Finnish word for finland

Republic of Finland Suomen tasavalta (Finnish) Republiken Finland (Swedish)
Flag Coat of arms
Anthem:  Maamme (Finnish) Vårt land (Swedish) (English: «Our Land»)
Location of Finland (dark green) – in Europe (green & dark grey) – in the European Union (green)  –  [Legend]
Capital and largest city	Helsinki 60°10′15″N 24°56′15″E / 60.17083°N 24.93750°E
Official languages	Finnish Swedish
Recognized national languages	Sami Karelian Finnish Kalo Finnish Sign Language Finland-Swedish Sign Language
Ethnic groups (2021)[1][2]	91.5% Finns[note 1] 8.5% others
Religion (2021)[3]	68.6% Christianity —66.6% Lutheranism —1.1% Orthodoxy —0.9% other Christian 30.6% no religion 0.8% other
Demonym(s)	Finnish Finn
Government	Unitary parliamentary republic[4]
• President	Sauli Niinistö
• Prime Minister	Sanna Marin
• Speaker of the Parliament	Petteri Orpo
Legislature	Parliament
Independence  from Russia
• Integration and autonomy in the Russian Empire	29 March 1809
• Declaration of Independence	6 December 1917
• Finnish Civil War	January – May 1918
• Constitution established	17 July 1919
• Winter War	30 November 1939 – 13 March 1940
• Continuation War	25 June 1941 – 19 September 1944
• Joined the EU	1 January 1995
• Joined NATO	4 April 2023
Area
• Total	338,455 km2 (130,678 sq mi) (65th)
• Water (%)	9.71 (2015)[5]
Population
• 2023 estimate	5,614,571[6] (116th)
• Density	16.4/km2 (42.5/sq mi) (213th)
GDP (PPP)	2022 estimate
• Total	$321.2 billion[7] (60th)
• Per capita	$58,010[7] (21st)
GDP (nominal)	2022 estimate
• Total	$267.61 billion[7] (46th)
• Per capita	$53,745[7] (16th)
Gini (2021)	25.7[8] low
HDI (2021)	0.940[9] very high · 11th
Currency	Euro (€) (EUR)
Time zone	UTC+2 (EET)
• Summer (DST)	UTC+3 (EEST)
Date format	dd.mm.yyyy[10]
Driving side	right
Calling code	+358
ISO 3166 code	FI
Internet TLD	.fi, .axa
The .eu domain is also used, as it is shared with other European Union member states.

Finland (Finnish: Suomi [ˈsuo̯mi] (listen); Swedish: Finland [ˈfɪ̌nland] (listen)), officially the Republic of Finland (Finnish: Suomen tasavalta; Swedish: Republiken Finland (listen to all)),^{[note 2]} is a Nordic country in Northern Europe. It borders Sweden to the northwest, Norway to the north, and Russia to the east, with the Gulf of Bothnia to the west and the Gulf of Finland to the south, across from Estonia. Finland covers an area of 338,455 square kilometres (130,678 sq mi) with a population of 5.6 million. Helsinki is the capital and largest city. The vast majority of the population are ethnic Finns. Finnish and Swedish are the official languages, Swedish is the native language of 5.2% of the population.^[11] Finland’s climate varies from humid continental in the south to the boreal in the north. The land cover is primarily a boreal forest biome, with more than 180,000 recorded lakes.^[12]

Finland was first inhabited around 9000 BC after the Last Glacial Period.^[13] The Stone Age introduced several different ceramic styles and cultures. The Bronze Age and Iron Age were characterized by contacts with other cultures in Fennoscandia and the Baltic region.^[14] From the late 13th century, Finland became a part of Sweden as a consequence of the Northern Crusades. In 1809, as a result of the Finnish War, Finland became part of the Russian Empire as the autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland, during which Finnish art flourished and the idea of independence began to take hold. In 1906, Finland became the first European state to grant universal suffrage, and the first in the world to give all adult citizens the right to run for public office.^{[15][note 3]} After the 1917 Russian Revolution, Finland declared independence from Russia. In 1918, the fledgling state was divided by the Finnish Civil War. During World War II, Finland fought the Soviet Union in the Winter War and the Continuation War, and Nazi Germany in the Lapland War. It subsequently lost parts of its territory, but maintained its independence.

Finland largely remained an agrarian country until the 1950s. After World War II, it rapidly industrialized and developed an advanced economy, while building an extensive welfare state based on the Nordic model; the country soon enjoyed widespread prosperity and a high per capita income.^[16] During the Cold War, Finland adopted an official policy of neutrality. Finland joined the European Union in 1995, the Eurozone at its inception in 1999 and NATO in 2023. Finland is a top performer in numerous metrics of national performance, including education, economic competitiveness, civil liberties, quality of life and human development.^{[17][18][19][20]}

History

Prehistory

The area that is now Finland was settled in, at the latest, around 8,500 BC during the Stone Age towards the end of the last glacial period. The artefacts the first settlers left behind present characteristics that are shared with those found in Estonia, Russia, and Norway.^[23] The earliest people were hunter-gatherers, using stone tools.^[24]

The first pottery appeared in 5200 BC, when the Comb Ceramic culture was introduced.^[25] The arrival of the Corded Ware culture in Southern coastal Finland between 3000 and 2500 BC may have coincided with the start of agriculture.^[26] Even with the introduction of agriculture, hunting and fishing continued to be important parts of the subsistence economy.

In the Bronze Age permanent all-year-round cultivation and animal husbandry spread, but the cold climate phase slowed the change.^[27] The Seima-Turbino phenomenon brought the first bronze artefacts to the region and possibly also the Finno-Ugric languages.^[27][28] Commercial contacts that had so far mostly been to Estonia started to extend to Scandinavia. Domestic manufacture of bronze artefacts started 1300 BC.^[29]

In the Iron Age population grew. Finland Proper was the most densely populated area. Commercial contacts in the Baltic Sea region grew and extended during the eighth and ninth centuries. Main exports from Finland were furs, slaves, castoreum, and falcons to European courts. Imports included silk and other fabrics, jewelry, Ulfberht swords, and, in lesser extent, glass. Production of iron started approximately in 500 BC.^[30] At the end of the ninth century, indigenous artefact culture, especially weapons and women’s jewelry, had more common local features than ever before. This has been interpreted to be expressing common Finnish identity.^[31]

An early form of Finnic languages spread to the Baltic Sea region approximately 1900 BC. Common Finnic language was spoken around Gulf of Finland 2000 years ago. The dialects from which the modern-day Finnish language was developed came into existence during the Iron Age.^[32] Although distantly related, the Sami people retained the hunter-gatherer lifestyle longer than the Finns. The Sami cultural identity and the Sami language have survived in Lapland, the northernmost province.

The name Suomi (Finnish for ‘Finland’) has uncertain origins, but a common etymology with saame (the Sami) has been suggested.^[33][34] In the earliest historical sources, from the 12th and 13th centuries, the term Finland refers to the coastal region around Turku. This region later became known as Finland Proper in distinction from the country name Finland.^[35] See also Etymology of Finns.

Swedish era

The 12th and 13th centuries were a violent time in the northern Baltic Sea. The Livonian Crusade was ongoing and the Finnish tribes such as the Tavastians and Karelians were in frequent conflicts with Novgorod and with each other. Also, during the 12th and 13th centuries several crusades from the Catholic realms of the Baltic Sea area were made against the Finnish tribes. Danes waged at least three crusades to Finland, in 1187 or slightly earlier,^[36] in 1191 and in 1202,^[37] and Swedes, possibly the so-called second crusade to Finland, in 1249 against Tavastians and the third crusade to Finland in 1293 against the Karelians. The so-called first crusade to Finland, possibly in 1155, is most likely an unreal event.^[38]

As a result of the crusades (mostly with the second crusade led by Birger Jarl) and the colonization of some Finnish coastal areas with Christian Swedish population during the Middle Ages,^[39] Finland gradually became part of the kingdom of Sweden and the sphere of influence of the Catholic Church.^[40] Under Sweden, Finland was annexed as part of the cultural order of Western Europe.^[41]

Swedish was the dominant language of the nobility, administration, and education; Finnish was chiefly a language for the peasantry, clergy, and local courts in predominantly Finnish-speaking areas. During the Protestant Reformation, the Finns gradually converted to Lutheranism.^[42]

In the 16th century, a bishop and Lutheran Reformer Mikael Agricola published the first written works in Finnish;^[43] and Finland’s current capital city, Helsinki, was founded by King Gustav Vasa in 1555.^[44] The first university in Finland, the Royal Academy of Turku, was established by Queen Christina of Sweden at the proposal of Count Per Brahe in 1640.^[45][46]

The Finns reaped a reputation in the Thirty Years’ War (1618–1648) as a well-trained cavalrymen called «Hakkapeliitta».^[47][48] Finland suffered a severe famine in 1695–1697, during which about one third of the Finnish population died,^[49] and a devastating plague a few years later.

In the 18th century, wars between Sweden and Russia twice led to the occupation of Finland by Russian forces, times known to the Finns as the Greater Wrath (1714–1721) and the Lesser Wrath (1742–1743).^[50][49] It is estimated that almost an entire generation of young men was lost during the Great Wrath, due mainly to the destruction of homes and farms, and the burning of Helsinki.^[51]

Russian era

The Swedish era ended in the Finnish War in 1809. On 29 March 1809, having been taken over by the armies of Alexander I of Russia, Finland became an autonomous Grand Duchy in the Russian Empire with the recognition given at the Diet held in Porvoo. This situation lasted until the end of 1917.^[50] In 1812, Alexander I incorporated the Russian Vyborg province into the Grand Duchy of Finland. In 1854, Finland became involved in Russia’s involvement in the Crimean War, when the British and French navies bombed the Finnish coast and Åland during the so-called Åland War.^[52]

During the Russian era, the Finnish language began to gain recognition. From the 1860s onwards, a strong Finnish nationalist movement known as the Fennoman movement grew. One of its most prominent leading figures of the movement was the philosopher and politician J. V. Snellman, who pushed for the stabilization of the status of the Finnish language and its own currency, the Finnish markka, in the Grand Duchy of Finland.^[52][53] Milestones included the publication of what would become Finland’s national epic – the Kalevala – in 1835, and the Finnish language’s achieving equal legal status with Swedish in 1892. In the spirit of the notion of Adolf Ivar Arwidsson (1791–1858) – «we are not Swedes, we do not want to become Russians, let us, therefore, be Finns» – a Finnish national identity was established.^[54] Still there was no genuine independence movement in Finland until the early 20th century.^[55]

The Finnish famine of 1866–1868 occurred after freezing temperatures in early September ravaged crops,^[56] and it killed approximately 15% of the population, making it one of the worst famines in European history. The famine led the Russian Empire to ease financial regulations, and investment rose in the following decades. Economic development was rapid.^[57] The gross domestic product (GDP) per capita was still half of that of the United States and a third of that of Britain.^[57]

From 1869 until 1917, the Russian Empire pursued a policy known as the «Russification of Finland». This policy was interrupted between 1905 and 1908. In 1906, universal suffrage was adopted in the Grand Duchy of Finland. However, the relationship between the Grand Duchy and the Russian Empire soured when the Russian government made moves to restrict Finnish autonomy. For example, universal suffrage was, in practice, virtually meaningless, since the tsar did not have to approve any of the laws adopted by the Finnish parliament. The desire for independence gained ground, first among radical liberals^[58] and socialists, driven in part by a declaration called the February Manifesto by the last tsar of the Russian Empire, Nicholas II, on 15 February 1899.^[59]

Civil war and early independence

After the 1917 February Revolution, the position of Finland as part of the Russian Empire was questioned, mainly by Social Democrats. The Parliament, controlled by social democrats, passed the so-called Power Act to give the highest authority to the Parliament. This was rejected by the Russian Provisional Government which decided to dissolve the Parliament.^[60] New elections were conducted, in which right-wing parties won with a slim majority. Some social democrats refused to accept the result and still claimed that the dissolution of the parliament (and thus the ensuing elections) were extralegal. The two nearly equally powerful political blocs, the right-wing parties, and the social-democratic party were highly antagonized.

The October Revolution in Russia changed the geopolitical situation once more. Suddenly, the right-wing parties in Finland started to reconsider their decision to block the transfer of the highest executive power from the Russian government to Finland, as the Bolsheviks took power in Russia. The right-wing government, led by Prime Minister P. E. Svinhufvud, presented Declaration of Independence on 4 December 1917, which was officially approved on 6 December, by the Finnish Parliament. The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR), led by Vladimir Lenin, recognized independence on 4 January 1918.^[61]

On 27 January 1918 the government’s began to disarm the Russian forces in Pohjanmaa. The socialists gained control of southern Finland and Helsinki, but the White government continued in exile from Vaasa.^[62][63] This sparked the brief but bitter civil war. The Whites, who were supported by Imperial Germany, prevailed over the Reds,^[64] and their self-proclaimed Finnish Socialist Workers’ Republic.^[65] After the war, tens of thousands of Reds were interned in camps, where thousands were executed or died from malnutrition and disease. Deep social and political enmity was sown between the Reds and Whites and would last until the Winter War and even beyond.^[66][67] The civil war and the 1918–1920 activist expeditions called «Kinship Wars» into Soviet Russia strained Eastern relations.^[68][69]

After brief experimentation with monarchy, when an attempt to make Prince Frederick Charles of Hesse King of Finland was unsuccessful, Finland became a presidential republic, with K. J. Ståhlberg elected as its first president in 1919. As a liberal nationalist with a legal background, Ståhlberg anchored the state in liberal democracy, supported the rule of law, and embarked on internal reforms.^[70] Finland was also one of the first European countries to strongly aim for equality for women, with Miina Sillanpää serving in Väinö Tanner’s cabinet as the first female minister in Finnish history in 1926–1927.^[71] The Finnish–Russian border was defined in 1920 by the Treaty of Tartu, largely following the historic border but granting Pechenga (Finnish: Petsamo) and its Barents Sea harbour to Finland.^[50] Finnish democracy did not experience any Soviet coup attempts and likewise survived the anti-communist Lapua Movement.

In 1917, the population was three million. Credit-based land reform was enacted after the civil war, increasing the proportion of the capital-owning population.^[57] About 70% of workers were occupied in agriculture and 10% in industry.^[72]

World War II

The Soviet Union launched the Winter War on 30 November 1939 in an effort to annex Finland.^[73] The Finnish Democratic Republic was established by Joseph Stalin at the beginning of the war to govern Finland after Soviet conquest.^[74] The Red Army was defeated in numerous battles, notably at the Battle of Suomussalmi. After two months of negligible progress on the battlefield, as well as severe losses of men and materiel, the Soviets put an end to the Finnish Democratic Republic in late January 1940 and recognized the legal Finnish government as the legitimate government of Finland.^[75] Soviet forces began to make progress in February and reached Vyborg in March. The fighting came to an end on 13 March 1940 with the signing of the Moscow Peace Treaty. Finland had successfully defended its independence, but ceded 9% of its territory to the Soviet Union.

Hostilities resumed in June 1941 with the Continuation War, when Finland aligned with Germany following the latter’s invasion of the Soviet Union; the primary aim was to recapture the territory lost to the Soviets scarcely one year before.^[76] Finnish forces occupied East Karelia from 1941 to 1944. Finnish resistance to the Vyborg–Petrozavodsk offensive in the summer of 1944 led to a standstill, and the two sides reached an armistice. This was followed by the Lapland War of 1944–1945, when Finland fought retreating German forces in northern Finland. Famous war heroes of the aforementioned wars include Simo Häyhä,^[77][78] Aarne Juutilainen,^[79] and Lauri Törni.^[80]

The Armistice and treaty signed with the Soviet Union in 1944 and 1948 included Finnish obligations, restraints, and reparations, as well as further Finnish territorial concessions in addition to those in the Moscow Peace Treaty. As a result of the two wars, Finland ceded Petsamo, along with parts of Finnish Karelia and Salla; this amounted to 12% of Finland’s land area, 20% of its industrial capacity, its second-largest city, Vyborg (Viipuri), and the ice-free port of Liinakhamari (Liinahamari). Almost the whole Finnish population, some 400,000 people, fled these areas. Finland lost 97,000 soldiers and was forced to pay war reparations of $300 million ($3.7 billion in 2021); nevertheless, it avoided occupation by Soviet forces and managed to retain its independence.

For a few decades after 1944, the Communists were a strong political party. The Soviet Union persuaded Finland to reject Marshall Plan aid. However, in the hope of preserving Finland’s independence, the United States provided secret development aid and helped the Social Democratic Party.^[81]

After the war

Establishing trade with the Western powers, such as the United Kingdom, and paying reparations to the Soviet Union produced a transformation of Finland from a primarily agrarian economy to an industrialized one. Valmet (originally a shipyard, then several metal workshops) was founded to create materials for war reparations. After the reparations had been paid off, Finland continued to trade with the Soviet Union in the framework of bilateral trade.

In 1950, 46% of Finnish workers worked in agriculture and a third lived in urban areas.^[82] The new jobs in manufacturing, services, and trade quickly attracted people to the towns. The average number of births per woman declined from a baby boom peak of 3.5 in 1947 to 1.5 in 1973.^[82] When baby boomers entered the workforce, the economy did not generate jobs quickly enough, and hundreds of thousands emigrated to the more industrialized Sweden, with emigration peaking in 1969 and 1970.^[82] Finland took part in trade liberalization in the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, and the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade.

Officially claiming to be neutral, Finland lay in the grey zone between the Western countries and the Soviet bloc during the Cold War. The military YYA Treaty (Finno-Soviet Pact of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance) gave the Soviet Union some leverage in Finnish domestic politics. This was extensively exploited by president Urho Kekkonen against his opponents. He maintained an effective monopoly on Soviet relations from 1956 on, which was crucial for his continued popularity. In politics, there was a tendency to avoid any policies and statements that could be interpreted as anti-Soviet. This phenomenon was given the name «Finlandization» by the West German press.^[83]

Finland maintained a market economy. Various industries benefited from trade privileges with the Soviets. Economic growth was rapid in the postwar era, and by 1975 Finland’s GDP per capita was the 15th-highest in the world. In the 1970s and 1980s, Finland built one of the most extensive welfare states in the world. Finland negotiated with the European Economic Community (EEC, a predecessor of the European Union) a treaty that mostly abolished customs duties towards the EEC starting from 1977. In 1981, President Urho Kekkonen’s failing health forced him to retire after holding office for 25 years.

Miscalculated macroeconomic decisions, a banking crisis, the collapse of its largest trading partner (the Soviet Union), and a global economic downturn caused a deep early 1990s recession in Finland. The depression bottomed out in 1993, and Finland saw steady economic growth for more than ten years.^[84] After the collapse of the Soviet Union, Finland began increasing integration with the West.^[85] Finland joined the European Union in 1995, and the Eurozone in 1999. Much of the late 1990s economic growth was fueled by the success of the mobile phone manufacturer Nokia.^[41]

21st century

The Finnish population elected Tarja Halonen in the 2000 Presidential election, making her the first female President of Finland.^[86] Financial crises paralyzed Finland’s exports in 2008, resulting in weaker economic growth throughout the decade.^[87][88] Sauli Niinistö has subsequently been elected the President of Finland since 2012.^[89]

Finland’s support for NATO rose enormously after the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.^[90][91][92] On 11 May 2022, Finland entered into a mutual security pact with the United Kingdom.^[93] On 12 May, Finland’s president and prime minister called for NATO membership «without delay».^[94] Subsequently, on 17 May, the Parliament of Finland decided by a vote of 188–8 that it supported Finland’s accession to NATO.^[95][96] On 18 May the president and foreign minister submitted the application for membership.^[97] Finland became a member of NATO on 4 April 2023.^[98]

Geography

Lying approximately between latitudes 60° and 70° N, and longitudes 20° and 32° E, Finland is one of the world’s northernmost countries. Of world capitals, only Reykjavík lies more to the north than Helsinki. The distance from the southernmost point – Hanko in Uusimaa – to the northernmost – Nuorgam in Lapland – is 1,160 kilometres (720 mi).

Finland has about 168,000 lakes (of area larger than 500 m² or 0.12 acres) and 179,000 islands.^[99] Its largest lake, Saimaa, is the fourth largest in Europe. The Finnish Lakeland is the area with the most lakes in the country; many of the major cities in the area, most notably Tampere, Jyväskylä and Kuopio, are located near the large lakes. The greatest concentration of islands is found in the southwest, in the Archipelago Sea between continental Finland and the main island of Åland.

Much of the geography of Finland is a result of the Ice Age. The glaciers were thicker and lasted longer in Fennoscandia compared with the rest of Europe. Their eroding effects have left the Finnish landscape mostly flat with few hills and fewer mountains. Its highest point, the Halti at 1,324 metres (4,344 ft), is found in the extreme north of Lapland at the border between Finland and Norway. The highest mountain whose peak is entirely in Finland is Ridnitšohkka at 1,316 m (4,318 ft), directly adjacent to Halti.

The retreating glaciers have left the land with morainic deposits in formations of eskers. These are ridges of stratified gravel and sand, running northwest to southeast, where the ancient edge of the glacier once lay. Among the biggest of these are the three Salpausselkä ridges that run across southern Finland.

