə] — тунец;

sardine [sɑː’diːn] — сардина;

salmon fillet — филе лосося;

smoked fish — копченая рыба;

canned sardines (sardines in a can) — консервированные сардины;

roe [rəu] — икра;

caviar [‘kævɪɑː] — икра (осетровая);

salmon roe — икра лосося;

shellfish [‘ʃelfɪʃ] — моллюск; ракообразное;

crab [kræb] — краб;

crayfish [‘kreɪfɪʃ] — речной рак;

shrimp [ʃrɪmp] — креветка;

prawn [prɔːn] — креветка;

lobster [‘lɔbstə] — омар;

mussel [‘mʌs(ə)l] — мидия (mussels — мидии);

oyster [‘ɔɪstə] — устрица;

squid [skwɪd] — кальмар;

octopus [‘ɔktəpəs] — осьминог;

seaweed [‘siːwiːd] — морская водоросль.

Молочные продукты (dairy products/dairy foods)

cream [kriːm] — сливки;

sour cream — сметана;

whipped cream — взбитые сливки;

yoghurt/yogurt [‘jɔgət] — йогурт;

butter [‘bʌtə] — масло;

margarine [ˌmɑːʤə’riːn] — маргарин;

cheese [ʧiːz] — сыр;

cream cheese — сливочный сыр;

cottage cheese — зернёный творог;

feta — фета;

Parmesan cheese — пармезан;

Mozzarella cheese — моцарелла;

ricotta cheese — рикотта;

Cheddar cheese — Чеддер;

Edam cheese — Эдам;

Swiss cheese — швейцарский сыр.

Злаки (grains)

wheat [(h)wiːt] — пшеница;

oats — овёс;

rye [raɪ] — рожь;

rice [raɪs] — рис;

buckwheat [‘bʌkwiːt] — гречка;

corn [kɔːn] (амер.)/maize [meɪz] (брит.) — кукуруза;

Legumes (бобовые)

beans [biːnz] — бобы, фасоль;

pea [piː] — горох (peas — мн. число);

lentil [‘lent(ə)l] — чечевица;

red lentils — красная чечевица;

chickpea [‘ʧɪkpiː] — нут.

Nuts (орехи)

almond [‘ɑːmənd] — миндаль;

peanut [‘piːnʌt] — арахис;

walnut [‘wɔːlnʌt] — грецкий орех;

cashew [‘kæʃuː] — кешью;

pistachios/pistachio nuts — фисташки.

Овощи

На эту тему мы уже составляли подробный словарь ранее, поэтому просто перейдите на страницу «Названия овощей на английском языке«.

Фрукты

Список фруктов и ягод на английском у нас уже тоже есть на отдельной странице, поэтому просто кликните по ссылке. Там вы найдете все интересующие слова по теме с транскрипцией и переводом.

Bread (хлеб)

white bread — белый хлеб;

wheat bread — пшеничный хлеб;

whole grain bread — цельнозерновой хлеб;

rye bread — ржаной хлеб;

french bread/ baguette [bæ’get] — багет (длинный белый батон);

bun [bʌn] — сдобная булочка;

bagel [‘beɪgəl] — рогалик; бублик;

pretzel — брецель;

breadsticks — хлебные палочки;

crispbread — хрустящий хлебец.

Больше информации можно найти в статье «Виды хлеба на английском«.

Desserts and Sweets (десерты и сладости)

dessert [dɪ’zɜːt] — десерт, сладкое;

sugar [‘ʃugə] — сахар;

brown sugar — коричневый сахар;

sugar lumps — кусковой сахар;

powdered sugar — сахарная пудра;

caramel [‘kærəm(ə)l] — карамель;

condensed milk — сгущеное молоко;

honey [‘hʌnɪ] — мед;

marmalade [‘mɑːm(ə)leɪd] — конфитюр;

pie [paɪ] — пирог;

cake [keɪk] — кекс; пирожное; торт;

chocolate cake — шоколадный торт;

cupcake [‘kʌpkeɪk] — (маленький) кекс;

cheesecake [‘ʧiːzkeɪk] — чизкейк;

chocolate [‘ʧɔklət] — шоколад;

brownie [‘braunɪ] — шоколадное пирожное с орехами;

waffle [‘wɔfl] — вафля;

pancake [‘pænkeɪk] — блин, оладья;

pudding [‘pudɪŋ] — пудинг;

gelatin / jello — желе;

pastry [‘peɪstrɪ] — выпечка;

donut/doughnut [‘dəunʌt] — пончик;

candy [‘kændɪ] — конфета;

lollipop [‘lɔlɪpɔp] — леденец на палочке;

cookie [‘kukɪ] — печенье;

granola bar — злаковый батончик;

nuts and honey bar — козинак;

swiss roll (брит.)/ jelly roll (амер.) — рулет;

croissant [‘krwɑːsɑːŋ] — круассан;

marshmallow [ˌmɑːʃ’mæləʊ] — зефир, пастила;

ice-cream [ˌaɪs’kriːm] — мороженное;

chocolate ice cream — шоколадное мороженное;

ice cream bar — эскимо;

popsicle / ice pop — фруктовый лёд;

ice cream cone — вафельный рожок;

popcorn [‘pɔpkɔːn] — попкорн;

cotton candy — сахарная вата;

gum / chewing gum / bubble gum [gʌm] — жевательная резинка.

Seasoning, herbs and spices (приправы, травы и специи)

salt [sɔːlt] — соль;

cilantro/coriander [ˌkɔrɪ’ændə] — кориандр;

artichoke [‘ɑːtɪʧəuk] — артишок;

rosemary [‘rəuzm(ə)rɪ] — розмарин;

bay leaf — лавровый лист;

mint leaf — лист мяты;

basil [‘bæzl] — базилик;

clove [kləuv] — гвоздика (cloves);

turmeric [‘tɜːm(ə)rɪk] — куркума;

ginger [‘ʤɪnʤə] — имбирь;

cinnamon [‘sɪnəmən] — корица;

sesame [‘sesəmɪ] — кунжут;

vanilla [və’nɪlə] — ваниль;

sauce [sɔːs] — соус;

oil [ɔɪl] — масло (растительное);

sunflower oil — подсолнечное масло;

olive oil — оливковое масло;

tomato paste — томатная паста;

ketchup [‘keʧʌp] — кетчуп;

mustard [‘mʌstəd] — горчица;

mayonnaise [ˌmeɪə’neɪz] — майонез;

Drinks (напитки)

water [‘wɔːtə] — вода;

tea [tiː] — чай;

coffee [‘kɔfɪ] — кофе;

juice [ʤuːs] — сок;

milk [mɪlk] — молоко;

milk powder/powdered milk — сухое молоко;

milkshake [‘mɪlkʃeɪk] — молочный коктейль;

lemonade [ˌlemə’neɪd] — лимонад;

soda [‘səudə] — содовая вода; газированная вода;

green tea — зелёный чай;

iced tea — холодный чай;

hot chocolate — горячий шоколад;

smoothie — смузи;

wine [waɪn] — вино;

beer [bɪə] — пиво.

Русская еда на английском

Названия традиционных русских блюд обычно звучат на английском так же (или примерно так же), как и на русском.

Olivier salad (Russian salad) — салат «Оливье»;

‘Herring under a fur coat’ — «Селёдка под шубой»

borsch / borscht — борщ;

blini (Russian pancakes) — блины;

salted herring — солёная селедка;

shashlik/shashlyik — шашлык;

pelmeni (Russian dumplings) — пельмени;

pirozhki (mini-pies) — пирожки;

medovik (honeycake) — медовик.

Национальная английская еда

В Великобритании есть свои традиционные блюда, которые подают во всех крупных заведениях страны. Они являются неотъемлемой частью национальной кухни.

Fish and Chips — блюдо, состоящее из рыбы, обжаренной во фритюре, и нарезанного крупными ломтиками картофеля фри.

Bangers and Mash — сосиски с картофельным пюре.

Full English Breakfast — полноценный английский завтрак, включающий в себя бекон, сосиски, яйца, запеченную фасоль, тосты, грибы, помидоры, картофельные оладьи и кровяные колбаски.

Sunday Roast — воскресный обед (блюдо из жареного мяса, жареного картофеля или картофельного пюре с гарниром).

Toad in the Hole — «жаба в норке», или «сосисочная жаба» (сосиски, запечённые в кляре для йоркширского пудинга);

Shepherd’s Pie/Cottage Pie — пастуший пирог (картофельная запеканка с фаршем);

Steak and Kidney Pie — пирог со стейком и почками.

Как приготовлена еда (список прилагательных)

boiled [bɔɪld] – варёный;

steamed – приготовленный на пару;

fried [fraɪd] – жареный;

sauteed — обжаренный в небольшом количестве масле на сильном огне;

stir-fried – жареный в раскалённом масле;

roasted – жареный в духовке;

grilled [grɪld] – жареный в духовке;

baked [beɪkt] – печёный, выпеченный;

stewed [stjuːd] – тушёный.

Как описать количество еды

a glass of orange juice — стакан апельсинового сока;

a cup of coffee — чашка кофе;

a piece of cheese — кусок сыра;

a piece of pie — кусок пирога;

a bottle of ketchup — бутылка кетчупа;

a carton of orange juice — упаковка апельсинового сока;

a can of peas — банка (жестяная) горошка;

a jar of jam — банка варенья;

a bowl of soup — чашка супа;

a slice of pizza — кусочек пиццы;

a bar of chocolate — плитка шоколада.

Рецепт еды на английском (пример)

В качестве примера приведём простенький рецепт блинов на английском. Слева перечислены ингредиенты, а справа описан процесс приготовления блюда по шагам.

Рецепт блинов на английском

Предложения на английском про еду

I like Indian cuisine. — Мне нравится индийская кухня (индийская еда).

Right now I’m really liking Mexican food. — Сейчас мне очень нравится мексиканская еда.

I really love Greek food. — Я очень люблю греческую кухню.

I like mum’s cooking because it’s delicious. — Мне нравится, что готовит мама, потому что это вкусно.

He eats a lot of unhealthy food. — Он ест много нездоровой пищи.

I hate hospital food. — Я ненавижу больничную еду.

When I’m busy with school, I usually end up eating fast food. — Когда я занят в школе, я обычно ем фастфуд.

I love any cake that’s made of chocolate. — Я люблю шоколадные торты.

Most fried foods are very greasy. Too much fried food is not good for your health. — Большинство жареных блюд очень жирные. Слишком много жареной пищи вредно для здоровья.

Предложения на английском про еду

Вопросы про еду на английском

What are the most common foods in your country? — Какие продукты/блюда наиболее распространены в вашей стране?

What is your favorite food? — Какое у тебя любимое блюдо?

What foods do you like best — fruits, vegetables, meat, fish or grains? — Какие продукты вы любите больше всего — фрукты, овощи, мясо, рыбу или злаки?

Are there any foods that you hate? If so, what? — Есть ли продукты/блюда, которые ты ненавидишь? Если да, то какие?

Are you a good cook? What’s your best dish? — Ты хорошо готовишь? Какое блюдо получается у тебя лучше всего?

Do you sometimes eat fast food? Why or why not? — Ты ешь фастфуд? Почему да или почему нет?

Are there any foods that you wouldn’t eat as a child that you eat now? — Есть ли какие-то продукты, которые ты не ел в детстве, но ешь сейчас?

Which countries do you think have the best food? What about the worst food? — Как ты думаешь, в каких странах лучшая еда? А как насчет худшей еды?

What time do you usually have lunch? — В какое время ты обычно обедаешь?

What do you usually have for lunch? — Что ты обычно ешь на обед?

What do you usually have for breakfast? — Что ты обычно ешь на завтрак?

Do you prefer to eat healthy or unhealthy food? — Ты предпочитаешь здоровую или нездоровую пищу?

Do you usually drink coffee in the morning? — Ты обычно пьёшь кофе по утрам?

Вопросы про еду на английском языке

Идиомы с едой

В английском есть множество идиом, в которых используются названия продуктов и еды. Мы составили большой список таких идиом. Переходите по ссылке и читайте.

Все идиомы с едой, или Очень вкусная статья

Источник

English can be a confusing language. The number of words in English is given at over 600 000 by the Oxford English Dictionary. This isn’t even counting the thousands of slang words which complicate the matter! When we take those into account, English gets very confusing indeed.

So what does it mean if someone calls you dog in English? Is it positive or negative? The answer is; it could be either! Like most things in English, context matters. Being called “dog”, “dawg”, or “doggy” can be a good thing, or it can be a bad thing. It all depends on the situation!

So let’s look at the slang usage for the word “dog” in English and discover the different ways it can be used.

The Bad

As you can probably imagine, there are many ways that calling someone a dog can be a bad thing. Someone usually uses this word to put someone down by comparing them to a dog.

This could be either comparing their looks or their behaviour to the animal.

Following is a list of uses for the word dog. Keep in mind that these are rude you don’t want to go around calling people a dog in these ways.

  • An ugly or unattractive woman.
    • Did you see that woman? What a dog!
  • Someone who is sexually aggressive or engages in many casual relationships.
    • Last night John was trying to get with every woman at the bar. He’s a dog!
  • Someone who is bad or morally reprehensible.
    • You low down dirty dog!
  • A movie that does poorly in theaters.
    • Have you seen The Call of the Wild? It was a total dog!

Most often, when the word dog is used negatively it is comparing someone directly to a dog. Of course, this is a negative usage for the word. There aren’t many people who would appreciate being compared to an animal, especially a dog. However, dog isn’t always meant to be a negative thing.

The Good

You can call a friend of yours “dog” in the same way that you can call them “dude”, “bro”, or “man”. When you say it in the same contexts as you would use those words, it isn’t a negative thing. It’s simply a different way to address your buddies! You sometimes see it written as “dawg”. Some people choose to say “doggy” as well.

You can see this usage in media or various forms from video games to TV shows.

In the popular 2004 video game Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas, during one of the opening scenes, a character in the game named Big Smoke refers to the main character Carl Johnson as his dog. Check it out below:

CJ enters his childhood home and shortly after is attacked by Big Smoke. When Big Smoke recognizes who came into the house, he stops his attack and greets CJ as a friend calling him “my dog”.

A similar example, this time from real life, comes from the TV show American Idol. A judge on the show, Randy Jackson, became notorious for calling the contestants “dawg”. Here’s a short clip from an interview he did with Oprah where he explains this term:

In the video, he explains that he grew up in a black community in the Southern United States. During his time there, he picked up many different slang words and phrases. One of them was “dog”.

Using dog as a positive word doesn’t carry any specific definition like it does when you use it as a negative word. It is just a general term of endearment used to refer to friends. Below you can find some other example sentences using dog in this way:

  • You sly dog!
  • He’s a lucky dog!
  • Let’s go grab some food, dog.
  • Hey dog, how’s it going?

Other phrases

There are some other slang phrases where the word “dog” makes an appearance.

Hair of the dog

This is a colloquial phrase that refers to drinking alcohol to cure a hangover. The entire phrase is “hair of the dog that bit you”.

The history of this phrase is interesting. It was originally used to refer to a folk remedy for rabies. The thought was that if you applied the hair of the dog that bit you onto your wound or if you drank a potion containing those hairs it would cure your rabies.

Similarly, the modern usage says that if you have a hangover you should drink more alcohol to cure it. The idea is that like cures like.

You probably shouldn’t try either of these remedies, especially if you actually have rabies, but the journey of this phrase through history is an interesting story!

  • Drank too much last night? You just need a little hair of the dog.

Underdog

Underdog can refer to a couple of things. You most commonly hear this term to refer to the person or team thought by others to be unlikely to win a competition.

In this usage, you are saying that the underdog’s chances to win are low.

  • The opposing team is the underdog for tonight’s match.

Another possible usage for the term is for an action someone can do while pushing another person on a swing set. You perform an underdog while pushing someone on a swing by running underneath them while they are at the highest point of the swing. Here’s a video of what that looks like:

Updog

What’s updog?

