Find the english equivalents for the words and word combinations given below заимствование

Exercise 1. Find the English equivalents for the words and word — combinations

given below. Use them in the sentences of your own.

большое количество железа и стали; импортировать из; источник железной руды; высоко цениться; преобразовывать; обработанное железо; древесный уголь; постоянно расти; запрещать; опись; ценные вещи; обжигать (коксовать); решетка (сетка); скоба; диаметр; непосредственные проблемы, стоящие перед.

Exercise 2. Match the English words and word-combinations given

below with their Russian equivalents.

1. long before 1. большое количество

2. to continue steadily up to the 2. во время правления

present day 3. растущая важность

3. in the reign of 4. преуспеть в ч-л

4. to displace gradually by 5. доменная печь

5. the growing importance 6. задолго до

6. to succeed in 7. продолжаться без изменений

7. the great quantaties of до настоящего времени

8. blast furnace 8. постепенно заменить ч-л

Exercise 3. Answer the following questions

1. When did iron first come to Britain? 2. Was it imported from Germany? 3. What shows that iron was of great value in Medieval Britain? 4. What displaced the direct extraction of wrought iron? 5. Why did the owners of metal industry get a political influence? 6. Did Parliament play an important role in the development of metal industry?

Exercise 4. Complete the following statements by choosing the answer

which you think fits best. Why are the other answers unsuitable?

1. That iron was of great importance is shown by an inventory of king’s

possessions because:

a) things made of iron were classed as jewels and valuables.

b) King Edward III wrote about their value himself.

c) things made of iron could be used only by the king.

2. The owners of metal industry got a political influence because:

a) they had much money.

b) the industry grew in importance.

c) people wanted so.

3. The importation into England of any iron or steel goods was prohibited

by Parliament because:

a) it was necessary to develop native industry.

b) the native production stopped.

c) England didn’t need them.

4. The immediate problem confronting the iron manufacturer was:

a) the lack of skills in steel-making.

b) the growing shortage of wood.

c) the establishment of the blast furnaces.

Exercise 5. Give a written Russian translation of the following passages.

1. The chemical process for extracting a metal from its ore is called smelting. Iron ore is heated with limestone and coke, which is mostly made up of carbon. Coke and limestone remove the unwanted parts of the iron ore to leave almost pure iron, which still contains some carbon. Steel is made by removing more carbon and adding other metals.

2. Gold is much softer than copper, so it is easier to hammer into shape. It is not very strong. A gold knife might look very fine but would not have been much use for skinning a bear, so from early times gold became the metal for ornaments. Copper is much harder; it would have been much more difficult for early man to shape; but the finished article was more durable.

3. These metal-workers were masters of the ancient craft of gold-beating, a process by which gold is beaten between skins until it is reduced to a very thin sheet. The Egyptians could produce sheets only one five-thousandth of an inch thick, and used them for gilding wooden statues and for other decorative purposes.

Задания для дифференцированного зачета по
специальности «Техническая эксплуатация и обслуживание электрического и
электромеханического оборудования»

Вариант 1

1.     
Read the text

THE NATURE OF ELECTRICITY

     Practical electricity is produced by small atomic particles known as electrons. It is the movement of these particles which produce the effects of heat and light.

     The pressure that forces these atomic particles to move, the effects they encounter opposition and how these forces are controlled are some of the principles of electricity.

Accepted atomic theory states that all matter is electrical in structure. Any object is largely composed of a combination of positive and negative particles of electricity. Electric current will pass through a wire, a body, or along a stream of water. It can be established in some substances more readily than in others, that all matter is composed of electric particles despite some basic differences in materials. The science of electricity then must begin with a study of the structure of matter.

     Matter is defined as any substance which has mass (or weight) and occupies space. This definition should be broad enough to cover all physical objects in the universe. Wood, water, iron, and paper are some examples of matter. Energy is closely related to, but not to be confused with, matter. Energy does not have mass, and it does not occupy space. Heat and light are examples of energy.

The smallest particle of
matter which can be recognized as an original substance was thought to be a
unit called the atom. Recently scientists have found particles even smaller
than atoms, but our theories are still based on the atom. The atom consists of
a nucleus and a cloud of electrons. It is generally agreed that the electrons
are small particles of electricity, which are negative in nature. These
particles orbit the nucleus in much the same fashion that planets orbit a sun.

2. Guess the meaning of the following international words:

     Electricity, electron, effect,
structure, combination, material, mass, energy, atom, orbit

3. Give the English equivalents for the words below:

1) производить; 2) частица; 3) тепло и свет; 4) напряжение;
5) сила; 6) вещество; 7) положительный; отрицательный; 9) электрический ток;
10) вес; 11) ядро

4. Translate into Russian the words and expressions from the text:

1) atomic particle; 2) effects of heat and light; 3) encounter
opposition; 4) principles of electricity; 5) composed (of); 6) pass through a
wire; 7) structure of matter; occupy space; 9) physical objects; 10) a cloud
of electrons; 11) in the same fashion.

5. Complete the sentences using the text:

    1. Electricity is produced by …

     2. The effects of heat and light are produced by …

     3. According to the accepted atomic theory all matter is …

     4. Any object is composed of …

     5. Matter is defined as …

     6. Energy must not be confused with …

     7. The atom consists of …

     8. The smallest particle of matter is …

     9. Most theories are based on …

     10. Electrons are …

Вариант 2

№ 1 Read the text

ELECTRIC CURRENT

The electric current is a quantity of electrons flowing in a circuit per second of time. The unit of measure for current is ampere. If one coulomb passes a point in a circuit per second then the current strength is 1 ampere. The symbol for current is I.

The current which flows along wires consists of moving electrons. The electrons move along the circuit because the e .m. f. drives them. The current is directly proportional to the e. m. f.        