Having been compressed under the enormous weight of the glaciers, terrain in Finland is rising due to the post-glacial rebound. The effect is strongest around the Gulf of Bothnia, where land steadily rises about 1 cm (0.4 in) a year. As a result, the old sea bottom turns little by little into dry land: the surface area of the country is expanding by about 7 square kilometres (2.7 sq mi) annually.^[100] Relatively speaking, Finland is rising from the sea.^[101]

The landscape is covered mostly by coniferous taiga forests and fens, with little cultivated land. Of the total area, 10% is lakes, rivers, and ponds, and 78% is forest. The forest consists of pine, spruce, birch, and other species.^[102] Finland is the largest producer of wood in Europe and among the largest in the world. The most common type of rock is granite. It is a ubiquitous part of the scenery, visible wherever there is no soil cover. Moraine or till is the most common type of soil, covered by a thin layer of humus of biological origin. Podzol profile development is seen in most forest soils except where drainage is poor. Gleysols and peat bogs occupy poorly drained areas.

Biodiversity

Phytogeographically, Finland is shared between the Arctic, central European, and northern European provinces of the Circumboreal Region within the Boreal Kingdom. According to the WWF, the territory of Finland can be subdivided into three ecoregions: the Scandinavian and Russian taiga, Sarmatic mixed forests, and Scandinavian Montane Birch forest and grasslands.^[104] Taiga covers most of Finland from northern regions of southern provinces to the north of Lapland. On the southwestern coast, south of the Helsinki-Rauma line, forests are characterized by mixed forests, that are more typical in the Baltic region. In the extreme north of Finland, near the tree line and Arctic Ocean, Montane Birch forests are common. Finland had a 2018 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 5.08/10, ranking it 109th globally out of 172 countries.^[105]

Similarly, Finland has a diverse and extensive range of fauna. There are at least sixty native mammalian species, 248 breeding bird species, over 70 fish species, and 11 reptile and frog species present today, many migrating from neighbouring countries thousands of years ago.
Large and widely recognized wildlife mammals found in Finland are the brown bear, grey wolf, wolverine, and elk. Three of the more striking birds are the whooper swan, a large European swan and the national bird of Finland; the Western capercaillie, a large, black-plumaged member of the grouse family; and the Eurasian eagle-owl. The latter is considered an indicator of old-growth forest connectivity, and has been declining because of landscape fragmentation.^[106] Around 24,000 species of insects are prevalent in Finland some of the most common being hornets with tribes of beetles such as the Onciderini also being common. The most common breeding birds are the willow warbler, common chaffinch, and redwing.^[107] Of some seventy species of freshwater fish, the northern pike, perch, and others are plentiful. Atlantic salmon remains the favourite of fly rod enthusiasts.

The endangered Saimaa ringed seal, one of only three lake seal species in the world, exists only in the Saimaa lake system of southeastern Finland, down to only 390 seals today.^[108][109] The species has become the emblem of the Finnish Association for Nature Conservation.^[110]

A third of Finland’s land area originally consisted of moorland, about half of this area has been drained for cultivation over the past centuries.^[111]

Climate

The main factor influencing Finland’s climate is the country’s geographical position between the 60th and 70th northern parallels in the Eurasian continent’s coastal zone. In the Köppen climate classification, the whole of Finland lies in the boreal zone, characterized by warm summers and freezing winters. Within the country, the temperateness varies considerably between the southern coastal regions and the extreme north, showing characteristics of both a maritime and a continental climate. Finland is near enough to the Atlantic Ocean to be continuously warmed by the Gulf Stream. The Gulf Stream combines with the moderating effects of the Baltic Sea and numerous inland lakes to explain the unusually warm climate compared with other regions that share the same latitude, such as Alaska, Siberia, and southern Greenland.^[112]

Winters in southern Finland (when mean daily temperature remains below 0 °C or 32 °F) are usually about 100 days long, and in the inland the snow typically covers the land from about late November to April, and on the coastal areas such as Helsinki, snow often covers the land from late December to late March.^[113] Even in the south, the harshest winter nights can see the temperatures fall to −30 °C (−22 °F) although on coastal areas like Helsinki, temperatures below −30 °C (−22 °F) are rare. Climatic summers (when mean daily temperature remains above 10 °C or 50 °F) in southern Finland last from about late May to mid-September, and in the inland, the warmest days of July can reach over 35 °C (95 °F).^[112] Although most of Finland lies on the taiga belt, the southernmost coastal regions are sometimes classified as hemiboreal.^[114]

In northern Finland, particularly in Lapland, the winters are long and cold, while the summers are relatively warm but short. On the most severe winter days in Lapland can see the temperature fall to −45 °C (−49 °F). The winter of the north lasts for about 200 days with permanent snow cover from about mid-October to early May. Summers in the north are quite short, only two to three months, but can still see maximum daily temperatures above 25 °C (77 °F) during heat waves.^[112] No part of Finland has Arctic tundra, but Alpine tundra can be found at the fells Lapland.^[114]

The Finnish climate is suitable for cereal farming only in the southernmost regions, while the northern regions are suitable for animal husbandry.^[115]

A quarter of Finland’s territory lies within the Arctic Circle and the midnight sun can be experienced for more days the farther north one travels. At Finland’s northernmost point, the sun does not set for 73 consecutive days during summer and does not rise at all for 51 days during winter.^[112]

Regions

Finland consists of 19 regions (maakunta). The counties are governed by regional councils which serve as forums of cooperation for the municipalities of a county. The main tasks of the counties are regional planning and development of enterprise and education. In addition, the public health services are usually organized based on counties. Regional councils are elected by municipal councils, each municipality sending representatives in proportion to its population. In addition to inter-municipal cooperation, which is the responsibility of regional councils, each county has a state Employment and Economic Development Centre which is responsible for the local administration of labour, agriculture, fisheries, forestry, and entrepreneurial affairs. Historically, counties are divisions of historical provinces of Finland, areas that represent local dialects and culture more accurately.

Six Regional State Administrative Agencies are responsible for one of the counties called alue in Finnish; in addition, Åland was designated a seventh county.^[116]

The county of Eastern Uusimaa (Itä-Uusimaa) was consolidated with Uusimaa on 1 January 2011.^[118]

Administrative divisions

The fundamental administrative divisions of the country are the municipalities, which may also call themselves towns or cities. They account for half of the public spending. Spending is financed by municipal income tax, state subsidies, and other revenue. As of 2021, there are 309 municipalities,^[119] and most have fewer than 6,000 residents.

In addition to municipalities, two intermediate levels are defined. Municipalities co-operate in seventy sub-regions and nineteen counties. These are governed by the member municipalities and have only limited powers. The autonomous province of Åland has a permanent democratically elected regional council. Sami people have a semi-autonomous Sami native region in Lapland for issues on language and culture.

In the following chart, the number of inhabitants includes those living in the entire municipality (kunta/kommun), not just in the built-up area. The land area is given in km², and the density in inhabitants per km² (land area). The figures are as of 28 February 2023. The capital region – comprising Helsinki, Vantaa, Espoo and Kauniainen – forms a continuous conurbation of over 1.1 million people. However, common administration is limited to voluntary cooperation of all municipalities, e.g. in Helsinki Metropolitan Area Council.

City	Population[120]	Land area[121]	Density	Regional map	Population density map
Helsinki	665,558	213.75	3,113.72	Municipalities (thin borders) and counties (thick borders) of Finland (2021)	The population densities of Finnish municipalities (2010)
Espoo	306,792	312.26	982.49
Tampere	249,720	525.03	475.63
Vantaa	243,496	238.37	1,021.5
Oulu	212,127	1,410.17	150.43
Turku	198,211	245.67	806.82
Jyväskylä	145,962	1,170.99	124.65
Kuopio	122,615	1,597.39	76.76
Lahti	120,211	459.47	261.63
Pori	83,171	834.06	99.72
Kouvola	79,309	2,558.24	31
Joensuu	77,480	2,381.76	32.53
Lappeenranta	72,595	1,433.36	50.65
Hämeenlinna	68,011	1,785.76	38.09
Vaasa	68,049	188.81	360.41

Government and politics

Constitution

The Constitution of Finland defines the political system; Finland is a parliamentary republic within the framework of a representative democracy. The Prime Minister is the country’s most powerful person. Citizens can run and vote in parliamentary, municipal, presidential, and European Union elections.

President

Finland’s head of state is the President of the Republic. Finland has had for most of its independence a semi-presidential system of government, but in the last few decades the powers of the President have been diminished, and the country is now considered a parliamentary republic.^[4] A new constitution enacted in 2000, have made the presidency a primarily ceremonial office that appoints the Prime Minister as elected by Parliament, appoints and dismisses the other ministers of the Finnish Government on the recommendation of the Prime Minister, opens parliamentary sessions, and confers state honors. Nevertheless, the President remains responsible for Finland’s foreign relations, including the making of war and peace, but excluding matters related to the European Union. Moreover, the President exercises supreme command over the Finnish Defence Forces as commander-in-chief. In the exercise of his or her foreign and defense powers, the President is required to consult the Finnish Government, but the Government’s advice is not binding. In addition, the President has several domestic reserve powers, including the authority to veto legislation, to grant pardons, and to appoint several public officials. The President is also required by the Constitution to dismiss individual ministers or the entire Government upon a parliamentary vote of no confidence.^[122]

The President is directly elected via runoff voting for a maximum of two consecutive 6-year terms. The current president is Sauli Niinistö; he took office on 1 March 2012. Former presidents were K. J. Ståhlberg (1919–1925), L. K. Relander (1925–1931), P. E. Svinhufvud (1931–1937), Kyösti Kallio (1937–1940), Risto Ryti (1940–1944), C. G. E. Mannerheim (1944–1946), J. K. Paasikivi (1946–1956), Urho Kekkonen (1956–1982), Mauno Koivisto (1982–1994), Martti Ahtisaari (1994–2000), and Tarja Halonen (2000–2012).

Parliament

The 200-member unicameral Parliament of Finland (Finnish: Eduskunta) exercises supreme legislative authority in the country. It may alter the constitution and ordinary laws, dismiss the cabinet, and override presidential vetoes. Its acts are not subject to judicial review; the constitutionality of new laws is assessed by the parliament’s constitutional law committee. The parliament is elected for a term of four years using the proportional D’Hondt method within several multi-seat constituencies through the most open list multi-member districts. Various parliament committees listen to experts and prepare legislation.

Significant parliamentary parties are Centre Party, Christian Democrats, Finns Party, Green League, Left Alliance, National Coalition Party, Social Democrats and Swedish People’s Party.

Cabinet

After parliamentary elections, the parties negotiate among themselves on forming a new cabinet (the Finnish Government), which then has to be approved by a simple majority vote in the parliament. The cabinet can be dismissed by a parliamentary vote of no confidence, although this rarely happens (the last time in 1957), as the parties represented in the cabinet usually make up a majority in the parliament.

The cabinet exercises most executive powers and originates most of the bills that the parliament then debates and votes on. It is headed by the Prime Minister of Finland, and consists of him or her, other ministers, and the Chancellor of Justice. Each minister heads his or her ministry, or, in some cases, has responsibility for a subset of a ministry’s policy. After the prime minister, the most powerful minister is often the minister of finance.

As no one party ever dominates the parliament, Finnish cabinets are multi-party coalitions. As a rule, the post of prime minister goes to the leader of the biggest party and that of the minister of finance to the leader of the second biggest.

The Marin Cabinet is the incumbent 76th government of Finland. It took office on 10 December 2019.^[123][124] The cabinet consists of a coalition formed by the Social Democratic Party, the Centre Party, the Green League, the Left Alliance, and the Swedish People’s Party.^[125]

Law

The judicial system of Finland is a civil law system divided between courts with regular civil and criminal jurisdiction and administrative courts with jurisdiction over litigation between individuals and the public administration. Finnish law is codified and based on Swedish law and in a wider sense, civil law or Roman law. The court system for civil and criminal jurisdiction consists of local courts, regional appellate courts, and the Supreme Court. The administrative branch of justice consists of administrative courts and the Supreme Administrative Court. In addition to the regular courts, there are a few special courts in certain branches of administration. There is also a High Court of Impeachment for criminal charges against certain high-ranking officeholders.

Around 92% of residents have confidence in Finland’s security institutions.^[126] The overall crime rate of Finland is not high in the EU context. Some crime types are above average, notably the high homicide rate for Western Europe.^[127] A day fine system is in effect and also applied to offenses such as speeding. Finland has a very low number of corruption charges; Transparency International ranks Finland as one of the least corrupt countries in Europe.

Foreign relations

According to the 2012 constitution, the president (currently Sauli Niinistö) leads foreign policy in cooperation with the government, except that the president has no role in EU affairs.^[128] In 2008, president Martti Ahtisaari was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.^[129]

Military

The Finnish Defence Forces consist of a cadre of professional soldiers (mainly officers and technical personnel), currently serving conscripts, and a large reserve. The standard readiness strength is 34,700 people in uniform, of which 25% are professional soldiers. A universal male conscription is in place, under which all male Finnish nationals above 18 years of age serve for 6 to 12 months of armed service or 12 months of civilian (non-armed) service.
Voluntary post-conscription overseas peacekeeping service is popular, and troops serve around the world in UN, NATO, and EU missions. Women are allowed to serve in all combat arms. In 2022, 1211 women entered voluntary military service.^[130] The army consists of a highly mobile field army backed up by local defence units. With a high capability of military personnel,^[131] arsenal^[132] and homeland defence willingness, Finland is one of Europe’s militarily strongest countries.^[133]

Finnish defence expenditure per capita is one of the highest in the European Union.^[134] The branches of the military are the army, the navy, and the air force. The border guard is under the Ministry of the Interior but can be incorporated into the Defence Forces when required for defence readiness.

Finland became a member of NATO on 4 April 2023,^[98] though it participated in the NATO Response Force before becoming a member. Finland also contributes to the EU Battlegroup.^{[135][136][137]} Finland sent personnel to the Kosovo Force and the International Security Assistance Force in Afghanistan.^[138][139]

Finland has one of the world’s most extensive welfare systems, one that guarantees decent living conditions for all residents. The welfare system was created almost entirely during the first three decades after World War II. Finland’s history has been harsher than the histories of the other Nordic countries, but not harsh enough to bar the country from following its path of social development.^[140]

Human rights

Section 6 of the Finnish Constitution states: «No one shall be placed in a different position on situation of sex, age, origin, language, religion, belief, opinion, state of health, disability or any other personal reason without an acceptable reason».^[141]

Finland has been ranked above average among the world’s countries in democracy,^[142] press freedom,^[143] and human development.^[144] Amnesty International has expressed concern regarding some issues in Finland, such as the imprisonment of conscientious objectors, and societal discrimination against Romani people and members of other ethnic and linguistic minorities.^[145][146]

Economy

As of 2022, Finland has the 16th highest nominal GDP per capita in the world according to the IMF.

In addition to the fact that Finland is one of the richest countries in the world, it is known for its well-developed welfare system, such as free education, and advanced health care system.

The largest sector of the economy is the service sector at 66% of GDP, followed by manufacturing and refining at 31%. Primary production represents 2.9%.^[147] With respect to foreign trade, the key economic sector is manufacturing. The largest industries in 2007^[148] were electronics (22%); machinery, vehicles, and other engineered metal products (21.1%); forest industry (13%); and chemicals (11%). The gross domestic product peaked in 2008. As of 2015, the country’s economy is at the 2006 level.^[149][150] Finland is ranked as the 9th most innovative country in the Global Innovation Index in 2022.^[151]

Finland has significant timber, mineral (iron, chromium, copper, nickel, and gold), and freshwater resources. Forestry, paper factories, and the agricultural sector are important for rural residents. The Greater Helsinki area generates around one-third of Finland’s GDP. Private services are the largest employer in Finland.

Finland’s climate and soils make growing crops a particular challenge. The country has severe winters and relatively short growing seasons that are sometimes interrupted by frost. However, because the Gulf Stream and the North Atlantic Drift Current moderate the climate, Finland contains half of the world’s arable land north of 60° north latitude. Annual precipitation is usually sufficient, but it occurs almost exclusively during the winter months, making summer droughts a constant threat. In response to the climate, farmers have relied on quick-ripening and frost-resistant varieties of crops, and they have cultivated south-facing slopes as well as richer bottomlands to ensure production even in years with summer frosts. Drainage systems are often needed to remove excess water. Finland’s agriculture has been efficient and productive—at least when compared with farming in other European countries.^[140]

Forests play a key role in the country’s economy, making it one of the world’s leading wood producers and providing raw materials at competitive prices for the crucial wood processing industries. As in agriculture, the government has long played a leading role in forestry, regulating tree cutting, sponsoring technical improvements, and establishing long-term plans to ensure that the country’s forests continue to supply the wood-processing industries.^[140]

As of 2008, average purchasing power-adjusted income levels are similar to those of Italy, Sweden, Germany, and France.^[152] In 2006, 62% of the workforce worked for enterprises with less than 250 employees and they accounted for 49% of total business turnover.^[153] The female employment rate is high. Gender segregation between male-dominated professions and female-dominated professions is higher than in the US.^[154] The proportion of part-time workers was one of the lowest in OECD in 1999.^[154] In 2013, the 10 largest private sector employers in Finland were Itella, Nokia, OP-Pohjola, ISS, VR, Kesko, UPM-Kymmene, YIT, Metso, and Nordea.^[155] The unemployment rate was 6.8% in 2022.^[156]

As of 2006, 2.4 million households reside in Finland. The average size is 2.1 persons; 40% of households consist of a single person, 32% two persons and 28% three or more persons. Residential buildings total 1.2 million, and the average residential space is 38 square metres (410 sq ft) per person. The average residential property without land costs €1,187 per sq metre and residential land €8.60 per sq metre. 74% of households had a car.^[157] In 2017, Finland’s GDP reached €224  billion.^[158]

Finland has the highest concentration of cooperatives relative to its population.^[159] The largest retailer, which is also the largest private employer, S-Group, and the largest bank, OP-Group, in the country are both cooperatives.

Energy

This article needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (January 2022)

The free and largely privately owned financial and physical Nordic energy markets traded in NASDAQ OMX Commodities Europe and Nord Pool Spot exchanges, have provided competitive prices compared with other EU countries. As of 2007, Finland has roughly the lowest industrial electricity prices in the EU-15.^[161]

In 2006, the energy market was around 90 terawatt hours and the peak demand around 15 gigawatts in winter. This means that the energy consumption per capita is around 7.2 tons of oil equivalent per year. Industry and construction consumed 51% of total consumption, a relatively high figure reflecting Finland’s industries.^[162][163] Finland’s hydrocarbon resources are limited to peat and wood. About 10–15% of the electricity is produced by hydropower.^[164] In 2008, renewable energy (mainly hydropower and various forms of wood energy) was high at 31% compared with the EU average of 10.3% in final energy consumption.^[165] A varying amount (5–17%) of electricity is imported from Sweden and Norway. As of February 2022, Finland’s strategic petroleum reserves held 200 days worth of net oil imports in the case of emergencies.^[166]

Finland has four privately owned nuclear reactors producing 18% of the country’s energy.^[168] The fifth reactor – the world’s largest at 1600 MWe – is scheduled to be operational by 2023. The Onkalo spent nuclear fuel repository is currently under construction at the Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant in the municipality of Eurajoki, on the west coast of Finland, by the company Posiva.^[169]

Transport

Finland’s road system is utilized by most internal cargo and passenger traffic. The annual state operated road network expenditure of around €1  billion is paid for with vehicle and fuel taxes which amount to around €1.5  billion and €1  billion, respectively. Among the Finnish highways, the most significant and busiest main roads include the Turku Highway (E18), the Tampere Highway (E12), the Lahti Highway (E75), and the ring roads (Ring I and Ring III) of the Helsinki metropolitan area and the Tampere Ring Road of the Tampere urban area.^[170]

The main international passenger gateway is Helsinki Airport, which handled about 21 million passengers in 2019 (5 million in 2020 due to COVID-19 pandemic). Oulu Airport is the second largest with 1 million passengers in 2019 (300,000 in 2020), whilst another 25 airports have scheduled passenger services.^[171] The Helsinki Airport-based Finnair, Blue1, and Nordic Regional Airlines, Norwegian Air Shuttle sell air services both domestically and internationally.

The Government annually spends around €350  million to maintain the 5,865-kilometre-long (3,644 mi) network of railway tracks. Rail transport is handled by the state-owned VR Group.^[172] Finland’s first railway was opened in 1862,^[173][174] and today it forms part of the Finnish Main Line, which is more than 800 kilometers long. Helsinki opened the world’s northernmost metro system in 1982.