Nothing much, how about you?

Conclusion

And there you have it! There are a surprising amount of uses for the word “dog” in English.

From insults to terms of endearment, you can use this word in almost any way you want to depending on the context. So be careful if you decide to use it, you want to make sure the context is appropriate.

If someone calls you dog, hopefully you’ve found the knowledge to understand what they mean!

Источник

  • 1
    dog food

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > dog food

  • 2
    dog food

    Conversation vocabulary and slang. English-Russian dictionary > dog food

  • 3
    eat (one’s) own dog food

    Фразеологизм:

    тестирование бета программ

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > eat (one’s) own dog food

  • 4
    eat own dog food

    Фразеологизм: тестирование бета программ , пользоваться товарами или услугами, которые сам же производишь (оказываешь)

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > eat own dog food

  • 5
    kibble cat/dog food

    English-Russian dictionary of regional studies > kibble cat/dog food

  • 6
    dog

    сущ.

    See:

    3)

    ,

    амер.

    ,

    сленг

    нечто дешевое, низкого качества, не пользующееся спросом; дрянь, барахло ; халтура

    4)

    ,

    амер.

    ,

    сленг

    долговое обязательство

    5)

    ,

    амер.

    ,

    сленг

    сэндвич с сосиской

    6)

    ,

    амер.

    ,

    сленг

    ресторан, бар

    See:

    * * *

    «собака»: компания или продукт с плохими перспективами;

    cash cow;

    Англо-русский экономический словарь > dog

  • 7
    kibble cat food

    гранули́рованный корм для ко́шек

    The Americanisms. English-Russian dictionary. > kibble cat food

  • 8
    hot dog

    «хот-дог» (горячая сосиска)

    English-Russian dictionary of regional studies > hot dog

  • 9
    a sad dog

    1)

    уст.

    мрачный, угрюмый человек [шекспировское выражение, позднее переосмысленное;

    см.

    цитату]

    King Richard: «Thanks, noble peer; The cheapest of us is ten groats too dear. What art thou? and how comest thou hither. Where no man never comes, but that sad dog That brings me food to make misfortune live? » (W. Shakespeare, ‘King Richard II’, act V, sc. 5) — Король Ричард: «Привет вельможе! Мы вместе стоим фартинг, не дороже. Кто ты? Зачем ты здесь, куда приходит Лишь мрачный пес, который носит пищу, Чтобы мое несчастье жить могло.»

    2)

    шутл.

    весельчак, шутник; повеса, шалопай, кутила, беспутный малый;

    тж. a gay dog

    He was pleased that she should think he had been a sad dog, and he changed the conversation so as to make her believe he had all sorts of romantic things to conceal. (W. S. Maugham, ‘Of Human Bondage’, ch. 32) — Филипу было приятно, что она считает его повесой, и он перевел разговор на другую тему, как бы намекнув, что ему есть что скрывать.

    Large English-Russian phrasebook > a sad dog

  • 10
    swear by a hair of the dog

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > swear by a hair of the dog

  • 11
    junk food

    English-Russian dictionary of regional studies > junk food

  • 12
    toy

    tɔɪ
    1. сущ.
    1) забава, игрушка;
    безделушка, безделка to play with toys ≈ играть в игрушки toy car ≈ игрушечная машинка toy plane ≈ игрушечный самолетик toy train ≈ игрушечный поезд Computers have become household toys. ≈ Компьютеры стали домашним развлечением. educational toy mechanical toy musical toy Syn: plaything, trifle, trinket
    2) что-л. маленькое, кукольное
    2. прил.
    1) игрушечный, кукольный toy soldier ≈ оловянный солдатик;
    перен. солдат бездействующей армии
    2) комнатный, предназначенный для развлечений toy dog ≈ маленькая комнатная собачка toy fish ≈ рыбка для аквариума
    3) миниатюрный toy stove ≈ маленькая печка
    3. гл.
    1) забавляться, играть(ся)
    2) флиртовать Syn: flirt ∙ toy with
    игрушка (детская) — * shop магазин игрушек — * box коробка для игрушек что-л. напоминающее игрушку — the tug was a * beside the ship it guided буксир казался игрушечным рядом с судном, которое он тащил забава, развлечение — to make a * of smth. забавляться /увлекаться/ чем-л. беспомощный человек — he was a mere * in her hands он был игрушкой в ее руках — the wrecked sailors were but helpless *s in the raging ocean потерпевшие кораблекрушение моряки были абсолютно беспомощны в бушующем океане человек, с которым можно не считаться;
    ничтожество, слабак любовница;
    женщина для забав что-л. маленькое, кукольное, миниатюрное — a * of a church церквушка — a * of a dog собачонка (сленг) часы — * and tackle часики с цепочкой( шотландское) косынка, головной платок безделушка;
    пустяк pl чепуха, вздор, ерунда небылица, вымысел, плод фантазии безделица, (милый) пустячок( о литературном или музыкальном произведении, картине, речи и т. п.) (устаревшее) флирт, приятное времяпрепровождение игра игрушечный, кукольный — * dog собачка (игрушка) — * house кукольный домик — * monkey игрушечная обезьянка — * soldier оловянный солдатик;
    солдат бездействующий армии — * railway игрушечная железная дорога — * theatre кукольный театр, театр марионеток — to run a * car ездить на детском автомобиле комнатный;
    предназначенный для развлечений — * dog комнатная собачка — * poodle карликовый пудель — * fish рыбка для аквариума миниатюрный — * furniture миниатюрная мебель — * stove маленькая /миниатюрная/ печка маленький;
    ненастоящий;
    напоминающий что-л. большое — * army игрушечная армия — * Napoleon( жалкое) подобие Наполеона, маленький Наполеон (with) вертеть в руках — he *ed with a pencil он вертел в руках карандаш играть, баловаться — don’t * with the matches не балуйся со спичками несерьезно делать что-л. — he was not hungry and only *ed with his food он не был голоден и лениво ковырял еду /лениво ковырялся в своей тарелке/ играть, дурачиться, забавляться;
    несерьезно относиться — to * with an idea играть с мыслью — to * with a young girl’s affections играть чувствами девушки — to * with the muse пописывать — he is merely *ing with you он просто играет вами флиртовать
    ~ игрушка, забава;
    to make a toy (of smth.) забавляться (чем-л.)
    toy безделушка;
    пустяк ~ вертеть в руках (with) ~ играть, забавляться, несерьезно относиться ~ игрушка, забава;
    to make a toy (of smth.) забавляться (чем-л.) ~ (что-л.) маленькое, кукольное;
    a toy of a church церквушка ~ флиртовать ~ sl часы;
    toy and tackle часики с цепочкой
    ~ sl часы;
    toy and tackle часики с цепочкой
    ~ attr. игрушечный, кукольный;
    миниатюрный;
    toy dog маленькая комнатная собачка;
    toy fish рыбка для аквариума
    ~ attr. игрушечный, кукольный;
    миниатюрный;
    toy dog маленькая комнатная собачка;
    toy fish рыбка для аквариума
    ~ attr. игрушечный, кукольный;
    миниатюрный;
    toy dog маленькая комнатная собачка;
    toy fish рыбка для аквариума
    ~ (что-л.) маленькое, кукольное;
    a toy of a church церквушка
    ~ soldier оловянный солдатик;
    перен. солдат бездействующей армии

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > toy

  • 13
    keep

    1. I

    3) butter will keep масло и т. д. не испортится; chocolates that will keep шоколад, который может долго лежать

    4) the news will keep с этим сообщением и т. д. можно повременить; this information can’t keep эту информацию нельзя задерживать /нужно скорее опубликовать/; my revenge will keep отомстить я еще успею; it will keep! успеется!

    5) have a family to keep иметь на иждивении /содержать/ семью и т. д.

    2. II

    1) keep somewhere keep at home оставаться /сидеть/ дома, не выходить из дому; keep in some manner keep together держаться вместе, не разлучаться; let’s keep together or we shall lose each other давайте держаться вместе, а то мы потеряем друг друга; if all the cars keep together we shall be quite safe если все машины пойдут вместе, нам нечего бояться; they kept abreast они шли в одну шеренгу

    3. III

    1) keep smth. keep one’s old letters хранить старые письма и т. д.; this is [the place] where I keep my things вот где я держу свои вещи и т. д.; he can make money but he cannot keep it он умеет зарабатывать деньги, но не умеет их беречь

    2) keep smth. keep this book оставлять эту книгу и т. д. себе; since you have found this watch you may keep it раз вы нашли эти часы, то можете оставить их себе [навсегда]; you can keep the box, I don’t need it any longer мне больше не нужна эта коробка, оставьте ее себе; keep the change сдачи не надо, оставьте сдачу себе

    3) keep smth. keep the job не менять места работы, работать на том же месте; keep one’s seat /one’s place/ оставаться на месте, не вставать с места; keep one’s room не выходить из комнаты; keep one’s bed не вставать с постели: keep one’s feet удержаться на ногах, не упасть; keep the saddle удержаться в седле; keep one’s balance /one’s feet/ удерживать равновесие; keep the middle of the road держаться середины /идти по середине/ дороги и т. д.; keep one’s way идти своей дорогой, не сворачивать со своего пути; keep the speed идти с той же скоростью, не сбавлять или не увеличивать скорость; keep time отбивать такт; keep good time верно показывать время

    4) keep smth. keep one’s temper сохранять спокойствие и т. д., не терять спокойствия и т. д.; keep one’s head не терять головы; keep silence молчать, хранить молчание; keep one’s distance а) держаться на расстоянии; б) не допускать фамильярности

    5) keep smth. keep fruit сохранять фрукты и т. д., не давать фруктам и т. д. портиться; keep its shape сохранять /не терять/ форму и т. д., keep one’s figure сохранять фигуру; keep one’s looks не дурнеть, сохранять привлекательность; keep good health оставаться в добром здравии

    6) keep smb. what is keeping you? почему вы задерживаетесь /опаздываете/?; don’t let me keep you я не буду вас задерживать

    7) keep smth. keep a bridge защищать /удерживать/ мост и т. д.; keep the wicket защищать ворота , keep the goal стоять в воротах, защищать ворота

    8) keep smth. keep the rules соблюдать /не нарушать/ правила и т. д., придерживаться правил и т. д.; keep a treaty /an agreement/ выполнять /соблюдать/ условия договора; keep an appointment приходить на [деловое] свидание, приходить в назначенное время ; keep a date coll. приходить на свидание: keep one’s word keep a secret /one’s own counsel/ помалкивать, хранить тайну; can you keep a secret? вы умеете молчать /держать язык за зубами/?; keep faith сохранять верность; keep peace сохранять /поддерживать/ мир; keep regular hours ложиться спать и вставать в одно и то же время, вести размеренную жизнь; keep late hours не ложиться /сидеть, работать/ допоздна; keep early hours рано ложиться и рано вставать; we keep late hours in this office в нашем учреждении рабочий день кончается поздно; keep one’s birthday отмечать /праздновать/ день рождения и т. д.; keep a fast соблюдать пост и т. д., keep a ceremony отправлять /совершать/ обряд

    9) keep smb. keep a family обеспечивать /содержать/ семью и т. д.; at his age he ought to be able to keep himself в его возрасте пора бы самому зарабатывать на жизнь; he doesn’t earn enough to keep himself он себя не может прокормить

    10) keep smth., smb. keep a car иметь машину и т. д.; keep an inn держать небольшую гостиницу и т. д.; he kept a bar у неге был бар, он был хозяином бара; keep chickens держать /разводить/ цыплят и т. д.; keep a cook держать повара и т. д.; keep boarders держать постояльцев; keep lodgers пускать жильцов; she keeps my dog when I am away я оставляю у нее свою собаку /она смотрит за моей собакой/, когда уезжаю; keep good company водиться / дружить/ с хорошей и т. д. компанией /с хорошими и т. д. людьми/

    11) keep smth. keep butter иметь [в продаже] масло и т. д., торговать маслом и т. д., this shop keeps everything you need в этом магазине есть [в продаже] все, что вам нужно и т. д., keep a stock of machine parts иметь на складе или в ассортименте запас деталей машин и т. д.; do you sell buttons? — I am sorry, but we do not keep them у вас продаются пуговицы? — Нет, у нас их в продаже не бывает

    12) keep smth. keep a diary вести дневник и т. д.; keep house вести хозяйство; keep watch дежурить, стоять на часах

    4. IV

    1) keep smth. in some manner keep one’s papers together держать свой документы и т. д. в одном месте; I wish you learnt to keep your things together and not leave them all over the house когда же ты научишься держать свой вещи в одном месте и не разбрасывать их по всему дому?

    2) keep smb., smth. somewhere keep the children at home держать детей и т. д. дома и т. д., не выпускать детей и т. д. из дому и т. д.; the cold weather kept us indoors мы сидели дома /не выходили из дому/ из-за холодной погоды; keep smb., smth. in some manner keep these birds apart держать этих птиц и т. д. отдельно [друг от друга] и т. д., не держать этих птиц и т. д. в одном месте /вместе/; soldiers kept five abreast солдаты шагали в шеренге по пять [человек] /по пять человек в ряд/

    3) keep smb., smth. for some time keep the boys long надолго и т. д. задерживать /не отпускать/ мальчиков и т. д.; I won’t keep you long я вас долго не задержу; what kept you so late? из-за чего вы задержались допоздна?; keep these books long долго держать у себя эти книги и т. д.; don’t keep my dictionary long побыстрее верните мне словарь, не держите мой словарь долго; can you keep his papers a little longer? вы не могли бы задержать [у себя] его документы еще на некоторое время?; keep smb., smth. somewhere what kept him there? что его там удерживало /задержало/?

    5. V

    1) || keep smb. prisoner держать кого-л. в плену

    2) || keep smb. company составить кому-л. компанию

    6. VI

    semiaux keep smb., smth. in some state keep one’s hands clean держать руки чистыми и т. д., keep your hands dry смотри, чтобы у тебя были сухие руки; keep the house tidy /neat, clean, etc./ содержать дом и т. д. в чистоте; keep the windows open держать окна открытыми ; keep one’s back straight держаться прямо, не горбиться; keep one’s eyes open а) держать глаза открытыми; б) не закрывать глаза на происходящее, отдавать себе отчет в том, что происходит; keep one’s head cool сохранять спокойствие /хладнокровие/; I want to keep my conscience clean я хочу, чтобы моя совесть была чиста; keep this day free оставлять этот день свободным; keep smb.’s plans secret держать /хранить/ чьи-л. планы в тайне; keep his things intact оставлять его вещи нетронутыми, не дотрагиваться до его вещей; keep meat fresh сохранять мясо и т. д. свежим; keep dinner warm не дать обеду остынуть; you must keep yourself warm тебе нельзя охлаждаться, одевайся теплее; keep a razor sharp следить за тем, чтобы бритва не затупилась /всегда была острой/; keep the children quiet не разрешать детям шуметь, утихомирить детей; keep the patient awake не давать больному засыпать; keep the troops alert держать войска в состоянии боевей готовности; keep the prisoner alive сохранять узнику жизнь; keep one’s family safe and sound следить за тем, чтобы в семье все были здоровы; keep people happy давать людям счастье; keep the students busy занимать делом студентов и т. д., keep the саг straight веста машину прямо; keep dictionaries handy держать /иметь/ словарик и т. д. под рукой

    7. VIII

    semiaux keep smb., smth. doing smth. keep them waiting заставлять их ждать и т. д., keep the watch going следить за тем, чтобы часы шли; keep the fire burning поддерживать огонь, не дать костру погаснуть; keep the engine running не выключай мотора; keep a light burning не выключать свет; keep the man going придавать человеку бодрости, поддерживать жизнедеятельность человеческого организма id keep the pot boiling зарабатывать на жизнь, следить за тем, чтобы дела шли; keep the ball rolling поддерживать разговор

    8. IX

    keep smb., smth. in some state keep him interested поддерживать его заинтересованность; keep her advised держать ее в курсе дел, сообщать ей о положении дел /о своих планах и т. п./; keep the headquarters well informed /posted/ постоянно держать штаб в курсе дел, давать в штаб подробную информацию; keep smb. covered держать кого-л. на прицеле; keep one’s throat protected закутывать /закрывать/ шею

    9. XI

    1) be kept somewhere be kept in a refrigerator храниться в холодильнике и т. д., vegetables were kept in the cellar овощи держали /хранили/ в погребе; be kept for smth. these books are kept for reference эти книги и т. д. keep для справок

    3) be kept in some place be kept in prison сидеть в тюрьме; be kept in port быть задержанным в порту; he was kept in bed for a whole week его продержали в постели целую неделю; he was kept in with a flu он сидел дома с гриппом; be kept in some manner be kept under arrest /in custody/ находиться /быть/ под арестом; be kept under lock and key содержаться под замком; be kept somewhere by smth. I am kept here by business меня здесь держат дела; we were kept in by rain мы не могли выйти из-за дождя

    4) be kept for some time milk curdles when it is kept too long когда молоко долго стоит, оно скисает

    5) be kept in some manner the rule was punctually kept правило и т. д. точно соблюдалось; his promise was faithfully kept он оказался верным своему обещанию ; the secret is solemnly kept тайна строго хранится; the rule is to be kept constantly in mind об этом правиле нельзя ни на минуту забывать; these dates are solemnly kept эти даты и т. д. торжественно и т. д. отмечаются; be kept somewhere this day is kept all over the world этот день отмечается во всем мире и т. д.

