Find english equivalents to the following russian word combinations несчастный

2.     Write
the past simple of the verbs in the correct box.

Want,
open, wash, work, carry, cook, clean, watch, play, visit, travel, listen

1)   
/id/:

2)   
/t/:

3)   
/d/:

3.     Put
the words in the correct order to make questions.

1.     bed
/ when / to / you / yesterday / did / go?

2.     you
/ what / do / did / Sunday / last?

3.     visit
/ you / your / did / weekend / grandparents / last?

4.      friend
/ meet / did / when / you / your / best?

4.
Make sentences in the Past Simple.

1.     He
____________ (work) in the bank last year.

2.     She
______________ (meet) him.

3.     I
___________ (not / write) a letter 2 days ago.

4.     _________________
(she / study) last night?

5.     ________________
(we / arrive) last yesterday?

6.     I
______________ (see) Kate last week.

7.     How
many friends ___________________ (you / invite) on your last birthday?

8.     He
_____________ (buy) a pair of shoes yesterday.

9.     I
_______________ (catch) the bus on my way home last Sunday.

10. We
__________________ (not / travel) to London in 2006.

11. You ______________
(not / call) me.

12. I
___________________ (visit) Paris last year.

5.     Find
English equivalents to the following Russian word combinations.

4.     Write
the past simple of the verbs in the correct box.

Want,
open, wash, work, carry, cook, clean, watch, play, visit, travel, listen

1.     /id/:
wanted,
visited,

2.     /t/:
washed, worked, cooked, watched,

3.     /d/:
opened, carried, cleaned, played, travelled, listened

5.     Put
the words in the correct order to make questions.

1.      When
did you go to bed yesterday?

2.     What
did you do last Sunday?

3.     Did
you visit your grandparents last weekend?

4.     When
did you meet your best friend?

4.
Make sentences in the Past Simple.

13.   Worked.

14.  met

15.  Didn’t write

16.  Did she study

17.  Did we arrive

18.  Saw

19.  Did you invite

20.  Bought

21.  Caught

22.  Didn’t travel

23.  Didn’t call

24.  Visited

6.     Find
English equivalents to the following Russian word combinations.

№	English term	Russian equivalent
1	to be rich in carbohydrates, proteins and fats
2	simple ingredients
3	a waste product
4	raw materials
5	external source of free energy
6	to be supplied by sunlight
7	light-dependent stage
8	light-independent stage
9	to form cell walls
10	complex organic substances
11	the main site of photosynthesis
12	a fluid-filled compartment

VII. Find synonyms among the pool of words:

Pool of words	Synonyms
1)1.plant /2.substance /3. material /4.herb
2)1.digestion /2.energy /3.assimilation /4. power
3)1.obtain /2.act /3.connect /4.join /5.react /6.get
4)1.gather/2.enclose /3.surround /4.accumulate

VIII. Answer the following questions. Use all information given before:

1. What is plant material
rich in?

2. Do plants make their food
for themselves?

3. What is chlorophyll?

4. What is the role of
chlorophyll?

5. What process is called
photosynthesis?

6. What are two main stages
in photosynthesis?

7. What is the difference
between light-dependent and light-independent stage?

8. What is the main site of
photosynthesis in most plants?

IX. Match the sentence halves. Make complete sentences:

1.	Most plants have no structures	A.	plants make it for themselves using simple ingredients.
2.	Instead of obtaining their food from other organisms,	B.	to trap light energy and use it to make sugars.
3.	A typical plant takes in carbon dioxide (from the air) and water (from the soil)	C.	which contain all the biochemical machinery necessary for the light-dependent and light-independent stages of photosynthesis.
4.	A green substance, chlorophyll, enables the plant	D.	as the raw material for other chemical reactions.
5.	The process of using sunlight to build up complex substances from simpler ones is	E.	and builds these up into sugars and other complex substances.
6.	There are two main stages in photosynthesis: a light-dependent stage in which water is broken down into hydrogen and oxygen using light energy;	F.	for ingesting and digesting food.
7.	The glucose formed by photosynthesis is used	G.	And light-independent stage in which the hydrogen reacts with carbon dioxide to form a carbohydrate.
8.	These green parts have chloroplasts,	H.	called photosynthesis.

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безопасность — security             страхование — insurance

доход — income                            благополучие — welfare

вклад/взнос — contribution          служба — service

налог — tax                                    работодатель — employer

работник — employee                  регулярное денежное пособие — allowance

пенсия/пособие — benefit                оплата/выплата — payment

Ответ:

