Nearly all important bills are introduced by the Government. About fifty bills are passed each year, some short, some long, some needing much discussion. Once the Government has decided to introduce a bill, a minister is put in charge of it. The preparation of the text may take many months, with long consultations involving civil servants in the minister’s department on the one hand and Parliamentary Counsel on the other.
At last the bill is ready to be submitted to Parliament. It will have to be passed by both Houses of Parliament, one after the other. It can begin its journey in either the House of Commons or the House of Lords, though all really important bills are in fact submitted to the House of Commons first.
The typical bill of moderate importance, then, will begin in the House of Commons. According to very ancient practice, it must have three “readings” there. The “first reading” is in effect merely an announcement that the bill is coming forward. Then after being in circulation for a reasonable length of time (usually one or two weeks at least) it goes to the ‘second reading”. This is the main debate on the general principles of the bill, and at the end of the debate a vote is taken. The important thing about this stage is not the final decision, but the words spoken in the debate, the arguments for and against, the discussion of principles and of details from many points of view.
After the bill has passed its second reading, a “standing committee” of up to forty-five MPs is set up to consider it in detail. The bill is printed in clauses and committee members may propose changes to the text. After the committee has finished with the bill, the next stage is called “the report stage”. The House itself now repeats the committee stage, though taking much less time. The House has before it the new text of the bill, incorporating the committee’s amendments. Some new amendments are proposed and there may be further discussion of the amendments which were proposed in committee but withdrawn so as to give the minister time to examine them thoroughly.
The last stage is the debate on the proposal to “read the bill a third time”. This debate is usually short. It is a final review and discussion of the
bill as it stands after amendment.
Next the bill must go through the same stages in the House of Lords. If the House of Lords rejects a bill which has been passed by the Commons, the bill can go no further for a few months; but if the Commons pass it again, in the same form as before, it must go to the Queen for her signature no matter what the Lords do. The Lords can merely delay bills which they don’t like.
A bill becomes an Act of Parliament when the Queen signs it.
Task 1. Find the English equivalents for the words and word-combinations given below.
Государственные служащие (чиновники), законопроект средней важности, чтения, сообщение, находиться в обращении, точка зрения, постоянная комиссия, статьи, объединяющий, основательно.
Task 2. Match the English words and word-combinations given below with their Russian equivalents.
| 1) принять законопроект | a) to put in change |
| 2) выдвинуты законопроект | b) to submit |
| З) поставить во главе | c) to reject a bill |
| 4) представить на рассмотрение | d) to pass a bill |
| 5) в действительности | e) to withdraw |
| б) провести голосование | f) to introduce a bill |
| 7) учреждать | g) to take a vote |
 отводить, изымать
|
h) to set up |
| 9) отклонить законопроект | i) in effect |
Task 3. Answer the following questions.
1 What is the difference between a bill and an Act of Parliament?
2. How many readings should a bill receive to become a law?
3. Which of the two Houses of Parliament has more power?
4. How does a bill go through Parliament?
Task 4. К указанным ниже словам подберите из текста синонимы и переведите их на русский язык.
| 1. to conduct 2. profit 3. to perform 4. wide 5. general |
6. to require 7. right (adj) 8. purpose 9. type 10. essential |
Task 5. К указанным ниже словам подберите из текста антонимы и переведите их на русский язык.
| 1. to control 2. to agree 3. heavy 4. liable 5. frequently |
6. individual 7. public 8. future 9. to receive 10. to distribute |
|
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Функция спроса населения на данный товар Функция спроса населения на данный товар: Qd=7-Р. Функция предложения: Qs= -5+2Р,где… |
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Измерение следующих дефектов: ползун, выщербина, неравномерный прокат, равномерный прокат, кольцевая выработка, откол обода колеса, тонкий гребень, протёртость средней части оси Неисправности автосцепки, с которыми запрещается постановка вагонов в поезд. Причины саморасцепов ЗАПРЕЩАЕТСЯ: постановка в поезда и следование в них вагонов, у которых автосцепное устройство имеет хотя бы одну из следующих неисправностей: Понятие метода в психологии. Классификация методов психологии и их характеристика Метод – это путь, способ познания, посредством которого познается предмет науки (С… |
Задания для дифференцированного зачета по
специальности «Техническая эксплуатация и обслуживание электрического и
электромеханического оборудования»
Вариант 1
1.