    6) semiaux be kept in some state the road is well kept дорога и т. д. содержится в хорошем состоянии; his affairs are kept in good order его дела и т. д. [находятся] в порядке; the methods are kept up-to-date методы все время совершенствуются /модернизируются/; be kept in repair содержаться в хорошем состоянии, не требовать ремонта; the house is kept in repair дом и т. д. содержится в хорошем состоянии; my car is kept in repair моя машина всегда в полном порядке

    7) semiaux be kept doing smth. people don’t like to be kept waiting никому не нравится ждать; the firm is kept going фирма продолжает существовать /работать/

    10. XIV

    keep doing smth. keep smiling продолжать улыбаться и т. д.; keep asking questions беспрестанно /все время/ задавать вопросы и т. д.: the thought kept recurring /running/ through my head эта мысль сверлила мне мозг; his words kept ringing in my ears его слова все время звучали у меня в ушах; the baby kept crying all night ребенок плакал всю ночь; my shoe-laces keep coming undone у меня все время /то и дело/ развязываются шнурки; he keeps changing his plans он то и дело меняет свой планы

    11. XV

    keep in some state keep healthy оставаться здоровым и т. д., keep warm не остывать: keep calm /quiet, cool/ сохранять спокойствие, оставаться спокойным: keep silent /still/ а) хранить молчание; б) не шуметь; keep slender сохранять стройность; keep alert [все время] быть настороже, keep alive остаться в живых; keep aloof держаться особняком; keep awake бодрствовать; keep friendly оставаться по-прежнему дружелюбным; keep quiet about it никому об этом не рассказывать; keep cheerful быть неизменно веселым: the weather keeps fine [все. еще] стоит хорошая и т. д. погода; the meat will keep good till tomorrow мясо и т. д. до завтрашнего дня не испортится /простоит/

    12. XVI

    1) keep to smth., smb. keep to the house не выходить из дому и т. д., keep to the left держаться левой стороны и т. д., идти по левой стороне и т. д.; keep to the north все время идти /держать курс/ на север и т. д.; don’t walk on the grass, keep to the path не ходите по траве, идите по дорожке; keep behind me идите за мной следом; keep along the river идти вдоль /держаться/ реки и т. д., keep at a distance держаться в отдалении /на расстоянии/; keep abreast of /with/ smth. идти в ногу с чем-л.; keep abreast of the lorry не отставать от грузовика и т. д., keep abreast of /with/ the times идти в ногу со временем; keep abreast of /with/ the latest developments in one’s subject быть в курсе последних достижений в своей области и т. д., keep abreast of /with/ the fashion не отставать от моды, следить за модой; keep to one’s bed не вставать [с постели], быть больным || keep on good terms with smb. сохранять с кем-л. хорошие и т. д. отношения

    2) keep out of / from/ smth. keep out of danger избегать опасности и т. д.; keep out of quarrel не вмешиваться /не встревать/ в ссору; keep out of mischief не проказничать, вести себя пристойно; keep out of the way не вертеться под ногами, не мешать ; keep from drink не пить /воздерживаться от/ алкогольных напитков

    3) keep for some time keep for months сохраняться /стоять/ месяцами и т. д.; these apples will keep till spring эти яблоки могут лежать до весны; keep in smth. milk will keep in the freezer молоко и т. д. в морозильнике и т. д. хорошо сохраняется /не портится/; meat doesn’t keep in hot weather в жаркую погоду мясо быстро портится || keep in good health оставаться здоровым, не болеть; keep in good repair быть в хорошем состоянии, не требовать ремонта

    4) keep till smth. the matter will keep till morning это дело и т. д. может подождать до утра и т. д., с этим делом и т. д. можно повременить до утра и т. д.

    5) keep to smth. keep to the subject не отклоняться /не отходить/ от темы и т. д.; keep to the rules /to the regulations/ соблюдать правила, действовать в соответствии с правилами; keep to the pattern придерживаться данного образца; keep to one’s word /to one’s promises, to the pledge/ сдержать данное слово; keep to one’s determination неуклонно /твердо/ осуществлять свое намерение; keep to a strict diet соблюдать строгую диету, быть на строгой диете; keep to gruel сидеть на каше и т. д.; keep to one’s native language пользоваться родным языком /говорить на родном языке/ и т. д., keep within smth. keep within one’s income жить в соответствии со своим доходом и т. д., keep within the budget не выходить из бюджета; keep within the law держаться в рамках закона; keep within the bounds of truth and dignity не уклоняться от истины и не терять /не ронять/ достоинства; keep in touch with smb., smth. поддерживать связь /контакт/ с кем-л., чем-л.; keep in touch with everything не отставать от века, быть в курсе всего

    6) keep at smth. keep at the subject упорно заниматься /работать над/ этим предметом и т. д.; keep at one’s studies упорно заниматься; in spite of all we said he kept at the job несмотря на наши увещевания, он упорно делал /продолжал/ свое дело; keep at smb. keep at one’s brother приставать к /надоедать/ своему брату; keep at him with appeals for money приставать к нему с просьбами дать денег и т. д.

    13. XVII

    keep from doing smth. keep from laughing удерживаться от смеха и т. д.; I could not keep from smiling я не мог не улыбнуться и т. д.; I tried to keep from looking at her я старался не смотреть на нее

    14. XVIII

    keep to oneself my father kept generally to himself мой отец и т. д. обычно и т. д. держался особняком / мало с кем общался/; keep smth. to oneself keep the news to oneself держать эти новости и т. д. в тайне, никому не рассказывать этих новостей и т. д.; he kept his sorrow /grief/ to himself он ни с кем не делился своим горем; keep smth. about oneself keep some change about oneself иметь при себе мелочь; I never keep important papers about myself я никогда не ношу с собой важные документы; keep smth. for oneself you may keep the picture for yourself эту картину можете оставить себе /взять себе/ насовсем || keep oneself to oneself а) быть необщительным; б) держаться в стороне, не лезть в чужие дела

    15. XXI1

    1) keep smb., smth. in smth. keep the child in bed держать ребенка в постели, не разрешать ребенку вставать; keep a rabbit in a box держать кролика в ящике и т. д.; keep one’s letters under lock and key держать свои письма под замком; keep a man in custody держать человека под арестом; keep smb. in irons держать кого-л. в кандалах, заковать кого-л. [в цепи]; keep the key in the lock не вынимать ключ из замка и т. д.; keep a revolver in one’s pocket носить револьвер в кармане; keep one’s money in a safe хранить деньги в сейфе; keep one’s head above water держаться на поверхности; keep the river within its bed не дать реке выйти из берегов, удерживать реку в русле; keep the chain on the door держать дверь на цепочке; keep smb., smth. for some time will you keep my dog for a month? нельзя ли оставить у вас на месяц [мою] собаку?

    2) keep smb., smth. at smth., smb. keep the students at work /at their job/ не разрешать студентам прекращать работу и т. д., you must keep him at his books вы должны следить, чтобы он усердно занимался; keep the boy at school оставлять мальчика в школе; keep children from [their] work не давать детям и т. д. работать и т. д., these books keep me from work эти книги отвлекают меня от работы; keep the boy from school не пустить мальчика в школу; keep him from these people не давать ему общаться или водить дружбу с этими людьми; keep the tears from one’s eyes удержать слезы; keep them from danger уберегать их от опасности и т. д.; keep him out of my way! a) убери его с дороги!; б) пусть он не вертится у меня под ногами!; keep children out of school не пускать детей в школу, не давать детям учиться; keep children out of mischief не давать детям проказничать; keep her out of trouble уберечь ее от неприятностей и т. д.; how can we keep the boy out of her clutches? как нам оградить парня от ее влияния?

    3) keep smth., smb. for some time keep the fruit till evening оставить фрукты на вечер; she will keep the cake until tomorrow она оставит торт до завтрашнего дня /на завтра/; keep him for an hour задержи его на час; keep smth. for smth., smb. keep this meat for dinner приберегать /оставлять/ это мясо на обед и т. д., keep the money for the future откладывать деньги на будущее; I keep the book for reference я держу эту книгу для справок; keep a seat for me займите мне место; I kept this picture for you я оставил эту картину для вас; keep smth. from smb. keep the news from her friends утаивать эту новость от друзей и т. д., не сообщать эту новость друзьям и т. д., she can keep nothing from him она от него ничего не может скрыть

    4) keep, smb. , smth. in smth. keep the man in a state of fear держать человека в состоянии страха и т. д.; keep a child in good health [постоянно] следить за здоровьем ребенка; keep the village under fire держать деревню и т. д. под огнем /под обстрелом/; keep the house in good condition

    5) keep smth. for some time if you want to keep fish for a long time freeze it если вам надо сохранить рыбу и т. д. подольше /чтобы рыба и т. д. долго полежала/ и т. д., заморозьте ее

    6) keep smb. on smth. keep the patient on a diet держать больного на диете и т. д., keep smth. at some level keep the temperature at 80° поддерживать /держать/ температуру на уровне восьмидесяти градусов и т. д. || keep расе /step/ with smb., smth. идти в ногу с кем-л., чем-л., не отставать от кого-л., чего-л.; keep расе with the times идти в ногу со временем и т. д., keep company with smb. дружить с кем-л.; keep company with grown-up girls водиться /дружить/ со взрослыми девочками

    7) keep smb. at /in/ smth. keep employees at the office задерживать служащих на работе и т. д., there was nothing to keep me in England меня ничего больше не задерживало /не удерживало/ в Англии

    8) keep smth. against smb. keep a town against the enemy защищать город и т. д. от противника; keep smth. at smth. keep the goal at football стоять в воротах, защищать ворота [во время футбольного матча]

    9) keep smb. on smth. he cannot keep a wife on his income на свои доходы он не может содержать жену; keep smb. in smth. coll. keep smb. in cigarettes хватать кому-л. на сигареты и т. д., keep oneself in clothes обеспечивать себя одеждой и т. д., such jobs barely kept him in clothes такие заработки едва покрывали его расходы на одежду; keep smb. in хате state the miser kept his mother and sister in poverty этот скупец держал свою мать и сестру в нищете

    10) keep smth., smb. for smth. keep fruit for sale торговать фруктами и т. д., иметь фрукты и т. д. в продаже; keep dogs for sale держать собак и т. д. на продажу || keep eggs in store /in reserve/ иметь запасы яиц и т. д.; what do you keep in stock? что у вас есть в наличии /в ассортименте, в продаже/?

    16. XXII

    1) keep smb., smth. from doing smth. keep one’s brother from going there удерживать брата от этой поездки и т. д., не давать брату поехать туда и т. д.; keep him from asking questions не давай /не позволяй/ ему задавать вопросы; keep the enemy from getting to know our plans не допустить, чтобы противник узнал о наших планах и т. д.; keep the old man from falling не дать старику упасть и т. д.; keep the child from eating too much не допускать, чтобы ребенок ел слишком много; what shall I do to keep this light dress from getting dirty? что мне делать, чтобы это светлое платье не пачкалось /не грязнилось/?; we must do something to keep the roof from falling надо что-то сделать, чтобы не обвалилась крыша; the noise kept him from sleeping шум мешал ему спать; urgent business kept us from joining you срочные дела помешали нам присоединиться к вам

    2) || keep smb., smth. in training поддерживать кого-л., что-л. в хорошей форме; you should keep your memory in training вы должны все время тренировать память; what’s the best way of keeping the team in training? как лучше всего держать команду в спортивной форме?

    17. XXIV1

    keep smth. as smth.

