Find in the text the synonyms to the following words and word combinations

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Unit 1

5.to use-use-useful-useless-usefulness;

6.to increase-increase-increasingly;

7.to refine-refiner-refinery-refined;

8.to depend — dependence — dependentdependency — independent;

9.to produce — producer — production — product — productive — productivityproducible;

10.to refer — reference — referable;

11.to occur — occurrence.

Ex. 17 Find synonyms to the following words and word combinations in the text

1.	main	9.	to affect
2.	accumulation	10.	at present
3.	subsurface	11. look for
4.	happen	12.	to be involved in
5.	aim	13.	lack
6.	well(n)	14.	increase
7.	idea	15.	to keep
8.	compose

Ex. 18 Find antonyms to the following words in the text.

1.	subsurface	7.	exclude	13.minor
2.	deep	8.	to cool	14. Mure
3.	developing countries	9.	modem	15. hide
4.	import	10. useless
5.	decrease	11. loss
6.	result from	12. uncertaini

Ex. 19 a)	Find Englishequivalents	b)	Give Russian equivalents to
	in thetext		the following:
1.	энергия является основой	1.	surface deposits
2.	некоторые другие источники	2.	oilproduction
	энергии
3.	просачивание нефти на поверхность	3.	livingstandard
4.	с точностью почти до часа	4.	to providejob
5.	глубина ствола скважины	5.	national income
6.	целенаправленно пробурена	6.	oil-richcountries
7.	представление об уровне жизни	7.	to span the globe
8.	экономика многих стран	8.	currently
9.	промышленная добыча нефти	9.	people engagedin industry
10. спрос на нефть во всем мире	10. oil is brought to the surface
11.	производители нефти	11.	oil resourceswill dryup
12. в общем говоря	12. especially
13. чтобы быть пригодной к	13. energyshortage

Unit 1

Ex. 21 Make up the sentences combiningA and B.

	A		$
1. Wood was used by ancient people as	1.	jobs for a great many people.
2.	Coal from surface deposits and oil	2.	throughout the world.
	from seepages were	3.	to solve a lot ofproblems connected
3.	Until the 19 * century oil		withoil.
4.	Drake’s well was the first well	4.	the major source ofenergy.
5.	Living standard all overthe world	5.	are the main world oil producers.
	primarilydepends	6.	used for limited purposes.
6.	In developed and developing	7.	specificallydrilled foroil production.
	countries oil industryprovides	8.	as the energy shortage and
7.	Inoil producing countries petroleum		environmental pollution
	export	9.	didn’t findwide application.
8.	Oil industry activityspread	10. on oil industry.
9.	OPEC, Russia, Norway and some	11. makes up most ofthe national
	othercountries		economy.
10. Petroleum specialistshave	12. grows as the consumption of
11. Petroleum industryraises serious		petroleum products increases from
	problems such		year to year.
12. As commercial oil production spans	13. oil is currentlybeing sought in every
	the globe		continent
13. World demand forpetroleum

Ex. 22 Choose the proper word.

1.Different hydrocarbon fractions (make, make up) petroleum. Large resources ofoil and gas (make, make up) a countrypowerful and politicallyindependent.

2.A flowofelectrons is anelectric (current, currently). (Current, Currently) oil isbeingproduced all over the world. (Current, Currently) financial crisis is beingheld around the world.

3.Oil and gas are important(sources,resources) offuel. Oil and gas arethemajornatural (sources, resources) ofenergy. Siberia is rich in mineral (sources, resources) such as: oil, gas, gold and others.

4.The first(commercial, industrial) well was drilled in this region in 1980. living standardin the developed (commercial, industrial) countries is high. (Industrial, commercial) nations should paymuch attention to airpollution control.

5.The early wells were all drilled by the cable tool (ударно-канатное бурение) method in which a driller had to (raise, rise) and drop a heavy tool. Originally oil and gas (raise, rise) to the surface by means ofreservoir pressure.

6.Oil industryhas to (solve, decide) a lot of environmental problems. The engineers (solved, decided) to drill a well to the depth of 100 m.

Unit 1

Ex. 23 Translatethe following sentences:

1.The method applied increased oil production.

2.The data referred to contained a lot ofuseful information.

3.The detailed analysis ofthe results obtained improved the well information.

4.The team already spoken ofconsists ofa group ofexperienced geophysicists.

5.The colour ofoil influenced bythe components present in itmay be different.