1. Give the Russian equivalents of the following words and word combinations:

the course of studies — курс обучения;

primary school — начальная школа;

secondary school — средняя школа;

previously — ранее;

creche — ясли;

lyceum — лицей;

gymnasium — гимназия;

free of charge — бесплатно;

curriculum — программа обучения;

demand — спрос, востребованность;

to adapt — адапировать(ся);

to extend — продлевать;

to conduct — проводить;

transition — переход;

vocational school — профессионально-техническое училище;

higher school — высшая школа;

competitive — конкурентоспособный;

ability — способность;

to be involved in — участвовать в;

postgraduate courses — курсы повышения квалификации/послевузовское образование

Find in the text English equivalents to the following Russians words and word combinations : — Универсальный ; — Набор инструкций ; — Блок памяти ; — Форма двоичного кодирования ; — Контрольные сигналы , которые нужно вернуть на обработку ; — Параметр изменений в измерительном процессе ; — Кристалл интегральной схемы ; — Кристалл интерфейса ввода / вывода ; — Большая интегральная схема ; — Система промышленного управления ; — Сохранение и корректировки ; — Большое количество данных и информации ; — Двоичная цифра ; — Схема синхронизации ; — Выполнять ; — Предшественник ; — Соответствующий ; — Точность , аккуратность ; — Придавать особого значения ; — Внешний.

WHAT CAN COMPUTERS DO?

From the first electronic digital computers of the forties to today’s versatile computers and most up — to — date microcomputers, very little has changed as far as basic computer operation is concerned.

In the last thirty years, vast improvement in the size, speed and capabilities of computers have taken place.

But today digital computers still use the same logical operations as their predecessors.

There are many basic concepts that can be applied to all types of computers, including microcomputers.

For the most part, human beings can do whatever computers can do, but computers can do it with much greater speed and accuracy, though computers perform all their calculations and operations one step at a time.

A computer is faster and more accurate than people, but unlike most people it must be given a complete set of instructions that tell it exactly what to do at each step of its operation.

This set of instructions, called a programme, is prepared by one or more persons for each job a computer is to do.

These programmes are placed in the computer memory unit in binary — coded form, with each instruction having unique code.

Computers are often used in applications where the results of their calculations are required immediately to be used in process controlling.

These are called real — time applications ; they are often found in industrial process control in industries such as paper mills, oil refineries, chemical plants, and many others.

The measuring systems send their signals to the computer which processes them and responds with appropriate control signals to be sent back to the process.

Computers in present use range considerably : from tiny things to big fellows.

The microcomputer, for one, is the smallest and the newest member of the computer family.

It usually consists of several integrated circuit chips, including a microprocessor chip, memory chips, and input / output interface chips which are the result of tremendous advances in large — scale integration.

Minicomputers are larger than microcomputers, they are widely used in industrial control systems, scientific institutions, and research laboratories.

Although more expensive than microcomputers, minicomputers continue to be widely used because they are generally faster and possess more capabilities.

The largest computers (“maxicomputers”) are those found in research centers, large scientific laboratories, big universities.

Most of the computer principles and concepts are common to all categories of computers, although there can be tremendous variations from computer to computer.

A question sometimes arises whether computers are able to think.

As a matter of fact they do not think.

It is the computer programmer who provides a programme of instructions and data which specifies every detail of what to do, how to do, and when to do it.

The computer is simply a high — speed machine which can manipulate data, solve problems, and make decisions, all under the control of the programme.

If the programmer makes a mistake in the programme or puts in the wrong data, the computer will produce wrong results.

Every computer contains five essential elements or units : the arithmetical logical unit, the memory unit, the control unit, the input unit, and the output unit.

The arithmetical logical unit is the area of the computer in which arithmetical and logical operations are performed on data.

The memory unit stores groups of binary digits (words) that can represent instructions (programme) which the computer is to perform and the data that are to be operated on by the progrmamme.

The input unit consists of all the devices used to take information and data that are external to the computer and put it into the memory unit.

The output unit consists of the devices used to transfer data and information from the computer to the outside world.

The control unit directs the operation of all the other units by providing timing and control signals.

This unit contains logic and timing circuits that generate the signal necessary to execute each instruction in a programme.

Find in the text English equivalents to the following Russians words and word combinations :— Универсальный ;

— Набор инструкций ;

— Блок памяти;

— Форма двоичного кодирования ;

— Контрольные сигналы , которые нужно вернуть на обработку ;

— Параметр изменений в измерительном процессе ;

— Кристалл интегральной схемы;

— Кристалл интерфейса ввода / вывода;

— Большая интегральная схема ;

— Система промышленного управления ;

— Сохранение и корректировки ;

— Большое количество данных и информации;

— Двоичная цифра ;

— Схема синхронизации ;

— Выполнять ;

— Предшественник ;

— Соответствующий ;

— Точность , аккуратность ;

— Придавать особого значения ;

— Внешний.

WHAT CAN COMPUTERS DO?

From the first electronic digital

computers of the forties to today’s versatile computers and most up-to-date

microcomputers, very little has changed as far as basic computer operation is

concerned. In the last thirty years, vast improvement in the size, speed and

capabilities of computers have taken place. But today digital computers still

use the same logical operations as their predecessors. There are many basic concepts that

can be applied to all types of computers, including microcomputers.

For the most part, human beings can do whatever

computers can do, but computers can do it with much greater speed and accuracy,

though computers perform all their calculations and operations one step at a

time. A computer is faster and more accurate than people, but unlike most

people it must be given a complete set of instructions that tell it exactly

what to do at each step of its operation. This set of instructions, called a

programme, is prepared by one or more persons for each job a computer is to do.