Read the text
THE NATURE OF ELECTRICITY
Practical electricity is produced by small atomic particles known as electrons. It is the movement of these particles which produce the effects of heat and light.
The pressure that forces these atomic particles to move, the effects they encounter opposition and how these forces are controlled are some of the principles of electricity.
Accepted atomic theory states that all matter is electrical in structure. Any object is largely composed of a combination of positive and negative particles of electricity. Electric current will pass through a wire, a body, or along a stream of water. It can be established in some substances more readily than in others, that all matter is composed of electric particles despite some basic differences in materials. The science of electricity then must begin with a study of the structure of matter.
Matter is defined as any substance which has mass (or weight) and occupies space. This definition should be broad enough to cover all physical objects in the universe. Wood, water, iron, and paper are some examples of matter. Energy is closely related to, but not to be confused with, matter. Energy does not have mass, and it does not occupy space. Heat and light are examples of energy.
The smallest particle of
matter which can be recognized as an original substance was thought to be a
unit called the atom. Recently scientists have found particles even smaller
than atoms, but our theories are still based on the atom. The atom consists of
a nucleus and a cloud of electrons. It is generally agreed that the electrons
are small particles of electricity, which are negative in nature. These
particles orbit the nucleus in much the same fashion that planets orbit a sun.
2. Guess the meaning of the following international words:
Electricity, electron, effect,
structure, combination, material, mass, energy, atom, orbit
3. Give the English equivalents for the words below:
1) производить; 2) частица; 3) тепло и свет; 4) напряжение;
5) сила; 6) вещество; 7) положительный; отрицательный; 9) электрический ток;
10) вес; 11) ядро
4. Translate into Russian the words and expressions from the text:
1) atomic particle; 2) effects of heat and light; 3) encounter
opposition; 4) principles of electricity; 5) composed (of); 6) pass through a
wire; 7) structure of matter; occupy space; 9) physical objects; 10) a cloud
of electrons; 11) in the same fashion.
5. Complete the sentences using the text:
1. Electricity is produced by …
2. The effects of heat and light are produced by …
3. According to the accepted atomic theory all matter is …
4. Any object is composed of …
5. Matter is defined as …
6. Energy must not be confused with …
7. The atom consists of …
8. The smallest particle of matter is …
9. Most theories are based on …
10. Electrons are …
Вариант 2
№ 1 Read the text
ELECTRIC CURRENT
The electric current is a quantity of electrons flowing in a circuit per second of time. The unit of measure for current is ampere. If one coulomb passes a point in a circuit per second then the current strength is 1 ampere. The symbol for current is I.
The current which flows along wires consists of moving electrons. The electrons move along the circuit because the e .m. f. drives them. The current is directly proportional to the e. m. f.
In addition to traveling through solids, however, the electric current can flow through liquids as well and even through gases. In both cases it produces some most important effects to meet industrial requirements.
Some liquids, such as melted metals for example, conduct current without any change to themselves. Others, called electrolytes, are found to change greatly when the current passes through them.
When the electrons flow in one direction only, the current is known to be d. c., that is, direct current. The simplest source of power for the direct current is a battery, for a battery pushes the electrons in the same direction all the time (i.e., from the negatively charged terminal to the positively charged terminal).
The letters a. c. stand for alternating current. The current under consideration flows first in one direction and then in the opposite one. The a. c. used for power and lighting purposes is assumed to go through 50 cycles in one second. One of the great advantages of a. c. is the ease with which power at low voltage can be changed into an almost similar amount of power at high voltage and vice versa. Hence, on the one hand alternating voltage is increased when it is necessary for long-distance transmission and, on the other hand, one can decrease it to meet industrial requirements as well as to operate various devices at home.