    1) keep this photo as a remembrance хранить эту фотографию и т. д. как память

    18. XXV

    English-Russian dictionary of verb phrases > keep

  • 14
    chain

    tʃeɪn
    1. сущ.
    1) цепь, цепочка (предмет, состоящий из соединенных между собой железных колец) ;
    вереница череда to keep (a dog) on a chain ≈ держать( собаку) на цепи to put chains on (the tires of a car) ≈ установить цепь на (шины автомобиля) bicycle chain ≈ велосипедная цепь link in a chain ≈ связать в цепочку chain of mountains chain of happenings chain and buckets
    2) мерная цепь единица длины, равная 66 футам, или 20 метрам)
    3) система, сеть, цепь ( событий, предприятий, магазинов, театров) chain of events ≈ цепь событий newspaper chains ≈ газетные тресты, объединения department-store chain ≈ сеть крупных универмагов hotel chain ≈ сеть гостиниц restaurant chain ≈ сеть ресторанов fast-food chains ≈ сеть ресторанов быстрого обслуживания
    2. гл.
    1) прикреплять, скреплять, приковывать цепью к кому-л., чему-л. (to) to chain up ≈ привязывать (обычно животное) в помещении chained to the desk ≈ перен. прикованный к письменному столу In former times, prisoners were chained to the wall or to one another. ≈ В прошлом узников приковывали к стенам или друг к другу. Of course the dog makes such a noise, the poor creature is chained up all day. ≈ Еще бы этот пес так не лаял, он весь день на цепи.
    2) сковывать;
    держать в цепях to chain up a dog ≈ посадить собаку на цепь Syn: shackle, fetter ∙ chain down chain to
    цепь;
    цепочка;
    — watch and * часы с цепочкой;
    — * cable( морское) якорная цепь;
    — * belt (техническое) цепной привод, цепная передача;
    — * saw (техническое) цепная пила горный хребет, гряда, горная цепь pl оковы, узы, цепи;
    — in *s в оковах;
    — *s of colonialism оковы колониализма последовательность, связь, ход, цепь;
    — * broadcasting (радиотехника) одновременная передача одной программы несколькими станциями;
    — * of events цепь событий;
    — * of proofs цепь доказательств;
    — * of discourse ход рассуждения система, сеть;
    — * of radio stations сеть радиостанций (специальное) цепь;
    цепочка;
    — transformation * (физическое) цепочка радиоактивных превращений, радиоактивный ряд;
    — nuclear fission * (физическое) ядерная цепная реакция;
    — decay * (физическое) цепочка распадов;
    радиоактивный ряд;
    — * reflex( физиологическое) цепной рефлекс( техническое) ряд звеньев (передачи) ;
    — * block( техническое) таль;
    — * tread гусеничный ход;
    — * track гусеничный трак( техническое) нория;
    ковшовый элеватор( коммерческое) сеть розничных магазинов( одной фирмы) ;
    — full-line * сеть магазинов с универсальным ассортиментом сеть однородных предприятий;
    — theatre * киносеть, принадлежащая одной компании;
    — newspaper * газетный концерн;
    — bank * банк с филиалами;
    — * restaurant один из однотипных ресторанов (бактериология) соединение конец в конец трех и более клеток (текстильное) основа (ткани) (специальное) чейн (мера длины) (специальное) мерная цепь;
    — * tape стальная мерная лента( компьютерное) последовательность операций и вызовов программ( компьютерное) оператор вызова программы скреплять цепью;
    прикреплять цепями;
    — to * prisoners together сковывать заключенных одной цепью;
    — *ed to the wall прикованный к стене;
    — *ed book (историческое) книга на цепи (в средневековых библиотеках) ;
    — to * the dog посадить собаку на цепь держать в цепях, оковах приковывать, привязывать;
    — *ed to the desk прикованный к письменному столу;
    — horror *ed his steps от ужаса он не мог сделать ни шагу закрыть на цепочку (дверь) перекрыть (уличное движение) измерять расстояние на местности мерной лентой или цепью
    bit ~ вчт. двоичная цепочка
    call ~ вчт. вызывающая последовательность call ~ вчт. цепочка вызовов
    chain мерная цепь (тж. Gunter’s chain = 66 фут. = 20 м) ~ (обыкн. pl) оковы, узы ~ вчт. последовательность ~ последовательность ~ привязывать;
    chained to the desk прикованный к письменному столу ~ однотипные магазины( театры и т. п.) принадлежащие одной фирме;
    система, сеть;
    newspaper chains газетные тресты, объединения ~ вчт. связывать в цепочку ~ сковывать;
    держать в цепях;
    to chain up a dog посадить собаку на цепь ~ скреплять цепью ~ вчт. цепной ~ вчт. цепочка ~ цепь;
    цепочка;
    a chain of mountains горная цепь;
    a chain of happenings цепь событий;
    chain and buckets тех. нория ~ вчт. цепь ~ цепь
    ~ цепь;
    цепочка;
    a chain of mountains горная цепь;
    a chain of happenings цепь событий;
    chain and buckets тех. нория
    ~ attr. цепной;
    chain reaction цепная реакция;
    chain armour( или mail) кольчуга
    ~ attr. цепной;
    chain reaction цепная реакция;
    chain armour( или mail) кольчуга
    ~ belt пояс из металлических колец ~ belt тех. цепная передача, цепной привод
    ~ bridge цепной мост
    ~ broadcasting радио одновременная передача одной программы несколькими станциями
    ~ cable якорная цепь
    ~ of commands последовательность команд
    ~ of evidence цепочка свидетельств
    ~ цепь;
    цепочка;
    a chain of mountains горная цепь;
    a chain of happenings цепь событий;
    chain and buckets тех. нория
    ~ цепь;
    цепочка;
    a chain of mountains горная цепь;
    a chain of happenings цепь событий;
    chain and buckets тех. нория
    ~ of retail stores цепь розничных магазинов
    ~ attr. цепной;
    chain reaction цепная реакция;
    chain armour (или mail) кольчуга reaction: chain ~ цепная реакция
    ~ сковывать;
    держать в цепях;
    to chain up a dog посадить собаку на цепь
    ~ привязывать;
    chained to the desk прикованный к письменному столу
    code ~ вчт. кодовая последовательность
    daisy ~ вчт. последовательная цепочка
    dependency ~ вчт. цепочка зависимых соединений
    descriptor ~ вчт. дескрипторная цепочка
    inference ~ вчт. цепочка вывода
    logic ~ вчт. логическая цепь
    ~ однотипные магазины (театры и т. п.) принадлежащие одной фирме;
    система, сеть;
    newspaper chains газетные тресты, объединения
    owner-member ~ вчт. цепочка подчинения
    preference ~ вчт. последовательность предпочтений
    print ~ вчт. печатающая цепь
    reasoning ~ вчт. цепочка рассуждений
    retailing ~ сеть розничных магазинов
    skip ~ вчт. цепь переходов
    voluntary ~ ассоциация оптовых торговцев, созданная в целях совместных закупок и общей рекламы voluntary ~ однотипные розничные магазины одной фирмы voluntary ~ сеть розничных магазинов с единым оптовым покупателем

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > chain

  • 15
    set

    1. I

    3) cement has set цемент схватился /затвердел/; the glue did not set клей не засох; the jelly has set желе застыло; blood set кровь и т.д. свернулась; the milk set молоко свернулось /створожилось/; all his muscles set все его мускулы напряглись; his face set его лицо-окаменело /застыло/

    4) young trees set молодые деревца принялись; the blossoms were abundant but they failed to set цветение было бурным, но плоды не завязались

    2. II

    3) set at some time the jelly hasn’t set yet желе еще не застыло; set in some manner cement sets quickly цемент и т.д. быстро застывает /схватывается/; her hair sets easily ее волосы легко укладывать, у нее послушные волосы; his lips set stubbornly его губы упрямо сжались; his teeth set stubbornly он упрямо стиснул зубы

    3. III

    1) set smth. set a broken bone вправить кость и т.д.; set one’s hair укладывать волосы; set the table накрывать на стол; set the stage расставлять декорации; set the scene подготовить обстановку; set the sails а) ставить паруса; б) отправляться в плавание; set a piano настраивать пианино; set a palette подготавливать палитру; set a razor править бритву; set a saw разводить пилу; set a clock поставить часы; set the focus of a microscope настроить микроскоп; set a map ориентировать карту

    2) set smb., smth. set guards /sentries, watches/ расставлять часовых /караульных и т.п./; set the guard выставлять караул

    3) set smth. set the wedding day назначать день свадьбы и т.д.; set a fine устанавливать размер штрафа; set the course разработать /выработать/ курс; set standards устанавливать нормы и т.д.; set requirements определять / вырабатывать/ требования; set a punishment наложить взыскание

    4) set smth. set an examination-paper составлять письменную экзаменационную работу и т.д.; set a new style задавать новый стиль ; set the fashion вводить моду; set a new model внедрять новый образец ; set the расе задавать темп; set a record устанавливать рекорд; set a precedent создавать прецедент; set a good example подавать хороший пример

    4. IV

    1) set smth. somewhere set the books back положить /поставить/ книги на место; set the chairs back отодвигать стулья; set back one’s shoulders расправить плечи; the dog set its ears back собака прижала уши; set the clock back one hour перевести часы /отвести часы/ на один час назад; set one’s watch forward one hour поставить /перевести/ часы на один час вперед; set a house well back from the road построить /поставить/ дом вдали и т.д. от дороги и т.д.; set the book aside отложить в сторону /отодвинуть/ книгу и т.A; set down one’s load опустить свой груз и т.д. -, set the tray down поставить поднос; set the chair upright поднять стул; set smb. somewhere set the dogs apart растащить [дерущихся] собак; set the children apart отделять /изолировать/ детей

    2) set smb., smth. in some direction the current set them northward течением их и т.д. понесло к северу и т.д.

    5. V

    set smb. smth.

    1) set the boys a difficult job

    2) set the children a good example подавать детям и т.д. хороший пример; set smb. smth. to do smth. set smb. a standard /a pattern/ to follow служить для кого-л. образцом, которому надо следовать

    6. VI

    set smth., smb. in some state

    1) set the window open открывать /оставлять открытым/ окно и т.д.; set the door ajar приоткрывать дверь, оставить дверь полуоткрытой; set one’s hat straight поправить шляпу и т.д., надеть шляпу и т.д. как следует; set the prisoners free освобождать /выпускать на свободу, на волю/ узников и т.д.; set the dog loose спускать собаку ; a good night’s rest will set you right за ночь вы отдохнете и снова будете хорошо себя чувствовать; why didn’t you set the boy right? почему же вы не поправили мальчика?; I can soon set that right я могу это быстро уладить или исправить; set errors right исправлять ошибки; it would set him right in their eyes это оправдает его в их глазах; set things /matters/ straight /right/ уладить дела; set things ready приводить все в готовность; set smb.’s curiosity agog возбуждать чье-л. любопытство

    7. VII

    1) set smb. to do smth. set the men to chop wood заставлять рабочих колоть дрова и т.д.; I set him to work at mowing the lawn я велел ему /дал ему задание/ постричь газон; я вменил ему в обязанность подстригать газон; whom did you set to do this? кому вы поручили это сделать?; I set myself to study the problem я решил взяться за изучение этого вопроса; he set himself to finish the job by the end of May он твердо решил /поставил себе целью/ закончить работу к концу мая

    2) set smth. to do smth. set a machine to work приводить в действие /завалять. запускать/ машину и т.д.; set the alarm clock to wake us at seven заводить будильник, чтобы он поднял нас в семь часов, поставить будильник на семь часов

    3) set smth. to do smth. set a pattern to be followed подавать пример; создавать пример для подражания

    8. VIII

    set smb., smth. doing smth. set everybody thinking заставить всех и т.д. задуматься и т.д.; set smb. talking а) заставить кого-л. говорить, разговорить кого-л.; I set him talking about the new invention я навел его на разговор о новом изобретении и т.д.; б) дать кому-л. пищу для разговоров; this incident set people talking этот случай /инцидент/ вызвал всякие пересуды; my jokes set the whole table laughing мой шутки смешили всех за столом и т.д.; set them wondering вызвать у них удивление; the smoke set her coughing от дыма она закашлялась; who has set the dog barking? кто там прошел?, почему лает собака?; set tongues wagging вызывать толки /пересуды/, давать пищу для сплетен; the news set my heart beating эта новость заставила мое сердце забиться; it’s time we set the machinery going пора запустить механизм и т.д. /привести механизм и т.д. в действие/; when anybody entered the device set the bell ringing когда кто-нибудь входил, срабатывало устройство и звонок начинал звонить; а strong wind set the bells ringing от сильного ветра колокола зазвонили; set a top spinning запускать волчок; а false step will set stones rolling один неверный шаг set и камни покатятся вниз; set a plan going начать осуществление плана; we must set things going надо начинать действовать

    9. XI

    1) be set in smth. her house is set well back in the garden ее дом стоит а глубине сада и т.д.; а town is set in a woodland город и т.д. расположен в лесистой местности и т.д.; а boundary stone is set between two fields поля разделяет межевой камень; а balcony is set round the house вокруг дома идет балкон; the second act is set in ancient Rome действие второго акта и т.д. происходит в древнем Риме и т.д.; а screen is set in a wall экран вделан /вмонтирован/ в стену; there was a little door set in a wall в стене была маленькая дверка; а ruby was set in a buckle в пряжку и т.д. был вделан /вставлен/ рубин и т.д.; а ruby is set in gold рубин в золотой оправе /оправлен золотом/; his blue eyes are set deep in a white face на его бледном лице глубоко посажены голубые глаза; the young plants should be set at intervals of six inches эти молодые растения надо сажать на расстоянии шести дюймов [друг от друга]; be set with smth. the coast is set with modem resorts на побережье раскинулось множество современных курортов; the tops of the wall were set with broken glass верхний край стены был утыкан битым стеклом; the room is set with tables and chairs комната заставлена столами и стульями; tables were set with little sprays of blue flowers столы были украшены маленькими букетиками синих цветов: the field was set with daisies поле было усеяно маргаритками; the sky was set with stars небо было усыпано звездами; а bracelet was set with diamonds браслет и т.д. был украшен /усыпан/ бриллиантами и т.д.; а gold ring set with two fine pearls золотое кольцо с двумя большими жемчужинами

    3) be set on smth., smb. he was set on it ему этого очень хотелось; his heart was set on her a) он любил лишь ее; б) все его помыслы были связаны с ней; be set on doing smth. be set on going to the stage твердо решить пойти на сцену и т.д.; be set on going to the sea окончательно решить стать моряком; be set on having a motor bike поставить своей целью приобрести мотоцикл и т.д.; be set against smth.,smb. he is set against all reforms он решительно [настроен] против всяких реформ и т.д.; he is set against her он и слышать о ней не хочет; be set against doing smth. he was violently set against meeting her он упорно отказывался встретиться /от встречи/ с ней /противился встрече с ней/

    4) be set on by smb. she was set on by robbers на нее напали грабители и т.д.

    5) be set the table is set стол накрыт; the sails are set паруса подняты; be set for smb., smth. the table is set for six стол накрыт на шесть человек /персон/; the table is set for dinner стол накрыт к обеду и т.д.; be set in some state slaves were set free /at liberty/ рабы и т.д. были освобождены /отпущены на волю/; this must be set in order a) это надо привести в порядок; б) это надо разместить /разложить/ по порядку; the motor was set in motion включили мотор

    6) be set at some time the mortar is already set цемент уже схватился /затвердел/; the jelly is not set yet желе еще не застыло; has the type for the book been set yet? эту книгу уже набрали?; it was all set now теперь все было готово /подготовлено/; be set in some manner his lips were firmly set in an effort to control himself он плотно сжал губы , пытаясь овладеть собой; his mind and character are completely set он вполне сформировался /сложился/ как личность; be set to do smth. be set to go there быть готовым пойти туда; two pumps were set to work два насоса и т.д. были включены /приведены в действие/; be set for smth. be set for the talk быть готовым к разговору и т.д.; the scene is set for the tragedy события подводят /подготавливают/ к трагедии и т.д.; he was all set for a brilliant career у него были все задатки для блестящей карьеры

    7) be set over smb. he was set over people ему была дана власть над людьми; he was set over his rivals его ставили выше его соперников

    8) be set against smth. one’s expenses must be set against the amount received расходы следует соразмерить с доходами; the advantages must be set against the disadvantages надо учесть все плюсы и минусы; against these gains must be set the loss of prestige оценивая эти выгоды, нельзя забывать об ущербе в связи с потерей престижа; it’s no good when theory is set against practice плохо, когда теорию противопоставляют практике; when one language is set against another… когда один язык сравнивают /сопоставляют/ с другим…

    9) be set for some time the examination is set for today экзамен и т.д. назначен на сегодня и т.д., the party is all set for Monday at my place решено вечеринку провести в понедельник у меня; the time and date of the meeting have not yet been set дата и время собрания еще не установлены; be set by smth., smb. rules are set by a committee правила и т.д. устанавливаются комиссией и т.д.

    10. XII

    have smth. set we have everything set у нас все готово /подготовлено/; the ship has her sails set корабль поднял паруса; have a place set for a guest поставить прибор для гостя

    11. XIII

    set to do smth. set to dig the garden начать вскапывать сад и т.д.; the engineers set to repair the bridge инженеры приступили к ремонту моста

    12. XVI

    1) set behind smth. the sun sets behind the western range of mountains солнце садится за горной грядой на западе; the sun sets in the sea солнце садится в море; the sun never sets on our country над нашей страной никогда не заходит солнце; set at smth. the sun sets at five o’clock солнце заходит в пять часов и т.д.

    2) set against smth. set against the wind двигаться, направляться против ветра ; set against the tide идти против прилива; the wind sets from the south ветер дует с юга и т.д.: the current sets to the west течение идет на запад и т.д.; the tide has set in his favour ему начинает везти

    3) set against smth., smb. public opinion is setting against this proposal общественное мнение складывается не в пользу этого предложения и т.д.; circumstances were setting with our plan обстоятельства складывались благоприятно для осуществления нашего плана и т.д.

    4) set about smth. set about the study of mineralogy приниматься /браться/ за изучение минералогии и т.д.; I don’t know how to set about this job не знаю, как приступить /как подступиться/ к этой работе; they set upon the task unwillingly они неохотно взялись за выполнение этой задачи; set to work in earnest, set seriously to work серьезно браться за работу; set to work on the problem приняться за работу над этой проблемой; set to work on one’s studies начать заниматься, приняться за учение

    5) set up smb. set upon the enemy атаковать противника; а gang of ruffians set on him на него напала шайка хулиганов; they set upon him with blows они набросились на него с кулаками; they set upon us with arguments они обрушились на нас со своими доводами; set about /at/ smb. coll. set about the boys набрасываться /налетать, наскакивать/ на мальчишек и т.д.; they set about each other at once они сразу же сцепились друг с другом /начали колошматить друг друга/; I’d set about you myself if I could я бы сам отколотил тебя, если бы мог; I’d set about him with a stick if we have any trouble если что [не так], я стукну его палкой и т.д.