These programmes are placed in the computer memory unit in binary-coded form,

with each instruction having unique code.

Computers are often used in applications where the

results of their calculations are required immediately to be used in process controlling.

These are called real-time applications; they are often found in industrial

process control in industries such as paper mills, oil refineries, chemical

plants, and many others. The measuring systems send their signals to the

computer which processes them and responds with appropriate control signals to

be sent back to the process. Computers in present use range considerably: from

tiny things to big fellows. The microcomputer, for one, is the smallest and the

newest member of the computer family. It usually consists of several integrated

circuit chips, including a microprocessor chip, memory chips, and input /

output interface chips which are the result of tremendous advances in

large-scale integration.

Minicomputers are larger than microcomputers,

they are widely used in industrial control systems, scientific institutions,

and research laboratories. Although more expensive than microcomputers,

minicomputers continue to be widely used because they are generally faster and

possess more capabilities.

The largest computers (“maxicomputers”)

are those found in research centers, large scientific laboratories, big

universities. Most of the computer principles and concepts are common to all

categories of computers, although there can be tremendous variations from

computer to computer.

A question sometimes arises whether

computers are able to think. As a matter of fact they do not think. It is the

computer programmer who provides a programme of instructions and data which

specifies every detail of what to do, how to do, and when to do it. The

computer is simply a high-speed machine which can manipulate data, solve

problems, and make decisions, all under the control of the programme. If the

programmer makes a mistake in the programme or puts in the wrong data, the

computer will produce wrong results.

Every computer contains five

essential elements or units: the arithmetical logical unit, the memory unit,

the control unit, the input unit, and the output unit.

The arithmetical logical unit is

the area of the computer in which arithmetical and logical operations are

performed on data.

The memory unit stores groups of

binary digits (words) that can represent instructions (programme) which the

computer is to perform and the data that are to be operated on by the

progrmamme.

The input unit consists of all

the devices used to take information and data that are external to the computer

and put it into the memory unit. The output unit consists of the devices used

to transfer data and information from the computer to the outside world. The

control unit directs the operation of all the other units by providing timing

and control signals. This unit contains logic and timing circuits that generate

the signal necessary to execute each

instruction in a programme.

Find in the text English equivalents to the following Russians words and word combinations: — Схема; — Давать, выпускать; — Промежуточный; — Вызвать; — Электрический импульс; — Последовательность (таких) импульсов; — Исходные данные; — Превращать слова в цифры; — Пробивать; — Телетайпная лента; — Подавать, питать; — Электронно-счетная машина; — Молниеносная скорость; — Неограниченные возможности; — Наоборот; — Последовательность, порядок, ряд; — Для управления автоматизированным производством; — Умножение; — Деление; — Пробивать цифры.ELECTRONIC BRAIN Computers represent a completely new branch of science, the first of them appeared more than half a century ago. Although still now, these machines have already brought about a real revolution in science, technology, statistics, and automatic control.The reason for this lies in the fact that a mathematical formula can be found for almost all scientific and technical problems. They can be solved without a computer but it would require millions of arithmetical operations. No wonder that many problems of exceptional importance remained unsolved for a long time, the volume of the calculations required being above human possibilities. A high speed electronic computer can carry out several thousand arithmetical operations in one second. A calculation, which would have taken several years of intense human work in the past, is now done in a few minutes or hours. The principle of this wonderful machine lies in counting electric impulses. Numbers are represented as a sequence of such impulses, and a radio-technical scheme counts them carrying out addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division; all higher mathematical calculations being reduced to these four operations.If we introduce into the scheme first one number and then another, the result will yield the sum of these two numbers. Subtraction is reduced to the addition of negative numbers. Multiplication is done by repeated additions of the necessary number of times, a division – by repeated subtraction. Electronic machines work according to a programme prepared in advance which determines the sequence of operations. They have a very efficient electronic “memory” which stores the initial data, the intermediate numbers and final results as well as the working commands given to the machine. The electronic machine can also be used for automatic product control. This machine can also be used to make translations from one language into another by converting words into figures and vice versa. This is how the translation is done from English into French, for example.The English words are converted into figures using a number for each letter: thus if a– 16, n – 15, d – 30, the word “and” becomes “161530” . These figures are punched out on a teletype ribbon. The ribbon is fed into the electronic calculating machine, into which “a vocabulary” has been installed in advance with all the words, English and French converted into figures. The machine “searches” (by a sequence of electronic impulses) all through the English section of its vocabulary for a number corresponding to each word that has been fed into it; each stage in this “search” occupies about one ten thousandth of a second. Having found the right number on the English side, the machine automatically begins to search on the French side at the same lightning speed, and the resulting translation comes out printed on a teletype ribbon in French. All the instruments invented up to now have served to save human labour. But it is electronic computers which have come to the help of the human brain, thus opening up boundless possibilities.