George
Washington, known as the «Father of his Country», was the
first president of the United States. He was born on February
22, 1732 in Westmoreland County, Virginia, then a British colony.
In
March 1775, Washington was elected to the Second Continental
Congress. By the time he attended the Congress, the opening battles
of American Revolution had already been fought in Massachusetts. In
June, G. Washington was elected to be the commander-in-chief of the
colonial army.
In
1787 Washington was elected to head the Virginia delegation at the
Constitutional Convention. In the country, people linked his name
directly to the new Constitution. Washington was elected the
president in February 1789 with the largest possible number of votes.
He was inaugurated in New York City, at that time the capital of the
United States.
George
Washington was 65 when he left the presidency, but he did not lose
connections with public affairs. He also made trips to watch
construction of the new city of Washington, D. C, which was then
called the Federal City. At the time of his death, he had the rank of
lieutenant general. In 1976, the U. S. Congress gave him the title of
general of the armies of the United States.
Presidents of the us:
1.
Washington, George
1789—97
2.
Adams, John
1797-1801
3.
Jefferson, Thomas
1801—09
4.
Madison, James
1809—17
5.
Monroe, James
1817—25
6.
Adams, John Quincy
1925—29
7.
Jackson, Andrew
1829—37
8.
Van Buren, Martin
1837—41
9.
Harrison, William Henry
1841
10.
Tyler, John
1841-45
11.
Polk, James Knox
1845-49
12.
Taylor, Zachary
1849-50
13.
Fillmore, Millard
1850-53
14.
Pierce Franklin
1853-57
15.
Buchanan, James
1857—61
16.
Lincoln, Abraham
1861—65
17.
Johnson, Andrew
1865—69
18.
Grant, Ulysses Simpson
1869—77
19.
Hayes. Rutherford Birchard
1877—81
20.
Garfield, James Abram
1881
21.
Arthur, Chester Alan
1881-85
22.
Cleveland, Grover
1885—89
23.
Harrison, Benjamin
1889-93
24.
Cleveland, Grover
1893—97
25.
McKinley, William
1897-1901
26.
Roosevelt, Theodore
1901—09
27.
Taft, William Howard
1909-13
28.
Wilson, Woodrow
1913-21
29.
Harding, Warren Gamaliel
1921—23
30.
Coolidge, Calvin
1923-29
31.
Hoover, Herbert Clark
1929-1933
32.
Roosevelt, Franklin Delano
1933—45
33.
Truman, Harry S.
1945-53
34.
Eisenhower, Dwight David
1953—61
35.
Kennedy, John Fitzgerald
1961—63
36.
Johnson, Lyndon Baines
1963—69
37.
Nixon, Richard Milhous
1969—74
38.
Ford, Gerald Rudolph
1974-77
39.
Carter, Jimmy
1977—81
40.
Reagan, Ronald
1981—89
41.
Bush, George
1989—93
42.
Clinton, Bill (William Jefferson) 1993-2001
43.
Bush, George
2001—
EXERCISE
12. Find
in the texts English equivalents for these words and word
combinations:
глава Содружества
наций, в возрасте 25 лет, после смерти
отца, родилась, стала наследницей, с
раннего детства, королевские обязанности,
когда-нибудь, вышла замуж, раньше,
Вестминстерское Аббатство, их первый
сын, затем, наследник престола, другие
близкие родственники, составляют,
королевская семья, объявила, среди
многочисленных обязанностей, постоянные
визиты, зарубежные страны, особенно,
происходит ежегодно, после общих
выборов, подготовленную для нее,
более того, все еще, Королевская
прерогатива, исключительное право,
назначать, защитники монархии,
подчеркивают, уникальный исторический
характер, огромная популярность,
огромное значение, был избран, начинающиеся
битвы уже велись, главнокомандующий,
связывали его имя непосредственно с
новой Конституцией, с максимально
возможным количеством голосов, оставил
президентский пост, не потерял связи,
общественные дела, совершал поездки,
звание генерал-лейтенанта.