    6) set in smth. cement soon sets in dry weather в сухую погоду /когда сухо,/ и т.д. цемент быстро затвердевает /застывает/

    13. XVII

    set about doing smth. set about getting dinner ready приниматься за обед /за приготовление обеда/ и т.д.; I must. set about my packing мне надо [начать] укладываться; he asked me how lie should set about learning German он спросил меня, с чего ему начать изучение немецкого языка; set to arguing начинать /приниматься/ спорить и т.д.; they set to packing они стали упаковываться

    14. XXI1

    1) set smth., smb. on smth., smb. set dishes on the table поставить тарелки и т.д. на стол; set a place for the guest поставить прибор для гостя; set food and drink before guests поставить еду и напитки и т.д. перед гостями и т.д.; set a table by the window поставить стол у окна и т.д.; set chairs around a table расставлять стулья вокруг стола; set a ladder against a wall прислонить /приставить/ лестницу и т.д. к стене; set one’s hand on smb.’s shoulder положить руку кому-л. на плечо; set a hand against the door опереться рукой о дверь; set smb. on his feet поставить кого-л. на ноги

    2) set smth., smb. in smth. set things in their place again вернуть /положить/ вещи на место; set flowers in the water поставить цветы в воду и т.д.; set glass in a window вставлять стекло в окно; set lamps in ‘walls вделывать светильники в стены; set one’s foot in the stirrup вставить ногу в стремя; set the stake in the ground вкопать столб в землю; set a pearl in gold оправлять жемчужину и т.д. в золото; set smb. by the fire усадить кого-л. у огня: set a child in a high chair посадить ребенка ка высокий стул; set smb. in the dock посадить кого-л. на скамью подсудимых; set a wheel on an axle насадить колесо на ось: set a hen on eggs, set eggs under a hen посадить курицу на яйца; set a boy on horseback подсадить мальчика на лошадь; set smb. on the pedestal поставить /возвести/ кого-л. на пьедестал; set troops on shore высадить войска [на берег]; set one’s foot oil a step поставить ногу на ступеньку; set foot on shore ступить на берег; I’ll never set foot on your threshold я никогда не переступлю порог вашего дома; set a crown on his head возложить на него корону; set a king on the throne посадить короля на трон; set a kiss upon smb.’s hand приложиться к чьей-л. руке; set smth. with smth. set the top of the wall with broken glass утыкать верхнюю часть стены битым стеклом; set this bed with tulips засадить эту клумбу тюльпанами и т.д. || set eyes on smb., smth. увидеть кого-л что-л., I never set eyes on him before today до сегодняшнего дня я его в глаза не видел; that child wants everything he sets his eyes on этому ребенку вынь, да положь все, что он видит

    3) set smth. to smth. set a glass to one’s lips, set one’s lips to a glass подносить стакан и т.д. к губам /ко рту/; set a match to a cigarette подносить спичку к сигарете и т.д.; set one’s shoulder to the door налечь плечом на дверь; set spurs to a horse пришпорить лошадь

    4) set smb. across smth. set him across the river переправлять его через реку /на другой берег/; set a child across the street перевести ребенка на другую сторону улицы /через улицу/; set smth. by smth. set a ship by the compass вести корабль по компасу; set smth. against smth. set the boat against the wind направлять лодку против ветра и т.д.; set one’s course to the south направляться на юг; set one’s face toward the east повернуться лицом к востоку и т.д.; set smb. after smb., smth. set the police after /on the track of/ the criminal направлять полицию и т.д. по следу преступника и т.д.; set the boys on the wrong track направлять мальчишек по ложному следу; set a dog at a hare пустить собаку по следу зайца и т.д.; set dogs on a stranger спустить собак на незнакомца и т.д. || set sail for India отплывать /направляться/ в Индию

    5) set smb. against smb., smth. set people against each other настраивать людей друг против друга и т.д.; he is trying to set you against me он старается восстановить вас против меня; set oneself against the proposal был настроенным /выступать/ против этого предложения и т.д.; set the crowd on acts of violence подстрекать толпу на совершение актов насилия /к насилию/ и т.д.; set smth. against smth. set one thing against another противопоставлять одно другому; set one language against another сопоставлять /сравнивать/ один язык с другим; set smth. on smth. set one’s heart /one’s mind/ on the trip твердо настроиться на эту поездку; set one’s heart on a new dress жаждать /очень хотеть/ купить новое платье и т.д.; he set his thoughts on the plan все его помыслы направлены на осуществление этого плана || set him at odds with his friends рассорить его с друзьями

    6) set smb., smth. to smth. set the class to work засадить класс и т.д. за работу и т.д.; set one’s mind /one’s wits/ to a question сосредоточиться на каком-л. вопросе и т.д.; you won’t find the work difficult if only you set your mind to it если вы серьезно возьметесь за дело, работа не покажется вам трудной; set one’s hand to the work взяться за работу и т.д.; he set himself resolutely to the task он решительно взялся за выполнение задачи; set а реп to’ paper начать писать, взяться за перо; set smth. before smb. set a task before him поставить перед ним задачу

    7) set smth., smb. т smth. set one’s affairs in order /to rights/ приводить свои дела и т.д. в порядок; set a machine in motion запустить машину; set the project in motion начинать работу над объектом; set the machinery of the government in motion приводить государственную машину в движение; set a chain reaction in motion вызвать цепную реакцию; his jokes set the audience in a roar от его шуток вся аудитория и т.д. покатывалась со смеху; set smb. on his guard настораживать кого-л.; set smb. at ease успокаивать кого-л. и т.д.; he set the girl at ease с ним девушке стало легко /девушка почувствовала себя свободно/; а host should try and set his guests at ease хозяин должен стараться, чтобы его гости чувствовали себя свободно /как дома/: now you may set your mind at ease теперь вы можете перестать волноваться /не волноваться/; set a question at rest разрешить /урегулировать/ вопрос и т.д.; that sets all my doubts at rest это рассеивает все мои сомнения; set prisoners at liberty освобождать заключенных

    8) set smth. for smth. set the table for dinner накрыть стол к обеду и т.д.; set the stage for the next scene in a play подготовить сцену для следующей картины [в пьесе]; set the scene for talks подготовить условия /создать благоприятную обстановку/ для переговоров; set smth. by smth. set one’s watch by the radio timesignal ставить /сверять/ часы по радиосигналу и т.д.; set smth. to smth. set the clock to the correct time точно поставить часы и т.д.; set the alarm for 5 o’clock поставить будильник на пять часов и т.д.

    9) set smb., smth. at smth. set a guard at the door поставить сторожа /часового/ и т.д. у дверей и т.д.; set pickets around the camp выставлять дозорных вокруг лагеря

    10) set smb., smth. over smb., smth. set him over others назначать его начальником над остальными и т.д.; set Vergil before Homer отдавать предпочтение Вергилию перед Гомером, ставить Вергилия выше Гомера; set the author among the greatest writers of today считать автора одним из крупнейших писателей современности и т.д.; set duty before pleasure ставить долг выше удовольствий /на первое место/; set honesty above everything ценить честность превыше всего и т.д., his intelligence sets him apart from others его ум и т.д. выделяют его среди других и т.д.; her bright red hair sets her apart from her sisters из всех сестер у нее одной были ярко-рыжие волосы

    11) set smth. at smth. set the price at t 1000 оценить / назначить, определить цену/ и т.д. в тысячу фунтов; set bail at i 500 установить сумму залога в пятьсот фунтов; set neatness at a high value очень ценить аккуратность, придавать большое значение опрятности; set smth. for smth. set a time for a meeting назначать время собрания; set the rules for a contest вырабатывать правила состязания; set the lesson for tomorrow задавать урок на завтра; set smth. to /for /smth. set limits to smb.’s power ограничивать чью-л. власть и т.д., устанавливать предел чьей-л. власти и т.д.; he sets no limit to his ambition его честолюбие не знает предела; set a time-limit for examination установить продолжительность экзамена; set a time-limit for debates установить регламент для выступления в прениях; set a record for the mile устанавливать рекорд в беге на одну милю; set an end to it положить этому конец; set smth. on smth., smb. set a high value on life высоко ценить жизнь и т.д.; set a punishment on smb. налагать наказание на кого-л., определять кому-л. меру наказания; set a price on smb.’s head /on smb.’s life/ назначить награду за чью-л. голову /за чью-л. жизнь/; set smth. at some time set the death of the man at midnight установить, что смерть этого человека наступила в полночь || set much store by smth. придавать большее значение чему-л.; set much store by social position придавать большое значение общественному положению и т.д.

    12) set smth. for smth. set papers for the examination составлять экзаменационные работы; set new questions in an examination подготовить новые вопросы и т.д. для экзамена; set the words to music положить эти слова и т.д. на музыку; set new words to an old tune сочинить новые слова на старый мотив; set Othello to music а) написать музыку к «Отелло»; б) написать /сочинить/ оперу «Отелло»; set a piece of music for the violin переложить музыкальное произведение для скрипки

    13) set smth. before smb. set a plan before the council изложить совету /представить на рассмотрение совета/ и т.д. план и т.д.

    14) set smth. to smth. set one’s name /one’s signature, one’s hand/ to a document подписать документ; set a seal to the decree скрепить указ печатью; set smth. on smth. set a veto on smth. накладывать запрет на что-л.

    15) set smth. on smth., smb. set one’s life on a chance рисковать жизнью в надежде на удачу; set one’s future on a chance строить планы на будущее в расчете на счастливое стечение обстоятельств; set hopes on a chance надеяться /возлагать надежды/ на случай и т.д.

    16) set smth. for smb. set a snare for a fox поставить капкан на лису; set poison for rats разложить отраву для крыс

    17) set smth. for smth. set milk for cheese ставить молоко на творог, створаживать молоко

    18) || set fire to a house поджигать дом и т.д.; set the woods on fire поджигать лес и т.д.

    15. XXII

    1) set smth. on doing smth. set one’s heart /one’s hopes, one’s mind, one’s thoughts/ on becoming an engineer очень хотеть /стремиться/ стать инженером и т.д.; I set my heart on going today я решил ехать сегодня; he sets his hopes on getting on in life он очень надеется преуспеть в жизни /добиться в жизни успеха/; if he once sets his mind on doing something it takes a lot to dissuade him если он настроился на что-либо, его очень трудно отговорить

    2) set smb. to doing smth. set him to woodchopping поставить его на колку дров, заставить его колоть дрова; set her to thinking заставить ее задуматься; set a child to crying довести ребенка до слез; he set himself to amusing me он изо всех сил старался развлечь меня

    16. XXIV1

    set smth. as smth. set education as one’s goal /as one’s aim, as one’s object, as one’s purpose, as one’s task/ поставить себе целью получить образование в т.д.

    English-Russian dictionary of verb phrases > set

  • 16
    FDA

    3) Американизм: Управление по распределению продовольствия , Управление по контролю за пищевыми продуктами и лекарственными препаратами, Управление по контролю качества пищевых продуктов и лекарственных средств, Управление по контролю за пищевыми продуктами и лекарственными средствами

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > FDA

  • 17
    FdA

    3) Американизм: Управление по распределению продовольствия , Управление по контролю за пищевыми продуктами и лекарственными препаратами, Управление по контролю качества пищевых продуктов и лекарственных средств, Управление по контролю за пищевыми продуктами и лекарственными средствами

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > FdA

  • 18
    turn

    1. I

    1) we all turned мы все повернулись [кругом]; he turned and went away in a rage он повернулся и в гневе пошел прочь; it is time for us to turn нам пора повернуть назад /пойти обратно/; he did not know which way /where/ то turn a) он не знал, куда повернуться; б) он не знал, к кому обратиться; the river turns and twists речка извивается /петляет/; the tide has turned начинается отлив или прилив; the wind is turning ветер меняется /меняет направление/; the weather has turned погода изменилась; I fear my luck will turn боюсь, мне изменит счастье /мне перестанет везти/

    2) the wheels turned колеса вертелись; the ball turns крутится шар; the merry-go-round turned карусель вертелась /вращалась/; this key is hard to turn этот ключ трудно повернуть; the tap won’t turn кран не поворачивается

    2. II

    1) turn in some manner turn abruptly резко и т.д. повернуть или свернуть; somewhere turn this way повернуть в эту сторону и т.д.; the main road turns sharp right шоссе круто уходит направо; turn homewards направляться домой и т.д.; let’s turn back давайте вернемся [назад]; she turned aside and began to sob она отвернулась и начала всхлипывать; turn round and let me see your face повернись и дай мне посмотреть тебе в лице; he turned round and round он все время поворачивался /крутился/; turn at tome time it is time to turn now теперь нам пора возвращаться /поворачивать назад/

    2) turn in some manner the boat turned over лодка и т.д. перевернулась; the aircraft struck the ground and turned over and over самолет врезался в землю и несколько раз перевернулся; turn head over heels перекувырнуться; the boat turned upside down лодка перевернулась /опрокинулась вверх дном/; my umbrella turned inside out у меня вывернулся зонтик и т.д.; the whole world turned topsy-turvy весь мир перевернулся, все в мире перевернулось

    3) turn in some manner the key turns easily ключ и т.д. легко поворачивается

    4) turn in some manner the dancer turned quickly танцовщица быстро и т.д. кружилась

    5) turn in some manner the metal turns well этот металл и т.д. хорошо и т.д. поддается обточке

    3. III

    1) turn smb., smth. turn one’s horse повернуть лошадь и т.д. обратно /назад/; she turned her steps она повернула назад; turn one’s head обернуться, повернуть голову; turn the course of a river изменить течение реки и т.д.; turn the conversation изменить тему разговора, повернуть беседу в другое русло; turn the corner а) поворачивать за угол; the саг turned the corner машина завернула за угол; б) выходить из затруднительного положения; once he has made up his mind, nothing will turn him если он что-нибудь решил, ничто не заставит его изменить своего решения

    2) turn smth. turn a page of a book переворачивать страницу книги и т.д.; turn hay ворошить сено; turn soil пахать; turn a bed перетряхивать постель; turn a sheet отогнуть простыню; turn a garment перелицовывать одежду и т.д.; turn a complete circle делать полный оборот и т.д.; turn a somersault делать сальто, кувыркаться || turn one’s ankle вывихнуть /подвернуть/ ногу; turn smb.’s brain сводить кого-л. с ума; grief has turned his brain от горя и т.д. он сошел с ума

    3) turn smth. turn a wheel вращать колесо; turn a handle крутить ручку; turn a key поворачивать ключ и т.д.

    4) || turn smb.’s head вскружить кому-л. голову; success had not turned his head от успеха голова у него не закружилась; turn smb.’s stomach вызывать у кого-л. тошноту; the mere sight of food turns his stomach его воротит /мутит, тошнит/ от одного вида пищи; I’m afraid the rolling of the ship will turn my stomach боюсь, что качка на корабле вызовет у меня тошноту

    5) turn smb. turn an excellent husband стать [со временем] прекрасным мужем и т.д.; turn traitor стать предателем и т.д.

    6) || turn some colour стать какого-л. цвета, принять какую-л. окраску; turn all the colours of the rainbow окраситься во все цвета радуги; he turned colour он покраснел или побледнел

    9) turn smth. turn a blow отводить удар; the metal is thick enough to turn a bullet металл достаточно прочен, чтобы пуля от него отскочила /его не пробила/

    10) turn smth. turn candlesticks вытачивать /обтачивать/ подсвечники и т.д.

