Find in the text english equivalents for the following words and word and phrases

Study
all the texts and do the exercises marked with red.

Planned economies are
sometimes called “command economies” because the state commands
the use of resources (such as labour and factories) that are used to
produce goods and services as it owns factories, land and natural
resources. Planned economies are economies with a large amount of
central planning and direction, when the government takes all the
decisions, the government decides production and consumption.
Planning of this kind is obviously very difficult, very complicated
to do, and the result is that there is no society, which is
completely a command economy. The actual system employed varies from
state to state, but command or planned economies have a number of
common features.

Firstly, the state decides
precisely what the nation is to produce. It usually plans five years
ahead. It is the intention of the planners that there should be
enough goods and services for all. Secondly, industries are asked to
comply with these plans and each industry and factory is set a
production target to meet. If each factory and farm meets its target,
then the state will meet its targets as set out in five-year plans.
You could think of the factory and farm targets to be objectives
which, if met, allow the nation’s overall aim to be reached.

A
planned economy is simple to understand but not simple to operate. It
does, however, have a number of advantages:

—
Everyone in society receives enough goods and services to enjoy a
basic standard of living.

—
Nations do not waste resources duplicating production.

—
The state can use its control of the economy to divert resources to
wherever it wants. As a result, it can ensure that everyone receives
a good education, proper health care or that transport is available.

Several disadvantages also
exist. It is these disadvantages that have led to many nations
abandoning planned economies over recent years:

—
There is no incentive for individuals to work hard in planned
economies.

—
Any profits that are made are paid to the government.

—
Citizens can not start their own businesses and so new ideas rarely
come forward.

—
As a result, industries in planned economies can be very inefficient.

A
major problem faced by command or planned economies is that of
deciding what to produce. Command economies tend to be slow when
responding to changes in people’s tastes and fashions. Planners are
likely to underproduce some items as they cannot predict changes in
demand. Equally, some products, which consumers regard as obsolete
and unattractive, may be overproduced. Planners are afraid to produce
goods and services unless they are sure substantial amounts will be
purchased. This leads to delays and queues for some products.

1. Find in the text English equivalents for the following phrases:

Имеющиеся в
распоряжении ресурсы; управлять
использованием ресурсов; управление
экономикой; отказываться от плановой
экономики; иметь общие черты; подчиняться
пятилетнему плану; значительное
количество; ставить производственные
задачи; полученная прибыль; стимул к
эффективной работе; перебои и очереди;
реагировать на изменение спроса;
предсказывать изменение спроса.

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