Find in the text english equivalents for the following russian words and word combinations

Find in the text English equivalents to the following Russians words and word combinations : — Универсальный ; — Набор инструкций ; — Блок памяти ; — Форма двоичного кодирования ; — Контрольные сигналы , которые нужно вернуть на обработку ; — Параметр изменений в измерительном процессе ; — Кристалл интегральной схемы ; — Кристалл интерфейса ввода / вывода ; — Большая интегральная схема ; — Система промышленного управления ; — Сохранение и корректировки ; — Большое количество данных и информации ; — Двоичная цифра ; — Схема синхронизации ; — Выполнять ; — Предшественник ; — Соответствующий ; — Точность , аккуратность ; — Придавать особого значения ; — Внешний.

WHAT CAN COMPUTERS DO?

From the first electronic digital computers of the forties to today’s versatile computers and most up — to — date microcomputers, very little has changed as far as basic computer operation is concerned.

In the last thirty years, vast improvement in the size, speed and capabilities of computers have taken place.

But today digital computers still use the same logical operations as their predecessors.

There are many basic concepts that can be applied to all types of computers, including microcomputers.

For the most part, human beings can do whatever computers can do, but computers can do it with much greater speed and accuracy, though computers perform all their calculations and operations one step at a time.

A computer is faster and more accurate than people, but unlike most people it must be given a complete set of instructions that tell it exactly what to do at each step of its operation.

This set of instructions, called a programme, is prepared by one or more persons for each job a computer is to do.

These programmes are placed in the computer memory unit in binary — coded form, with each instruction having unique code.

Computers are often used in applications where the results of their calculations are required immediately to be used in process controlling.

These are called real — time applications ; they are often found in industrial process control in industries such as paper mills, oil refineries, chemical plants, and many others.

The measuring systems send their signals to the computer which processes them and responds with appropriate control signals to be sent back to the process.

Computers in present use range considerably : from tiny things to big fellows.

The microcomputer, for one, is the smallest and the newest member of the computer family.

It usually consists of several integrated circuit chips, including a microprocessor chip, memory chips, and input / output interface chips which are the result of tremendous advances in large — scale integration.

Minicomputers are larger than microcomputers, they are widely used in industrial control systems, scientific institutions, and research laboratories.

Although more expensive than microcomputers, minicomputers continue to be widely used because they are generally faster and possess more capabilities.

The largest computers (“maxicomputers”) are those found in research centers, large scientific laboratories, big universities.

Most of the computer principles and concepts are common to all categories of computers, although there can be tremendous variations from computer to computer.

A question sometimes arises whether computers are able to think.

As a matter of fact they do not think.

It is the computer programmer who provides a programme of instructions and data which specifies every detail of what to do, how to do, and when to do it.

The computer is simply a high — speed machine which can manipulate data, solve problems, and make decisions, all under the control of the programme.

If the programmer makes a mistake in the programme or puts in the wrong data, the computer will produce wrong results.

Every computer contains five essential elements or units : the arithmetical logical unit, the memory unit, the control unit, the input unit, and the output unit.

The arithmetical logical unit is the area of the computer in which arithmetical and logical operations are performed on data.

The memory unit stores groups of binary digits (words) that can represent instructions (programme) which the computer is to perform and the data that are to be operated on by the progrmamme.

The input unit consists of all the devices used to take information and data that are external to the computer and put it into the memory unit.

The output unit consists of the devices used to transfer data and information from the computer to the outside world.

The control unit directs the operation of all the other units by providing timing and control signals.

This unit contains logic and timing circuits that generate the signal necessary to execute each instruction in a programme.

Find in the text English equivalents to the following Russians words and word combinations: — Схема; — Давать, выпускать; — Промежуточный; — Вызвать; — Электрический импульс; — Последовательность (таких) импульсов; — Исходные данные; — Превращать слова в цифры; — Пробивать; — Телетайпная лента; — Подавать, питать; — Электронно-счетная машина; — Молниеносная скорость; — Неограниченные возможности; — Наоборот; — Последовательность, порядок, ряд; — Для управления автоматизированным производством; — Умножение; — Деление; — Пробивать цифры.ELECTRONIC BRAIN Computers represent a completely new branch of science, the first of them appeared more than half a century ago. Although still now, these machines have already brought about a real revolution in science, technology, statistics, and automatic control.The reason for this lies in the fact that a mathematical formula can be found for almost all scientific and technical problems. They can be solved without a computer but it would require millions of arithmetical operations. No wonder that many problems of exceptional importance remained unsolved for a long time, the volume of the calculations required being above human possibilities. A high speed electronic computer can carry out several thousand arithmetical operations in one second. A calculation, which would have taken several years of intense human work in the past, is now done in a few minutes or hours. The principle of this wonderful machine lies in counting electric impulses. Numbers are represented as a sequence of such impulses, and a radio-technical scheme counts them carrying out addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division; all higher mathematical calculations being reduced to these four operations.If we introduce into the scheme first one number and then another, the result will yield the sum of these two numbers. Subtraction is reduced to the addition of negative numbers. Multiplication is done by repeated additions of the necessary number of times, a division – by repeated subtraction. Electronic machines work according to a programme prepared in advance which determines the sequence of operations. They have a very efficient electronic “memory” which stores the initial data, the intermediate numbers and final results as well as the working commands given to the machine. The electronic machine can also be used for automatic product control. This machine can also be used to make translations from one language into another by converting words into figures and vice versa. This is how the translation is done from English into French, for example.The English words are converted into figures using a number for each letter: thus if a– 16, n – 15, d – 30, the word “and” becomes “161530” . These figures are punched out on a teletype ribbon. The ribbon is fed into the electronic calculating machine, into which “a vocabulary” has been installed in advance with all the words, English and French converted into figures. The machine “searches” (by a sequence of electronic impulses) all through the English section of its vocabulary for a number corresponding to each word that has been fed into it; each stage in this “search” occupies about one ten thousandth of a second. Having found the right number on the English side, the machine automatically begins to search on the French side at the same lightning speed, and the resulting translation comes out printed on a teletype ribbon in French. All the instruments invented up to now have served to save human labour. But it is electronic computers which have come to the help of the human brain, thus opening up boundless possibilities.