The majority of international cargo shipments are handled at ports. Vuosaari Harbour in Helsinki is the largest container port in Finland; others include Kotka, Hamina, Hanko, Pori, Rauma, and Oulu. There is passenger traffic from Helsinki and Turku, which have ferry connections to Tallinn, Mariehamn, Stockholm and Travemünde. The Helsinki-Tallinn route is one of the busiest passenger sea routes in the world.^[175] By passenger counts, the Port of Helsinki is the third busiest port in the world.^[176]

Industry

Finland rapidly industrialized after World War II, achieving GDP per capita levels comparable to that of Japan or the UK at the beginning of the 1970s. Initially, most of the economic development was based on two broad groups of export-led industries, the «metal industry» (metalliteollisuus) and «forest industry» (metsäteollisuus). The «metal industry» includes shipbuilding, metalworking, the automotive industry, engineered products such as motors and electronics, and production of metals and alloys including steel, copper and chromium. Many of the world’s biggest cruise ships, including MS Freedom of the Seas and the Oasis of the Seas have been built in Finnish shipyards.^[177]
[178] The «forest industry» includes forestry, timber, pulp and paper, and is often considered a logical development based on Finland’s extensive forest resources, as 73% of the area is covered by forest. In the pulp and paper industry, many major companies are based in Finland; Ahlstrom-Munksjö, Metsä Board, and UPM are all Finnish forest-based companies with revenues exceeding €1 billion. However, in recent decades, the Finnish economy has diversified, with companies expanding into fields such as electronics (Nokia), metrology (Vaisala), petroleum (Neste), and video games (Rovio Entertainment), and is no longer dominated by the two sectors of metal and forest industry. Likewise, the structure has changed, with the service sector growing. Despite this, production for export is still more prominent than in Western Europe, thus making Finland possibly more vulnerable to global economic trends.

In 2017, the Finnish economy was estimated to consist of approximately 2.7% agriculture, 28.2% manufacturing, and 69.1% services.^[179] In 2019, the per-capita income of Finland was estimated to be $48,869. In 2020, Finland was ranked 20th on the ease of doing business index, among 190 jurisdictions.

Public policy

Finnish politicians have often emulated the Nordic model.^[180] Nordics have been free-trading for over a century. The level of protection in commodity trade has been low, except for agricultural products.^[180] Finland is ranked 16th in the 2008 global Index of Economic Freedom and ninth in Europe.^[181] According to the OECD, only four EU-15 countries have less regulated product markets and only one has less regulated financial markets.^[180] The 2007 IMD World Competitiveness Yearbook ranked Finland 17th most competitive.^[182] The World Economic Forum 2008 index ranked Finland the sixth most competitive.^[183]

The legal system is clear and business bureaucracy less than most countries.^[181] Property rights are well protected and contractual agreements are strictly honoured.^[181] Finland is rated the least corrupt country in the world in the Corruption Perceptions Index^[184] and 13th in the Ease of doing business index.^[185]

In Finland, collective labour agreements are universally valid. These are drafted every few years for each profession and seniority level, with only a few jobs outside the system. The agreement becomes universally enforceable provided that more than 50% of the employees support it, in practice by being a member of a relevant trade union. The unionization rate is high (70%), especially in the middle class (AKAVA, mostly for university-educated professionals: 80%).^[180]

Tourism

In 2017, tourism in Finland grossed approximately €15.0 billion. Of this, €4.6 billion (30%) came from foreign tourism.^[187] In 2017, there were 15.2 million overnight stays of domestic tourists and 6.7 million overnight stays of foreign tourists.^[188] Tourism contributes roughly 2.7% to Finland’s GDP.^[189]

Lapland has the highest tourism consumption of any Finnish region.^[189] Above the Arctic Circle, in midwinter, there is a polar night, a period when the sun does not rise for days or weeks, or even months, and correspondingly, midnight sun in the summer, with no sunset even at midnight (for up to 73 consecutive days, at the northernmost point). Lapland is so far north that the aurora borealis, fluorescence in the high atmosphere due to solar wind, is seen regularly in the fall, winter, and spring. Finnish Lapland is also locally regarded as the home of Santa Claus, with several theme parks, such as Santa Claus Village and Santa Park in Rovaniemi.^[190] Other significant tourist destinations in Lapland also include ski resorts (such as Levi, Ruka and Ylläs)^[191] and sleigh rides led by either reindeer or huskies.^[192][193]

Tourist attractions in Finland include the natural landscape found throughout the country as well as urban attractions. Finland contains 40 national parks (such as the Koli National Park in North Karelia), from the Southern shores of the Gulf of Finland to the high fells of Lapland. Outdoor activities range from Nordic skiing, golf, fishing, yachting, lake cruises, hiking, and kayaking, among many others. Bird-watching is popular for those fond of avifauna, however, hunting is also popular.

The most famous tourist attractions in Helsinki include the Helsinki Cathedral and the Suomenlinna sea fortress. The most well-known Finnish amusement parks include Linnanmäki in Helsinki and Särkänniemi in Tampere.^[194] St. Olaf’s Castle (Olavinlinna) in Savonlinna hosts the annual Savonlinna Opera Festival,^[195] and the medieval milieus of the cities of Turku, Rauma and Porvoo also attract spectators.^[196] Commercial cruises between major coastal and port cities in the Baltic region play a significant role in the local tourism industry.

Demographics

The population of Finland is currently about 5.5 million. The current birth rate is 10.42 per 1,000 residents, for a fertility rate of 1.49 children born per woman,^[197] one of the lowest in the world, significantly below the replacement rate of 2.1. In 1887 Finland recorded its highest rate, 5.17 children born per woman.^[198] Finland has one of the oldest populations in the world, with a median age of 42.6 years.^[199] Approximately half of voters are estimated to be over 50 years old.^{[200][82][201][202]} Finland has an average population density of 18 inhabitants per square kilometre. This is the third-lowest population density of any European country, behind those of Norway and Iceland, and the lowest population density of any European Union member country. Finland’s population has always been concentrated in the southern parts of the country, a phenomenon that became even more pronounced during 20th-century urbanization. Two of the three largest cities in Finland are situated in the Greater Helsinki metropolitan area—Helsinki and Espoo.^[203] In the largest cities of Finland, Tampere holds the third place after Helsinki and Espoo while also Helsinki-neighbouring Vantaa is the fourth. Other cities with population over 100,000 are Turku, Oulu, Jyväskylä, Kuopio, and Lahti.

Finland’s immigrant population is growing.^[204] As of 2021, there were 469,633 people with a foreign background living in Finland (8.5% of the population), most of whom are from the former Soviet Union, Estonia, Somalia, Iraq and former Yugoslavia.^[205][206] The children of foreigners are not automatically given Finnish citizenship, as Finnish nationality law practices and maintain jus sanguinis policy where only children born to at least one Finnish parent are granted citizenship. If they are born in Finland and cannot get citizenship of any other country, they become citizens.^[207] Additionally, certain persons of Finnish descent who reside in countries that were once part of Soviet Union, retain the right of return, a right to establish permanent residency in the country, which would eventually entitle them to qualify for citizenship.^[208] 442,290 people in Finland in 2021 were born in another country, representing 8% of the population. The 10 largest foreign born groups are (in order) from Russia, Estonia, Sweden, Iraq, China, Somalia, Thailand, Vietnam, Serbia and India, with Turkey dropping to 11th place from last year.^[209]

Language

Finnish and Swedish are the official languages of Finland. Finnish predominates nationwide while Swedish is spoken in some coastal areas in the west and south (with towns such as Ekenäs,^[210] Pargas,^[211] Närpes,^[211] Kristinestad,^[212] Jakobstad^[213] and Nykarleby.^[214]) and in the autonomous region of Åland, which is the only monolingual Swedish-speaking region in Finland.^[215] The native language of 87.3% of the population is Finnish,^[216][217] which is part of the Finnic subgroup of the Uralic language. The language is one of only four official EU languages not of Indo-European origin, and has no relation through descent to the other national languages of the Nordics. Conversely, Finnish is closely related to Estonian and Karelian, and more distantly to Hungarian and the Sami languages.

Swedish is the native language of 5.2% of the population (Swedish-speaking Finns).^[218] Swedish is a compulsory school subject and general knowledge of the language is good among many non-native speakers.^[219] Likewise, a majority of Swedish-speaking non-Ålanders can speak Finnish.^[220] The Finnish side of the land border with Sweden is unilingually Finnish-speaking. The Swedish across the border is distinct from the Swedish spoken in Finland. There is a sizeable pronunciation difference between the varieties of Swedish spoken in the two countries, although their mutual intelligibility is nearly universal.^[221]

Finnish Romani is spoken by some 5,000–6,000 people; Romani and Finnish Sign Language are also recognized in the constitution. There are two sign languages: Finnish Sign Language, spoken natively by 4,000–5,000 people,^[222] and Finland-Swedish Sign Language, spoken natively by about 150 people. Tatar is spoken by a Finnish Tatar minority of about 800 people whose ancestors moved to Finland mainly during Russian rule from the 1870s to the 1920s.^[223]

The Sami languages have an official status in parts of Lapland, where the Sami, numbering around 7,000,^[224] are recognized as an indigenous people. About a quarter of them speak a Sami language as their mother tongue.^[225] The Sami languages that are spoken in Finland are Northern Sami, Inari Sami, and Skolt Sami.^{[note 5]} The rights of minority groups (in particular Sami, Swedish speakers, and Romani people) are protected by the constitution.^[226] The Nordic languages and Karelian are also specially recognized in parts of Finland.

The largest immigrant languages are Russian (1.6%), Estonian (0.9%), Arabic (0.7%), English (0.5%) and Somali (0.4%).^[227]

English is studied by most pupils as a compulsory subject from the first grade (at seven years of age), formerly from the third or fifth grade, in the comprehensive school (in some schools other languages can be chosen instead).^{[228][229][230][231]} German, French, Spanish and Russian can be studied as second foreign languages from the fourth grade (at 10 years of age; some schools may offer other options).^[232]

Largest cities

Religion

With 3.9 million members,^[234] the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland is Finland’s largest religious body; at the end of 2019, 68.7% of Finns were members of the church.^[235] The Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland has seen its share of the country’s population declining by roughly one percent annually in recent years.^[235] The decline has been due to both church membership resignations and falling baptism rates.^[236][237] The second largest group, accounting for 26.3% of the population^[235] in 2017, has no religious affiliation. A small minority belongs to the Finnish Orthodox Church (1.1%). Other Protestant denominations and the Roman Catholic Church are significantly smaller, as are the Jewish and other non-Christian communities (totalling 1.6%). The Pew Research Center estimated the Muslim population at 2.7% in 2016.^[238]

Finland’s state church was the Church of Sweden until 1809. As an autonomous Grand Duchy under Russia from 1809 to 1917, Finland retained the Lutheran State Church system, and the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland was established. After Finland had gained independence in 1917, religious freedom was declared in the constitution of 1919, and a separate law on religious freedom in 1922. Through this arrangement, the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland gained a constitutional status as a national church alongside the Finnish Orthodox Church, whose position however is not codified in the constitution. The main Lutheran and Orthodox churches have special roles such as in state ceremonies and schools.^[239]

In 2016, 69.3% of Finnish children were baptized^[240] and 82.3% were confirmed in 2012 at the age of 15,^[241] and over 90% of the funerals are Christian. However, the majority of Lutherans attend church only for special occasions like Christmas ceremonies, weddings, and funerals. The Lutheran Church estimates that approximately 1.8% of its members attend church services weekly.^[242] The average number of church visits per year by church members is approximately two.^[243]

According to a 2010 Eurobarometer poll, 33% of Finnish citizens responded that they «believe there is a God»; 42% answered that they «believe there is some sort of spirit or life force»; and 22% that they «do not believe there is any sort of spirit, God, or life force».^[244] According to ISSP survey data (2008), 8% consider themselves «highly religious», and 31% «moderately religious». In the same survey, 28% reported themselves as «agnostic» and 29% as «non-religious».^[245]

Health

Life expectancy was 79 years for men and 84 years for women in 2017.^[246] The under-five mortality rate was 2.3 per 1,000 live births in 2017, ranking Finland’s rate among the lowest in the world.^[247] The fertility rate in 2014 stood at 1.71 children born/per woman and has been below the replacement rate of 2.1 since 1969.^[248] With a low birth rate women also become mothers at a later age, the mean age at first live birth being 28.6 in 2014.^[248] A 2011 study published in The Lancet medical journal found that Finland had the lowest stillbirth rate out of 193 countries.^[249]

There has been a slight increase or no change in welfare and health inequalities between population groups in the 21st century. Lifestyle-related diseases are on the rise. More than half a million Finns suffer from diabetes, type 1 diabetes being globally the most common in Finland. Many children are diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. The number of musculoskeletal diseases and cancers are increasing, although the cancer prognosis has improved. Allergies and dementia are also growing health problems in Finland. One of the most common reasons for work disability are due to mental disorders, in particular depression.^[250] The suicide rates were 13 per 100 000 in 2017, close to the North European average.^[251] Suicide rates are still among the highest among developed countries in the OECD.^[252]

There are 307 residents for each doctor.^[253] About 19% of health care is funded directly by households and 77% by taxation.

In April 2012, Finland was ranked second in Gross National Happiness in a report published by The Earth Institute.^[254] Since 2012, Finland has every time ranked at least in the top 5 of world’s happiest countries in the annual World Happiness Report by the United Nations,^{[255][256][257]} as well as ranking as the happiest country in 2018.^[258]

Education and science

Most pre-tertiary education is arranged at the municipal level. Around 3 percent of students are enrolled in private schools (mostly specialist language and international schools).^[260] Formal education is usually started at the age of 7. Primary school takes normally six years and lower secondary school three years.

The curriculum is set by the Ministry of Education and Culture and the Education Board. Education is compulsory between the ages of 7 and 18. After lower secondary school, graduates may apply to trade schools or gymnasiums (upper secondary schools). Trade schools offer a vocational education: approximately 40% of an age group choose this path after the lower secondary school.^[261] Academically oriented gymnasiums have higher entrance requirements and specifically prepare for Abitur and tertiary education. Graduation from either formally qualifies for tertiary education.

In tertiary education, two mostly separate and non-interoperating sectors are found: the profession-oriented polytechnics and the research-oriented universities. Education is free and living expenses are to a large extent financed by the government through student benefits. There are 15 universities and 24 Universities of Applied Sciences (UAS) in the country.^[262][263] The University of Helsinki is ranked 75th in the Top University Ranking of 2010.^[264] Other reputable universities of Finland include Aalto University in Espoo, both University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University in Turku, University of Jyväskylä, University of Oulu, LUT University in Lappeenranta and Lahti, University of Eastern Finland in Kuopio and Joensuu, and Tampere University.^[265]

The World Economic Forum ranks Finland’s tertiary education No. 1 in the world.^[266] Around 33% of residents have a tertiary degree, similar to Nordics and more than in most other OECD countries except Canada (44%), United States (38%) and Japan (37%).^[267] In addition, 38% of Finland’s population has a university or college degree, which is among the highest percentages in the world.^[268][269] Adult education appears in several forms, such as secondary evening schools, civic and workers’ institutes, study centres, vocational course centres, and folk high schools.^[140]

More than 30% of tertiary graduates are in science-related fields. Forest improvement, materials research, environmental sciences, neural networks, low-temperature physics, brain research, biotechnology, genetic technology, and communications showcase fields of study where Finnish researchers have had a significant impact.^[270] Finland is highly productive in scientific research. In 2005, Finland had the fourth most scientific publications per capita of the OECD countries.^[271] In 2007, 1,801 patents were filed in Finland.^[272]

Culture

Literature

Written Finnish could be said to have existed since Mikael Agricola translated the New Testament into Finnish during the Protestant Reformation, but few notable works of literature were written until the 19th century and the beginning of a Finnish national Romantic Movement. This prompted Elias Lönnrot to collect Finnish and Karelian folk poetry and arrange and publish them as the Kalevala, the Finnish national epic. The era saw a rise of poets and novelists who wrote in Finnish, notably the national writer of Finland, Aleksis Kivi (The Seven Brothers), and Minna Canth, Eino Leino, and Juhani Aho. Many writers of the national awakening wrote in Swedish, such as the national poet J. L. Runeberg (The Tales of Ensign Stål) and Zachris Topelius.

After Finland became independent, there was a rise of modernist writers, most famously the Swedish-speaking poet Edith Södergran. Finnish-speaking authors explored national and historical themes. Most famous of them were Frans Eemil Sillanpää, who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1939, historical novelist Mika Waltari, and Väinö Linna with his The Unknown Soldier and Under the North Star trilogy. Beginning with Paavo Haavikko, Finnish poetry adopted modernism. Besides Lönnrot’s Kalevala and Waltari, the Swedish-speaking Tove Jansson, best known as the creator of The Moomins, is the most translated Finnish writer;^[273] her books have been translated into more than 40 languages.^[274]

Visual arts, design, and architecture

The visual arts in Finland started to form their characteristics in the 19th century when Romantic nationalism was rising in autonomic Finland. The best known Finnish painters, Akseli Gallen-Kallela, started painting in a naturalist style but moved to national romanticism. Other notable painters of the era include Pekka Halonen, Eero Järnefelt, Helene Schjerfbeck and Hugo Simberg. In the late 20th century, the homoerotic art of Touko Laaksonen, pseudonym Tom of Finland, found a worldwide audience.^[275][276]

Finland’s best-known sculptor of the 20th century was Wäinö Aaltonen, remembered for his monumental busts and sculptures. The works of Eila Hiltunen and Laila Pullinen exemplifies the modernism in sculpture.

Finns have made major contributions to handicrafts and industrial design: among the internationally renowned figures are Timo Sarpaneva, Tapio Wirkkala and Ilmari Tapiovaara. Finnish architecture is famous around the world, and has contributed significantly to several styles internationally, such as Jugendstil (or Art Nouveau), Nordic Classicism and functionalism. Among the top 20th-century Finnish architects to gain international recognition are Eliel Saarinen and his son Eero Saarinen. Architect Alvar Aalto is regarded as among the most important 20th-century designers in the world;^[277] he helped bring functionalist architecture to Finland, but soon was a pioneer in its development towards an organic style.^[278] Aalto is also famous for his work in furniture, lamps, textiles, and glassware, which were usually incorporated into his buildings.

Music

Folk

Much of Finland’s classical music is influenced by traditional Karelian melodies and lyrics, as comprised in the Kalevala. Karelian culture is perceived as less influenced by Germanic influence than the Nordic folk dance music that largely replaced the kalevaic tradition. Finnish folk music has undergone a roots revival and has become a part of popular music. The people of northern Finland, Sweden, and Norway, the Sami, are known primarily for highly spiritual songs called joik.

Classical

The first Finnish opera was written by the German-born composer Fredrik Pacius in 1852. Pacius also wrote the music to the poem Maamme/Vårt land (Our Country), Finland’s national anthem. In the 1890s Finnish nationalism based on the Kalevala spread, and Jean Sibelius became famous for his vocal symphony Kullervo. In 1899 he composed Finlandia, which played an important role in Finland gaining independence. He remains one of Finland’s most popular national figures.

Alongside Sibelius, the distinct Finnish style of music was created by Oskar Merikanto, Toivo Kuula, Erkki Melartin, Leevi Madetoja and Uuno Klami. Important modernist composers include Einojuhani Rautavaara, Aulis Sallinen and Magnus Lindberg, among others. Kaija Saariaho was ranked the world’s greatest living composer in a 2019 composers’ poll.^[279] Many Finnish musicians have achieved international success. Among them are the conductor Esa-Pekka Salonen, the opera singer Karita Mattila and the violinist Pekka Kuusisto.