In addition to traveling through solids, however, the electric current can flow through liquids as well and even through gases. In both cases it produces some most important effects to meet industrial requirements.

       Some liquids, such as melted metals for example, conduct current without any change to themselves. Others, called electrolytes, are found to change greatly when the current passes through them.

When the electrons flow in one direction only, the current is known to be d. c., that is, direct current. The simplest source of power for the direct current is a battery, for a battery pushes the electrons in the same direction all the time (i.e., from the negatively charged terminal to the positively charged terminal).

The letters a. c. stand for alternating current. The current under consideration flows first in one direction and then in the opposite one. The a. c. used for power and lighting purposes is assumed to go through 50 cycles in one second. One of the great advantages of a. c. is the ease with which power at low voltage can be changed into an almost similar amount of power at high voltage and vice versa. Hence, on the one hand alternating voltage is increased when it is necessary for long-distance transmission and, on the other hand, one can decrease it to meet industrial requirements as well as to operate various devices at home.

Although there are numerous
cases when d. c. is required, at least 90 per cent of electrical energy to be
generated at present is a. c. In fact, it finds wide  application for lighting,
heating, industrial, and some other purposes.

2. Guess the meaning of the following international words:

      electric, ampere, symbol, proportional, industrial, metal,
electrolyte, battery, generate.

3. Give the English equivalents for the words and word combinations below:

1) течь, протекать; 2) цепь, схема; 3) единица измерения;
4) провод; 5) электродвижущая сила; 6) твердое тело; 7) жидкость; проводить
(ток); 9) источник энергии; 10) постоянный ток; 11) переменный ток; 12)
напряжение.

4. Give Russian equivalents for the following:

1) to meet industrial requirements; 2) melted metals; 3) to push in the same direction; 4) negatively (positively) charged terminal; 5) power and lightning purposes; 6) long-distance transmission; 7) to operate devices; 8) to find wide application. 

5. Say whether these sentences are true or false:

1. The symbol for current is I.

2. The electric current can flow only through liquids.

3. The current can be of two types: direct current and alternating current.

4. The alternating current flows in one direction.

5. A battery is the simplest source of power for the direct current.

6. Direct current finds wider application than alternating current.

7. Electrolytes don’t change greatly when current passes through them.

8. One of the great advantages of alternating current is the ease with which voltage can be changed.

Эталоны ответов

2. Guess the meaning of the following international words:

2. Guess the meaning of the following international words:

3. Give the English equivalents for the words below:

3. Give the English equivalents for the words and word combinations below:

4. Translate into Russian the words and expressions from the text:

4. Give Russian equivalents for the following:

1) отвечать промышленным требованиям; 2) расплавленные металлы; 3) продвинуться в том же самом направлении; 4) отрицательно (положительно) заряженный терминал; 5)мощности и молнии целей 6) передачи на дальние расстояния; 7) управление устройствами; 8) найти

5. Complete the sentences using the text:

1. Electricity is produced by by small atomic particles known as electrons 

2. The effects of heat and light are produced by the movement of these particles 

3. According to the accepted atomic theory all matter is electrical in structure 

4. Any object is composed of positive and negative particles of electricity 

5. Matter is defined as any substance which has mass (or weight) and occupies space

6. Energy must not be confused with matter

7. The atom consists of a nucleus and a cloud of electrons

8. The smallest particle of matter is the atom

9. Electrons are small particles of electricity

5. Say whether these sentences are true or false: 

T- 1. The symbol for current is I.

F - 2. The electric current can flow only through liquids.

T - 3. The current can be of two types: direct current and alternating current.

F- 4. The alternating current flows in one direction.

T - 5. A battery is the simplest source of power for the direct current.

T - 6. Direct current finds wider application than alternating current.

F - 7. Electrolytes don’t change greatly when current passes through them.

T - 8. One of the great advantages of alternating current is the ease with which voltage can be changed.

Ответ:

1. Give the Russian equivalents of the following words and word combinations:

the course of studies — курс обучения;

primary school — начальная школа;

secondary school — средняя школа;

previously — ранее;

creche — ясли;

lyceum — лицей;

gymnasium — гимназия;

free of charge — бесплатно;

curriculum — программа обучения;

demand — спрос, востребованность;

to adapt — адапировать(ся);

to extend — продлевать;

to conduct — проводить;

transition — переход;

vocational school — профессионально-техническое училище;

higher school — высшая школа;

competitive — конкурентоспособный;

ability — способность;

to be involved in — участвовать в;

postgraduate courses — курсы повышения квалификации/послевузовское образование

Найдите английские эквиваленты приведенных ниже выражений в тексте.

 Герб дома Ланкастеров — the arms of the House of Lancaster.
Война за престол между Ланкастерами и Йорками — the war for the throne between the Lancastrians and the Yorkists.
Война Алой и Белой розы — the War of the Red and White Roses.
Дикое растение — чертополох — a wild plant — a thistle.
Скандинавы решили напасть на шотландскую деревню — the Scandinavians intended to attack a Scottish village.
Скандинавы босиком прокрались в шотландскую деревню — the Scandinavians in their bare feet came quietly to the Scottish village.
Шотландские воины — the Scottish warriors.
Колючки чертополоха вонзались в босые ступни — the thorns of the thistle hurt their bare feet.
Вопли пронзили тишину — howls of pain pierced the silence.
Эмблема Уэльса — лук (или иногда нарцисс) — the Welsh emblem is the leek (or, on occasion, the flower, the daffodil).
Эмблема Ирландии — клевер — the Irish emblem is the shamrock.

 Святая Троица (Бог Отец, Бог Сын и Святой Дух) — the Holy Trinity (of God the Father, the Son of God and the Holy Spirit).

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