    11) turn smth. turn an epigram сочинить эпиграмму и т.д.; turn a pretty compliment сделать тонкий комплимент; he has a knack for turning a phrase он очень ловко жонглирует словами; I don’t know how he managed to turn the trick я не знаю, как ему удалось провернуть это дельце

    12) turn smth. turn the edge of a knife затупить лезвие ножа и т.д.

    4. IV

    1) turn smth., smb. somewhere turn one’s саг back повернуть машину и т.д. назад и т.д.; turn your eyes /your look/ this way посмотри сюда; turn smth. in some manner turn your chair so that the light is on your left поверните стул так, чтобы свет падал слева; turn the corner at full speed поворачивать за угол на полном ходу

    2) turn smth., smb. in some manner turn the pages of a book thoughtlessly бездумно и т.д. переворачивать страницы книги /перелистывать книгу/ и т.Л; turn some old letters nostalgically с грустью перебирать старью письма; turn a patient easily легко перевернуть больного и т.д.; the doctor turned him over and looked at his back врач перевернул его и осмотрел его спину; turn the boy around, I want to sound him поверий мальчика, я его выслушаю; turn the handle three times повернуть ручку три раза и т.д.; turn one’s pockets inside out выворачивать карманы и т.д. [наизнанку]; turn the boat upside down опрокидывать лодку и т.д. вверх дном; don’t turn this box upside down этот ящик нельзя кантовать; turn a room upside down перевернуть все в комнате вверх дном || turn one’s ankle unexpectedly неожиданно и т.д. подвернуть ногу; I turned my ankle painfully я подвернул ногу и мне очень больно

    5) turn smth. somewhere turn aside a blow отвести удар

    5. VI

    turn smth., smb. into some [other] state

    1) turn the light low уменьшить свет; the lamp low подвернуть лампу; fear turned him cowardly страх сделал его трусом; what turned the milk bad /sour/? от чего скисло молоко; his behaviour turns me sick от его поведения меня всего переворачивает

    2) turn a bird loose выпустить птичку и т.д. на свободу; why don’t you turn them free? почему ты не отпустишь их?

    3) turn the leaves red окрашивать листья багрянцем и т.д.; the very thought turned me pale одна мысль об этом заставила меня побледнеть, я побледнел при одной мысли об этом; illness turned his hair white /grey/ он поседел от болезни и т.д.; the success of others turns him green with envy он зеленеет от зависти, когда слышит об успехах других

    6. XI

    1) be turned out of some place be turned out of the country быть высланным /водворенным/ из страны и т.д.; he was turned out of the hall for making too much noise его вывели /выгнали/ из зала за то, что он очень шумел; be turned from smth. he was turned from the door его прогнали от дверей

    2) be turned to for smth. this book may be turned to for accurate information в этой книге можно найти точные сведения и т.д.

    3) be turned the dress must be turned платье и т.д. надо перелицевать

    4) be turned by smth. be turned by steam приводиться в движение паром; be turned by gas вращаться при помощи газа; the mill wheel is being turned by water-power мельничное колесо приводится в движение /вращается/ силой воды и т.д.

    5) be turned to smth. the drawing-room was turned into a study гостиная и т.д. была превращена в кабинет, из гостиной и т.д. сделали кабинет; his love was turned to hatred его любовь перешла в ненависть; it was formerly thought that common metals could be turned into gold раньше думали, что обычные металлы можно превратить в золото

    7. XII

    have smth. turned have one’s coat turned отдать пальто и т.д. в перелицовку

    8. XIII

    turn to do smth. turn to look behind повернуться, чтобы посмотреть назад и т.д.

    9. XV

    turn into some state turn pale побледнеть: the leaves are beginning to turn yellow листья начинают желтеть; turn blue with cold посинеть от холода; turn green with envy позеленеть от зависти; her hair was said to have turned grey in one night говорили, что она поседела за одну ночь; this ink turns black on drying эти чернила становятся черными, когда высыхают; turn cold /colder/ холодать; the weather turned rainy погода стала дождливой и т.д.; whenever I come he turns sulky всегда, когда я прихожу, он начинает дуться; don’t leave the milk on the table, it’ll turn sour не оставляй молоко на столе, оно скиснет

    10. XVI

    1) turn to smth., smb. turn to the window повернуться к окну и т.Л; turn off the highway сворачивать с шоссе; the road turns to the north here здесь дорога уходит на север; the boat turned to windward лодка развернулась по ветру; he turned towards home он направился домой; turn into a wide road свернуть на широкое шоссе и т.д.; they turned from the road into the woods они повернули с дороги в лес; turn at smth. turn at the corner завернуть за угол, поворачивать на углу; turn in bed вертеться в постели и т.д.; the wheels won’t turn in this mud в такой грязи колеса будут буксовать и не будут вращаться/; it’s enough to make him turn in his grave он от этого в гробу перевернется; turn on one side while sleeping повернуться на бок во сне

    2) turn into smth. turn into a house завернуть /заглянуть/ в дом и т.д.; turn into a town заехать в город

    3) turn to smth., smb. turn to the last page заглянуть на последнюю страницу; you’ll find those figures if you turn to page 50 вы найдете эти цифры на странице/, если откроете страницу/ пятьдесят; my thoughts often turn to this subject мои мысли часто возвращаются к этой теме /к этому вопросу/; I shall now turn to another matter теперь я перейду к другому вопросу; I have no one to turn to мне не к кому обратиться; he is not the man you could turn to in these questions он не тот человек, к которому можно было бы обратиться с просьбой по таким вопросам; turn to smth., smb. for smth. turn to the dictionary for a word обращаться к словари в поисках слова и т.Л; turn to his friend for help искать помощи у друга и т.д.; turn to the secretary for information обратиться к секретарю за справкой и т.д.; he turned to us for a loan он попросил нас дать ему взаймы денег

    4) turn to smth. turn to music заняться музыкой и т.д.; turn to one’s work приниматься /браться/ за работу; he is giving up the stage and turning to film work он бросает сцену и переходит на работу в кино; turn to drink начать пить; turn to crime заняться преступной деятельностью; the starling only turns to worms when there are no berries скворцы питаются червями только тогда, когда нет ягод

    5) turn on smth. turn on an axle вращаться на оси и т.д.; the door turns on its hinges дверь поворачивается на петлях; he turned on his heel and walked out of the room он круто повернулся и вышел из комнаты

    6) turn with smth. his head turns with giddiness у него кружится голова; his head has turned with success успех вскружил ему голову; the weathercock turns with the wind флюгер крутится по ветру; turn at smth. his stomach turns at the sight of blood у него поднимается тошнота при виде крови и т.д.

    7) turn to smb., smth. turn into a butterfly превратиться в бабочку /стать бабочкой/ и т.д.; fog sometimes turns to snow туман иногда переходит в снег ; the water has turned to ice вода превратилась в лед; the snow had turned to slush снег превратился в слякоть; can a wolf turn into a lamb? разве может волк обернуться /стать/ овечкой?; my admiration soon turned to scorn мое восхищение скоро сменилось презрением; turn from smth. to smth. the wind turned from west into south-west Южный ветер сменился юго-западным; the sphere has turned from blue to red шар из голубого стал красным; turn for smth. turn for the better

    8) turn on smth. everything turns on his answer все и т.д. зависит от его ответа и т.д.; the success of the trip turns on the weather успех поездки будет зависеть от погоды; everything turned upon the result of the battle все определялось исходом боя; the conversation turned on sport .разговор вертелся вокруг /касался/ спорта и т.д.; the debate did not turn upon any practical propositions обсуждение не касалось никаких практических вопросов

    9) turn on smb. the dog turned on its trainer собака и т.д. набросилась на своего дрессировщика и т.Л; even the most friendly dog may turn on you if you tease or annoy it даже самая добродушная собака может наброситься на человека, если ее раздразнить; why have you turned on me? что ты на меня взъелся?; what a fine excuse for turn logon me прекрасный повод, чтобы наброситься на меня; he turned angrily against his relatives он яростно ополчился на своих родственников и т.А; the newspapers turned against the Parliament газеты начали кампанию против парламента; his words turned against him его слова и т.д. обернулись против него самого

    11. XXI1

    1) turn smth., smb. to smth., smb. turn the саг to the bridge повернуть машину к месту, въехать на мост; turn one’s car to the left повернуть машину налево и т.д.; turn one’s саг towards the centre of the town направиться [на машине] к центру города; turn one’s horse to the hills погнать лошадь в горы; turn cows to pasture выгнать коров на пастбище; turn one’s chair to the fire повернуть свое кресло к камину; plants turn blooms to the light растения поворачивают головки к свету; turn one’s back to one’s guests повернуться /стать/ спиной к гостям и т.д.; turn the light into the dark room направить луч света в темную комнату; turn a telescope on a star направлять телескоп на звезду и т.д.; turn the talk into other channels перевести разговор на другую тему; turn one’s eyes on the stage обратить или перевести взгляд на сцену; turn smth. with smth. he turned the blow with his arm он отвел удар рукой id turn a deaf ear to smb.’s request./to smb./ отказаться выслушать чью-л. просьбу, остаться глухим к чьей-л. просьбе

    2) turn smb. out of smth. turn smb. out of his room выгнать кого-л. из комнаты и т.д.; turn a beggar from one’s door прогнать нищего от своих дверей

    3) turn smth. to smth., smb. turn one’s thoughts to one’s work сосредоточить свои мысли и т.д. на работе и т.А; at last they turned their attention to her наконец они занялись ею; turn one’s efforts to something more important направлять свои усилия на что-либо более важное

    4) turn smth. to smth. turn one’s hand to useful work заняться полезным делом; he can turn his hand to almost anything он умеет делать почти все; he knows how to turn things to advantage /to account/ он знает, как из всего извлечь пользу; he turns even his errors to account даже из своих ошибок он извлекает пользу

    5) turn smth. on smth. turn a wagon on its side опрокинуть телегу на бок; turn a chop in a pan перевернуть котлету на сковородке || turn one’s ankle on the edge of the sidewalk вывихнуть ногу, споткнувшись о край тротуара

    6) turn smth. in smth. turn one’s hat in one’s hands вертеть шляпу в руках и т.д.; turn the key in the lock поворачивать ключ в замке и т.д. id turn smb. round one’s little finger вертеть кем-л. [как хочешь], помыкать кем-л.

    7) turn smth. to smth. turn water into ice превращать воду в лед и т.д.; turn a theatre into a cinema переделать /перестроить/ театр в кинозал и т.д.; turn one’s land into money обратить землю в деньги и т.д.; turn coins into paper money поменять звонкую монету на бумажные деньги; turn this piece of prose into verse переложить этот прозаический отрывок на стихи; turn this passage into Greek перевести этот отрывок на греческий язык и т.д.; turn smb. to smb. turn her into a cinema star сделать из нее кинозвезду и т.д.; turn a pessimist into an optimist превращать пессимиста в оптимиста; the fairy turned the prince into a frog фея превратила принца в лягушку id turn swords into ploughshares перековать мечи на орала

    8) turn smb., smth., against smb. turn the children against their father восстанавливать детей против отца и т.д.; turn friends against friends восстановить друзей друг против друга; it turns their argument against them это направляет их доводы против них самих

    9) turn smb., smth. from smth. turn smb. from his duty отвлекать кого-л. от исполнения своих обязанностей; nothing will ever turn him from his purpose ничто не заставит его изменять своему решению или отказаться от своей цели; turn a vessel from her course заставить судно отклониться от курса; turn the conversation from an unpleasant subject увести разговор от неприятной темы

    12. XXII

    turn smb. by doing smth. the police turned the advancing crowd by firing over their heads полиция заставила наступающую толпу повернуть назад, начав стрельбу в воздух

    13. XXV

    turn when… she turned when she saw us увидев нас, она отвернулась или свернула; he turned as if to go он повернулся, делая вид, что собирается уходить

    14. XXVI

    turn smth. when… she turns his shirt-collars when they get frayed она перевертывает воротнички его сорочек, когда они вытираются

    English-Russian dictionary of verb phrases > turn

  • 19
    life

    [laɪf]

    n

    (pl lives [laɪvz])

    1) жизнь, существование, деятельность

    The average life of a dog is ten years. — Собаки в среднем живут десять лет.

    The streets are full of life. — Жизнь на улицах бьет ключом.

    The drooping plant came to life in water. — Поникшее растение в воде ожило.


    — physical life
    — low life
    — busy life
    — adult life
    — this life
    — other life
    — all one’s life
    — one’s own life
    — somebody else’s life
    — working life
    — life force
    — life science
    — life span

    — life boat


    — life jacket
    — life scientist
    — life giving rain
    — life of the people
    — life cycle of a frog
    — life of a battery
    — life for life
    — life of pleasure
    — matter of life and death
    — happiest days of smb’s life
    — original of life
    — fight struggle for one’s life
    — charities of life
    — necessities of life
    — people from all sections of public life
    — speed and the noise of city life
    — threat to smb’s life
    — thread of life
    — average span of life
    — books true to life
    — appointment for life
    — post for life
    — pension for life
    — love of life
    — way of life
    — end of smb’s life
    — meaning of one’s life
    — art of leading one’s life
    — her last hours of life
    — water swarms with life
    — in after life
    — in the course of smb’s life
    — at the cost
    — in the prime of life
    — for the rest of one’s life
    — at my time of life
    — for dear life
    — have enough food to sustain life
    — bring smb, smth to life
    — come to life
    — go forth into the highways and by ways of life
    — have power over life and death
    — preserve life
    — be sould of the party
    — beat smb within an inch of his life
    — beg for one’s life
    — cling to life
    — enjoy one’s life
    — value one’s life
    — fill up one’s life with useful work
    — get as much fun out of life as possible
    — get the fright of one’s life
    — give one’s life to science
    — give new life to smb, smth
    — guide smb’s life
    — have a double life
    — hold a post for life
    — lay down one’s life for one’s country
    — lead a dog’s life
    — lead smb a dog’s life
    — live a happy life
    — live an easy life
    — live a simple life
    — live one’s own life
    — make a new life for oneself
    — make one’s own life
    — make life easy
    — make an attempt on smb’s life
    — make smb’s life miserable
    — quit this life
    — risk one’s life
    — run for dear life
    — run for one’s life
    — save one’s own life
    — sell one’s life dearly
    — sentence smb to hard labour for life
    — spare smb’s life
    — spend one’s life in smth
    — start life as an messenger
    — take smb’s life
    — take one’s life
    — take one’s life in one’s hands
    — trust one’s life to doctors
    — everything that has life
    — smb’s last hours of life

    2) жизнь, образ жизни

    Sport has always been a part of university life. — Спорт всегда был частью университетской жизни.

    TV has become part of our everyday life. — Телевидение прочно вошло в наш быт.


    — private life
    — city life
    — human life
    — miserable life
    — everyday life
    — quiet life
    — American life
    — fashionable life
    — high life
    — social life
    — college life
    — fascinating life
    — married life
    — retired lie
    — life of the capital
    — life of crime
    — chose a political life
    — enter a political life
    — lead an active life

    3) реальность, действительность

    He has had a successful life. — У него была успешная карьера.

    The life of the Roman Empire was long. — Римская Империя существовала долго.

    There he stands, as large as life. — Вон он стоит собственной персоной.

    There he is as big as life. — Вот он, во всей своей красе.

    It is a larger than life version of our present society. — Это преувеличенная картина современного общества.


    — life portrait
    — life of the contract
    — realities of life
    — portrait from life
    — in real life
    — during the life of the last Labour Government
    — as big as life
    — face life
    — learn something of life
    — mould life
    — paint from life
    — paint smb, smth to the life
    — see something of life
    — see life
    — take life easy
    — take one’s subjects from life
    — characters taken from life

    4) (часто в отрицательных предложениях) жизнь, энергия

    There was no life in her movements. — Она вяло двигалась.