Popular music

Iskelmä (coined directly from the German word Schlager, meaning «hit») is a traditional Finnish word for a light popular song.^[280] Finnish popular music also includes various kinds of dance music; tango, a style of Argentine music, is also popular.^[281] The light music in Swedish-speaking areas has more influences from Sweden. At least a couple of Finnish polkas are known worldwide, such as Säkkijärven polkka^[282] and Ievan polkka.^[283]

During the 1970s, progressive rock group Wigwam and rock and roll group Hurriganes gained respect abroad. The Finnish punk scene produced some internationally acknowledged names including Terveet Kädet in the 1980s. Hanoi Rocks was a pioneering glam rock act.^[284] Many Finnish metal bands have gained international recognition; Finland has been often called the «Promised Land of Heavy Metal» because there are more than 50 metal Bands for every 100,000 inhabitants – more than any other nation in the world.^[285][286] Modern Finnish popular music includes a number of prominent pop musicians, jazz musicians, hip hop performers, and dance music acts.^{[287][additional citation(s) needed]}

Cinema and television

In the film industry, notable modern directors include brothers Mika and Aki Kaurismäki, Dome Karukoski, Antti Jokinen, Jalmari Helander, and Renny Harlin. Around twelve feature films are made each year.^[288] Some Finnish drama series are internationally known, such as Bordertown.^[289]

One of the most internationally successful Finnish films are The White Reindeer, directed by Erik Blomberg in 1952, which won the Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Film in 1956;^[290][291] The Man Without a Past, directed by Aki Kaurismäki in 2002, which was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film in 2002 and won the Grand Prix at the 2002 Cannes Film Festival;^[292] and The Fencer, directed by Klaus Härö in 2015, which was nominated for the 73rd Golden Globe Awards in the Best Foreign Language Film category as a Finnish/German/Estonian co-production.^[293]

In Finland, the most significant films include The Unknown Soldier, directed by Edvin Laine in 1955.^[294] Here, Beneath the North Star from 1968, is also one of the most significant works in Finnish history.^[295] A 1960 crime comedy film Inspector Palmu’s Mistake, directed by Matti Kassila, was voted in 2012 the best Finnish film of all time by Finnish film critics and journalists,^[296] but the 1984 comedy film Uuno Turhapuro in the Army, the ninth film in Uuno Turhapuro film series, remains Finland’s most seen domestic film made since 1968 by Finnish audience.^[297]

Media and communications

Today, there are around 200 newspapers, 320 popular magazines, 2,100 professional magazines, and 67 commercial radio stations. The largest newspaper is Helsingin Sanomat.^[298] Yle, the Finnish Broadcasting Company, operates five television channels and thirteen radio channels. Each year, around 12,000 book titles are published.^[288]

Thanks to its emphasis on transparency and equal rights, Finland’s press has been rated the freest in the world.^[299] Worldwide, Finns, along with other Nordic peoples and the Japanese, spend the most time reading newspapers.^[300] In regards to telecommunication infrastructure, Finland is the highest ranked country in the World Economic Forum’s Network Readiness Index (NRI) – an indicator for determining the development level of a country’s information and communication technologies.^[301]

Sauna

The Finns’ love for saunas is generally associated with Finnish cultural tradition in the world. Sauna is a type of dry steam bath practiced widely in Finland, which is especially evident in the strong tradition around Midsummer and Christmas. The word sauna is of Proto-Finnish origin (found in Finnic and Sami languages) dating back 7,000 years.^[302] Steam baths have been part of European tradition elsewhere as well, but the sauna has survived best in Finland, in addition to Sweden, Estonia, Latvia, Russia, Norway, and parts of the United States and Canada. Moreover, nearly all Finnish houses have either their own sauna or in multi-story apartment houses, a timeshare sauna. Municipal swimming halls and hotels have often their own saunas. The Finnish sauna culture is inscribed on the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists.^[303][304]

Cuisine

Finnish cuisine generally combines traditional country fare and contemporary style cooking. Potato, meat and fish play a prominent role in traditional Finnish dishes. Finnish foods often use wholemeal products (rye, barley, oats) and berries (such as bilberries, lingonberries, cloudberries, and sea buckthorn). Milk and its derivatives like buttermilk are commonly used as food and drink. The most popular fish food in Finland is salmon.^[305][306]

Finland has the world’s second highest per capita consumption of coffee.^[307] Milk consumption is also high, at an average of about 112 litres (25 imp gal; 30 US gal), per person, per year,^[308] even though 17% of the Finns are lactose intolerant.^[309]

Public holidays

There are several holidays in Finland, of which perhaps the most characteristic of Finnish culture include Christmas (joulu), Midsummer (juhannus), May Day (vappu) and Independence Day (itsenäisyyspäivä). Of these, Christmas and Midsummer are special in Finland because the actual festivities take place on eves, such as Christmas Eve^[310][311] and Midsummer’s Eve,^[312][313] while Christmas Day and Midsummer’s Day are more consecrated to rest. Other public holidays in Finland are New Year’s Day, Epiphany, Good Friday, Easter Sunday and Easter Monday, Ascension Day, All Saints’ Day and Saint Stephen’s Day. All official holidays in Finland are established by Acts of Parliament.^[314]

Sports

Various sporting events are popular in Finland. Pesäpallo, the Finnish equivalent of American baseball, is the national sport of Finland,^[315][316] although the most popular sport in terms of spectators is ice hockey.^[317] Other popular sports include athletics, cross-country skiing, ski jumping, football, volleyball, and basketball.^[318] Association football is the most played team sport in terms of the number of players in the country.^[319][320] Finland’s national basketball team has received widespread public attention.^[321]

In terms of medals and gold medals won per capita, Finland is the best-performing country in Olympic history.^[324] Finland first participated as a nation in its own right at the Olympic Games in 1908. At the 1912 Summer Olympics, three gold medals were won by the original «Flying Finn» Hannes Kolehmainen. In the 1920s and ’30s, Finnish long-distance runners dominated the Olympics, with Paavo Nurmi winning a total of nine Olympic gold medals and setting 22 official world records between 1921 and 1931. Nurmi is often considered the greatest Finnish sportsman and one of the greatest athletes of all time. The 1952 Summer Olympics were held in Helsinki.

The javelin throw event has brought Finland nine Olympic gold medals, five world championships, five European championships, and 24 world records. Finland also has a notable history in figure skating. Finnish skaters have won 8 world championships and 13 junior world cups in synchronized skating.

Finnish competitors have achieved significant success in motorsport. In the World Rally Championship, Finland has produced eight world champions, more than any other country.^[325] In Formula One, Finland has won the most world championships per capita, with Keke Rosberg, Mika Häkkinen and Kimi Räikkönen all having won the title.^[326]

Some of the most popular recreational sports and activities include Nordic walking, running, cycling and skiing. Floorball is the most popular youth and workplace sport.^[327][328]

See also

• List of Finland-related topics
• Outline of Finland

Notes

References

Further reading

External links

• Finland. Encyclopaedia Britannica.
• Finland. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
• Finland profile from the BBC News
• Key Development Forecasts for Finland from International Futures
• Finland at Curlie

Government

• This is Finland, the official English-language online portal (administered by the Finnish Ministry for Foreign Affairs)
• Statistics Finland

Maps

Travel

• Official Travel Site of Finland

Coordinates: 64°N 26°E / 64°N 26°E

I’m looking for a finnish word

Hello! #5 · 2020-06-16 ^

Tervetuloa! Welcome!

Finnish is a proud member of the Finno-Ugric language family and, therefore, not related to the English language. It has no articles, no future tense, nor many other features found in so many European languages. It is a pretty regular language. Its spelling rules are so simple that Finnish children never have to worry about participating in spelling bee competitions. There, quite simply, is no need for them.

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Vowels

The Finnish vowels always sound the same regardless of their place in the word. The instructions refer to General American English unless stated otherwise.

The dots above Ä and Ö are NOT accents nor stress marks used to modify A and O. The two letters stand for distinct sounds made in the front part of the mouth, whereas the sounds represented by the dotless letters are produced at the back. Forgetting your dots results either in incomprehensible gobbledygook or in some wholly unrelated word. It is better to tell someone that they are hellä (tender, gentle) than to call them hella (kitchen stove).

GOOOOAAAAL!

Long vowels are written with double letters. They are the same sounds as the single letter ones but longer. If you get the length wrong, there is a risk of either being misunderstood or not being understood at all. If your biology paper is tuulessa, the wind has caught it. If it is tulessa, it is on fire. If your language doesn’t have a long sound found in Finnish, a good way to practice is to take the corresponding short sound and stretch it like an excited sports announcer after a goal or a touchdown.

Foreign names and loanwords sometimes defy these rules. For example, Chile has a long i in the middle and duo has a long u.

Who are you?

The word for «I» is minä and for «you» sinä. Finnish verbs are conjugated according to person and number. Here are two forms of the verb olla, «to be»:

Finns rarely use the expression «my name is». Instead we simply say «I am». The quintessential Finnish word for «hello» is terve, literally «healthy».

Terve! Minä olen Väinö.
Hello! I am Väinö.

Sinä olet Aino.
You are Aino.

The question word kuka, «who», is followed by words in the same order as if they were in a statement.

Terve! Kuka sinä olet?
Hello! Who are you?

Sorry and thank you

Finnish does not have separate, short expressions for «sorry» and «excuse me». Both are translated with anteeksi. The word for «thank you » is kiitos.

Anteeksi, kuka sinä olet?
Excuse me, who are you?

Anteeksi Elsa.
Sorry Elsa.

Kiitos!
Thank you!

Good Luck! #5 · 2021-01-21 ^

Consonants

Let’s aspire to not aspirate. Aspiration is a feature in Germanic languages, which can be found in most varieties of English. It means releasing a concise but violent puff of air while producing the sounds [k], [p], and [t] beginning stressed syllables, as in kind, pampered, tomcat. However, when one of these three sounds appears after the sound [s], or ends a syllable, the sounds are unaspirated, as in skydiving, wasp, stung, or Mick, lip, fat. In Finnish, [k], [p], and [t] are always unaspirated regardless of their place in the word. Native English speakers from India, Pakistan, and some parts of Africa often pronounce the sounds like Finns do — no huffing and puffing.

The instructions refer to General American English unless stated otherwise.

Seeing double

Long consonant sounds are marked by double letters or ng. The Finnish double letter sounds are very similar to those found in Italian. Splitting words with long consonants into syllables usually helps those with trouble pronouncing them: alt-to, mok-ka, karamel-li, bas-so.

In spoken language and some loanwords BB, DD, FF, GG, HH, JJ, and VV are also possible.

Good luck and congratulations!

The Finnish expressions onnea and paljon onnea can be used both to wish someone good luck and to congratulate them.

Tervetuloa ja onnea!
Welcome and good luck/congratulations!

Paljon onnea Matti!
Congratulations/Best wishes Matti!

Well, hello there!

The word no is a filler word used to make moving from one topic to another less awkward, or to make something less formal and in your face. It is usually translated as «well».

No, terve! Minä olen Otso. Kukas sinä olet?
Well, hello! I am Otso. Who are you?

Minä olen Anna. No, tervetuloa!
I am Anna. Well, welcome!

Basics 1 #2 · 2020-06-16 ^

Hän

The Finnish language has no gender specific pronouns like «he» and «she» in English. Whatever the gender of the person you are talking about, they are referred to as hän in the singular.

Hän on Matti.
He is Matti.

Hän on Liisa.
She is Liisa.

To be in order

There are no articles in Finnish. That does not mean that you can put any old article in the English translation of a Finnish sentence. Sentences with the verb olla, «to be», put nouns in a certain order. The more important and complete something is, the earlier it appears. If a noun ends the sentence, it is somehow incomplete, often because the word does not include everything it by definition could. This is why final nouns in sentences with the verb «to be» are translated with an indefinite article.

Liisa on nainen.
Liisa is a woman.

Matti on mies.
Matti is a man.

Hän on velho.
S/he is a wizard.

Name is not an omen

Unlike in many other European languages, the last letter of a first name says nothing about the gender preferences associated with that name. There are also some names that have no preferred gender. Here are the first names introduced in this course:

Happily married

Finnish diphthongs and vowel unions are blissfully happy. The letters in them represent the same sounds they stand for on their own. For example,

a + u = au
[ɑ] + [u] = [ɑu].

Stressed for success

In words that have three or fewer syllables, the stress is always on the first syllable. Unlike in English, the place of the stress does not affect the quality of the sounds.

lap-si
kau-nis
ko-me-a
mu-ka-va

This applies to Standard Finnish and many of the southern dialects. Most other forms of Finnish are considerably «bouncier».

Basics 2 #2 · 2020-06-16 ^

Sisu, sauna, and kantele

Sisu is the secret, internal emergency generator that keeps you going when you have used up all your energy but there are still things left that just need to be done. The word is often considered untranslatable, but the American expression «true grit» gets pretty close. The corresponding adjective is sisukas.

Hilla on sisukas nainen.
Hilla is a woman with sisu/true grit.

Sauna is the most widely spread Finnish word. Although what constitutes as a sauna in most places, is considered in Finland a room that is slightly warmer than usual. Moreover, if you are not allowed to throw water on the sauna stove, it is not a proper sauna.

Kantele is a Finnish string instrument with a distinctive jingling sound. The first one was built by the great wizard Väinämöinen out of the jawbone of a gargantuan pike. Fact.

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To be

The singular present tense forms of olla, «to be»:

In Standard Finnish, the words minä, «I», and sinä, the singular «you», are optional when they are in the subject position. Hän, however, needs to be included.

Minä olen ujo./Olen ujo.
I am shy.

Sinä olet rehellinen./Olet rehellinen.
You are honest.

Hän on hiljainen.
S/he is quiet.

Although common in writing, leaving out personal pronouns is rarer in spoken Finnish.

Order!

In sentences with the verb olla, «to be», the more complete a noun is, the earlier it appears. The later a noun appears, the less complete it is, and the more likely it is to be translated with an indefinite article.

Hän on ujo poika.
He is a shy boy.

However, the English language has so many ways of using articles in generalisations that sometimes an indefinite article starts such a sentence.

Hyvä sauna on aina suomalainen.
A good sauna is always Finnish.

In Finnish, that sauna is considered complete, since we are talking about all the good saunas in the world here.

Family names

Finnish last names can usually be found in nature. The most common last names can be divided into four groups:

Knowing me, knowing you

The shortest way to introduce someone is to use the phrase Tämä on…, «This is..»:

Joni, tämä on Anna.
Joni, this is Anna.

Finns are very informal, but just in case you get invited to the Presidential Independence Day Ball, or to some other very formal event, the Finnish equivalents of «Mr.» and «Ms.» are herra and rouva.

Herra Presidentti, tämä on rouva Pöllönen.
Mr. President, this is Ms. Pöllönen.

Bravo!

The word hyvä, «good», can be used in the meaning «bravo» to encourage other people. You can use it to support your country or friend at a sporting event, or to thank someone for work well done.

Hyvä Suomi!
Go (Team) Finland!

Hyvä Aino!
Well done Aino!/Bravo Aino!/Go Aino!

Pets and Domestic Animals 1 #3 · 2020-07-19 ^

It and this

The word for «it» is se and the word for «this» is tämä. As in English, the latter can be used both independently and before a noun.

Se on pupu.
It is a bunny.

Tämä on söpö.
This (one) is cute.

Tämä pupu on söpö.
This bunny is cute.

To have

Finnish does not have a verb for «to have». Instead the verb olla, «to be», is combined with a subject in the adessive. You can recognise the adessive from the ending lla/llä.

Sentences with olla follow the most-complete-noun-first rule, which is why an object ending this type of sentence is almost always translated with an indefinite article. Whenever the object follows the verb, the verb always takes the same form: the 3rd person singular, on.

Minulla on koira.
I have a dog.

Sinulla on pupu.
You have a bunny.

Hänellä on kissa.
S/he has a cat.

What kind of

In questions that begin with millainen, «what kind of»/»what…like», the verb is placed after the nouns and pronouns.

Millainen poni se on?
What kind of pony is it/What is the pony like?

Millainen koira sinulla on?
What kind of dog do you have/What is your dog like?

Incorrect!

The word väärin, meaning «wrong» or «incorrect», is an adverb, which is why it always appears independently and never attaches itself to a noun.

Väärin, se on undulaatti.
Wrong, it is a parakeet.

Good dog!

Grownup people are always (fingers crossed) hyvä, «good». However, Finns use the word kiltti, more literally «kind» or «well-behaved», instead of hyvä when talking about children and animals. While some people may use both when talking to their pets, children are almost always kiltti.

Joni on hyvä mies.
Joni is a good man.

Kuka on kiltti koira?
Who is a good dog?

Colour my world

In this skill, you will be introduced to the first colour words in this course: blue, white, and some of the rest (which are not found in the most beautiful flag in the world).

Animal names

You can find these common Finnish names for pets and domestic animals in this course:

Words are wind

Whenever the letter h appears in some other place than the beginning of the word, it should be pronounced more violently, or the listener may interpret it as a long vowel, or not notice it at all. They may think that you are lamenting how quickly the past few weeks, viikot, have gone, when you actually need new notebooks, vihkot. Or that you are going to visit your friend Pia instead of going to your yard, piha. To find the right sounds, imitate the wind howling on a snowy plain and observe how the movement of air changes the sound.

The North #4 · 2021-01-30 ^

The most northern North

The word saamelainen (Sápme in Northern Sámi) refers to the Sámi people who live in the northern parts of Finland, Norway, and Sweden, as well as in the most northwestern Russia. Three Sámi languages (Northern Sámi, Inari Sámi, Skolt Sámi) are spoken in Finland and they have a semi-official status. This means that a Sámi language is an official language in any municipality that has a certain number of native speakers. Four Finnish municipalities offer services in at least one Sámi language.

Orderly conduct

The more complete a noun is, the earlier it appears in a sentence with the verb olla, «to be». As a result, a noun or a noun phrase that starts a sentence is usually translated with a definite article. If the sentence has another noun with another function, that noun is less complete. It can be translated with both types of articles found in English, depending on the context. The indefinite article is the more likely option in most cases.

Tuhma kissa on viikinki.
The naughty cat is a/the Viking.

If the previous conversation has revolved around the identity of a mysterious Viking, whose scandalous secret is now being revealed, the definite article is used. In other cases, use an indefinite article. Note that this is because the English language works the way it works. Finnish could not care less. As long as there are cats and Vikings involved, in that order, everything is hunky-dory.

So many questions

Most Finnish question words are followed by words in the same order as they would be in a statement: the subject first, then the verb. This also applies to the question word missä, «(in) where»:

Norja on maa.
Norway is a country.

Missä Norja on?
Where is Norway?

Yes/No

Unlike English, Finnish does not use auxiliary verbs like «to do» to start questions but opts for a question particle instead. In yes/no questions, the particle -ko is added to the word that is in charge of the interrogation. Most often this word is a verb. The verb is followed by the subject.

Onko Ruotsi kylmä maa?
Is Sweden a cold country?

Onko sinulla suomalainen nimi?
Do you have a Finnish name?

Whenever the verb olla, «to be», is the chief interrogator in a sentence with several nouns as different parts of the sentence, the more complete noun or noun phrase is placed first. The first noun is usually translated with a definite and the second with an indefinite article.

Onko kissa viikinki?
Is the cat a Viking?

Onko viikinki kissa?
Is the Viking a cat?

Nationality

Most nationality words are formed by adding the ending -lainen to the name of a nation. Unlike in English, nationality words in Finnish are written with the first letter in the lower case. For example, the word for «Icelandic» is formed like this:

Islanti + lainen = islantilainen

The most common exceptions are the words suomalainen (Finnish, Finn), ruotsalainen (Swedish, Swede), and venäläinen (Russian). Nationality words that end in -lainen are used as adjectives, and in most cases also as nouns.

Minulla on söpö venäläinen koira.
I have a cute, Russian dog.

Hän on tanskalainen.
S/he is a Dane.

Islantilainen on ujo.
The Icelandic person is shy.

Shh…

[ʃ] has the most irregular spelling in Finnish and is a rare sound pronounced like the first sound in «Sherlock». It is usually spelled with sh (shampoo) but s and š are also possible (sampoo, šampoo).

Saamelainen mies on shamaani/samaani/šamaani.
The Sámi man is a shaman.

Stress control

In words that have three syllables or fewer, the stress falls on the first syllable.

sau-na
kan-te-le

Words that have more syllables need a secondary stress. Its default place is on the third syllable.

re-hel-li-nen
suo-ma-lai-nen

In words that have five syllables or more, if the third syllable is light — that is, it has only one or two letters in it — but there is a longer, heavy syllable next to it, the stress moves to the right, on the fourth syllable.

is-lan-ti-lai-nen

These rules apply to Standard Finnish and most southern varieties. Other forms of Finnish are often bouncier.

Family #3 · 2020-06-16 ^

This time it’s personal

The nominative forms of the personal pronouns:

Verbs are conjugated according to person and number. Here is the verb olla, «to be», in its six different present tense forms:

Finnish makes a distinction between the singular and the plural you, that is, whether the discussion is about one or several people.

Sinä olet naimisissa.
You are married.
(you are a person who is married)

Aino ja Otso, te olette naimisissa.
Aino and Otso, you are married.
(you are people who are married)

In Standard Finnish, subject pronouns in the nominative are optional in the 1st and 2nd person. They need to be included in the 3rd person (hän, he).

(Me) olemme naimisissa.
We are married.

(Te) olette naimisissa.
You (all) are married.

He ovat naimisissa.
They are married.

Verbs can be conjugated in several different ways, depending on the verb type, but the endings are always the same.

If the 1st infinitive of a verb ends in two vowels, the stem is formed by cutting out the final vowel.

to sing: laulaa -> laula-
to dance: tanssia -> tanssi-
to sit: istua -> istu-

Then you add the endings. In the 3rd person singular (with hän), you double the final letter in the stem. In the 3rd person plural (with he), you add the ending -vat, if the stem has a, o, or u in it.

The question particle -ko is added AFTER the personal endings.

tanssi + i + ko = tanssiiko
laula + t + ko = laulatko

It is rare for a question to consist of only a verb, so using a personal pronoun with all forms is recommended, if there are no other words in the sentence.

Tanssiiko hän?
Is s/he dancing?

Laulatko sinä?
Do you sing?

The continuous form of the English verb, the «-ing form», is usually the most natural translation, but the form without -ing, expressing repetitive action, can sometimes be the better option. Often, both are possible, depending on the context.

Istumme yhdessä.
We are sitting together.

The continuous form sounds better above. However, «We sit together» would be correct as an answer to a question about repetitive actions, like «What do we do on Sundays?»

Istumme usein yhdessä.
We often sit together.

The form expressing repetitive action is the most likely translation with sentences like the one above, because the sentence includes an adverb expressing frequency, «often».

He tanssivat.
They are dancing (right now)./They dance (as a hobby, etc).

Finnish often focuses on whether things are complete or incomplete. The sentences «They are dancing» and «They dance» both refer to incomplete, unfinished action. This is why you can translate them with the same sentence.