Although there are numerous
cases when d. c. is required, at least 90 per cent of electrical energy to be
generated at present is a. c. In fact, it finds wide application for lighting,
heating, industrial, and some other purposes.
2. Guess the meaning of the following international words:
electric, ampere, symbol, proportional, industrial, metal,
electrolyte, battery, generate.
3. Give the English equivalents for the words and word combinations below:
1) течь, протекать; 2) цепь, схема; 3) единица измерения;
4) провод; 5) электродвижущая сила; 6) твердое тело; 7) жидкость; проводить
(ток); 9) источник энергии; 10) постоянный ток; 11) переменный ток; 12)
напряжение.
4. Give Russian equivalents for the following:
1) to meet industrial requirements; 2) melted metals; 3) to push in the same direction; 4) negatively (positively) charged terminal; 5) power and lightning purposes; 6) long-distance transmission; 7) to operate devices; 8) to find wide application.
5. Say whether these sentences are true or false:
1. The symbol for current is I.
2. The electric current can flow only through liquids.
3. The current can be of two types: direct current and alternating current.
4. The alternating current flows in one direction.
5. A battery is the simplest source of power for the direct current.
6. Direct current finds wider application than alternating current.
7. Electrolytes don’t change greatly when current passes through them.
8. One of the great advantages of alternating current is the ease with which voltage can be changed.
Эталоны ответов
|
1 вариант |
2 вариант |
2. Guess the meaning of the following international words:
Электричество Электрон Эффект Структура Комбинация Материал Масса Энергия Атом Орбита |
2. Guess the meaning of the following international words:
Электрический Ампера Символ Пропорциональный Промышленный Металл Электролит Аккумулятор Генерировать |
3. Give the English equivalents for the words below:
1) to produce; 2) the 3) heat and 4) voltage; 5) current; 6) substance; 7) positive; 9) electric 10) weight; 11) core |
3. Give the English equivalents for the words and word combinations below:
1) the leak to 2) chain, 3) unit of 4) wire; 5) 6) the solid 7) the liquid; 9) the energy 10) direct 11) AC current; 12) voltage |
4. Translate into Russian the words and expressions from the text:
1) атомная |
4. Give Russian equivalents for the following:
1) отвечать промышленным требованиям; 2) расплавленные металлы; 3) продвинуться в том же самом направлении; 4) отрицательно (положительно) заряженный терминал; 5)мощности и молнии целей 6) передачи на дальние расстояния; 7) управление устройствами; 8) найти
широкое применение. |
5. Complete the sentences using the text:
1. Electricity is produced by by small atomic particles known as electrons
2. The effects of heat and light are produced by the movement of these particles
3. According to the accepted atomic theory all matter is electrical in structure
4. Any object is composed of positive and negative particles of electricity
5. Matter is defined as any substance which has mass (or weight) and occupies space
6. Energy must not be confused with matter
7. The atom consists of a nucleus and a cloud of electrons
8. The smallest particle of matter is the atom
9. Electrons are small particles of electricity
|
5. Say whether these sentences are true or false: T- 1. The symbol for current is I. F - 2. The electric current can flow only through liquids. T - 3. The current can be of two types: direct current and alternating current. F- 4. The alternating current flows in one direction. T - 5. A battery is the simplest source of power for the direct current. T - 6. Direct current finds wider application than alternating current. F - 7. Electrolytes don’t change greatly when current passes through them. T - 8. One of the great advantages of alternating current is the ease with which voltage can be changed. |
Ответ:
1. Give the Russian equivalents of the following words and word combinations:
the course of studies — курс обучения;
primary school — начальная школа;
secondary school — средняя школа;
previously — ранее;
creche — ясли;
lyceum — лицей;
gymnasium — гимназия;
free of charge — бесплатно;
curriculum — программа обучения;
demand — спрос, востребованность;
to adapt — адапировать(ся);
to extend — продлевать;
to conduct — проводить;
transition — переход;
vocational school — профессионально-техническое училище;
higher school — высшая школа;
competitive — конкурентоспособный;
ability — способность;
to be involved in — участвовать в;
postgraduate courses — курсы повышения квалификации/послевузовское образование
Practise
after the speaker and learn to pronounce the words given below.