EXERCISE
13. a)
Find in the texts the words, which have the similar meanings as the
following words:
chief,
a
lot
of, a number of, to stress, importance, to perform, struggle, to
connect, the biggest, to name;
b) Find in the texts the
words, which have the opposite meanings to the following words:
life, late, less, foreign,
before, small, the last, now, old, this.
EXERCISE
14. Fill
in gaps with the missing words in the following sentences; the first
letter of each word has been given to help you:
1.
Their child was c… in this church. 2. She was the h… of all that
property. 3. She was going to a… the royal duties. 4. He was the
member of the r… family. 5. He got a great number of v… at the
election. 6. George
Washington
was i… in New York City. 7. She made a lot of t.. to foreign
countries. 8. He has read a book about different a… 9. She was t…
of her job. 10. She r… his help.
EXERCISE
15. Find
in the texts, translate, and analyze:
a)
grammar forms with the ending -ing:
the State Opening of the
Parliament
the opening battles
b)
grammar forms with the ending -ed:
the
United Kingdom
the
United States
was
christened
was
elected
was
trained
people
linked his name
Elizabeth
married Philip
he
was inaugurated
Queen
announced
was
called
is performed
prepared by the Prime Minister
c)
grammar forms with the ending -s:
|
nations |
United States |
|
parents |
battles |
|
duties |
a number of votes |
|
sons |
connections |
|
relatives |
public affairs |
|
United Kingdom’s royal |
trips |
|
the royal family’s name |
the armies |
|
descendants |
countries |
|
Queen Elizabeth’s many |
she makes |
|
regular visits |
EXERCISE
16. Complete
the following sentences in a logical way:
1.
Elizabeth II is the queen of the United Kingdom of …
2.
Elizabeth II is the head of…
3.
She became the queen at the age of…
4.
She was trained for the royal duties from …
5.
Elizabeth married Philip Mountbatten in…
6.
They had three sons and …
7.
Prince Charles became the heir to the throne when …
8.
The royal family is made up of…
9.
The royal family’s name is …
10.
But Queen Elizabeth announced that…
11.
Queen Elizabeth has many …
12.
One of the most important official duties is …
13.
The Queen reads a speech prepared for her by …
14.
The Queen also appoints …
15.
The defenders of the monarchy emphasize …
EXERCISE
17. Answer
the following questions about Royal Family of the UK:
1.
Which member of the Royal Family opened a building with the words:
«I declare this thing open, whatever it is»?
2.
What relation is Viscount Althorp to Princess Diana?
3.
Which of the present Royals said: «There are lots of new stars to
fill the centre stage. I’m in the back row of the chorus»?
4.
Which regiment did Prince Edward join up with when he was 18?
5.
In a TV interview, she was asked what she would like to be in
another life, she answered: «A long distance lorry driver».
Who said this?
6.
Which member of the Royal Family said: «If men had to have babies,
they would only have one»?
7.
Who gave this unforgettable piece of gardening advice: «To get the
best result, you must talk to your vegetables»?
8.
What was original about the birth of Prince William?
9.
Whose favorite dogs are corgis (порода
декоративных
собак)?
10. Who is the author of Budgie’s children books?
Answers:
1.
Prince Philip; 2. He is her brother; 3. Princess Alexandra; 4. The
Royal Marines; 5. The Princess Royal; 6. Princess Diana; 7. Prince
Charles; 8. First heir to the throne to be born in a hospital than a
palace; 9. Queen Elizabeth; 10. Duchess of York («Best»).
EXERCISE
18. Agree
or disagree with the following statements; add some more information:
1.
Prince Andrew became the heir to the throne. 2. Queen Elizabeth has
many duties. 3. George Washington is known as the «Father of his
Country». 4. G. Washington didn’t take part in the battles of
Revolution.