6.Drake’s well followed by other commercial wells opened up the era ofoil industry.

7.The questions answered at the conference touched upon the most important problems.

8.Members of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries agreed to cut their oil productionby I million b/d.

9.While considering the pipeline project, particular attention was given to the site selection for the pipeline construction.

10.The consumption ofhome heating oil has been affected by the slowdown in the economy

11.Slightly lowered forecast ofworldwide demand for oil was referred to at the conference.

12.Norwegian oil and gas production increasing, most companies expect a handsome income.

13.The State Oil Company currently has the largest hydrocarbon accumulation under active development and exploitation in the country.

14.Havingusedmodem instrumentation and control system therefineryraisedits production and lowered airpollution

15.These facts shouldbe taken into consideration while selecting sites forhorizontal drilling.

16.Facingthe environmental problems the world’s oil and gas industries hadto learn how to find, drill, produce, transport and refine hydrocarbons safely.

17.A barrel ofoil saved is essentially equivalent to a barrel ofoil produced.

18.At least a third of all the energy consumed is used by industry.

19.Oil and gas producible and produced reserves should be analyzed.

20.The gas flow produced depended on the pressure in the reservoir.

21.Everyoil producing countrymust have an energy policythat forecasts oil supply forthe future but meets current demand for oil.

22.Currentlythe areaincludes fine oil commercial deposits, two ofwhichbeing developed now.

23.Fossil fuels (oil, gas, coal) will remain the dominant sources of energy used, the fastest — growing fuel beingnatural gas.

24.Taking into account that 80% ofhydrocarbonresources are found in deposits that occur more than 3,000m deep, there exists a high probabilitythat new oil gas deposits will be sought and discovered.

25.Thediscoveryofcommercial hydrocarbonaccumulations followedbytheirexploitationresulted inraising living standards in the region.

26.One ofthe most important questionsthatmustbe answered is the future ofrenewable energies.

27.Oil and gas will remain essential to economic growth not onlyin the industrialized world but also in the developing nations seeking the ways to raisetheir living standards.

28.The data referred to indicated that the growth ofrenewable energy over the next 20-30 years would result from hydro and nuclear sources.

29.When united hydrocarbonmolecules form largermolecules known as polymers.

Unit 1

30.When compared with others the Stratfjord field provides most oftoday’s hydrocarbons from the Norwegian North Sea.

31.While making the atmospheric measurements the scientists paid attention to the increasing carbon dioxide concentrations.

32.If subjected to corrosion metals can be destroyed under its action.

33. Having collected all the information theresearchers started the experimental work.

34.Having analyzed the properties ofthe new polymers the scientists recommended them for mass production.

35.Differentmolecules have different speeds, the average speed ofall molecules remainingthe same while the temperature is constant.

36.With the compressibilityofthe kerosenebeingknown, the compressibilityofthe gas couldbe calculated.

37.Being started in time the preparations will be completed before the beginning ofthe test.

Ex. 24 Translate the sentences in writing. Use the words from thetext “Oil Industry”.

1.Энергия — основа промышленного развития.

2.Известно, что древние люди использовали в качестве топлива поверхностныезалежи угля и проявления нефти на поверхности.

3.Промышленная добыча нефти началась в 19 веке.

4.Первая промышленная скважина глубиной 69,5 футов была пробурена Дрейком в 1859г в Пенсильвании.

5.Эта неглубокая скважина явилась началом развития мировой нефтяной промышленности.

6.Экономика и жизненный уровень многих стран зависят от нефтяной промышленности.

7.Как в развивающихся, так и в развитых странах нефтяная промышленность обеспечивает рабочие места, составляя значительную часть национального дохода.

8.Следует сказать, что мировой спрос на углеводороды растет из года в год.

9.В настоящее время нефть добывают на всех континентах.

10.Основными производителями нефти являются страны ОРЕС, Россия, Норвегия и некоторые др.

11.Нефтяной промышленности приходится решать много проблем, связанных с разведкой и разработкой нефтяных месторождений.

12.Важно знаггь, как и где миллионы лет назад образовалась нефть.

13.Ученые должны спрогнозировать запасы нефти данного региона.

14.Постоянно растущий спрос на нефтепродукты может привести к перебоям в энергоснабжении и загрязнению окружающей среды.

Unit 1

Ex. 26 Read the paragraphs and arrange them in their logical order.