To put it shortly, the way ENGLISH grammar works in the given context determines whether the -ing form is used or not. Finnish is not particularly interested in ings.

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Like a dog with two tails

Finnish has two adjectives that are best translated with the word «happy». A dog that jumps excitedly up and down when you return home after a long day at work is iloinen. A dog that lies relaxed next to you after his dinner while you scratch his neck is onnellinen. The first word is used to describe joyous and cheerful happiness that is easy to notice. The second word is used to describe happiness that is so deep that you can feel it in your bones. Of course it is possible to be both at the same time, but just because you are onnellinen does not necessarily mean that you are iloinen, or vice versa. A person can also pretend to be iloinen, but you cannot fake being onnellinen. Dogs, naturally, are incapable of such deception.

Musti on hiljainen ja onnellinen.
Musti is quiet and happy.

Tämä iloinen vauva nauraa.
This happy baby is laughing.

Home 1 #3 · 2021-02-24 ^

This and that

Finnish makes a distinction between tämä, «this», and tuo, «that». Tämä refers to things, which are relatively close. If you are talking about concrete things, they are so close that you can touch them. Tuo is used for things that are more distant. If those things are concrete, they are still close enough for you to point at them. In English, you can say «This is Finland» or «That’s Finland» to make a general statement about a certain northern country. In Finnish, Tämä on Suomi and Tuo on Suomi are possible only if you have a globe or a map in front of you to show others what you are talking about. Despite wild rumours, Finland is very much a concrete thing, not an imaginary fantasy land. Finland is also surprisingly large, so pointing it out accurately is rather challenging, unless you have really long arms.

Tämä on radio.
This is a radio.

Tuo on televisio.
That is a television.

Both tämä and tuo can also be used to define a noun that follows them. You are allowed a bit more imagination with these. You can often use tämä also when you are located within the concrete thing discussed.

Tämä talo on vanha.
This house is old.

Tuo piha on kaunis.
That yard is beautiful.

If you need to make a distinction between two things that are equally close, tämä precedes tuo.

Tämä sänky on uusi ja tuo on vanha.
This bed is new and that one is old.

More to have

Finnish does not have a general verb for «to have». Instead, the verb olla, «to be», is used with the adessive forms of the word that’s in the subject position in the English sentence. Here are all the adessive forms of the personal pronouns:

Whenever a pronoun precedes the verb and a noun follows it, the verb takes the form, on. The noun is almost always translated with an indefinite article.

Meillä on suuri asunto.
We have a large apartment.

Nice and comfy

Mukava is used to describe being welcoming and being easy to be around with. The translation changes depending on what the word is describing. When it is used about people and animals the word describes behaviour and «nice» is the best translation. If you are talking about a sofa, a bed, a room, or a house, «comfortable» and «comfy» are good translations.

Musti on mukava koira.
Musti is a nice dog.

Tuo sohva on todella mukava.
That sofa is really comfortable.

Behold! My stuff!

Unlike in English, oma, «own», often appears without the company of words like «my», «our», or «their», if the subject of the sentence reveals whose stuff we are talking about. This is why any sentence that begins with a pronoun in the adessive does not refer to the owner for the second time.

Minulla on oma huone.
I have a room of my own.

Meillä on oma asunto.
We have an apartment of our own./We own an apartment.

Note that while the sentences above can sometimes also be translated with «I have my own room», or «We have our own apartment», the main purpose of the word oma is to simply express ownership and possession, so no need to be sassy.

I thingth I hab a golb

Nasal sounds suffer from a really bad cold.

Phrases 1 #3 · 2020-12-01 ^

Coffee and pulla

We have a problem and we are not ashamed to admit it. No other nation in the world drinks as much kahvi, «coffee», as the Finns do. We start in the morning and stop in the evening.

Pulla, or nisu, is a coffeebread made out of wheat flour. It has a firm texture, and while it is sweet, it does not have as much sugar as most pastries. The dough often contains cardamom. Pulla comes in many shapes and sizes, varying from small buns and rolls to large, braided loaves.

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Greetings!

The greeting hei is used for both «hi» and «bye». You can also double it when you use it in the latter meaning.

Hei Väinö!
Hi Väinö!/Bye Väinö!

Hei hei Musti!
Goodbye Musti!

While Finns use the titles rouva (Ms.) and herra (Mr.) only in extremely formal situations and in the military, referring to people using their last name only is very common, especially among men. This can be both a very informal situation, like greeting someone, or a more formal one, like calling the name of the next patient in a waiting room.

Terve Pöllö!
Hello Pöllö!

Behave yourself

The Finnish language does not have a word for «please», but do not make the mistake of thinking that the lack of this one word means that Finns are rude. We simply express politeness by using other means. We do not plead, we give thanks. The Finnish word for «thank you» is kiitos. You also use it the same way English speakers use the word «please» when you are asking for something at a shop, a café, or a restaurant.

Yksi kahvi, kiitos.
One coffee, please.

Kahvi ja pulla, kiitos.
A coffee and a pulla, please.

Since the word means «thank you» and is therefore stronger than «please», you do not have to repeat it quite as often. Kiitos is also used after ei («no») and kyllä («yes» ).

Ei, kiitos.
No, thank you.

Kyllä, kiitos.
Yes, please.

Kyllä is mainly used with kiitos, as an affirmative answer to questions that begin with haluaisitko, «would you like to have» and in the military. In other situations, you have two options. First, you can say joo or juu (both mean «yes», or «yeah»). The second and the more used option is repeating the verb in the question.

— Oletko sinä Pöllölä? — Olen.
— Are you Pöllölä? — (Yes,) I am.

— Onko tämä oikein? — On.
— Is this correct? — (Yes,) It is.

Ole hyvä, literally «be good», is used when passing objects to another person. You are expected to answer with kiitos.

– Kahvi, ole hyvä. – Kiitos.
– Here you are, a coffee. – Thank you.

Notice that ole hyvä find its place at the end of a sentence. If you use the phrase in the beginning of a sentence, it will sound like you are addressing the coffee. The place after the expression is reserved for names. As coffee obsessed as we are, not even Finns talk to their coffee cups.

Ole hyvä, Anna!
Anna! Here you are!

Correct!

Much like väärin, the word for «incorrect» and «wrong», oikein, the word for «correct» and «right», cannot precede a noun but always stands alone.

Tämä on oikein ja tuo on väärin.
This one is correct and that one is incorrect.

Hot and cold

To express how people and animals experience different temperatures, you need to use the adessive + on structure. In other words, Finns are not hot nor cold, we «have» hot or cold.

Minulla on kuuma.
I am hot.

Meillä on kylmä.
We are cold.

Language 1 #5 · 2020-06-23 ^

Why?

The Finnish question word for «why» is miksi. As with most other question words, the rest of the sentence looks like a statement.

Suomi on tärkeä kieli.
Finnish is an important language.

Miksi suomi on tärkeä kieli?
Why is Finnish an important language?

Nations, nationalities, and their languages

Unlike in English, languages are not considered proper nouns in Finnish. Therefore, they start with a letter in the lower case. Most language names look identical to the name of the nation of their speakers, except for the first letter.

Pöllö, Suomi on maa, suomi on kieli ja hän on suomalainen.
Pöllö, Finland is a country, Finnish is a language, and s/he is a Finn.

wow. such easy

The word niin, «so», is a quantifier that appears before an adjective or an adverb.

Tämä lause on niin helppo.
This sentence is so easy.

However, since English insists on leaving articles lying around for speakers of Finnish to trip on, «such» is often the more idiomatic translation whenever the adjective is followed by a noun.

Englanti on niin vaikea kieli.
English is so difficult a language./English is such a difficult language.

Definitely or

The conjunction vai, «or», appears only in questions and is always exclusive, never inclusive. This means that you are expected to choose one thing as an answer to the question.

Onko se kieli, murre vai aksentti?
Is it a language, a dialect, or an accent?

Oh really?

As in English, the adverb todella, «really», likes to march before the verb. It should not be confused with the determiner todella, «really», which precedes an adjective and has a different function.

Ranska todella on kaunis kieli.
French really is a beautiful language.
(Mon dieu, French is beautiful. Not pretty, nor cute, nor nice. Beautiful.)

Ranska on todella kaunis kieli.
French is a really beautiful language.
(Oui, French is beautiful, and not just beautiful but so beautiful that saying that it is merely beautiful would be an understatement. Oh la la…)

Teacher, teacher!

Finnish children do not address teachers formally. No sirs here, no ma’am! The youngest children refer to their teachers by first name. As they grow older, nicknames and last names (without a title) become more common. Usually though, a teacher is quite simply a teacher, opettaja, or its abbreviation, ope.

Opettaja, miksi viro on tärkeä kieli?
Teacher, why is Estonian an important language?

Barbecue #1 · 2020-06-16 ^

The barbecue season

An old proverb says that «the Finnish summer is short and short on snow». This is a rather sarcastic observation on the nature of spring and summer weather in Finland. The snow drifts disappear sometime in March, April, May, or June, depending on your latitude and that particular year. Then the snows return. Once, twice, thrice, umpteen times, until it is summer(ish). Whether you are a carnivore, omnivore, vegetarian, vegan, or a cannibal, the barbecue season begins when the snows have almost melted for the first time that spring. If it starts snowing when you are in the middle of grilling the sausages, tough. Now stop yapping about the weather and pass the mustard. As for when the barbecue season ends, well, since the start of the season pretty much coincides with bears waking up from hibernation, it is only natural that the end of the season takes place when the bears are starting their winter hibernation.

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Right here, right there

The Finnish system for telling whether something is here or there is more detailed than the English one. When something you can see is tässä, «right here», it is either exactly where you are, or at so short a distance that you can touch it without changing your pose or position. If something you can see is tuossa, «right there», it is just beyond your reach.

Lautanen on tässä.
The plate is right here.

Sitruuna on tuossa.
The lemon is right there.

He or ne?

English personal pronouns separate people and other entities only in the singular. You cannot call a person «it» nor can you refer to a dishwashing machine with «he» or «she». Finnish makes this distinction also in the plural.

Missä Matti ja Liisa ovat? He ovat tuossa.
Where are Matti and Liisa? They are right there.

Missä ketsuppi ja sinappi ovat? Ne ovat tässä.
Where are the ketchup and the mustard? They are right here.

Peckish and parched

Finns usually use the expressions «to have hunger» and «to have thirst» should we feel peckish or parched. The adessive form of the subject is needed to get our basic needs heard.

Minulla on nälkä.
I am hungry.

Meillä on jano.
We are thirsty.

Sights #2 · 2020-08-07 ^

More questions…

The question word for «what» is mikä. The word order after the word is similar to that after millainen, «what kind of». The predicative follows the question word, but the verb wanders to the final position to be able to loyally follow the subject.

Millainen museo se on?
What kind of museum is it?

Mikä museo tuo on?
What/Which museum is that?

Over here, over there

The Finnish language is not satisfied with having just words for «here» and «there» like English is. We prefer to know the location of things more specifically. If both you and the person you are talking to are both in the area in which whatever or whomever you are talking about is located, the word täällä, «over here», is used. If neither one of you is in the same area as the person or the thing discussed but they are still close enough for you to point at them, the word tuolla, «over there», is used instead.

Teatteri on täällä.
The theater is over here.

Museo on tuolla.
The museum is over there.

Surprise or exasperation?

In English, most situations can be handled with either the interjection «oh» or by adding something after it. While Finnish has many short expressions that can be used in various situations, we do not have a versatile exclamation that works exactly in the same way as «oh». If something upsetting happens to you, voi ei is a good way to express your general disillusionment with the way the world usually enjoys surprising us.

Voi ei! Museo on kiinni!
Oh no! The museum is closed!

If what you are feeling is surprise caused by the actions of yourself or other people, or just general weirdness of the world, oho is a good exclamation to use. The surprise can be positive, negative, or neutral, and be translated with «oh wow», «oh», or «wow» depending on the context. It can also be used as the equivalent of the surprised «oops» English speakers utter when they arrive at their holiday destination and realize that they bought tickets to a wrong flight and ended up in Paris, Texas, instead of Paris, France, or vice versa.

Oho. Outo rakennus.
Oh wow. A weird building.

Oho. Väärä teatteri.
Oops. The wrong theater.

The right stuff

The Finnish equivalents for «right/correct» and «wrong/incorrect» look different depending on whether they are adjectives or adverbs. You can recognise the adverbs from the ending -in. The adjectives can appear before nouns, but the adverbs cannot.

Väärin! Tämä on väärä rakennus.
Wrong! This is the wrong building.

Oikein! Tuo on oikea museo.
Correct! That is the correct museum.

So close, yet so far

The Finnish words for “close/near” and “far (away)” are lähellä and kaukana. You can use these two words only when you use a verb that does not imply movement from one place to another.

Voi ei! Kirkko on kaukana.
Oh no! The church is far away.

Jee! Puisto on lähellä.
Yay! The park is near/nearby.

Fridge #2 · 2020-12-01 ^

Mämmi, ice cream, and ketchup

The Finnish dessert known as mämmi is sweet rye pudding eaten especially during the Easter weeks in the spring. It is very dark and thick, so some weirdos find the way it looks unappealing. It is usually consumed with a bit of milk or cream (not whipped), sometimes with vanilla ice cream.

Finns eat jäätelö, “ice cream”, more than most other nations. While it is most popular during that one hot day in the summer, we eat it all year round. Sub-zero temperatures in February are considered a pitiful excuse for not having your little piece of edible heaven like a normal person.

Every other type of food is covered in ketsuppi, “ketchup”, which like coffee and ice cream is unusually popular in Finland. Any self-respecting grocer keeps several shelves of one kilogram ketchup bottles in their shop. Whatever bits of your food on your plate are visible from under all the ketchup are there so that you can put mustard on them.

THE END IS NIGH

If you run out of ice cream, it is the end of your world. The Finnish word loppu, “the end”, is used to signify that there is nothing left of something.

Jäätelö on loppu.
The ice cream is all gone. OR I am/You are/He is/She is/It is/We are/They are out of ice cream.

Ketsuppi on loppu.
The ketchup is all gone. OR I am/You are/He is/She is/It is/We are/They are out of ketchup.

Play your part(itive)

The dictionary forms of nominals (nouns, adjectives, pronouns, and numerals) are in the nominative case. However, Finnish nominals can be inflected in 14 other cases besides the nominative. Such as (drumroll) THE PARTITIVE (ta-da). The partitive has many uses, but its main purpose is to signify something that is incomplete, unfinished, or hard to specify — things that are a PART of something. The partitive case is used most often (although not always) with objects and predicatives.

There are several ways of forming the partitive singular, but the simplest way to do it is also the most common one and applies to most words: you add an A at the end.

ketsuppi + a -> ketsuppia
kala + a -> kalaa

If you cannot count it, how do you know whether you have all of it?

Uncountable nouns fall into the hard-to-specify category, because you cannot specify how many of something there is. Any uncountable noun that is a predictive is in the partitive singular.

Se on mehua.
It is juice.

Onko tuo maitoa?
Is that milk?

Any uncountable noun that is a direct object is in the partitive singular. You can often add the word “some” (statements) or “any” (questions) in front of a noun like this in the English translation.

Minulla on ketsuppia.
I have (some) ketchup.

Onko sinulla juustoa?
Do you have (any) cheese?

Any adjective referring to an uncountable noun is also in the partitive singular in predicative and object positions.

Tämä on outoaa mehua.
This is strange juice.

Meillä on mustaa limonadia.
We have (some) black soda pop.

In fact, if an adjective appears alone as a predicative, it is in the partitive singular whenever the subject it refers to is an uncountable noun.

Onko mämmi oranssia?
Is (the) mämmi orange?

Ei, mämmi on mustaa.
No, (the) mämmi is black.

Amounts

A word referring to a single unit of some amount is in the nominative in short phrases and following “to be” and “to have”. Yet, any uncountable noun that follows a word referring to an amount is in the partitive. You can count the units, but you still cannot count something that is uncountable. A unit like this can be an exact scientific unit like kilo, or a more everyday measurement like pullo, “bottle”.

Kilo lihaa, kiitos.
A kilo of (some) meat, please.

Pullo mehua, kiitos.
A bottle of (some) juice, please.

An amount like this can also be exact in a more subjective manner, as with words like tarpeeksi, “enough”, and liikaa, “too much”. You know when you have had enough (or at least you should).

Onko meillä tarpeeksi kalaa?
Do we have enough fish?

Liian or liikaa?

The determiner liian, “too”, is a general intensifier that can be used with almost anything: colors, taste, the quality of your local grocer’s ketchup, etc. The determiner liikaa, “too much”, refers specifically to an excessive amount of something.

Tämä mehu on liian makeaa.
This juice is too sweet.

Meillä on liikaa juustoa.
We have too much cheese.

Languages 2 #2 · 2020-12-23 ^

Let’s parti(tive)!

Finnish has 15 grammatical cases that are used with the nominals (nouns, adjectives, pronouns, and numerals) and sometimes even with other word classes. The dictionary forms of nominals are in the nominative case. Another proud member of the Finnish Case Club for Terms Ending in -IVE is THE PARTITIVE. It has many uses, but its main purpose is to tell you that something is somehow incomplete, unfinished, or hard to specify. The partitive case is used most often (although not always) with objects and predicatives.

While there are several ways of forming the partitive singular, the simplest way to do it applies to most Finnish words: you add an extra A at the end of the word.

sana + a -> sanaa
aksentti + a -> aksenttia

Partitive verbs

Finnish has several grammatical cases which can appear in the object position, depending on what you are trying to say. Some verbs prefer partitive objects in certain contexts. puhua, “to speak”, is one such verb. Whenever you tell someone what languages you can or cannot speak, you need the names of the languages in the partitive. After all, no one is able to speak a whole language. There will always be words that you do not know even in your native language. And even if you happen to be an ancient wizard who knows everything, you cannot utter the entirety of a language all at once.

Opettaja puhuu koreaa.
The teacher speaks/is speaking Korean.

Puhuuko turisti ranskaa?
Does the tourist speak/Is the tourist speaking French?

While most language names are relatively new loanwords, suomi, the word for the Finnish language, is as old as pro-level wizards. Old nouns and adjectives that end in I go through a stem change: I turns into E. Words that end in I but are still very young, only the age of upstart wizards whose age is counted in hundreds and not in thousands, keep I at the end of their stems.

englanti: englanti +a -> englantia
suomi: suome + a -> suomea

Anteeksi, puhutko sinä suomea?
Excuse me, do you speak/are you speaking Finnish?

OR or OR?

The Finnish language has two words for “or”: tai, the inclusive “or”, and vai, the exclusive “or”. vai can only be used in questions, so you have to go with tai in statements.

A statement with tai can mean that all options offered are possible, or that only one of them is possible. If the latter, English sometimes emphasizes these limited possibilities by adding “either” before the list of options.

Tuo on suomea tai viroa.
That is (either) Finnish or Estonian.

In questions, both tai and vai are possible, depending on what you want to say. VAI is used when you know there is only one possible answer. TAI is used when you want to keep your options open: any one of the options could be correct, or both of them, or neither. You can sometimes see this reflected in the verb form of the English translation.

Anteeksi, puhutteko te englantia tai espanjaa?
Excuse me, do you speak English or Spanish?

Anteeksi, puhutteko te suomea vai viroa?
Excuse me, are you speaking Finnish or Estonian?

If you use the inclusive tai, you must be talking about knowledge of languages. Maybe the people speak both English and Spanish, just one of them, or neither. Or maybe one of them knows Spanish and another one English. You have no way of knowing. If you use the exclusive vai, you must be commenting on what you are hearing. The language spoken sounds very familiar to you, but you have not yet progressed far enough in your Finnish studies to know whether it is Finnish or Estonian, although you know it has to be one or the other.

Singularly many

The pronoun moni, “many”, is inflected in both number and case. This means it has a singular form, which is followed by a verb in the singular, although in the corresponding English translation both are in the plural. If moni, the nominative singular form of the word, begins a sentence, you are dealing with a generalisation. Therefore, the continuous form (ing form) of the verb is not possible in the English translation. If you have trouble sticking to the singular, the now old-fashioned structure many a + noun may be of some assistance. As in “many a wordy jest”, an expression found in A Christmas Carol by Charles Dickens.

Moni suomalainen puhuu sujuvaa englantia.
Many Finns speak fluent English/Many a Finn speaks fluent English.

Home 2 #3 · 2020-11-26 ^

ATAboy!

Finnish verbs can be conjugated in several different ways depending on the verb type, but the endings are always the same.

If the 1st infinitive of the verb ends in -ata, -ota, or -uta, the stem is formed by removing the T in the middle.

to paint: maalata -> maalaa-
to clean: siivota -> siivoa-
to realize: tajuta -> tajua-

Then you add the personal endings.

The question particle is added after the personal ending.

Maalaako Aino usein?
Does Aino paint often?

I object!

If something is the focus of your actions, it’s called an object. If you’re still in the process of doing something to that object, you’ll need the partitive case. Objects of ongoing actions are in the partitive case. The object form rarely has any influence on whether you should use the definite or indefinite article in the English translation. In English, ongoing action is expressed by using the verb, not the noun as in Finnish. This is why Finnish sentences with a partitive object are usually translated with the continuous form of the verb, the -ing form.

