Find the following words and word combinations in the text сварка давлением

В переводчике забей)

Банан-banana
Ты че это же просто

1. There are many monuments this city.
2.There aren’t theatres our town.
3. This family there are two children.
4. There are many good pupils our group.
5. There are seven days every week and twelve months every year.
6. There are she a lot of English books in her library.
и дальше тоже самое

Welding

Welding
is a process when metal parts are joined
to­gether
by the application of heat, pressure, or a combi­nation of both.
The processed of welding can be divided into two main groups:

• pressure
welding, when
the weld is achieved
by
pressure and

• heat
welding, when
the weld is achieved by heat. Heat welding is the most common welding
process used today.

Nowadays
welding is used instead
of
bolting
and
riv­eting
in
the construction of many types of structures, including bridges,
buildings, and ships. It is also a basic
process
in the manufacture
of
machinery and in the mo­tor and aircraft industries. It is
necessary almost in all productions where metals are used.

The
welding process depends greatly on the proper­ties of the metals,
the purpose
of
their application and the available
equipment. Welding
processes are clas­sified according to the sources of heat and
pressure used.

The
welding processes widely employed today include gas
welding, arc welding, and
resistance
welding. Other
joining processes are laser
welding, and
electron-beam
welding.

Gas Welding

Gas
welding is a non-pressure process using heat from a gas flame.
The
flame is applied directly to the metal, edges
to
be joined and simultaneously
to a
filler
metal in
the form of wire
or
rod,
called
the welding rod, which is melted
to
the joint.
Gas
welding has the advantage
of
using equipment that is portable and does not require
an
electric power source. The surfaces
to
be welded and the welding rod are coated
with
flux,
a
fusible
material
that shields
the
material from air, which would result in a defective weld.

Arc Welding

Arc-welding
is the most important welding process for joining steels. It requires
a continuous supply of either direct or alternating electrical
current. This current is used to create
an
electric arc, which generates enough heat to melt metal and create a
weld.

Arc
welding has several advantages over other weld­ing methods. Arc
welding is faster because the concen­tration of heat is high.
Also, fluxes are not necessary in certain methods of arc welding. The
most widely used arc-welding processes are shielded
metal arc, gas-tung­sten arc, gas-metal arc, and
submerged
arc. Shielded Metal Arc

In
shielded
metal-arc welding, a metallic electrode, which conducts electricity,
is coated with flux and con­nected to a source of electric
current. The metal to be welded is connected to the other end of the
same source of current. An electric arc is formed by touching
the
tip
of
the electrode to the metal and then drawing it away.The
intense heat of the arc melts both parts to be welded and the point
of the metal electrode, which supplies filler metal for the weld.
This process is used mainly for weld­ing steels.

Vocabulary:

to join [djom] — соединять
pressure welding — сварка
давлением
heat welding — сварка
нагреванием
instead [m’sted] — вместо,
взамен
bolting [baultin] — скрепление
болтами
riveting [‘nvitin] — клепка
basic [‘beisik] — основной
to manufacture [maenju’faektfa’] — изготовлять
to depend [di’pend] — зависеть
от
purpose f’paipas] — цель
available [a’veibbl] — имеющимися
в
наличии
equipment [I’kwipmsnt] — оборудование
source [so:s] — источник
, gas welding — газосварка
arc wading — электродуговая
сварка
resistance welding — контактная
сварка
laser welding — лазерная
сварка
electron-beam welding — электронно-лучевая
сварка
flame [fleim] — пламя
edge [£d3] — край

simultaneously
[simal’teiniosli] — одновременно
filler [fib] — наполнитель
wire [‘waia’] — проволока
rod [rod] — прут,
стержень
to melt [melt] — плавить(ся)
joint [d3omt] — соединение,
стык
advantage [ad’vcr.ntichi] — преимущество

to require [n’kwaia’] —
требовать
нуждаться

surface [‘s3:fis] —
поверхность

coated [‘ksutid] —
покрытый

flux [fUks] — флюс

fusible [fju:zibl] —
плавкий

to shield [/i:ld] —
заслонять,
защищать

touching [‘tAt/in] —
касание

tip [tip] — кончик

General understanding:

1. How can a process of
welding be defined?

2. What are the two main
groups of processes of welding?

3. How can we join metal
parts together?

4. What is welding used for
nowadays?

5. Where is welding
necessary?

6. What do the welding
processes of today include?

7. What are the principles
of gas welding?

8. What kinds of welding
can be used for joining steels?

9. What does arc welding
require?

10. What is the difference
between the arc welding and shielded-metal welding?

•* Exercise
6J. Find
the following words and word combinations in the text:

1. сварка давлением

2. тепловая сварка

3. болтовое (клепаное) соединение

4. процесс сварки

5. зависеть от свойств металлов

6. имеющееся оборудование

7. сварочный электрод

8. плавкий материал

9. дефектный сварной шов10.
непрерывная подача электрического тока

11. электрическая
дуга

12. источник
электрического тока

OTHER
TYPES
OF
WELDING»

Non-consumable Electrode Arc
welding

As
a non-consumable electrodes tungsten or carbon electrodes can be
used. In gas-tungsten arc welding a tungsten electrode is used in
place of the metal electrode used in shielded metal-arc welding. A
chemically inert gas, such as argon, helium [‘hidism], or carbon
dioxide is used to shield the metal from oxidation. The heat from the
arc formed between the electrode and the metal melts the edges of the
metal. Metal for the weld may be added by placing a bare wire in the
arc or the point of the weld. This process can be used with nearly
all metals and pro­duces a high-quality weld. HoweVer, the rate
of welding is considerably slower than in other processes. Gas-Metal
Arc

In gas-metal welding, a bare
electrode is shielded from the air by surrounding it with argon or
carbon dioxide gas and sometimes by coating the electrode with flux.
The electrode is fed into the electric arc, and melts off in droplets
that enter the liquid metal of the weld seam. Most metals can be
joined by this process. Submerged Arc

Submerged-arc welding is
similar to gas-metal arc welding, but in this process no gas is used
to shield the weld. Instead of that, the arc and tip of the wire are
sub­merged beneath a layer of granular, fusible material that
covers the weld seam. This process is also called electroslag
welding. It is very efficient but can be used only with steels.

Resistance Welding

In resistance welding, heat is
obtained from the re­sistance of metal to the flow of an electric
current. Elec­trodes are clamped on each side of the parts to be
welded, the parts are subjected to great pressure, and a heavy
current is applied for a short period of time. The point where the
two metals touch creates resistance to the flow of current. This
resistance causes heat, which melts the metals and creates the weld.
Resistance welding is widely employed in many fields of sheet metal
or wire manufac­turing and is often used for welds made by
automatic or semi-automatic [‘semi pits’mastik] machines especially
in automobile industry.

Vocabulary

gas-tungsten
— сварка
оплавлением
вольфрамовым
электродом
в
среде
инертного
газа
inert [i’na:t] — инертный
edge [ed3] — край
bare [Ьеэ’]
— голый
rate [reit] — зд.
скорость
gas-metal arc — аргоно-дуговая
сварка
considerably [ksn’sidarabli] — значительно,
гораздо
surrounding [sa’raundin] — окружающий
carbon dioxide [‘kcubsn dai’oksaid]— углекислый
газ
droplet [‘droplit] — капелька
liquid [‘hkwid] — жидкость,
жидкий
beneath [bi’ni:6] — под,
ниже,
внизу
layer [‘leia] — слой
weld seam [sbm] — сварной
шов
resistance — сопротивление
clamp [klaemp] — зажим,
зажимать
sheet [Ji:t] — лист
fusible [‘fju:zabl] — плавкийgranular
[‘graenjula]
— плавкий
semi-automatic
[‘semi
,o:t3’maetik] — полуавтомати­ческая

to create [kri:’eit]
— создавать

to submerge {sab’m3:c^]
— погружать

General understanding:

1. What is the difference
between the arc-welding and non-consumable electrode arc welding?

2. What are the
disadvantages of the non-consumable electrode arc welding?

3. How is electrode
protected from the air in gas-metal arc welding?

4. What is submerged arc
welding?

5. What is the principle of
resistance welding?

6. Where is semi-automatic
welding employed?

%< Exercise 6.2.
Translate
into English:

1.
вольфрамовый
электрод

2. инертный газ

3. окисление

4. высококачественный сварочный шов

5. скорость сварки

6. аргон, гелий, углекислый газ

7. жидкий металл

8. слой плавкого материала в виде гранул

9. листовой металл

10. полувтоматические сварочные станки

Js
Exercise
6.3. Translate
into Russian:

1.
In resistance welding, heat is obtained from the re­sistance of
metal to the flow of an electric current.

2. The heat from the arc
melts the edges of the metal.

3. A bare electrode is
shielded from the air by sur­rounding it with argon or carbon
dioxide gas.

4. Submerged-arc welding is
similar to gas-metal arc welding.

5. Electrodes are clamped on
each side of the parts to be welded.

6. Resistance causes heat
which melts the metals and creates the weld.

coated — покрытый

flux — флюс

fusible — плавкий

to shield — заслонять, защищать

touching — касание

tip — кончик

General understanding:

1. How can a process of welding be defined?

2. What are the two main groups of processes of welding?

3. How can we join metal parts together?

4. What is welding used for nowadays?

5. Where is welding necessary?

6. What do the welding processes of today include?

7. What are the principles of gas welding?

8. What kinds of welding can be used for joining steels?

9. What does arc welding require? 10. What is the difference between the arc welding and shielded-metal welding?

Exercise 6.1. Find the following words and word combinations in the text:

1. сварка давлением

2. тепловая сварка

3. болтовое (клепаное) соединение

4. процесс сварки

5. зависеть от свойств металлов

6. имеющееся оборудование

7. сварочный электрод

8. плавкий материал

9. дефектный сварной шов

10. непрерывная подача электрического тока

11. электрическая дуга

12. источник электрического тока

Text В: «OTHER TYPES OF WELDING»

Non-consumable Electrode Arc welding

As a non-consumable electrodes tungsten or carbon electrodes can be used. In gas-tungsten arc welding a tungsten electrode is used in place of the metal electrode used in shielded metal-arc welding. A chemically inert gas, such as argon, helium, or carbon dioxide is used to shield the metal from oxidation. The heat from the arc formed between the electrode and the metal melts the edges of the metal. Metal for the weld may be added by placing a bare wire in the arc or the point of the weld. This process can be used with nearly all metals and produces a high-quality weld. However, the rate of welding is considerably slower than in other processes.

Gas-Metal Arc

In gas-metal welding, a bare electrode is shielded from the air by surrounding it with argon or carbon dioxide gas and sometimes by coating the electrode with flux. The electrode is fed into the electric arc, and melts off in droplets that enter the liquid metal of the weld seam. Most metals can be joined by this process.

Submerged Arc

Submerged-arc welding is similar to gas-metal arc welding, but in this process no gas is used to shield the weld. Instead of that, the arc and tip of the wire are submerged beneath a layer of granular, fusible material that covers the weld seam. This process is also called electroslag welding. It is very efficient but can be used only with steels.

Resistance Welding

In resistance welding, heat is obtained from the resistance of metal to the flow of an electric current. Electrodes are clamped on each side of the parts to be welded, the parts are subjected to great pressure, and a heavy current is applied for a short period of time. The point where the two metals touch creates resistance to the flow of current. This resistance causes heat, which melts the metals and creates the weld. Resistance welding is widely employed in many fields of sheet metal or wire manufacturing and is often used for welds made by automatic or semi-automatic machines especially in automobile industry.

Vocabulary

gas-tungsten — сварка оплавлением вольфрамовым электродом в среде инертного газа

inert — инертный

edge — край

bare — голый

rate — зд. скорость

gas-metal arc — аргонодуговая сварка

considerably — значительно, гораздо

surrounding — окружающий

carbon dioxide — углекислый газ

droplet — капелька

liquid — жидкость, жидкий

beneath — под, ниже, внизу

layer — слой

weld seam — сварной шов

resistance — сопротивление

clamp — зажим, зажимать

sheet — лист

fusible — плавкий

granular — плавкий

semi-automatic — полуавтоматическая

to create — создавать

to submerge — погружать

General understanding:

1. What is the difference between the arc-welding and non-consumable electrode arc welding?

2. What are the disadvantages of the non-consumable electrode arc welding?

3. How is electrode protected from the air in gas-metal arc welding?

4. What is submerged arc welding?

5. What is the principle of resistance welding?

6. Where is semi-automatic welding employed?

Exercise 6.2. Translate into English:

1. вольфрамовый электрод

2. инертный газ

3. окисление

4. высококачественный сварочный шов

5. скорость сварки

6. аргон, гелий, углекислый газ

7. жидкий металл

8. слой плавкого материала в виде гранул

9. листовой металл

10. полувтоматические сварочные станки

Exercise 6.3. Translate into Russian:

1. In resistance welding, heat is obtained from the resistance of metal to the flow of an electric current.

2. The heat from the arc melts the edges of the metal.

3. A bare electrode is shielded from the air by surrounding it with argon or carbon dioxide gas.

4. Submerged-arc welding is similar to gas-metal arc welding.

5. Electrodes are clamped on each side of the parts to be welded.

6. Resistance causes heat which melts the metals and creates the weld.

FAMOUS PEOPLE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

James Prescott Joule, famous British physicist, was born in 1818 in Salford, England.