1.By 1880 the area around Baku on the Caspian Sea was producing much oil for Europe, and for the next 30 years the Rothschilds and the Nobels controlled Russian production.

2.The 60s ofthe last century are characterized by the exploration and development ofthe West Siberian resources. The Siberiangiants, such as forexample Samotloroil field, werediscovered andbecamethe main oil producers. And graduallyoil industrymoved to theNorth and East of the country.

3.Russia’s oil industry dates back to the 19thcentury Oil seeps, particularly in the Caucasus regions, havebeenknown formanyyears. Marco Polo reported seeingcamel caravans carrying oil from Baku on the Caspian Sea in 1273 AD.

4.Until World War II the bulk ofRussian production came from the Caucasus area. However, theVolga-Ural regions, which began producing in the 1930s, have rapidly surpassed the Baku fields. The new area, often called the “Second Baku”, stretches from Volgograd to Perm. Production is piped through a large crude-oil network.

5.With thebeginning ofcommercial oil production Russia was the first European countryto feel the influenceofoil development. WhileJohn D. Rockefeller and Standard oil wereplantingthe roots ofthe petroleumbusiness in theUnited States— two ofEurope’s most famous merchant families, the Rothschilds and theNobels, won petroleum concessions in Imperial Russia.

6.By 1900 Russiawas producing 75 mln bbl ofoil from 1,700 wells (average depth 1,000 ft) on a 4-sq mile area on theApsheron peninsula near Baku. At that time it made more than halfthe world’s oil production. But oil production dropped severely following World War I and the subsequent civil war and revolution. Oil production began to rise inthe 1930s, then decreased again during World War П.

Ex. 27 Read the sentences expressing the basic (key) idea of each paragraph ofthe text “Oil Industry”.Develop the idea ofeach sentenceusing the text.

1.The real exploitation ofcrude oil began in the 19th century.

2.The international oil industrywas bom in 1859.

3.The economyofmanynations is influenced bypetroleum industry.

4.Oil is currentlyproduced in every continent

5.Oil industry has to solve a lot ofproblems.

Ex. 28 Render the text into English.

Развитие современной цивилизации немыслимо без нефти и газа — одного из важнейших топливно-энергетических ресурсов. Наличие запасов нефти и газа во многом определяет политико-экономическоеположение государств в мире. Интенсивное освоение нефтегазовых ресурсов предопределило создание гигантской нефтегазовой высокотехнологической индустрии, которая обеспечивает рабочие места для миллионов рабочих, инженеров и ученых.

В разных странах, в том числе и в России, называют разные даты начала промышленной нефтедобычи в своей стране. Применительно к общемировой добыче многие называют

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   Zihuatanejo

   inventor — creator 
   author — composer
   to compose — to make
   very old — ancient
   profession — career
   to leave — to drop out of
   schooling — tuition
   triumph — (great) success
   breakdown — failure
   dead — deceased
   well-off — reach
   serious — solemn
   costly — expensive
   to start — to open
   continuation — sequel 
   prize — award

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13. Find in the text the synonyms to the following words:
 to begin  to continue  disciplines
 basis  thanks to  to be the same
 research project  guidance  to suggest
14. Find in the text the antonyms to the following words:
 to start  exclusive  equivalent
 to fail an exam  to graduate  to unchange
15. Choose among the words in parentheses the one that corresponds
to the text above to complete the sentences:
1. Russia’s higher education system started with the foundation of the
universities in Moscow and St. Petersburg ___ of the 18th century.
(a. at the beginning; b. in the middle; c. at the end)
2. The pursuit of higher education was and still is considered to be very ___.
(a. modern; b. fashionable; c. prestigious)
3. The right to education is stated in the ___ of the Russian Federation.
(a. regulations; b. laws; c. constitution)
4. Education in Russia is ___ up to the 9th form inclusive.
(a. free of charge; b. recommended; c. compulsory)
5. Institutes or universities offer 5-years ___ of academic subjects for
undergraduates in a variety of fields.
(a. course; b. programme; c. plan)
6. The system of education in Russia began ___ over the past years.
(a. to change; b. to make experiments; c. to research)
7. The Bachelor’s degree is ___ after defending a Diploma project.
(a. presided; b. given; c. awarded)
8. The Master’s degree is awarded after completion of ___ years’ full-time study.
(a. three; b. two; c. four)
9. Nowadays the universities are still in the ___ of these changes.
(a. process; b. state; c. system)

Автор: Гость

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