Me siivoamme taloa.
We’re cleaning a/the house.

Mummo korjaa autoa.
Grandma is repairing/fixing a/the car.

If the noun is preceded by an adjective, it must be in the partitive as well.

Mummo korjaa mustaa autoa.
Grandma is repairing/fixing a/the black car.

Which “that” is that?

In the English language the conjunction “that” never follows a comma. It’s Finnish equivalent että, however, would die were it seen without an admiring comma on its side. It also likes YOUR attention more than the humble English “that”. “that” rarely complains if it’s cut out of the sentence completely. että, the vain drama queen, on the other hand, has its revenge on you by turning your sentence nonsensical should you choose to ignore it. What a diva!

Tajuan nyt, että teillä on jo koira.
I realize now (that) you already have a dog.

The conjunction koska always appears with a comma too, even though its English cousin “because” chooses not to favor its punctuation companion’s company as often.

Siivoan verantaa, koska se on sotkuinen.
I’m cleaning the veranda, because it is messy.

Cleaning and decorating

The verb siivota is “to clean” only in the meaning “to tidy things up”. It’s used when you’re talking about everyday chores in general whether that’s hoovering or picking toys off the floor. If you need to clean something very specific and relatively small, like the bathtub, a windscreen, or a spatula, you should opt for some other verb. You shouldn’t use siivota with parts of the human body either.

He siivoavat vanhaa asuntoa.
They are cleaning/tidying up the old apartment.

The noun taulu refers to a picture you can hang on your wall. It can be a painting, a drawing, a framed photograph, or some fabric stapled on a piece of styrofoam. As long as it’s a flat thing that cannot be bent easily, it required some creative output to get made, and it hangs on a wall, it’s taulu.

Don’t sweat it!

Sweating, like being cold or hungry, is something you have, not something you are or do. Finns usually “have a sweat” rather than just “sweat”.

Minulla on hiki.
I am sweating.

Minulla on kylmä/kuuma/lämmin/nälkä/jano.
I am cold/hot/warm/hungry/thirsty.

Know-How #4 · 2020-12-02 ^

Knowledge is power

The verb OSATA means “to know how to” or “to have knowledge of”. English uses various constructions to express the same thing depending on the context. When the verb osata is followed by a language, the verb “to know” is the best translation.

Osaatko sinä suomea?
Do you know Finnish?

If the focus is on speaking rather than knowledge of the language in general, osata is followed by the 1st infinitive puhua, “to speak”. Here English favors the modal verb “can”, although “to know how to” works often too.

Osaan puhua ranskaa.
I can/know how to speak French.

You can place the 1st infinitive form of many verbs after osata.

Joni osaa lukea/laulaa.
Joni can/knows how to read/sing.

OSATA is all about knowledge, talent, and acquired skills, which is why you should NOT assume that every “can” in the English language is translated with osata. The English verb is also used to ask for favors (“Can you come over here?”) and to check if someone is able or capable of doing something (“Can you hear me?”). Finnish uses other structures to express such things. When you ask a parent whether their child can walk yet, osata is the verb to go with. It takes a lot of work, quite a bit of natural talent, and lots of knowledge acquired by failing repeatedly to learn how to walk. If you’re helping someone who has been hit by a car, using osata when posing the same question would sound like asking whether this person ever learned to walk to begin with, when you probably meant to ask if they are capable of walking.

Osaako lapsi puhua?
Can the child/Does the child know how to speak?

Both-and

Just in case you’re wondering why you can’t see the word ja, “and”, anywhere in this section: what in English is “both-and”, is “also-that” in Finnish. Both the English structure and the Finnish sekä-että are used to point out the importance of there not being only this one thing here but two things, as in this very sentence. Much as in English, if you put the emphasis on että (“and”) in speech, the latter thing sounds more important than the first one.

Puhun sekä suomea että ruotsia.
I speak both Finnish and Swedish.

Osaat sekä tanssia että laulaa.
You can both dance and sing.

How about that!

Finnish question words begin with either M or K.

The question word kuinka, «how», can be combined with expressions of amount and frequency, such as the word moni, “many”. Although the English “how many” is in the plural, the Finnish expression kuinka moni is in the singular.

Kuinka moni kanadalainen osaa ranskaa?
How many Canadians know French?

Movers and shakers

Do you need a word for a profession? Or perhaps a word for a talent? If you need a “doer”, the most common way to turn a verb into a noun is to attach the ending -JA onto a verb stem. This is the Finnish equivalent of the English ending -(e)r.

laula + ja = laulaja singer
tanssi + ja = tanssija dancer

Adverbs or something else?

The hint is in the name: ad+verb = adverb. Adverbs refer to a verb.

Above are five common adverbs created by using the instructive forms of three adjectives and two pronouns/determiners. The instructive ending -in, meaning “with some things”, is particularly common in adverbs of frequency. The literal meaning of hyvin, “well”, is “with good things”. usein, “often”, could be translated as “on several occasions”.

Matti laulaa hyvin.
Matti sings well.

Hush!

Unusually, you need the adjective “quiet” rather than the adverb “quietly” if you want someone to shut their cakehole. In English, that is. Finnish chooses the adverb, hiljaa, instead of the adjective hiljainen. The accompanying interjection is hys.

Hys! Hiljaa! Anna laulaa.
Hush/Shh! Quiet! Anna is singing.

So long folks!

The most likely translation of the word pitkä is “long”. However, it also means “tall” when you’re talking about people.

Pitkä mies laulaa pitkää laulua.
The tall man is singing a long song.

Coffee #4 · 2020-12-23 ^

Glögi and dark bread

Glögi is a hot drink enjoyed in the winter, especially during the Christmas holidays. Originally, it was usually spicy mulled wine or spirits but nowadays it’s more common to drink a version made out of grape or apple juice with no or very little alcohol in it. The most common spices found in glögi are cloves, cinnamon, cardamom, and ginger. Glögi is typically sweeter than Glühwein and other similar drinks. It’s served with raisins and almonds. It’s often drunk out of glasses designed specifically for the purpose. The traditional glass type resembles Russian tea glasses with metal holders.

Tumma leipä, “dark bread”, is a more formal way of referring to rye bread. Its plural form, tummat leivät, is something you can see on a sign at a Finnish grocer’s so that you can separate the good stuff from white bread. Finns tend to prefer rye bread over wheat bread. Oat bread is also very popular.

Peace and harmony

The Finnish language has three types of vowels: back vowels, front vowels, and neutral (front) vowels.

Back and front vowels CANNOT appear in the same word, whereas neutral vowels can appear in words with both! This is known as VOWEL HARMONY. The most common exceptions to this rule are compound words, words with prefixes, and fairly recent loanwords.

Partial to harmony

Vowel harmony applies to most endings you can add to words, including all case endings. This means that a word like glögi with no back vowels cannot end in A in the partitive case, unlike a word like kahvi. This is why words like glögi end in Ä in the partitive.

1) If a word has one or more back vowels (A, O, U) in it, it gets the ending with a back vowel in the partitive singular: A.
2) If a word has one or more front vowels (Y, Ä, Ö) in it, it gets the ending with a front vowel in the partitive singular: Ä.

This is what it looks like in practice:

kuuma kahvi -> kuumaa kahvia hot coffee
kylmä jäätelö -> kylmää jäätelöä cold ice cream

Which what?

When a question word stands in for a subject or a predicative, it’s in the nominative; when a question word stands in for an object, it’s often in the partitive. mikä is used when you’re looking for a non-human subject/predicative for your sentence; MITÄ is used when you need an unspecified non-human object.

– Mikä tuo on? – Se on kuppi.
– What’s that? – It’s a cup.

– Mitä haluat? – Haluan kahvia.
– What do you want? – I want coffee.

We want more!

haluta, “to want”, is followed by the 1st infinitive form of a verb and an object form of a nominal.

Haluan syödä jäätelöä.
I want to eat ice cream.

jotain is the partitive form of the Finnish version of “something”. When you combine it with the partitive forms of juotava and syötävä, “drinkable” and ”edible”, you get a phrase that you’re very likely to hear in a restaurant and when you’re visiting someone’s home: jotain juotavaa/syötävää, «something to drink/eat».

Haluatko jotain juotavaa/syötävää?
Do you want something to drink/eat?

You can also add the very -ble pair to other expressions of amount like lisää, «more».

Haluatteko lisää juotavaa?
Do you want something more to drink?

A piece of cake!

The Finnish word pala is a generic word for a piece of something. It can be translated as «piece», «morsel», or «slice» depending on the context.

Pala kakkua, kiitos.
A piece of cake, please.

Meow! #4 · 2021-01-20 ^

Cups of T

The most common way to form the nominative plural is to add T at the end of the word. Almost all words that end in a vowel like their T simple without milk, sugar, and extra letters. If a word ends in A, O, U, Y, Ä, or Ö after a consonant, all you have to do to form the plural is to pour some T. Most (but not all) words that end in I after a consonant also work the same way. Words that end in E are excluded for the most part from this group. They prefer stronger, grammatically more complex T.

kissa + t -> kissat cats
pöllö + t -> pöllöt owls
poni + t -> ponit ponies

Any adjective preceding the noun needs its fill of T as well.

Mustat kissat tanssivat.
The black cats are dancing.

STArry verbs

Finnish verbs in the conjugation group 3 end in two consonants and a vowel. This group includes verbs which end in STA in the 1st infinitive. The two final letters are dropped to form the stem.

to smell: haista -> hais-
to growl: murista -> muris-

E is placed between the stem and the personal endings. In the 3rd person singular, the E is doubled.

Running takes more effort than most physical things; conjugating juosta, “to run”, takes more effort than most STA verbs. A mysterious K haunts your every step.

In harmony

Vowel harmony applies not just to all case endings but also to verb endings. So far we’ve seen verbs that end in VAT in the 3rd person plural. But what about verbs that don’t have any back vowels?

1) If the stem has one or more back vowels (A, O, U) in it, it gets the ending with a back vowel: VAT.
2) If the stem has one or more front vowels (Y, Ä, Ö) in it, it gets the ending with a front vowel: VÄT.

And this is what looks like in practice:

to try: yrittää -> yrittä + vät

So what happens when there are only neutral vowels in the stem? Well, since E and I are pronounced closer to the teeth than the throat…

3) If the stem has only neutral vowels (E, I) in it, it gets the ending with a front vowel: VÄT.

Which looks like this:

to look for: etsiä -> etsi + vät
to wash: pestä -> pes + e + vät

etsiä is conjugated like tanssia but with some extra dots; pestä is a STÄrry verb similar to haista, a STArry verb.

Just this once

Some Finnish verbs, like potkaista , “to kick”, and puraista, “to bite”, can only be used to express a single occurrence. This means that it’s rare to translate them with the ing form of the English verb.

Kissat puraisevat mummoa.
The cats bite grandma. (Just once. They’re a bit naughty but not mean.)

Many sensory verbs are often translated the same way: no ing. haista is “to smell” only in the meaning “to emit a scent/to stink” but not in the meaning “to detect a scent/smell” if there is no object in the sentence.

Koirat haisevat.
The dogs smell/stink.

These, those

To get the plural forms of “this” and “that”, swap the T’s for N’s and you’ll get «these» and «those».

nämä kissat ja nuo koirat
these cats and those dogs

Plural who

If you have a question concerning one person, you use the question word kuka. If you want to know about more than one person, the word to use is KETKÄ. The Finnish verb is in the plural to match the question word, although English likes to treat people as a single body.

Kuka haisee?
Who stinks? (one person)

Ketkä haisevat?
Who stinks? (several people)

Europe #5 · 2020-12-23 ^

The INessive

The closest thing Finnish has to the English preposition “in” is the locative case known as the inessive. The most common way to use the inessive is to express stationary existence within something or in some place. You can usually recognize it from the ending SSA. Let’s not forget to keep our vowels harmonious though.

1) If the word has one or more back vowels (A, O, U) in it, it gets the ending with a back vowel: SSA.

Saksa + ssa -> Saksassa In Germany
Viro + ssa -> Virossa In Estonia

2) If the word has one or more front vowels (Y, Ä, Ö) in it, it gets the ending with a front vowel: SSÄ.
3) If the word has only neutral vowels (E, I) in it, it gets the ending with a front vowel: SSÄ.

Berliini + ssä -> Berliinissä In Berlin
Sveitsi + ssä -> Sveitsissä In Switzerland

Words in the inessive are often answers to questions beginning with the word missä, “(in) where/in which”.

– Missä Oslo on? – Norjassa.
– Where is Oslo? – In Norway.

Or maybe Finns just believe that Mississippi doesn’t have enough S’s.

Tuo kaupunki on Mississippissä.
That city is in Mississippi.

Suomi, “Finland”, is a very old word. Old words that end in I go through a stem change when you start adding case endings to them. suomi, the Finnish word for the Finnish language, becomes suomea in the partitive. Suomi, the name of the country, behaves similarly in the inessive. The final I turns into E before the case ending.

He ovat Suomessa.
They are in Finland.

If the noun in the inessive is preceded by a pronoun/determiner or an adjective, those are also in the inessive. The inessive form of tämä, “this”, is tässä.

Helsinki on tässä maassa.
Helsinki is in this country.

My neck of the woods

The verb asua, “to live», is used to indicate residence. If you’re talking about people, any place the size of a continent or smaller is possible with this verb. Once you move to planets and even larger things, you need to use some other verb. You cannot use this verb to talk about any other aspect of living.

– Missä sinä asut? – Minä asun Italiassa.
– Where do you live? – I live in Italy.

There and back again

The verb käydä has many purposes. Its basic function is similar to that of the English verb “to visit”: you go some place, spend some time there, and then return back where you started from. English speakers visit places. Finns, however, visit IN places. This is why you need to use the inessive with the verb käydä.

Me haluamme käydä Suomessa.
We want to visit Finland.

Fun, fun, fun

The Finnish expression for “to have fun” belongs in the same group as the expressions for being cold, warm, or hot. The lla on structure is followed by the adjective hauska in the partitive.

Meillä on hauskaa Tallinnassa.
We are having fun in Tallinn.

The verb viettää means “to spend” but only in the contexts of time, holidays, and celebration. This particular verb likes company and rarely appears alone. The word for “time” is aika and its partitive form aikaa is needed to create the Finnish equivalent of “to spend time”.

Haluan viettää aikaa kotona.
I want to spend time at home.

More or more?

The Finnish language has two words which can both be translated as “more”: lisää and enemmän. So how to tell them apart?

You use lisää, when you want more something you’ve run out of. You used to have some, now it’s all gone and you want more.

– Aika on loppu! – Ei! Haluan lisää aikaa!
– Time is up! – No! I want more time!

Oh dear. Someone didn’t finish their exam on time and is having a hard time accepting that.

enemmän is the comparative form of paljon, “a lot”. In many ways, it’s the opposite of enough. When you choose enemmän it usually means that you want more something you already have or know you will have, because you believe you don’t have or will not have enough of it.

Haluan viettää enemmän aikaa Suomessa.
I want to spend more time in Finland.

Since English does not make this distinction, it’s often hard to decide which word to choose. Not coming across as greedy is important to Finns, so choose your words wisely to suit the situation, whatever the English sentence looks like.

Haluan enemmän kahvia.
I want more coffee. (My cup is neither full nor empty. I want more.)

Haluan lisää kahvia.
I want more coffee. (I’m out. I want another full cup.)

Pets and domestic animals 2 #4 · 2021-01-27 ^

Close your eyes and count to 10

seitsemän is an unusual word in the usually so obedient Finnish language, since most people do not pronounce it the way it’s written. seitsämän and seitsömän are acceptable even in formal speech, although the word is still always spelled with E in the middle.

How many does that amount to?

Any number larger than 1 is seen as an amount and is treated as such. The number already tells us how many there are of something, much like a scientific unit like litra or kilo, whereas what follows is an incomplete mass. This is why whatever there is a certain number of is always in the partitive singular. What follows the number 1 is considered complete, because the number and its nominal companions match and form one complete unit. Hence the nominative is used when you refer to a single something.

Hänellä on yksi pieni kala.
S/he has one small fish.

Meillä on kilo ruokaa.
We have a kilogram of food.

Minulla on kaksi mustaa kissaa, koska olen noita.
I have two black cats, because I’m a witch.

If the phrase with a number larger than 1 is in the subject position, the verb is in the 3rd person singular.

Kolme kilttiä koiraa istuu hiljaa.
(The) three well-behaved dogs are sitting quietly.

A number of many

The partitive singular form of moni, “many”, is monta. It behaves like numbers larger than 1 and is followed by everything in the partitive singular. It and its nominal minions usually park themselves in the object position.

Omistan monta söpöä lehmää.
I own many cute cows.

The -lla on structure is usually followed by everything looking like it’s in the nominative singular. monta has road rage when it comes to having this particular parking space, since it rather than its traffic rule obeying nominative form is used with the adessive structure. The minions following are also in the partitive.

Minulla on monta mustaa autoa.
I have many black cars.

If you want to know how many objects there are, the question to ask is montako.

Montako hamsteria sinulla on?
How many hamsters do you have?

kuinka monta and miten monta are also possible.

NENough partitive forms to stem a whole river

Words that end in NEN go through a stem change whenever you start adding things to them. You drop NEN and replace it with S.

vihainen -> vihais-
sininen -> sinis-
pörröinen -> pörröis-

The partitive singular ending for words that end in most vowels is either -A or -Ä, depending on the vowel harmony. So what happens when you want to add an ending after a consonant like S? You have to stem a river of T, that’s what. The most common partitive ending to follow a consonant is -TA/TÄ.

vihais + ta -> vihaista
sinis + tä -> sinistä
pörröis + tä -> pörröistä

Don’t forget the vowel harmony!

Viisi vihaista lintua haluaa sinistä jäätelöä.
(The) five angry birds want blue ice cream.

Minulla on kuusi pörröistä koiraa.
I have six fluffy dogs.

It has…

The adessive form of se, “it”, is, sillä.

Onko sillä tarpeeksi ruokaa?
Does it have enough food?

Who-whoo’s!

If you want to know who has something, you need the question word kenellä, the adessive form kuka. Word order in the question affects the article in the English translation.

Kenellä on pupu?
Who has a bunny?

Kenellä pupu on?
Who has the bunny?

The adessive form of the relative conjunction joka, “who/which”, is jolla. Both can be used to refer to anything concrete and countable and feel very lonely and vulnerable without commas.

Mies, jolla on söpö koira, on onnellinen.
The man, who has a cute dog, is happy.

Minulla on kissa, jolla on kaksi pentua.
I have a cat which has two kittens.

World #2 · 2021-02-02 ^

Vikings and wizards

Skandinavia is either a geographical area including Norway, Sweden, and the most northern parts of Finnish Lapland or a cultural area including Norway, Sweden, and Denmark. The Norse were farmers, traders, and Vikings, whereas the Finns and the Sámi were mainly hunters, herders, and witches. While our northern cultures have influenced one another over the years, it’s bad manners to refer to the Finns and the Sámi as Scandinavians or to say that Finland is in Scandinavia. There are still many aspects in Finnish culture that most Scandinavians find exotic. We are rather proud of being a bit different, regardless of what mother tongue we happen to have.

The not knot

Finnish verbs are conjugated in several different ways, depending on the verb type, but the endings stay the same.

The Finnish negation verb is built around the word ei. In the 3rd person forms, you can see the letter couple together but in the other forms I disappears.

The translations of this structure fashion themselves on the auxiliary verb used in the English sentence. The most popular looks are forms of “to be” and “to have”. You can also translate the structure as a negation of an existential sentence verb, “to be”. The only verb type which doesn’t accessorize with the ei verb is the imperative. Commands prefer another style.

An auxiliary verb must be followed by the actual verb of the sentence. The main verb usually looks identical to the verb stem to which you would normally add a personal ending. The fabulous ei verb already includes all the endings you could possibly need for your look: less is more. The main verb ending in a vowel is a must though, so E is added at the end of group 3 verbs which have a stem ending in a consonant.

asua -> asu
haluta -> halua
pestä -> pese
juosta -> juokse
olla -> ole

Let’s see what the ensemble looks like!

Minä en asu Virossa.
I don’t live in Estonia.

Sinä et puhu suomea.
You don’t speak (any) Finnish.

Me emme juokse.
We don’t run.

He eivät ole kotona.
They’re not home.

If a third verb is needed, the second verb rather than the negative verb determines its form.

Osaamme puhua hindiä.
We can speak Hindu.

Emme osaa puhua hindiä.
We can’t speak (any) Hindu.

Since there aren’t any back vowels in the ei verbs, the question particle of is the one with some trendy umlaut dots.

Ettekö te asu Kanadassa?
Do you not live in Canada?

Never anymore

enää means “anymore” or “no longer” when it appears in a question or a negative sentence. Its place is either before or after the final verb in a verb phrase, the second option being more common. Having a visible subject makes the first option more likely though.

En halua puhua enää. / En halua enää puhua.
I don’t want to talk anymore.

Etkö sinä halua enää puhua? / Etkö sinä halua puhua enää?
Don’t you want to talk anymore?