5. G. Washington lost connections with public affairs after leaving
the presidency.
EXERCISE
19. a)
Read and translate the following dialogue;
b)
memorize
and dramatize the dialogue;
c)
act
out a similar dialogue.
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Ответ:
1. общая площадь — total area
2. расположено в стороне от– located away from
3. отделяться от континента — separated from the continent
4. важная защита против — important protection
5. на протяжении всей истории — throughout history
6. соответственно- respectively
7. нельзя описать — beyond description/indescribable/can’t be described
8. южный полуостров- southern peninsula
9. протекают через — flowing through
10. самая оживленная — the busiest
11. родной язык — mother tongue
12. белый фон — white background
13. на обоих берегах — upon both banks
14. исторические дворцы — historical palaces
15. проводить время — spend time
16. тратить деньги — spend money
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Главная » Английский язык » Fain the text and read out english equivalents of these words and word combinations 1) жить в условиях города 2) решать проблемы окружающей среды 3) угрожать жизни людей, подвергать жизнь людей опасности 4) загрязнение водной среды 5) загрязнение
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GRAMMAR SECTION
Read and translate the text in a written form.
State system of the Russian Federation
The Russian Federation is set up by the Constitution of 1993. Under the Constitution Russia is a presidential republic. The federal government consists of three branches: legislative, executive and judicial. Each of them is checked and balanced by the President.
The legislative power is vested in the Federal Assembly. It consists of two chambers. The Upper Chamber is the Council of Federation; the Lower Chamber is the State Duma.
Each chamber is headed by the Speaker. The members of the Federal Assembly are elected by popular vote for a four year period.
Legislature maybe initiated in either of the two Chambers. But to become a law a bill must be approved by both Chambers and signed by the President. The President may veto the bill.
The President is commander in chief of the armed forces; he makes treaties, enforces laws, and appoints ministers to be approved by the Federal Assembly.
The executive power belongs to the Government which is headed by the Prime Minister. The first action of the Prime Minister on appointment is to form the Cabinet.
The judicial branch is represented by the Constitutional Court, the Supreme Court, the Supreme Court of Arbitration, and the regional courts.
The flag of Russia is a tricolor of three equal horizontal fields, white on the top, blue in the middle and red on the bottom. The national anthem of Russia is composed by Alexander Alexandrov. The hymn was adopted in late 2000 by President Vladimir Putin. A new State Emblem of the Russian Federation consists of a black two headed eagle crowned with two imperial crowns, over which the same third crown, enlarged. It is the most ancient symbol of Russia.
All these symbols are official. They have been approved by the Federal Assembly.
Государственная система Российской Федерации
Российская Федерация учреждена Конституцией 1993 года. В соответствии с Конституцией Россия является президентской республикой. Федеральное правительство состоит из трех ветвей: законодательной, исполнительной и судебной. Каждая из них уравновешивается Президентом.
Законодательная власть возложена на Федеральное Собрание. Оно состоит из двух палат. Верхняя палата – Совет Федерации; нижняя палата – Государственная Дума.
Каждая палата возглавляется спикером. Члены Федерального Собрания избираются всеобщим голосованием на четырехлетний период.
Законопроект может быть инициирован любой из двух палат. Но чтобы стать законом, законопроект должен быть одобрен обеими палатами и подписан Президентом. Президент может наложить вето на законопроект.
Президент является Верховным Главнокомандующим вооруженных сил; он заключает договоры, проводит в жизнь законы, назначает министров с одобрения Федерального Собрания.
Исполнительная власть принадлежит Правительству, возглавляемому Премьер-министром. Первое, что делает Премьер-министр по назначении – формирует Кабинет.
Судебная власть представлена Конституционным судом, Верховным судом, Высшим Арбитражным судом и региональными судами.