    Will you put more life into the matter. — Займись, пожалуйста, данным вопросом с бо́льшим воодушевлением.

    — actors put no life in their performance


    — there was no life in her voice
    — there was no life in her eyes

    I have seen something of life. — я знаю настоящую жизнь.

    The portrait is my uncle to the life. — Портрет — точная копия моего дядюшки.

    There is life in the old dog yet. — ◊ Есть еще порох в пороховницах.

    While there is life there is hope. — ◊ Пока жив человек, жива и надежда


    — how is life?

    English-Russian combinatory dictionary > life

  • 20
    feed

    1. n питание, кормление

    2. n корм; фураж

    feed grinder — дробилка для кормов, кормодробилка

    3. n порция, дача

    4. n разг. пища, еда

    5. n выгон, пастбище

    6. n тех. питание, загрузка

    feed box — загрузочная воронка, загрузочный ковш

    7. n тех. подача материала

    8. n тех. подаваемый материал

    9. v кормить, давать пищу

    10. v питать; давать пищу

    11. v кормить, обеспечивать, содержать

    12. v снабжать, обеспечивать, питать

    feed up — откармливать, усиленно питать

    13. v амер. задавать корм

    14. v амер. скармливать

    15. v бросать; отправлять

    16. v пасти

    17. v есть, кормиться

    18. v шутл. есть, подкрепляться

    19. v кормиться, питаться

    20. v театр. проф. подавать реплику партнёру; подыгрывать партнёру

    21. v театр. проф. подсказывать, суфлировать

    22. v театр. проф. спорт. проф. подавать, передавать партнёру, противнику

    23. v тех. питать, снабжать

    24. v тех. нагнетать, накачивать

    25. v спец. вводить данные

    26. a редк. получающий жалованье, гонорар; нанятый

    Синонимический ряд:

    1. food (noun) bread; comestibles; edibles; fodder; food; foodstuff; forage; grub; meat; nourishment; nurture; pasture; provender; provisions; roughage; scoff; supplies; viands; victuals; vivres

    3. eat (verb) consume; cram; devour; dine; eat; feast; feed on; gorge; graze; pasture; stuff

    5. give (verb) deliver; dish out; dispense; find; furnish; give; hand; hand over; transfer; turn over

    7. nourish (verb) maintain; nourish; nurture; provide; provide for; purvey; supply; support; sustain

    8. satisfy (verb) cultivate; encourage; foster; gratify; minister to; please; promote; satisfy

    Антонимический ряд:

    neglect; quench; starve

    English-Russian base dictionary > feed

    • Источник

    Question

    Updated on

    6 Aug 2022


    • Traditional Chinese (Taiwan)

    • English (UK)

    • English (US)

    • German

    Question about English (US)

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    • English (US)

    «Well, it’s true that dog food is meant for dogs hence the name.»

    Hence means, «therefore» or «for this reason.»


    • English (US)

    «Well, it’s true that dog food is meant for dogs hence the name.»

    Hence means, «therefore» or «for this reason.»


    • Traditional Chinese (Taiwan)




    • Traditional Chinese (Taiwan)




    • English (US)

    Yes, it has the word dog in its title so therefore ( or hence) we know that it’s meant for dogs.




    • Traditional Chinese (Taiwan)

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    Did I heart it right? Well, it’s true that dog food is meant for dogs depends it’s name.

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      Slowly simmers over low heat

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    Источник

    What is the hot dog origin?

    The humble hot dog, a centerpiece of Americana, evokes fond images of ballparks, cookouts, and condiment-covered bliss. But how did the hot dog come to be? Where did the hot dog get its name? And why can’t we ever eat enough of them?

    It turns out, the history of the hot dog is as much the mystery of the hot dog, as its origins are shrouded in controversy and competing claims. Let’s start at the beginning… way back in the beginning.

    Hotdog History Infographic

    Share this Image On Your Site

    Hot dogs in the ancient world

    Hot dogs are a kind of sausage, which may date back to the 7th century BCE, when Homer mentioned a sausage in his epic poem The Odyssey.

    Centuries later, around 64 CE, Emperor Nero’s cook Gaius starred in a sausage legend of his own, when it is said that he “discovered” them.

    At the time, pigs were customarily starved the week before they were to be cooked and served. According to the popular telling, one pig was roasted but had not been properly cleaned. Gaius ran a knife into the pig’s belly to see if it was fit to eat. To his great surprise, the pig’s puffed up intestines popped out of the roast. Gaius supposedly said, “I have discovered something of great importance,” and proceeded to stuff the intestines with ground venison, ground beef, cooked ground wheat, and spices, tying them into sections as he went.

    Hot dogs in Europe

    As time rolled on, Europeans embraced sausages in their cuisine, particularly across Germany. The Germans created hundreds of versions of sausages to pair with kraut and beer.

    Two different European towns now claim to be the birthplace of the hot dog: Frankfurt, Germany and Vienna, Austria.

    Frankfurt (officially Frankfurt am Main) claims that the hot dog was invented there in 1487, pointing to the word frankfurter as proof of the hot dog’s roots in the city. In fact, in 1987, Frankfurt threw a huge celebration honoring the 500th anniversary of the hot dog.

    Rather than dating the hot dog to five years before Columbus sailed the ocean blue, however, the city of Vienna claims that the hot dog began there in the late 19th century. According to Vienna (Wien in German, hence the name wiener or wienerwurst), Austro-Hungarians Emil Reichel and Sam Ladany lived there when they invented the hot dog. The pair then went on to sell their creation at the 1893 World’s Fair in Chicago.

    Even if Reichel and Ladany were not the first to invent the hot dog, they probably were the first to invent the Chicago-style hot dog, with its signature toppings of bright green relish, dill pickle spear, tomato slices, pickled peppers, and celery salt. Reichel and Ladany are the cofounders of Vienna Beef, the Chicago-based hot dog manufacturer that remains at the heart of the city’s cuisine even today, over a century since it began.

    To complicate matters even further, Johann Georghehner is another name sometimes credited with inventing the hot dog. Georghehner was a butcher who lived in Coburg, Germany in the late 1600s, more than 100 years after the 1487 date touted by the city of Frankfurt. According to these reports, Georghehner traveled to Frankfurt to promote his new food, and that’s when the hot dog was born.

    Confused yet? Well, just wait. There’s more confusion to add to the picture.

    Hot dogs in America

    As Europeans came to the United States throughout the late 19th century, sausage vending became a relatively inexpensive startup business for upwardly mobile immigrants.

    Sausage carts were a fixture of urban life. The Duluth News Tribune described Chicago this way in September 1894:

    “More numerous than the lunch wagon is the strolling salesman of ‘red hots.’ This individual clothed in ragged trousers, a white coat and cook’s cap, and unlimited cheek, obstructs the night prowler at every corner. He carries a tank in which are swimming and sizzling hundreds of Frankforters or Wieners.”

    1957 Chicago Hot Dog Stand

    Street peddlers provided much of the everyday food the less affluent public consumed at the turn of the century. Their wares were not only convenient and inexpensive, but they may also have been a wise choice. In 1906, the same year that Upton Sinclair published his novel The Jungle to expose the harsh conditions of the meat-packing industry, a study by a health commission in New York City concluded that street food was actually fresher than the food sold in fixed-location restaurants. Hawkers, after all, got their food straight from the wholesale markets and had no means to store it overnight.

    What is the difference between sausages and hot dogs?

    Sausage is a broad term that can describe any ground meat encased with herbs and spices. Casings may be either natural or synthetic. Hot dogs are a type of sausage.

    The meat in a hot dog is more finely ground than the meat in a sausage, giving the hot dog a smoother texture. The spice mix in a hot dog is generally milder than in a sausage.

    But the sausage didn’t really become a hot dog until it was paired with its signature bun. So whom should we credit for that innovation?

    Who introduced the hot dog bun?

    Germans traditionally serve bread with sausages, but who invented the modern hot dog bun? On this topic, too, there is controversy. Because street-meat vendors walked every city block in the late 1800s, it’s hard to know who did what first. But we do know that some stories that persist on the internet are definitely not true.

    Where the hot dog bun was NOT born: St. Louis

    St Louis Exposition 1904

    According to one myth, the hot dog roll was introduced around 1880, when German peddler Antoine Feuchtwanger sold hot sausages on the streets of St. Louis, Missouri. So that his customers would not burn their hands or get themselves greasy, the story goes, Feuchtwanger would supply them with white gloves. The problem was, customers would take the gloves and walk off with them, eating into his profits.

    Allegedly, Feuchtwanger’s wife suggested putting the sausages on a split bun instead, calling on her brother (a baker), to improvise a long, soft roll to cradle the hot sausages. As the story goes, the concessionaire then went on to sell them at the 1904 World’s Fair in St. Louis, and voilà! The hot dog bun was born.

    There’s only one problem with this story: the hot dog bun had been known for many years before. Barry Popik, a renowned etymologist and consulting editor of the Oxford Encyclopedia of Food and Drink in America, painstakingly cited examples from printed news stories dating as far back as 1843. Besides, what street food vendor would offer expensive gloves that would need to be cleaned between customers (if they were even returned)? It doesn’t make any sense.

    More likely, because Feuchtwanger was from Bavaria, a city that borders Vienna, he took up the wiener trade in St. Louis to capitalize on the region’s heavy settlement of Germans of many different dialects, religious persuasions, and sausage traditions.

    Where the hot dog bun may have been born: Coney Island

    Charles Feltman 1867

    Around 1867, Charles Feltman opened what may have been the first hot dog cart on Coney Island.

    Originally from Hannover, Germany, Feltman owned a pie-wagon that delivered freshly baked pies to Coney Island inns and saloons. Customers hoped the baker would add hot sandwiches to his offerings, but the wagon was too small to accommodate the variety of ingredients. Perhaps, Feltman thought, something simple like a sausage on a roll could serve as a hot lunch option.

    Feltman consulted with the wheel-wright who had built the original pie-wagon. The wheel-wright added a tin-lined chest to keep the rolls fresh and rigged a small charcoal stove inside to boil sausages. According to great-grandson Charles Robert Feltman, Feltman’s bakery sold 3,684 pork sausages on a bun in its first year.

    Feltman went on to build something of an empire on the Coney Island boardwalk, consisting of a hotel, beer gardens, restaurants, rides, and even a ballroom. He claimed an all-time record of serving 100,000 people and 40,000 hot dogs in a single day.

    But Feltman’s contribution to hot dog history is at least partly romanticized. According to historian Bruce Kraig, author of Man Bites Dog: Hot Dog Culture in America, there is no good evidence of Feltman’s sausage cart. And as a fine-dining restaurateur, Feltman deplored the small booths and food stands that had multiplied near his seaside businesses. So who’s to say? ‾_(ツ)_/‾

    Who introduced the hot dog bun? The most likely answer

    Another Coney Island baker likely played a central role in inventing the hot dog bun. Ignatz Frischman arrived in New York from Austria before 1850. According to his 1904 New York Times obituary, Frischman “observed that the crowds [at Coney Island]… displayed a fondness for frankfurter sandwiches. In those days the frankfurter was served to the hungry pleasure seekers between two slices of bread. It occurred to Mr. Frishman that it would be more delectable tucked in the depths of a Vienna roll of special size.”

    The pioneering baker “sold to the frankfurter men in small quantities for a while, and at a small profit, until they became the only means by which the frankfurter could be sold,” wrote the Iola Daily Record. The Brooklyn Daily Times said, “when Frischman opened his modest little bakery and started the manufacture of a certain oblong roll that the frankfurter men needed in their business, ‘Coney’ sprang into the limelight… Visitors to Coney Island did not feel as though they had ‘done’ the resort thoroughly without devouring a hot ‘frankfurter and.’

    What’s more, that same skeptical historian Bruce Kraig conceded, “I don’t see why the Frischman story can’t be true. His creation was emulated by many afterward.” Well, hot diggety dog! That’s about as straight an answer as you’ll find on this topic.

    Unfortunately, this leads us to a murkier question…

    Ebbetts Field Hot Dog Vendors 1920

    How did the hot dog get its name?

    Are you ready for more lies? Because this part of the story includes a ton of them.

    Myth #1: A baseball game and hot dog cartoon

    Supposedly, the term hot dog was coined on a frigid April day around 1901 or 1902, at a Giants baseball game at the New York Polo grounds. Due to the weather, concessionaire Harry Stevens wasn’t making any money selling ice cream and cold sodas. He sent his salesmen to buy all the rolls and dachshund sausages (named for the shape of the German dog breed they resembled) they could find. Soon, the vendors were back, yelling “They’re red hot! Get your dachshund sausages while they’re red hot!”

    Here, the story goes awry. From the press box, T.A. “TAD” Dorgan, a sports cartoonist for the New York Evening Journal, was searching for ideas to sketch. Hearing the hawkers, he drew a cartoon of a dachshund dog nestled in a bun. But TAD didn’t know how to spell dachshund. So his caption simply read, “Hot dog!”

    The problem? Dorgan didn’t even come to New York until 1903. And despite volumes of his other work, there is no record of this infamous cartoon.

    This origin myth may have been circulated by Harry Stevens himself. He had, for many years, told reporters versions of the story, and shortly before TAD’s death in 1929, the first example of the coining tale appeared in a newspaper.

    “It’s a charming piece of Americana,” Dr. Gerald Cohen, co-author of the 2004 book Origin of the Term “Hot Dog”, said. “But it’s a complete fabrication.”

    Dorgan, Cohen explains, “did use the term later and probably helped popularize it. But his first two ‘hot dog’ cartoons came on Dec. 12 and 13, 1906, in connection with a six-day bike race at Madison Square Garden, not a baseball game at the Polo Grounds.”

    In another book, Cohen goes further to refute the TAD myth. He cites a 1926 newspaper article quoting Harry Stevens telling a new story:

    “I have been given credit for introducing the hot dog to America. Well, I don’t deserve it.  In fact, at first I couldn’t see the idea. It was my son, Frank, who first got the idea and wanted to try it on one of the early six-day bicycle crowds at Madison Square Garden. I told Frank that the bike fans preferred ham and cheese.  He insisted that we try it out for a few days, and at last I consented. His insistence has all Americans eating hot dogs.”

    Don’t believe everything you read.

    Myth #2: A different baseball game and a hot dog vendor

    A less well-circulated story takes us back to St. Louis. On June 3, 1903, Adolf Gehring was selling food at a baseball game. Being a particularly successful day, Gehring sold out of everything. When he went back to the baker to buy bread, there was nothing left but some long dinner rolls. Gehring bought the rolls, as well as all the sausages and wieners that the butcher had. Returning to the stands with his “meat sandwiches,” as he called them, a man in the crowd supposedly shouted, “Give me one of those damn dogs.” The phrase, it’s said, then caught on, and soon everyone was yelling for hot dogs.

    Evidence for this story is about as thin as its details. Gehring claimed he not only invented the name, but the hot dog itself. But he was a few decades too late.

    So how did the hot dog get its name, for real?

    It turns out, the term hot dog grew out of crude jokes and college humor.

    Few people want to know “how the sausage gets made.” Feared ingredients such as dogs, rats, cats, and even humans have been rumored to be in cased meats since at least the Middle Ages.

    Therefore, said Cohen, “the term was based on a popular 19th-century belief that dog meat could turn up in sausages, and this belief had basis in fact.” If this seems far-fetched, meat-packers at the time also added sawdust, formaldehyde, and other fillers to sausages. To make things worse, cities had little, if any, organized garbage disposal or clean water delivery.

    In this milieu, pushcarts would congregate near college dorms where they became known as “dog wagons,” a name deriding the questionable origin of the meat.

    “College students since time immemorial have combined a keen sense of wit with occasional bad taste,” Cohen says. “Both came into play in referring to a hot sausage as ‘hot dog.’ The term at first was disgusting, but of course it gradually caught on.”

    Many university humor magazines, such as those from Harvard, Princeton, and Cornell, demonstrate that the term hot dog was well-known by 1900. In fact, the October 5, 1895 edition of the Yale Record includes a poem about “The Kennel Club,” a dog wagon that had opened a year before. This facetiousness, along with the association to German dachshunds, linked sausages to dogs ever since.

    Even earlier instances of the term hot dog may be found in print, including one from December 1892 in Paterson, New Jersey’s Daily Press. Newspapers played a central role in popularizing neologisms and slang of the time, as wire services enabled small-town readers to follow what was happening in big cities and immigrant communities. Idioms such as “for crying out loud,” “to see red,” and “makin’ whoopee” joined “hot dog” and “weenie roasts” among the era’s contributions.

    Though the danger of canine meat in hot dogs no longer exists, the jokes, questions, and innuendos persist even today. But so does our collective love and cultural devotion to the humble hot dog, which never seems to fade from popular culture. The hot dog is, as a widespread joke from the 1930s goes, the noblest kind of dog: for it does not bite the hand that feeds it; it feeds the hand that bites it.

    Today’s hot dog

    Hot dog history continues to evolve, as the beloved American treat is enjoyed at home and across the world. Regional versions have arisen from the endless ways to serve a hot dog.

    In Seattle, top your hot dog with cream cheese. In Alaska, look for reindeer dogs accompanied by Coca-Cola grilled onions.

    Travel abroad to Iceland, where lamb hot dogs (pylsur) are served with onions, ketchup, sweet brown mustard, and remoulade.

    In Chile, try el completo, a hot dog that’s twice the size of the American version, served with chopped tomatoes, avocados, sauerkraut, and a huge dollop of mayonnaise.

    assortment of hot dog toppings

    New variations keep developing, but you don’t have to dress up a hot dog with a lot of fancy trappings to like it. The plainest hot dog is still a cured meat spiced with pepper, garlic, coriander, cinnamon, cumin, nutmeg, paprika, and allspice.

    The meat is usually beef or pork, trimmed from larger cuts like roasts, chops, and tenderloins. You can also find hot dog varieties made of chicken or turkey. And though you may have heard urban legends about how hot dogs are made of a bunch of leftover parts, meat science expert Dr. Janeal Yancey explains that hot dogs are made of “the same stuff that you make into ground beef or ground pork.

    The trimmings used to make hot dogs are pieces of meat that don’t make good steaks and roasts because they aren’t a certain tenderness, size, shape, or weight.”

    It’s not surprising, then, that in 2021, Americans spent $7.4 billion on hot dogs. Hot dogs are especially popular in the summer months, enjoyed at a ballpark or Fourth of July cookout. The average American eats 70 hot dogs per year.

    What is the largest selling hot dog brand in America?

    The most popular brand of hot dog in the US is Nathan’s, followed by Hebrew National and Oscar Meyer.

    Nathan’s has a long history dating back to 1916 when Nathan Handwerker opened his Coney Island hot dog stand on Surf Avenue in Brooklyn, New York.

    His business was so successful that he was able to expand into several other locations throughout Brooklyn and New York City before it was bought out by Oscar Mayer (the company behind Ball Park Franks) in 1990 for $20 million.

    What is the most expensive hot dog on record?

    The most expensive hot dog on record was sold at New York City’s Serendipity 3 restaurant for $69 in 2012. It was made with Kobe beef and topped with black truffles, a delicacy that can cost hundreds of dollars per pound.

    The price tag was no doubt justified by the fact that it was served on January 1st, the first day of the new year—and perhaps also because it was one of only 10 made.

    A second contender for most expensive hot dog would be Chicago’s The Wiener’s Circle, which sells a “2-Pounder” for $14 (a bargain compared to Serendipity).

    To ensure this frankfurter stays true to tradition, its owners purchase Vienna Beef franks from their local supplier and cook them on old-fashioned grills behind the counter.

    Hot dogs are an American tradition

    When you’re talking about hot dogs, there’s a lot to say. Hot dogs are an American tradition, and they’re a common food at baseball games, picnics and family gatherings across the country.

    In fact, it’s estimated that Americans consume 20 billion hot dogs each year and there’s even a holiday to, well, eat hot dogs – National Hot Dog Day. And National Chili Dog Day. And, even, National Corn Dog Day.

    Wrapping up hot dog history

    Well, there you have it.

    The history of the hot dog is long and storied, but the end result remains the same: hot dogs are a delicious and popular part of American cuisine that almost everyone loves to eat. So next time you’re grilling up some dogs for your kids or friends or yourself—or all three!—remember the rich past of this iconic dish.

    Remember how much we owe to German immigrants for bringing it over, and how much we owe to fast food vendors for making it accessible to everyone.

    The history of the hot dog is a history worth knowing.

    Hot Dog FAQs

    Who invented the hot dog?

    It’s hard to say definitively who invented the hot dog, but credit has gone to Emil Reichel and Sam Ladany (the co-founders of Vienna Beef) and Johann Georghehner, a German butcher.

    The hot dog was invented in Germany and named after the German word for “dachshund,” which literally translates to “badger dog.” The dachshund is a type of short-legged, elongated dog bred for hunting badgers. It’s also one of the oldest breeds, with evidence showing that it dates back to at least 1564.

    Over time, Germans began calling this sausage-in-a-bread roll a “frankfurter” or “wuerstchen” because it came from Frankfurt or Wuerzburg (two cities in Germany). Americans had other ideas when they heard about these sausages being sold by street vendors in Europe: they called them “hot dogs” because they were eaten at ball games on cold days.

    But no one is entirely sure.

    Why are they called franks or wieners?

    Hot dogs are called franks, short for frankfurters, because they may have begun in Frankfurt, Germany. Hot dogs are called wieners because they may have begun in Vienna, Austria, which is wien in German.

    When was the hot dog invented?

    Sausages date all the way back to ancient times, but the hot dog is first found mentioned in print in the late 1800s.

    Where was the hot dog invented?

    There is no definitive answer, but Frankfurt, Germany and Vienna, Austria both take credit for the invention of the hot dog.

    How the hot dog got it’s name?

    There are several myths about how the hot dog got its name, but the most likely origin is 19th century college humor, when students would make crude jokes pertaining to the questionable origin of the meat in hot dogs.

    Why is it called a hot dog?

    There are several myths about how the hot dog got its name, but the most likely origin is 19th century college humor, when students would make crude jokes pertaining to the questionable origin of the meat in hot dogs.

    Why are hot dogs red?

    Hot dogs are red because sodium nitrite is added to cure the meat, add flavor, and prevent the growth of bacteria. Sodium nitrite is also added to bacon, cold cuts, and Spam.

    What’s the difference between a kosher style hot dog and a regular hot dog?

    The main difference between kosher style hot dogs and regular hot dogs is that kosher style hot dogs are made with ingredients that are permissible under Jewish dietary laws, while regular hot dogs do not.

    This means that kosher style hot dogs—which can be made of beef or chicken, but never pork—must have a certain percentage of meat in them; they must be prepared according to strict rules regarding what kinds of utensils are used (no mixing meat and milk!) in order to be considered kosher.

    You’ll often see them served on rolls or buns, with mustard on top for dipping purposes.

    Источник

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     Vegetables – Овощи
    • aubergine – баклажан
    • beans – фасоль
    • beetroot – свекла
    • broccoli – брокколи
    • cabbage – капуста
    • carrot – морковь
    • cauliflower – цветная капуста
    • courgette – кабачок, цукини
    • cucumber – огурец
    • green pea(s) – зеленый горошек
    • onion – лук
    • pepper – перец
    • potato – картофель
    • pumpkin – тыква
    • radish – редис
    • sweetcorn – кукуруза
    • tomato – помидор
     Fruit – Фрукты
    • apple – яблоко
    • apricot – абрикос
    • avocado – авокадо
    • banana – банан
    • cherry – вишня
    • grapefruit – грейпфрут
    • grapes – виноград
    • kiwi – киви
    • lemon – лимон
    • melon – дыня
    • orange – апельсин
    • peach – персик
    • pear – груша
    • pineapple – ананас
    • plum – слива
    • raspberry – малина
    • strawberry – клубника
    • watermelon – арбуз
     Meat and meat dishes – Мясо и   мясные блюда
    • beef – говядина
    • (beef) steak – бифштекс
    • chicken – курица
    • chicken breast – куриная грудка
    • chop – отбивная (котлета)
    • lamb – баранина
    • liver – печень
    • meat dumplings – пельмени
    • meatballs – фрикадельки
    • pork – свинина
    • sausage – сосиски
    • turkey – индейка
    • veal – телятина
     Desserts – Десерты
    • apple pie – яблочный пирог, шарлотка
    • biscuit – печенье
    • cake – пирожное, торт
    • chocolate – шоколад
    • doughnut – пончик
    • ice cream – мороженое
    • jelly – желе
    • muffin – маффин, кекс
    • pudding – пудинг
     Describing food – Описание еды
    • bitter – горький
    • burnt – горелый
    • creamy – сливочный, жирный
    • crisp, crispy – хрустящий
    • crunchy – хрустящий
    • fresh – свежий
    • hot – горячий, острый
    • mild – неострый
    • mushy – мягкий, кашеобразный
    • overcooked – переваренный
    • raw – сырой
    • ripe – спелый
    • rotten – сгнивший
    • salty – соленый
    • savo(u)ry – острый, пикантный, пряный
    • sour – кислый
    • spicy – острый
    • sweet – сладкий
    • tasteless – безвкусный
    • tough – жесткий
    • undercooked – недоваренный
    • unripe – незрелый
     Snacks – Закуски
    • bacon – бекон
    • caviar(e) – икра
    • crisps – чипсы
    • nuts – орехи
    • olives – оливки
    • peanuts – арахис
    • sausage – колбаса
    • sweets – сладости, конфеты
     Popular dishes – Популярные блюда
    • baked pudding – запеканка
    • borsch – борщ
    • cabbage soup – щи
    • chicken soup – куриный суп
    • goulash – гуляш
    • jacket potato – картофель в мундире
    • lasagne – лазанья
    • mashed potatoes – картофельное пюре
    • pilau, pilaw, pilaff – плов
    • pizza – пицца
    • porridge – каша
    • roast – жаркое
    • salad – салат
     Fish and seafood – Рыба и морепродукты
    • cod – треска
    • crabmeat – мясо краба
    • haddock – пикша
    • herring – сельдь
    • lobster – омар
    • mussel(s) – мидии
    • oyster – устрицы
    • pike – щука
    • plaice – камбала
    • prawn(s) – креветки
    • salmon – лососина, семга
    • shrimp(s) – креветки
    • trout – форель
    • tuna – тунец
     Alcoholic drinks – Алкогольные напитки
    • beer – пиво
    • champagne – шампанское
    • cocktail – коктейль
    • cognac – коньяк
    • lager – светлое пиво
    • liqueur – ликер
    • red wine – красное вино
    • rum – ром
    • whiskey – виски
    • white wine – белое вино
     Non-alcoholic drinks – Безалкогольные напитки
    • coffee – кофе
    • green tea – зеленый чай
    • hot chocolate – горячий шоколад
    • juice – сок
    • lemonade – лимонад
    • milk – молоко
    • milkshake – молочный коктейль
    • soda – газированная вода
    • tea – чай
    • water – вода
     Breakfast – Завтрак
    • bacon – бекон
    • boiled eggs – вареные яйца
    • brown bread – черный хлеб, ржаной хлеб
    • butter – сливочное масло
    • cereal – хлопья
    • cheese – сыр
    • corn flakes – кукурузные хлопья
    • croissant – круассан
    • fried eggs – яичница-глазунья
    • ham – ветчина
    • jam – джем
    • omelette, omelet – омлет
    • pancake(s) – блины
    • porridge – каша
    • sandwich – бутерброд
    • sugar – сахар
    • sunny side up eggs – яичница-глазунья
    • toast – тост, гренок
    • waffle(s) – вафли
    • white bread – белый хлеб
     Condiments – Приправы, специи
    • ketchup – кетчуп
    • mayo, mayonnaise – майонез
    • mustard – горчица
    • pepper – перец
    • salt – соль
    • sauce – соус
    • sour cream – сметана
    • vinegar – уксус
     Condition – Состояние пищи
    • baked – печеный
    • boiled – вареный
    • deep fried – жареный во фритюре
    • diced – нарезанный в виде кубиков
    • fried – жареный
    • grilled – жареный
    • roasted – запеченый (в духовке)
    • shredded – нашинкованный
    • smoked – копченый
     Способ приготовления
    • bake – печь
    • boil – кипятить
    • cook – готовить
    • fry – жарить
    • grill – готовить на гриле
    • heat – греть, подогревать
    • microwave – готовить в микроволновке
    • poach – варить на медленном огне
    • roast – жарить
    • steam – готовить на пару
    • stew – тушить
     Other useful phrases – Другие полезные фразы
    • fussy eater – привередливый в еде
    • home-cooked food – домашняя еда
    • main meal – основной прием пищи
    • processed food – бакалея, бакалейные товары
    • ready meals – полуфабрикаты
    • sell-by date – срок годности
    • sweet tooth – пристрастие к сладкому
    • take-away – еда на вынос
    • three-course meal – обед/ужин из трех блюд
    • vegetarian – вегетарианец
    • vegetarianism – вегетарианство

    Выражения

    • bolt something down – глотать, не разжевывая
    • book a table – забронировать столик
    • die of hunger – умереть от голода
    • eat a balanced diet – сбалансированно питаться
    • eat like a horse – есть, как слон
    • enjoy your meal – приятного аппетита
    • follow a recipe – делать/готовить по рецепту
    • foot the bill – оплатить счет
    • grab a bite – перекусить
    • wine and dine – наслаждаться дорогими винами и изысканными блюдами

    Пословицы

    • To know on which side one’s bread is buttered – Быть себе на уме
    • Too many cooks spoil the broth – У семи нянек дитя без глазу
    • Every cook praises his own broth – Всякий купец свой товар хвалит
    • You can’t eat your cake and have it – Нельзя ступить в воду, не замочив ног
    • You can’t make an omelet without breaking eggs – Не разбив яиц, яичницу не приготовишь
    • Too much pudding will choke the dog – Все хорошо в меру
    • An apple a day keeps the doctor away – Лук от семи недуг
    • Man cannot live on bread alone – Не хлебом единым сыт человек
    • Appetite comes with the eating – Аппетит приходит во время еды
    • Eat with pleasure, drink with measure – Ешь вволю, пей в меру
    • One man’s meat is another man’s poison – Что полезно одному, то вредно другому
    • The proof of the pudding is in the eating – Все проверяется практикой
    • Don’t put all your eggs in one basket – Не ставь все на одну карту
    • Half a loaf is better than no bread – Лучше синица в руках, чем журавль в небе

     Идиомы

    • Warm as toast – теплый и уютный
    • Duck soup – легкое дело
    • Meat-and-potatoes – основной, жизненно важный, ключевой
    • Neither fish nor fowl – ни рыба, ни мясо
    • Eat away – постепенно разъедать, разрушать
    • Eat humble pie – принимать оскорбления и унижения
    • Eat like a bird – есть, как птичка
    • Eat one’s heart out – кусать локти, смириться с незавидной участью
    • Eat one’s words – брать свои слова назад
    • Eat out of (someone’s) hand – плясать под чью-либо дудку
    • Flat as a pancake – плоский, как блин
    • Egg on – подбивать, подстрекать
    • A piece of cake – пара пустяков
    • An apple-pie order – полный порядок
    • Bad egg – непутевый, никудышный человек
    • Beef something up – усиливать
    • Bread-and-butter letter – письмо, в котором выражается благодарность за гостеприимство
    • Bring home the bacon – зарабатывать достаточно
    • Cry over spilled milk – сделанного не воротишь
    • Save one’s bacon – убраться подобру-поздорову
    • As cool as a cucumber – спокойный, как удав
    • Not my cup of tea – не представляющий интереса

    Источник

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