reign
/rein/; conqueror /’konkr/;
Glousester /’gloust/;
manufacture / mnju’fжkt/;
hearth /ha:
/; value /’vж
lju:/; utensils /ju:’tensilz/; valuables /’vжljublz/;
wrought /ro:t/; import /im’po:t/; prohibit /pr‘hibit/;
knives /naivz/; key /ki:/; spur /sp:/;
diameter /dai’
mi:t/.
Task 2. Lexical Exercises
Exercise
1. Find
the English equivalents for the words and word — combinations
given
below. Use them in the sentences of your own.
большое
количество железа и стали; импортировать
из; источник железной руды; высоко
цениться; преобразовывать; обработанное
железо; древесный уголь; постоянно
расти; запрещать; опись; ценные вещи;
обжигать (коксовать); решетка (сетка);
скоба; диаметр; непосредственные
проблемы, стоящие перед.
Exercise
2. Match
the English words and word-combinations given
below
with their Russian equivalents.
1.
long before 1.
большое
количество
2.
to continue steadily up to the 2. во
время
правления
present
day 3. растущая
важность
3.
in the reign of 4.
преуспеть
в
ч-л
4.
to displace gradually by 5.
доменная
печь
5.
the growing importance 6. задолго
до
6.
to succeed in 7.
продолжаться
без изменений
7.
the
great
quantaties
of
до настоящего
времени
8.
blast furnace 8.
постепенно заменить ч-л
Exercise
3. Answer
the following questions
1.
When did iron first come to Britain? 2. Was it imported from
Germany? 3. What shows that iron was of great value in Medieval
Britain? 4. What displaced the direct extraction of wrought iron?
5. Why did the owners of metal industry get a political influence?
6. Did Parliament play an important role in the development of metal
industry?
Exercise
4. Complete
the following statements by choosing the answer
which
you think fits best. Why are the other answers unsuitable?
1.
That iron was of great importance is shown by an inventory of king’s
possessions
because:
a)
things made of iron were classed as jewels and valuables.
b)
King Edward III wrote about their value himself.
c)
things made of iron could be used only by the king.
2.
The owners of metal industry got a political influence because:
a)
they had much money.
b)
the industry grew in importance.
c)
people wanted so.
3.
The importation into England of any iron or steel goods was
prohibited
by
Parliament because:
a)
it was necessary to develop native industry.
b)
the native production stopped.
c)
England didn’t need them.
4.
The immediate problem confronting the iron manufacturer was:
a)
the lack of skills in steel-making.
b)
the growing shortage of wood.
c)
the establishment of the blast furnaces.
Exercise
5. Give
a written Russian translation of the following passages.
1.
The chemical process for extracting a metal from its ore is called
smelting. Iron ore is heated with limestone and coke, which is mostly
made up of carbon. Coke and limestone remove the unwanted parts of
the iron ore to leave almost pure iron, which still contains some
carbon. Steel is made by removing more carbon and adding other
metals.
2.
Gold is much softer than copper, so it is easier to hammer into
shape. It is not very strong. A gold knife might look very fine but
would not have been much use for skinning a bear, so from early times
gold became the metal for ornaments. Copper is much harder; it would
have been much more difficult for early man to shape; but the
finished article was more durable.
3.
These metal-workers were masters of the ancient craft of
gold-beating, a process by which gold is beaten between skins until
it is reduced to a very thin sheet. The Egyptians could produce
sheets only one five-thousandth of an inch thick, and used them for
gilding wooden statues and for other decorative purposes.
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