Joule was one of the most outstanding physicists of his time. He is best known for his research in electricity and thermodynamics. In the course of his investigations of the heat emitted in an electrical circuit, he formulated the law, now known as Joule’s law of electric heating. This law states that the amount of heat produced each second in a conductor by electric current is proportional to the resistance of the conductor and to the square of the current. Joule experimentally verified the law of conservation of energy in his study of the conversion of mechanical energy into heat energy.

Joule determined the numerical relation between heat and mechanical energy, or the mechanical equivalent of heat, using many independent methods. The unit of energy, called the joule, is named after him. It is equal to 1 watt-second. Together with the physicist William Thomson (Baron Kelvin), Joule found that the temperature of a gas falls when it expands without doing any work. This phenomenon, which became known as the Joule-Thomson effect, lies in the operation of modern refrigeration and air-conditioning systems.

UNIT 7

AUTOMATION AND ROBOTICS

I. Text A: «Automation», Text B: «Types of automation»,

Text C: «Robots In manufacturing»

II. Famous people of science and technology: James Watt.

Text A: «AUTOMATION»

Automation is the system of manufacture performing certain tasks, previously done by people, by machines only. The sequences of operations are controlled automatically. The most familiar example of a highly automated system is an assembly plant for automobiles or other complex products.

The term automation is also used to describe non-manufacturing systems in which automatic devices can operate independently of human control. Such devices as automatic pilots, automatic telephone equipment and automated control systems are used to perform various operations much faster and better than could be done by people.

Automated manufacturing had several steps in its development. Mechanization was the first step necessary in the development of automation. The simplification of work made it possible to design and build machines that resembled the motions of the worker. These specialized machines were motorized and they had better production efficiency.

Industrial robots, originally designed only to perform simple tasks in environments dangerous to human workers, are now widely used to transfer, manipulate, and position both light and heavy workpieces performing all the functions of a transfer machine.

In the 1920s the automobile industry for the first time used an integrated system of production. This method of production was adopted by most car manufacturers and became known as Detroit automation.

The feedback principle is used in all automatic-control mechanisms when machines have ability to correct themselves. The feedback principle has been used for centuries. An outstanding early example is the flyball governor, invented in 1788 by James Watt to control the speed of the steam engine. The common household thermostat is another example of a feedback device.

Using feedback devices, machines can start, stop, speed up, slow down, count, inspect, test, compare, and measure. These operations are commonly applied to a wide variety of production operations.

Computers have greatly facilitated the use of feedback in manufacturing processes. Computers gave rise to the development of numerically controlled machines. The motions of these machines are controlled by punched paper or magnetic tapes. In numerically controlled machining centres machine tools can perform several different machining operations.

More recently, the introduction of microprocessors and computers have made possible the development of computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacture (CAD and CAM) technologies. When using these systems a designer draws a part and indicates its dimensions with the help of a mouse, light pen, or other input device. After the drawing has been completed the computer automatically gives the instructions that direct a machining centre to machine the part.

Another development using automation are the flexible manufacturing systems (FMS). A computer in FMS can be used to monitor and control the operation of the whole factory.

Automation has also had an influence on the areas of the economy other than manufacturing. Small computers are used in systems called word processors, which are rapidly becoming a standard part of the modern office. They are used to edit texts, to type letters and so on.

Automation in Industry

Many industries are highly automated or use automation technology in some part of their operation. In communications and especially in the telephone industry dialing and transmission are all done automatically. Railways are also controlled by automatic signaling devices, which have sensors that detect carriages passing a particular point. In this way the movement and location of trains can be monitored.

Not all industries require the same degree of automation. Sales, agriculture, and some service industries are difficult to automate, though agriculture industry may become more mechanized, especially in the processing and packaging of foods.

The automation technology in manufacturing and assembly is widely used in car and other consumer product industries.

Nevertheless, each industry has its own concept of automation that answers its particular production needs.

Vocabulary:

automation — автоматизация

previously — ранее

sequence — последовательность

assembly plant — сборочный завод

non-manufacturing — непроизводственный

device — устройство, прибор

resemble — походить

efficiency — эффективность

flyball governor — центробежный регулятор

steam engine — паровоз

household thermostat — бытовой термостат

facilitate — способствовать

punched — перфорированный

aid — помощь

dimension — измерение, размеры

General understanding:

1. How is the term automation defined in the text?

2. What is the most «familiar example» of automation given in the text?

3. What was the first step in the development of automaton?

4. What were the first robots originally designed for?

5. What was the first industry to adopt the new integrated system of production?

6. What is feedback principle?

7. What do the abbreviations CAM and CAD stand for?

8. What is FMS?