Флаг России – триколор из трех горизонтальных полос, белой вверху, синей в середине и красной внизу. Музыку к национальному гимну России написал Александр Александров. Гимн был принят в конце 2000 президентом Владимиром Путиным. Новый государственный герб Российской Федерации состоит из черного двухголового орла, увенчанного двумя императорскими коронами, над которыми находится третья, более крупная, корона. Это самый древний символ России.
Все эти символы являются официальными. Они были одобрены Федеральным Собранием.
Exercise 2.
Find the in the text the English equivalents for these words and word combinations. Translate them in a written form:
учредить согласно Конституции – to set up by the Constitution; президентская республика – presidential republic; законодательная, исполнительная, судебная власть – legislative, executive and judicial power; система сдержек и противовесов – checks and balances; возложить на – vest on; Федеральное собрание – Federal Assembly; Совет Федерации – the Council of Federation; Дума – Duma; избирать всеобщим голосованием – to elect by popular vote; одобрить / подписать закон – approve/sign a bill; наложить вето на законопроект – to veto a bill; Верховный Главнокомандующий – commander in chief; назначать министров – to appoint ministers; возглавлять правительство – to head the Government; Верховный суд – the Supreme Court; государственный / гимн / флаг / герб – state hymn/flag/emblem.
Exercise 3.
Complete these sentences:
1. Under the Constitution Russia is a presidential republic.
2. The federal government consists of three branches: legislative, executive and judicial.
3. The legislative power is vested in the Federal Assembly.
4. The Federal Assembly consists of two chambers.
5. To become a law a bill must be approved by both Chambers and signed by the President.
6. The executive power belongs to the Government.
7. The judicial branch is represented by the Constitutional Court, the Supreme Court, the Supreme Court of Arbitration, and the regional courts.
8. State symbols of the Russian Federation are hymn, flag and emblem.
Exercise 4.
Answer and the following questions. Sum up what you know about the political system of the Russian Federation. Write a summary.
1. What kind of political system does Russia have?
Russia has a democratic political system.
2. Is Russia is a presidential or parliamentary republic?
Russia is a presidential republic.
3. What are the advantages and disadvantages of the both forms of government?
In presidential republic it’s possible to make a quick necessary decision but there’s a danger of power misuse. In parliamentary republic power is divided between several or many equal persons but there’s no possibility to make a quick decisions.
4. What is the highest legislative body of Russia? How is it elected?
The highest legislative body of Russia is the Federal Assembly. Its lower chamber is elected by popular vote for four years.
5. Who can initiate legislature?
Legislature maybe initiated by Chambers of the Federal Assembly, by the President, by the Federal Government.
6. What stages must a Bill pass to become a law?
A bill is introduced to the State Duma. The State Duma adopts it and passes to the Council of Federation. The Council of Federation adopts the bill and refers it to the President. The President signs the bill and promulgates it.
7. What are the President’s responsibilities?
The President is commander in chief of the armed forces; he makes treaties, enforces laws, and appoints ministers to be approved by the Federal Assembly.
8. Who is the head of the executive power? Is the Government elected or appointed?
The head of the executive power is the Prime Minister. The Government is appointed.
9. Which courts is the judicial branch represented by?
The judicial branch is represented by the Constitutional Court, the Supreme Court, the Supreme Court of Arbitration, and the regional courts.
10. What are the official symbols of the Russian Federation?
The official symbols of the Russian Federation are hymn, flag and emblem.
English Tenses (Active Voice)
Ex. 1
Combine two simple sentences into a complex one with the subordinate clause of time or condition:
Model: First he’ll gain some experience as a house counsel. Then he’ll start his own practice (when).
– He’ll start his own practice when he gains some experience.
1. You must prove the guilt of the suspect. You will win the case. (if)
If you prove the guilt of the suspect you will win the case.
2. First you must spend two years as an articled clerk. Then you’ll become a solicitor. (after)
After you spend two years as an articled clerk you’ll become a solicitor.
3. The attorney will prepare the necessary documents. He’ll send the copy to the client. (as soon as)
As soon as the attorney prepares the necessary documents he’ll send the copy to the client.