Усилить
сигнал, аналоговая сеть, амплитудная
модуляция, канал передачи, фазовая
манипуляция, уплотнение с временным
разделением, низкочастотный аналоговый
сигнал, шумовой порог, несущая,
радиопередача, устанавливать связь,
преобразовать сигнал, дискретное
значение, двухточечное соединение,
связь по телефонной линии.

2 Using the text give
derivatives from the following words and translate them into Russian:

To
communicate, to transmit, to attenuate, to repeat, to modulate, to
inform, to continue, to distinguish, to route.

3 Answer the following
questions:

1 What is telecommunication?

2 What does a
telecommunication system consist of?

3 What is point-to-point
communication?

4 What is an advantage of
digital signals over analog ones?

5 What is a network?

6 What types of networks are
used for transmission of information?

7 What allows distinguishing
attenuation from noise?

8 What is modulation and what
is it used for?

9 What keying techniques
exist?

10 What modulation schemes are
there?

4 Fill in the table using
the information from the text:

Device	Function

5
Choose the definition that fits each word as it is used in the text:

Communication 1)
the act or an instance of communicating, the imparting or exchange of
information, ideas, or feelings;

2)
smth. communicated, such as message, letter, or

telephone
call.

Network 1)
a system of interconnected computer systems,

terminals,
and other equipment allowing information to be exchanged;

2)
a group of broadcasting stations that all transmit the same programme
simultaneously;

3)
a system of interconnected components or circuits.

Noise 1)
undesired or irrelevant elements in a visual image;

2)
any undesired electrical disturbance in a circuit,

degrading
the usual information in a signal.

Channel 1)
a course into which smth. can be directed or moved;

2) a band of radiofrequencies assigned for a particular

purpose,
ecially
the broadcasting or a television signal;

3) a path for an electromagnetic signal.

Value
1) precise meaning or significance;

2) the particular quantity that is the result of applying

a function or operation for some given argument.

6 Fill the blanks using the words below:

receiver,
transmission, network, switches, transceiver, modulation, modulated.

1
Connection between users is established by…..

2
…..is a device acting as both a transmitter and …..

3
The shaping of a signal to convey information is known as ….

4
In terminal repeater stations speech signals are …. and combined
before ….

5
A collection of transmitters, receivers or transceivers that
communicate with each other constitute a …

Text
2

Telephone

In
an analogue telephone network, the caller
is connected to the person he wants to talk to by switches at various
telephone
exchanges.
The switches form an electrical connection between the two users and
the setting of these switches is determined electronically when the
caller dials
the number. Once the connection is made, the caller’s voice is
transformed to an electrical signal using a small microphone
in the caller’s handset.
This electrical signal is then sent through the network to the user
at the other end where it transformed back into sound by a small
speaker
in that person’s handset. There is a separate electrical connection
that works in reverse, allowing the users to converse.

The
fixed-line
telephones in most residential homes are analogue – that is, the
speaker’s voice directly determines the signal’s voltage. Although
short-distance calls may be handled from end-to-end as analogue
signals, increasingly telephone service providers are transparently
converting the signals to digital for transmission before converting
them back to analogue for reception. The advantage of this is that
digitized voice data can travel side-by-side with data from the
Internet and can be perfectly reproduced in long distance
communication (as opposed to analogue signals that are inevitably
impacted by noise).

Mobile
phones have had a significant impact on telephone networks. Mobile
phone subscriptions now outnumber fixed-line subscriptions in many
markets. Increasingly these phones are being serviced by systems
where the voice content is transmitted digitally such as GSM
or W-CDMA
with many markets choosing to depreciate analogue systems such as
AMPS.
There have also been changes in telephone communication. The
widespread adoption of systems is based on optic
fibers.
The benefit of communicating with optic fibers is that they offer
increase in data capacity, due to several factors: First, optic
fibers are physically much smaller than competing technologies.
Second, they do not suffer from crosstalk
which means several hundred of them can be easily bundled together in
a single cable. Lastly, improvements in multiplexing have led to an
exponential growth in the data capacity of a single fiber.

EXERCISES

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