Note that the position of the word can change the emphasis in the sentence in a way that you can see in the translation. The earlier it appears, the more emphasized it is. Did you just come home after your daily jog, or have you decided to stop jogging completely?

En juokse enää.
I’m no longer running/I don’t run anymore.

En enää juokse.
I don’t run anymore.

koskaan means “ever” or “never” in a question or a negative sentence. Its place is usually after the whole verb phrase. Placing it in the middle makes you sound exasperated enough for you to add an exclamation mark at the end.

Hän ei puhu koskaan.
S/he never speaks.

Hän ei koskaan puhu!
S/he never speaks!

But yes!

When two positive things or sentences are separated by the conjunction “but”, mutta keeps the balance.

pieni mutta kaunis kieli
a small but beautiful language

If the first half of a sentence is negative but the second is positive and both halves have the same subject, vaan is the hero who turns bad things into something good.

Emme ole kotona vaan Puolassa.
We are not home but in Poland.

mutta is also capable of heroics when it comes to whole sentences with two different subjects.

En halua itkeä, mutta minulla on koti-ikävä.
I don’t want to cry but I’m home sick.

Wild #2 · 2021-01-30 ^

Forces of nature

The reindeer, poro, is a half-domesticated deer that lives in Lapland, renowned for their single-minded attitude. If they decide to do reindeer things, which usually consists of standing in the middle of the road and being a reindeer and absolutely nothing else, there’s no stopping them. You can shout at them and honk your car horn as many times as you want and they still won’t acknowledge your existence. After all, reindeering is very important business and should not be interrupted.

Four large predators live in the Finnish wild. The lynx, ilves, is a large cat; the wolf, susi, is a large canine animal; the wolverine, ahma, is a large mustelid (although apparently there’s a human wolverine too, living somewhere in Canada or Australia, I can’t remember which). The fourth predator is the bear, karhu, which was once so feared, respected, and loved that the Finnish language has more than 100 names for bear. More than half a dozen of these words are still in everyday use.

Live and let live

The Finnish language has two verbs meaning “to live”. asua means “to have a home or a place of residence”. ELÄÄ means “to be alive”. The latter is usually used with animals, although if a creature favors a hole in a tree or some other place as its sleeping place, asua is also possible when talking about that place.

Kengurut elävät Australiassa.
Kangaroos live in Australia.

Pieni orava asuu/elää tuossa puussa.
The/A small squirrel lives in that tree.

Some steLLAr verbs you have there

The steLLAR verbs are verbs that end in LLA or LLÄ in the 1st infinitive. They belong in group 3 like STArry verbs, meaning that they end in two consonants and one vowel. The final two letters are dropped to form the stem.

kuulla -> kuul-
kävellä -> kävel-

E is placed between the stem and the personal endings. The endings are the same as they always are regardless of the verb group. In the 3rd person singular, the E is doubled.

The sturdy ship that is olla, “to be”, is also for the most part steLLAr. Only the 3rd person forms on and ovat break the rules of intersteLLAr travel.

Olen Otso.
I am Otso.

Hymyilemme ja kävelemme metsässä.
We’re smiling and walking in the forest.

The whole KOKOnut

koko, “the whole”, is an adjective which, much like sama, “the same”, is almost always translated with a definite article before it. It only appears in noun phrases and never as a predicative.

Koko metsä on hiljaa.
The whole forest is quiet.

How to fit into a berry?

An old Finnish joke goes: “Two grandmas are picking berries, but there’s room for only one”. Makes nooo sense. OR DOES IT? The inessive case is used to express many things which in English would be expressed by using verbs.

Kaksi mummoa on marjassa.
Two grandmas are picking berries.

Järvi on jäässä, mutta vaari on kalassa.
The lake is frozen but grandpa is fishing.

Pöllö on piilossa puussa.
The owl is hiding in a tree.

While the inessive is most often translated with the preposition “in”, it’s worth remembering that sometimes some other preposition works much better.

He istuvat maassa.
They are sitting on the ground.

In the middle of nowhere

keskellä, “in the middle of”, works like lähellä, “close to”. Anything you happen to be in the middle of is in the partitive.

Otso seisoo keskellä puroa.
Otso is standing in the middle of the/a creek.

Love #4 · 2021-02-05 ^

If you say it you better mean it

Finns are very serious when it comes to love. If you tell someone you love them, you better really love them. rakastaa is not a verb to be used lightly as it signifies complete dedication. If you tell someone you love music, that means that you not only listen to music everyday but that music is the very reason you exist, the one thing that you could not live without. If you go about saying things like “I love coffee” and cannot name and recognise different types of coffee beans, or “I love that shirt” and you don’t wear it every day, people will think you’re superficial and, quite frankly, a bit of an idiot.

All the love in the world

The verb rakastaa, “to love”, much like puhua, “to speak”, always takes a partitive object. Love is all encompassing but since you can never know someone completely, you can never love someone completely. Every time you learn something new about someone you love, you love them more and better. Healthy love focuses on the complexity of the person who’s loved, not on the obsessive and absolute emotions of the person who loves. True love is loving the truth.

Rakastan Väinöä.
I love Väinö.

The verb ihailla, “to admire” also takes a partitive object. We admire qualities, not the person or the thing with those qualities.

Ihailemme komeaa laulajaa.
We admire the handsome singer.

The verb halata, “to hug”, works exclusively with the partitive. You’re not a lump of dough that can cover a whole person to show affection; you’re a person with perfectly regular human arms.

Mummo halaa Mattia.
Grandma is hugging Matti.

The fourth newcomer to this parti(tive) is ajatella, “to think of/about”. You’re not a deity who can comprehend the full meaning of something or someone. You can only think of what you know and understand.

Hän ajattelee Liisaa.
S/he is thinking of Liisa.

Personal pronouns go through a stem change when you move away from the nominative singular to other cases. Apart from the genitive and the accusative, this is what the stems look like.

These stems are used in both the adessive and the partitive. In the partitive, the endings vary depending on whether the stem ends in a single vowel (the ending A/Ä) or two vowels (the ending TA/TÄ). The stem for hän ends in the consonant N in the partitive and is followed by TÄ. Vowel harmony is bossing umlaut dots around as usual.

Kulta, minä rakastan sinua.
Darling, I love you.

Ajattelemme häntä usein.
We think of him/her often.

What a whoot!

The question word kuka has more looks than a British glam rocker. Here are the ones we’ve encountered so far.

ketä gets to strut their stuff on stage whenever your question is about finding an object.

Ketä sinä ajattelet?
Who(m) are you thinking of?

I do care one JOTA about it

The relative conjunction jota is the partitive form of joka, “who/which”. It’s used with anything concrete, whether that’s people, pets, or kitchen furniture. Its purpose is to turn a subject momentarily into an object and it can always be translated with “whom”. Commas! Commas everywhere!

Mies, jota rakastan, asuu Suomessa.
The man who(m) I love lives in Finland.

OK, who invited the consonants?

Consonants want to parti(tive) too! If a nominal ends in a vowel followed by N, the partitive ending is TA/TÄ. A nominal ending in S gets the same treatment. If you parti(tive) hard, you need more treatment.

Etsin lämmintä sydäntä.
I’m looking for a warm heart.

Ihailemme tätä viisasta miestä.
We admire this wise man.

Remember that nominals ending in NEN are diagnosed with an S stem. They’re regular parti(tive) animals!

Mummo halaa onnellista naista.
Grandma is hugging the happy woman.

Miss you

Finns usually have a pining, ikävä, for someone or something, rather than simply miss them. The pined after object, whether it’s your mother, your country or an actual pine, is in the partitive.

Minulla on ikävä sinua.
I miss you.

Everyone’s a gangsta

The word kaikki whenever it refers to people and means “everyone/everybody” is followed by a verb in the plural.

Kaikki rakastavat Raimoa.
Everybody loves Raimo.

Yummy! #3 · 2021-02-10 ^

Have your cake and eat it too

The general word for anything baked (that’s not bread) is leivos, “pastry”. The word kakku can refer to anything of good size, most often to a layered cake, täytekakku. A Finnish täytekakku is usually filled with whipped cream and berries. It marks every celebration in your life worth noting, starting from your birth and ending with your funeral.

Also popular in cakes is kinuski, “kinusk” or “Russian candy”, which consists of heated cream and sugar, and is similar to confiture de lait. It’s also used in dessert sauces and to flavor ice cream.

A particularly popular form of pulla is korvapuusti, literally “a box on the ear”, which is a very large cinnamon roll shaped like, well, an ear. The Danish pastry is known as viineri in Finland, named after the city of Vienna. munkki is a jelly doughnut, although a ring-shaped, jellyless doughnut can be called that too if there is no frosting on it.

The word piirakka means “pie”, or sometimes “pasty”, and it can be used to refer to pastries of all sizes both sweet and savory as long as it has a dough crust and some filling. You can usually already see at least some of the filling before cutting into one. The best known Finnish baked treat, the small and humble karjalanpiirakka, “Karelian pasty”, would not be classified as a pie in the English speaking world despite having the word piirakka in its name. Its rye crust is usually filled with rice porridge or smashed potatoes.

Another savory Finnish delicacy is lörtsy. It’s a deep-fried meat pocket, although in some places a sweet jam-filled variant can be found too. Applesauce is a popular filling in the sweet version.

In the candy department, you can find all sorts of lakritsi, “licorice”. It’s a sweet confection flavored and colored black by roots of a plant of the same name. salmiakki, on the other hand, is sour and salty. It gets its taste from ammonium chloride. You can find it in ice cream, chocolate, chewing gum, liquor and pretty much anything you can eat or drink. If you can put salmiakki into something, someone in Finland is already selling it.

kiisseli, “kissel”, is a dessert popular in northern and eastern Europe. It’s made of fruit or berries and their juice thickened with potato starch. Prune kissel is a popular dessert during Christmas. I think you can guess why. rahka, “quark”, is a dessert made of curdled sour milk of the same name mixed with whipped cream and berries or fruit. It’s known as white fluff in some parts of the States. Go to any university cafeteria in Finland every day for a week, and the chances are the lunch dessert option is either a kissel or a quark every single day.

Finns drink sima, “mead”, in the spring, especially around the time of Saint Walburgis Night. It’s a very sweet drink with no or very little alcohol, made of either syrup or honey. It’s used to wash down munkki.

Verb type propaganDA!

Of all the verb types the group 2 is the best group. You get to eat and drink and get all sorts of nice things. Group 2 verbs are the best! This is propaganDA. Group 2 verbs end in DA/DÄ. The stem of propaganDA verbs is formed by dropping the two final letters.

syödä -> syö-
juoda -> juo-
saada -> saa-

The endings are the same as always. Since the stem already ends in two vowels in the 3rd person singular, nothing is added to it.

Juon kahvia ja syön pullaa.
I’m drinking coffee and eating pulla.

Myyn simaa.
I’m selling mead.

saada means “to get”. The most natural English translation often includes the verb “can”.

Saanko lisää kiisseliä?
Can I get (some) more kissel?

How much?

When you need to ask the price for something, you add the question particle KO to the word paljon, “a lot”/”much”.

Paljonko tämä rahka maksaa?
How much does this quark cost?

No cream and sugar, please

If you prefer your coffee black, the essive form of the word musta is needed. The essive singular ends in NA/NÄ.

Kuppi kahvia, mustana, kiitos.
A cup of coffee, black, please.

O’Clock #2 · 2021-02-13 ^

Let there be light

Whether it’s morning or daytime, early or late, is always subjective. In Finland, figuring this out is even more difficult than in most other places, since sunlight is such a fickle thing over here. In midwinter the sun goes for a holiday to some warmer place; in midsummer it works overtime, shining through both day and night. This is why knowing what time it is is very important when you are in Finland. It’s the quickest way of knowing for certain what time of the day it is, unless you like calculating things based on sun and star positions of course.

There is another reason for knowing the time in Finland: Finns are very punctual. If your train is scheduled to leave at 19:17, it’s long departed if you reach the platform a minute later. If you show up to a meeting 10 minutes late, you will find 10 minutes worth of things to catch up with and no one will stop to tell you what has been talked about so far. At universities lectures begin at 15 minutes after the hour. Exchange students when they first arrive at a Finnish university often use this as an example of Finns not being as punctual as we claim to be. After a day of studying, they realize that the lectures begin exactly a quarter after.

No formal subjects in a republic

The UK is a monarchy; Finland is a republic. The UK has subjects; Finland has citizens. English has formal subjects; Finnish has no formal subjects. If a short active sentence has no subject, you start it with the verb.

On myöhä.
It’s late.

On ilta.
It is evening.

On myöhä yö.
It is late at night.

Add a subject to a sentence like this and the whole meaning changes. Note the articles in the English translations.

On aamu.
It’s morning.

Se on aamu.
It’s a morning.

The first sentence is a general observation about the time of the day. There’s nothing formal about the latter Finnish sentence; se refers directly to aamu. The sentence could be a parent’s answer to a child’s question about what the early hours after a night are called.

Emperor Clock

There’s only one sentence type in Finnish which could be considered to have a stand-in subject and even that is a stretch. So who is the one monarchist wanna-be in Finnish grammar? The answer is kello, “clock”/”watch”. This word is used to ask the time. The actual question word is paljonko.

Paljonko kello on?
What time is it?

In the answer kello is either repeated or replaced by se. If no one asked for the time but you feel the need to tell it anyway, the word kello needs to be included.

– Paljonko kello on? – Kello/Se on kolme.
– What time is it? — It’s three o’clock.

Olen väsynyt, koska kello on jo kaksitoista.
I’m tired because it’s already twelve o’clock.

English is always late when halves of an hour come into the picture; the ever punctual Finnish is always early. You wouldn’t want to run late, now would you? That’s a sin more deadly than wearing a bathing suit to the sauna! Instead of the English “half past”, Finnish logic works more in the lines of “half to”. The word for “half” is puoli.

Kello on puoli viisi.
It is half past four.

Busy bee

The expression for being busy or in a hurry, falls into the same group as being hungry or thirsty. You need the lla on structure to be able to make it to your train on time.

Onko sinulla kiire?
Are you busy/in a hurry?

If you need a moment before getting to something else, hetki, “moment”, is a good way to explain your inability to focus on what someone is saying or a short silence on the phone. If you want to emphasize something taking only a very short while, you can attach pieni to your hetki.

Pieni hetki! Minulla on kiire.
Just a moment! I’m busy.

Outdoors 1 #2 · 2021-02-16 ^

No formalities, just order

The heaviest words tend to go first in Finnish sentences. If a noun begins a sentence, the translation is most likely graced with a definite article.

Puu on tuolla.
The tree is over there.

If you put the place first, the tree becomes not as well known as its place. It’s then translated with an indefinite article attached to it. You also need a formal subject for the English sentence. Usually, this stand-in subject is “there”. The actual place goes at the end, since Finnish doesn’t use formal subjects.

Tuolla on puu.
There is a tree over there.

Sentences like this are most common with the verb olla but as long as there is a place tied to the subject, most verbs can be used in this sentence type. Here it’s “to grow” that’s hugging a tree.

Täällä kasvaa puu.
There is a tree growing over here.

Let’s let a verb hug a dog. Everyone likes hugging dogs.

Lähellä istuu koira.
There is a dog sitting nearby.

In questions, the word order is also changed and the article in the English translation changes. Let’s verb hug a moose. That’s pretty much the only way you can hug one.

Elääkö hirvi lähellä?
Does the moose live nearby?

Elääkö lähellä hirvi?
Is there a moose living nearby?

Sometimes “there” is not the ideal translation but “it” or even “here” works better depending on the meaning. This happens particularly often when tässä is the first word to appear in the sentence.

Tässä on yksi marja.
There is one berry right here.
(pointing out the location of one berry)

Tässä on yksi marja.
It/This/This one has one berry.
(a bush or a dish or something else not a human nor an animal has one berry)

Tässä on yksi marja.
Here is one berry.
(someone is giving you one berry)

Being able to have something is a quality reserved for people and animals in Finnish. You have to be able to know you have something to be able to have it. If a plant has a leaf, tässä is used. The plant doesn’t have the leaf. The leaf exists in the plant. If a bunny or a child has a leaf, sillä is used. They can have a leaf because they know they can.

Puussa on iso punainen lehti.
There is a big red leaf in the tree.
(trees are neither humans nor animals)

Sillä on pieni lehti.
It has a small leaf.
(an animal has a leaf)

Hänellä on vihreä lehti.
S/he has a green leaf.
(a person has a leaf)

A bit like that

The words “as” or “like” used in English to make sometimes poetic and usually not so poetic similes resemble the Finnish kuin in the way they work.

Kuu on kuin pyöreä juusto.
The moon is like a round cheese.

Kuu on punainen kuin veri.
The moon is (as) red as blood.

A few moos

The word for “a few” is muutama. It’s considered to be so little that whatever there is a few of and the agreeing verb are in the singular.

Tuolla seisoo muutama lehmä.
There are a few cows standing over there.

This is abNORmal

The Finnish word for “nor” is formed by adding the ending KÄ in the negative verbs.

The negative verb is used twice: first like in any negative sentence and then abNORmally with KÄ.

Tämä ei ole kissa eikä ilves.
This is neither a cat nor a lynx.

Emme ole saunassa emmekä metsässä.
We are neither in the sauna nor in the forest.

Phrases 2 #5 · 2021-02-21 ^

I expect your forenoon shall be fine

All longer greetings are partitive objects. Finns wish someone a good morning or an evening, but we’re lazy about it and use only the object. We are a bit quaint when it comes to morning greetings. Instead of aamu, the most common word for “morning”, we opt for the old-fashioned huomen, “forenoon”.

Hyvää huomenta!
Good morning!

Hyvää huomenta is used before noon and Hyvää iltaa after 6pm. While using the word iltapäivä, “afternoon”, in a greeting is possible, usually people wish each other a good day rather than an afternoon between noon and 6pm.

Hyvää päivää!
Good day!

“Good night” is mainly about retiring to bed at the end of the day.

Hyvää yötä!
Good night!

In service situations, Finns wish for “a good continuation of the day” once they have bought their strawberries or sold their phones.

Hyvää päivänjatkoa!
Have a nice day!

Aussi rules

As if our greetings weren’t short enough already, Finns are koalas rather than kangaroos when it comes to adjectives in them. We don’t bounce around wasting energy but prefer to stick to one tree for as long as we can. So G’day!

Huomenta/Päivää/Iltaa!
Morning/Day/Evening!

If you do choose the kanga style and include the hyvää in your greeting, the answer will probably exclude it in koala style.

– Hyvää iltaa. – Iltaa.
–Good evening. – Evening.

yötä and päivänjatkoa are more likely to be bouncy roos and keep the adjective.

What’s up (or down)?

Asking the question “How are you?” is easy; answering it is less simple. First, an actual answer explaining how you are is expected. Second, Finns are an honest but shy lot. We like to keep our personal space and try to respect that of others if we don’t know the person well. When someone asks us how we are, the answer needs to be honest, modest, and nonintrusive. Answering “Fine, thank you” would be bragging.

The most common way to ask “How are you?” is Mitä kuuluu?, which literally means “What is heard?”. The most common answer is “nothing”, or in more idiomatic English “nothing special”.

– Mitä kuuluu? – No ei (tässä) mitään.
– What’s up? – Well nothing special.

What if things really are so well that answering “nothing” would be a downright lie but you don’t want to sound like you’re boasting? The word ihan, “pretty”, is appropriately modest for such purposes. Unlike the optimistic melko, which would be translated with the same word, ihan is pessimistic. If melko is adjective +1, then ihan is adjective -1.

–Mitä kuuluu? – Ihan hyvää, kiitos.
– How are you? – Pretty well, thanks.

If you leave ihan out, you better be absolutely ecstatic.

kai means “maybe” but in practice it’s translated as “I guess” in phrases like these. tässä is a filler word that makes the answer sound more jovial.

– No, mitä kuuluu? – Ei kai tässä mitään.
– Well, what’s up? – Not much, I guess.

Right and wrong

Things can be right or wrong. Things are done in the right or wrong way. People with opinions are either IN the right or IN the wrong. That “in” means that the inessive with its SSA ending is the one to judge your opinion.

Tuo on väärä talo.
That’s the wrong house..

Tämä sana on väärin.
This word is wrong.

Olet oikeassa.
You’re right.

Running late

The time of the day can be myöhä, “late”, but if the bus is running late, you think you’re not going to make it to your lecture on time, or you’re apologizing because you showed up on that lecture late, you are IN the late, myöhässä.

Anteeksi, että olen myöhässä.
I’m sorry I’m late.

Just in case you meet a bear

If your friend wants to slide down the most difficult piste on the slopes despite being an average skier, you can tell them to be careful by using the command form of the verb olla and the adjective varovainen, “careful”.

Ole varovainen!
Be careful!

If you’re extremely worried about whatever reckless thing your friend is about to do, you can use the expression ole kiltti to emphasize your concern.

Ole kiltti ja ole varovainen.
Please be careful.

If your friend is crossing a road and you see a car not slowing down, you can warn your friend about the immediate danger by shouting Varo!.

Varo! Auto!
Watch out! Car!

If the car you warned your friend about hits you, or you drop into 20 feet deep well (that would be 6.1 meters in human measurements), or you face some other horrid ordeal like running out of coffee, you shout apua, “help”.

Apua! Kahvi on loppu!
Help! We’re out of coffee!

Tech #4 · 2021-02-24 ^

Things counted and uncounted for

Think about how the following sentences are different in terms of what their function in a conversation is? What are you trying to say with these sentences?

I have a phone.
I have a Finnish phone.
Why do you have a phone?
Do you have a phone?
Do you have a Finnish phone?
I don’t have a phone.
Why don’t you have a phone?
Why don’t you have a Finnish phone?

The goal these sentences have is important, because that goal determines whether «phone» in the partitive or looks like the nominative in the Finnish translations of these sentences.

In the first two sentences “phone” resembles the nominative. It’s a countable noun that is minulla, “on me”. You could add the word yksi, “one”, in the sentence without changing the grammar. It would change the meaning of the sentence though, from there being a phone which happens to be Finnish to emphasizing there being one Finnish phone among many phones.

Minulla on (suomalainen) puhelin.
I have a (Finnish) phone.

The question beginning “why” also has “phone” that looks like the nominative for the same reason: it’s a countable noun and there’s clearly only one of them.

Miksi sinulla on puhelin?
Why do you have a phone?

When you ask whether someone has a phone, it’s important to make a distinction between whether you’re asking if someone has a phone available to use right now, or whether you want to know if someone owns a phone at all. In the first case, you’re clearly talking about ONE specific phone so the word looks like the nominative; in the latter case, you’re talking about ANY phone someone might have so the partitive is used.

Onko sinulla puhelin?
Do you have a phone (with you)?

Onko sinulla puhelinta?
Do you have a phone (at all)?

In negative sentences, “phone” is in the partitive. In Finnish, you always ask whether someone doesn’t have any, never whether someone doesn’t have one.

Minulla ei ole puhelinta.
I don’t have a phone.

Miksi sinulla ei ole (suomalaista) puhelinta?
Why don’t you have a (Finnish) phone?

This also applies to objects in all sentences. In a negative sentence, the object is always in the partitive.

En halua tuota kameraa.
I don’t want that camera.

Emme osaa käyttää tätä sovellusta.
We don’t know how to use this app.

Wörk wörk wörk

pätkiä, literally “to cut a long thing into small pieces”, is a verb used with failing connections, whether you’re talking about a video, a film, your net connection, or a phone call. Haloo? is used as “hello” when you have trouble hearing someone calling you, although some people also use it to answer their phone. ääni means “voice”.

Haloo? Ääni pätkii taas.
Hello? You’re breaking up again.

Video pätkii.
The video is buffering.

Netti pätkii.
The/My net is cutting in and out again.

“plugged in” is seinässä, literally, “in the wall”, in Finnish.

Onko se edes seinässä?
Is it even plugged in?

Mayday!

voida means “may” or “can”. It’s often used to ask for permission to do something. It should be kept separate from osata, “can”, which is about knowing how to do something.

Voinko käyttää puhelinta?
May/Can I use the phone?

Osaatko käyttää puhelinta?
Can you/Do you know how to use the phone?

Restaurant #3 · 2021-03-16 ^

Time to have something to eat

Finns eat their two larger meals of the day relatively early in comparison to most other Europeans. lounas, “lunch”, is usually eaten at noon or earlier. päivällinen, “dinner”, happens around 5pm, or even at 4pm if there are small children in the family. We have been conditioned by our free school lunches, practical workplace cafeterias, and steady working hours into eating our meals at those hours. When the clock hands reach the right number, involuntary drooling and tummy grumbling begins.

terassi is the Finnish word for an outdoors eating or drinking area, whether it’s for the customers of a café, a restaurant, or an ice cream kiosk. It’s also the name for an outdoors biergarten. After the winter, when the first terassi appears on a sidewalk or a marketplace, it’s officially the first day of the summer, or at least terassikausi, “terrace season”. Even if it’s completely covered in snow the following day.

The conditional kids need their daddy

The Finnish word for “daddy” is ISI; -ISI- is the marker for the conditional. Well-behaved, polite children rely on their daddy when they go to a restaurant or some place where being polite is valued. The father of six has a lot to do.

The stem for group 2 verbs, the ones that end in -DA, is formed by dropping the three final letters of the 1st infinitive.

saada -> sa-
voida -> vo-

Daddy helps his kids to connect with their personal stuff, which comes at the end. The third kid feels that personality is for sissies and has no personal ending.

In English, these verbs are usually translated with the «would» + infinitive structure. But since Finnish does not have a separate word for “could”, some verbs, verbs like saada and voida are often translated with «could» instead. In fact in service situations those are the most common translations.

Saisimmeko lisää leipää, kiitos?
Could we get some more bread, please?

Voisitteko suositella viiniä?
Could you recommend a wine?

In some fixed phrases “can” is the best translation for the conditional form of saada.

Päivää. Mitä saisi olla?
Good day. What can I get you?

Another phrase found in English language is the verb structure “would like to”. In Finnish, similar situations are handled with the conditional forms of haluta to want. This family belongs in the 4th verb group and its conditional stem is formed by dropping out T. Finns prefer coffee anyway.

haluta -> halua-

Once again, daddy keeps his family together. The third kid is a bit of a rebel and has no personal ending.

Haluaisitteko vielä jotain?
Would you like to have something else?

Together as many

The communal plural is used to refer to companies, congregations, knitting associations, and other communities, including restaurants. It also exists in English, but it’s worth noting that while it’s hard to spot in the second person plural in English, in Finnish you can recognise it by the verb form.

Me olemme kiinni.
We are closed.

Onko teillä sushia?
Do you have sushi?

Heillä on uusi kokki.
They have a new cook.

More plural stuff

The polite phrase ole hyvä is used to address only one person. If you’re talking to a group of people, you should use olkaa hyvä.

Ruokalistat, olkaa hyvä.
Here you are, your menus.

Think before you choose your «think»

ajatella is about involuntary thinking, the type that happens automatically. If you need to consider something on purpose, the verb is miettiä.

Haluaisimme vielä miettiä vähän aikaa.
We would like to think for a while longer.

City #2 · 2021-03-29 ^

Whenever there’s trouble it’s always you three

Consonant gradation is a phenomenon related to plosives, the sounds represented in the Finnish alphabet by the letters K, P, and T. Whenever they appear near the end of the word, the word goes through stem changes before getting attached to case endings. Of the most common cases, only the partitive and the essive don’t have consonant gradation. Most other cases have it in both the singular and the plural. It also affects the nominative plural.

Gradated by some VikiNGs

In NK-NG type gradation, a noun or an adjective that ends in NK followed by a single vowel, K turns into G. The NG is pronounced as a long [ŋː], as in the Spanish word “tango”. What can I say? VikiNGs like dancing.

The VikiNG gradation happens in the nominative plural.

viikinki -> viikingit the Vikings
sänky -> sängyt the beds

It also happens in the inessive singular.

Helsinki -> Helsingissä in Helsinki
kaupunki -> kaupungissa in the/a city

It doesn’t, however, happen in the partitive singular.

viikinki -> viikinkiä
kaupunki -> kaupunkia

And this is what the fearsome VikiNGs look like in action.

Miksi nuo viikingit laulavat Helsingissä?
Why are those Vikings singing in Helsinki?

Miksi viikingit tanssivat keskellä kaupunkia?
Why are the Vikings dancing in the middle of the city?

Studies

The verb opiskella, “to study”, can only refer to studying related to an educational institution, especially to a university, a polytechnic, or a vocational school. So if you want to tell a new acquaintance that you are in fact a Viking studying history in Oslo, or that you can’t go loot England because you have to study, opiskella is your verb. If you want to talk about your Finnish studies on Duolingo, you have to use some other verb. The object is always in the partitive.

He opiskelevat historiaa Oslossa.
They study history in Oslo.

Minä opiskelen englantia yliopistossa.
I study English at the/a university.

Relatively many

The relative conjunction joka, “who/which/that”, declines in case and number. Its nominative plural form is jotka and it’s used instead of a subject. Comma warning!

Minulla on kaksi ystävää, jotka asuvat Berliinissä.
I have two friends who live in Berlin.

Koirat, jotka kävelevät puistossa, murisevat hiljaa.
The dogs (which are) walking in the park are growling quietly.

Someone somewhere

The nominative form of “someone” is joku.

Joku tanssii keskellä katua.
Someone is dancing in the middle of the/a street.

The word for “somewhere” is jossain.

Voi ei! Viikingit on jossain lähellä!
Oh no! The vikings are somewhere near!

A couple of numbers

The word pari, “a couple (of)”, behaves like a number: it’s followed by whatever there is a couple of in the partitive singular.

Tässä kaupungissa on pari miljoonaa asukasta.
There are a couple of million inhabitants in this city.

It shouldn’t be confused with the noun pari, which refers to a couple in the chocolate and roses sense.

Pari istuu puistossa ja syö jäätelöä.
The/A couple is sitting in the park eating ice cream.

Crowded

The word ruuhka is used to describe problems that arise during the rush hour. If you want to complain about Vikings taking over your metro station, “crowded” is a good translation.

Metrossa on ruuhkaa.
The metro is crowded.

If you’re moaning about cars, “traffic jam” is the best expression.

Olemme ruuhkassa.
We’re in a traffic jam.

What a beautiful exclamation!

Much like in English, the question word mikä, “what”, can also be used to start exclamations.

Huh! Mikä ruuhka!
Whoa! What a traffic jam!

Shopping #3 · 2021-03-29 ^

A splash of color

In Finnish, violetti is the default word for something that mixes red and blue, whereas in English “purple” has similar connotations. oranssi refers only to the color orange and never to the fruit.

To ask the color of something, you need the question word minkävärinen, “of-what-colored”. It’s followed by a noun or a pronoun representing the thing the color of which is the topic of the discussion. If that thing is the object of the sentence, the question word is often in the partitive: minkäväristä.

Minkävärinen paita se on?
What color shirt is it?

Minkäväristä paitaa etsit?
What color shirt are you looking for?

Size up the KOKOnuts

The word for “size” is koko. It should not be confused with the adjective koko, “the whole”. The size related question word is minkäkokoinen, “of-what-sized”. In the object position it often wears the partitive cloak: minkäkokoista.

Minkäkokoinen talo se on?
What size house is it?

Minkäkokoista takkia etsit?
What size coat/jacket are you looking for?

If you are dealing with a system of sizes, like the ones used for clothes and shoes for example, you can use mitä kokoa instead of the nominative form question word.

Mitä kokoa tämä mekko on?
What size is this dress?

The NENemy of adjectiveS

The stem of all evil is marked by S for NEN words. All cases apart from the angelic nominative singular have to deal with this horror.

italialainen -> italialais-
sveitsiläinen -> sveitsiläis-

A nefarious E is added before the foul T can be poured into the cups of the nominative plural.

italialais + e + t = italialaiset

The question word millainen gets the same horrifying treatment, resulting in the grotesque and deformed millaiset.

– Millaiset housut sinulla on? – Ne ovat mustat ja italialaiset.
– What kind of pants do you have on? – They are black and Italian.

NA NA NA!

The essive endings could be a catchy tune from a pop song: NA/NÄ. The closest thing in English is the preposition “as” but sometimes other prepositions work better as a translation. When you need to know whether something can be found in a certain color, you need the essive form of that color.

Onko teillä tätä vyötä ruskeana?
Do you have this belt in brown?

Hundreds and hundreds

The word for “a hundred” is sata. You can get larger numbers by adding another much smaller number before it and adding A at the end.

kaksi + sata + a = kaksisataa 200
viisi + sata + a = viisisataa 500

Outdoors 2 #4 · 2021-03-31 ^

Word magic

Words have power. Old Finnish magic focused on words: if you can define something perfectly, you can control it. Moreover, if you use a word you can’t control, you invite ruin to yourself and your kin. While most modern Finns are unaware of such ideas when we speak our language, you can still hear it and see it in Finnish words and grammatical structures. The ring finger is known as nimetön, “nameless”, in Finnish for it was the finger for performing magic and its name was avoided. The most powerful god of the Finns of old is known as Ukko, “Old Man”, and his true name has been forgotten for no one dared to utter it. Oksi, The Bear, has a hundred names, so that there’s no chance of offending the King of Forest. Even today, we prefer to use karhu, one of the many euphemisms for the great furry one.

The old wizard v. the young wizard

Words that end in I can be divided into two groups. There are younger words the age of which can be counted in hundreds and older words the age of which can reach thousands.

The young words ending in I are like the magic of a young upstart wizard who can bring only one spell into the partitive battle: you add A or Ä at the end depending on the magical rules of vowel harmony.

kahvi + a = kahvia coffee
siili + ä = siiliä hedgehog

The old words that end in I are incantations of seasoned fighters when it comes to partitive battles. The most often used spell merely changes the I at the end of the stem into a more elegant E while the ending is still A/Ä.

Juoksen ylös mäkeä.
I’m running up the hill.

Minä rakastan tuota järveä.
I love that lake.

Then to more demanding spells! Words that end in LI, NI, or RI need to get rid of the I for the incantation to work. A knowledgeable witch finishes the spell with TA/TÄ.

Keittiössä juoksee kaksi pientä hiirtä.
There are two small mice running in the kitchen.

If the word ends in SI, the two letters are dropped completely. A skillful sorcerer ends these spells with TTA/TTÄ.

Haluan lisää vettä.
I want (some) more water.

If your magic word ends in MI or HI, you have more options. Some spells prefer adding A/Ä to an E stem while others drop I at the end to make room for TA/TÄ. Some spells work no matter which you choose! In those cases the wizard’s personal aesthetic preferences come into play. If you drop the I at the end and add TA/TÄ, a preceding M turns into an N.

Tuolla on paljon lunta.
There is a lot of snow over there.

The spellcasting master class for the Order of Väinämöinen: some incantations ending in SI don’t care about magical rules but make their own rules.

Etsimme yhtä tai kahta hyvää kuusta.
We’re looking for one or two good spruces.

And finally, two things so violent that even wizards are afraid of them; two things that are almost impossible to control. These words are so powerful that they defy the vowel harmony and take whatever ending they want!

Talo on lähellä merta.
The house is near the sea.

The RECKONing

luulla is one of the many Finnish verbs that can be translated as “to think». ajatella is about involuntary thinking that we can’t control; miettiä is about really putting your mind to something and trying to figure things out on purpose; luulla is used to express uncertainty. It’s about speculation and can also be translated with “to reckon” and sometimes with “to suppose”.

Luulen, että tuo marja on myrkyllinen.
I reckon/think that berry is poisonous.

Vacation #5 · 2021-04-02 ^

To have THE thing

When you use the LLA ON structure, the order of the words affects the article in the English translation. The earlier something appears the more important or better known it is. If the noun appears on the right side of the verb, it’s most likely translated with the indefinite article “a(n)”.

Minulla on kirja.
I have A book.

If the noun is on the left side, it’s always translated with the definite article “the”.

Kirja on minulla.
I have THE book.

It’s also possible to have “the things” on the left. The verb agrees with those things and is in the 3rd person plural.

Kirjat ovat minulla.
I have THE books.

Passit ovat minulla.
I have THE passports.

If you have “things” rather than “THE things”, you would need a far more complicated form of the noun on the right side. We do not yet teach such a form.

TSETSE verbs

In Group 4, most verbs in the end in vowel + T + vowel, like maalata, siivota, or haluta, have a stem formed by removing the T from the 1st infinitive.

Maalaan taloa.
I’m painting the house.

Me haluamme lisää kahvia.
We want more coffee.

Verbs that end in ITA/ITÄ in the 1st infinitive attract flies though, tsetse flies to be exact. These verbs form Verb Conjugation Group 5. You form the stem by first cutting off the TA/TÄ at the end.

tarvita -> tarvi- to need
sijaita -> sijai- to be located
häiritä -> häiri- to bother, to disturb

Then you add the buzzing TSE and finally the personal ending. In the 3rd person singular you double the E at the end to get the double vowel needed in all verb groups.

Hotelli sijaitsee Helsingissä.
The hotel is located in Helsinki.

Minä tarvitsen tuota karttaa.
I (will be) need(ing) that map.

The negative forms of Group 5 verbs include the TSE.

Emme tarvitse karttaa.
We don’t need a map.

Hobbies #2 · 2021-04-08 ^

Meanwhile in Finland

Finns are an unusually musical people with eclectic tastes. A Finn is more likely to know how to play an instrument than a person from any other nation in Europe; more than half of Finns can play at least one instrument. We also have more choirs and heavy metal bands per capita than any other nation in Europe, although the current trend is towards pop music. Most pubs and bars have karaoke equipment although whether the word “musical” can be used in connection to the most likely end result is under debate. Classical music is also popular and our education system regularly produces world class singers, composers, and conductors.

Our taste in sports may seem exotic to most other nations although our number one sports hobby is still soccer, just like everywhere else. The most followed sport is ice hockey though. Basketball, volleyball, track and field, and cross-country skiing are also popular. It should be noted than when people from English speaking countries speak of “skiing”, they usually mean Alpine skiing, laskettelu, whereas Finns will probably be thinking about cross-country, hiihto. Our national sport is pesäpallo, “nestball”, which is distantly related to baseball and cricket. Motorsports and swimming have their fans too. Most Finns know how to swim.

Finns travel more than any other nation in Europe. Many of us are also into knitting, crocheting, and carpentry, the basics of which we learn in comprehensive school. Many Finns are also avid birdwatchers. Cooking, baking, gardening, drawing, and painting have had a dip in popularity but are becoming more common again. Many Finns have a library card, but while we enjoy reading, we are sadly not particularly interested in languages.

”To hobby”

English has many words which work as both a noun and as a verb. It’s possible to copy something and to have a copy of something; you can suspect someone and be a suspect; you are able to use some paint to paint something. The Finnish verb harrastaa is almost impossible to translate into English. The best way to grasp its meaning is to take the noun “hobby” and use it like an imaginary verb: “to hobby”. The actual translation varies depending on the context, although sometimes the clumsy “to have as a hobby” is sadly the best translation available.

Nämä pingviinit harrastavat jääkiekkoa.
These penguins have ice hockey as a hobby.

Harrastatko sinä balettia?
Is ballet your hobby?

Moreover, Finns are not “good at” things but “good in” things. The inessive is used to imply talent at something – or the lack of it.

Sinä olet hyvä pokerissa.
You are good at poker.

Minä olen tosi huono jalkapallossa.
I’m really bad at soccer/football.

No buts!

It’s common to combine the conjunction mutta with the following verb whenever that verb is a negative one. The A at the end of mutta is dropped and the negative verb is attached to what remains.

Notice that the merge doesn’t necessarily affect the negative verbs in any way. This means that both mutteivat and mutteivät are possible for the 3rd person plural, the form being one of the few Finnish words to defy the vowel harmony.

Olen hyvä urheilussa, mutten osaa pelata koripalloa.
I am good at sports, but I don’t know how to play basketball.

He osaavat pelata jääkiekkoa, mutteivat/mutteivät pokeria.
They know how to play ice hockey but not poker.

NENergetic plural

The stem for words that end NEN in the nominative singular ends in S.

suomalainen -> suomalais-
amerikkalainen -> amerikkalais-

This S stem is used with all other forms, including the nominative plural form. The plural T is tied to the stem by an energetic E.

Nuo amerikkalaiset hait pelaavat jääkiekkoa.
Those American sharks play ice hockey.

Note that in Finnish amerikkalainen usually refers to someone or something from the USA rather than from any place in the Americas.

Phrases 3 #3 · 2021-04-08 ^

Again or again?

Finnish has several words which could be translated as “again”. While these words are often interchangeable, there are situations when some of them do not work. Here are two of these words: taas and uudelleen.

uudelleen is used when there’s a distinct pattern in the repetitive action but things are not done exactly the same way. Repeating an exercise in a Finnish course is a good example. You may have made mistakes in the previous run or just generally want to do things better the second time around. Hoping to meet someone again is another example. You don’t want to repeat everything exactly the same way but you want to stick to certain rules about how human interaction works.

Nähdään pian uudelleen!
See you again soon!

taas is more about tendencies in long term. It often has the “here we go again” mindset implied with it.

Hän on taas myöhässä.
S/he is late again.

Sometimes both are possible but while Finnish makes a distinction between the two sentences, the context is everything in the English ones. You can test which is which by trying to add the word “once” in the English sentence. While you can’t use that in the actual translation, adding it into a sentence that’s a translation for a sentence with the word uudelleen without making the sentence sound odd is incredibly unlikely.

Hän laulaa laulua taas.
S/he is singing the song (once) again.
(s/he has a habit of singing the song and is at it again)

Hän laulaa laulua uudelleen.
S/he is singing the song again.
(s/he just sung the song and is repeating the action)

Time to say goodbye

It’s incredibly rare to say “nice to meet you” in the beginning of a conversation in Finland. It’s far more common to use that expression at the end of a conversation. We don’t think meeting someone is nice either; we think it’s fun!

Oli hauska tutustua.
It was nice meeting you.

Notice the continuous verb form above, “meeting”. It’s been chosen because tutustua means “to meet” in the sense “to get to know someone” and you only use the verb after you’ve met someone for the first time.

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35 skills with tips and notes