4. “Sir, you do not know it to be good or bad. Only the judge can determine it”. (till)
You do not know it to be good or bad till the judge determines it.
5. Please, don’t touch anything. The police will be here in no time. (before)
Don’t touch anything before the police coming.
6. The counsel will not preserve the client’s confidence. He discloses his secrets. (if)
The counsel will not preserve the client’s confidence if he discloses his secrets.
7. He will succeed, I think. He devotes much time to the development of his own practice. (in case)
He will succeed in case he devotes much time to the development of his own practice.
8. He studies well. His legal education will probably last about five years. (providing).
Providing he studies well his legal education will last about five years
Ex. 2
Use either the Present Continuous or the Present Simple:
1. – I am very busy now. I
am preparing the documents on a very difficult case.
–
Are you doing it alone?
– No, two managing clerks
are helping me.
2. A solicitor
deals with matters outside the court.
3. The Law Society
regulates the conduct of solicitors in England.
4. What kind of law
do youpractise?
5. – What
is the attorney doing at present? – He is studying the particulars of the case.
6. I
don’t believe your evidence! You are lying!
7. Legal service costs
increase permanently due to inflation.
8. Attorney rarely
discusses with their clients the possibility of losing the case.
9.
Do you know what conveyancing means? – Conveyancing means making all the legal arrangements for the buying and selling of land, houses and other buildings.
10. Probate
is a type of work a lawyer does that deals with making a will for a client who, when he/she is dying, wishes to leave his/her property to certain persons or charities and making sure that his/her wishes are carried out.
11. The lawyer
serves effectively as an advocate only if he knows all that his client knows, concerning the facts of the case.
12.
Do you know if the number of lawyers is increasing or decreasing in the country nowadays?
Ex. 3
These are Jane’s notes for Monday.
Say, what her plans are, using the Present Continuous.
11 a.m. She is swimming in the pool.
1 p.m. She is having lunch.
3 p.m. She is watching through the preliminary investigation.
5 p.m. She is having tea with the friends.
6 p.m. She is taking part in the seminar on administrative law.
8 p.m. She is working at the English language laboratory.
10 p.m. She is reading some detective novel.
Ex. 4
Insert the proper forms to express the future actions:
1. The Government has been in the past and
will be in the future a major consumer of legal talent.
2. This argument
will not convince the judge.
3. I don’t trust this juror. I
’ll challengehim.
4. He’s a practitioner with long experience. I am sure he
will win the case.
5. Jack is in trouble and needs a legal backing. – I know. I
’m discussing his matter tomorrow.
6. I’ve decided to retire from the Federal Agency. – Have you? What
are you going to do?
7. Did you send him a summons? – Oh, I’m sorry. I completely forgot. I
’ll do it now.
8. Can I get your opinion on the case today? – No, you
will get it tomorrow.
9. What
are you doing at 11 tomorrow? – We’ll be having a seminar on civil law at this time.
Ответ:
1. The framework protects the organs form injury.
2. The upper extremity is connected with the chest by the shoulder or shoulder girdle.
3. The upper part of the trunk is the chest.
4. We breathe with the lungs.
5. The ear includes three principal parts: the external ear, the middle ear and the internal ear.
6. In the mouth there are gums with teeth.
7. We speak of the upper extremities (arms) and the lower extremities (legs)
8. The skull which contains the brain.
9. The principle parts of the human body are the head, the trunk and the limbs (extremities).
10. The heart contracts and makes 60-80 beats per minute.
11. We speak of the upper extremities (arms) and the lower extremities (legs).
12. The head consists of two parts: the skull which contains the brain, and the face which consists of the forehead, the eyes, the nose, the mouth, the cheeks, the ears and the chin.
13. The framework supports the soft parts.
14. protects the organs form injury.
15. Такого в тексте нет. Есть The bones are covered with muscles.
Объяснение: