Find eight crimes in the word search

На этой странице вы найдете английскую лексику на тему «Преступление» (Crime).

Crimes — Преступления
burglary	кража со взломом
robbery	грабеж
rape	насилие
murder	убийство
arson	поджог
assault	словесное оскорбление
inciting racial hatred	разжигание расовой ненависти
contract killing	заказное убийство
forgery	подделка (документов, денег)
manslaughter	убийство по неосторожности
shoplifting	магазинные кражи
theft	воровство
treason	гос.измена
vandalism	вандализм
white-collar crime	должностное преступление
homicide	убийство человека
house-breaking	проникновение в дом, взлом
extortion	вымогательство
hacking	компьютерные атаки
motor vehicle theft	угон автомобиля
pilferage	мелкая кража
pickpocketing	карманная кража
hijack	угон самолета
smuggling	контрабандный ввоз
kidnapping	похищение с целью выкупа
drug traffic	торговля наркотиками
disorderly conduct	нарушение общественного порядка
mugging	уличное ограбление
bribery	взяточничество
slander	клевета (устная)
libel	клевета (письменная)
perjury	лжесвидетельство
complicity	соучастие в преступлении
harassment	домогательство
money laundering	отмывание денег

Punishment — наказание
penal servitude	каторга
exile	ссылка
banishment	депортация
penitentiary	исправительная колония
to reprimand	сделать выговор
death penalty	смертная казнь
capital punishment	высшая мера наказания
confinement	тюремное заключение
imprisonment	лишение свободы
a heavy fines	крупный штраф
a prison sentence	приговор к тюремному заключению
a suspend sentence	условное заключение
a corporal punishment	телесное наказание
crucifixion	распятие
electrocution	казнь на электрическом стуле
eviction	лишение имущества
firing squad	расстрел
gas chamber	газовая камера
hanging	казнь через повешение
lethal injection	смертельная инъекция
life imprisonment	пожизненное заключение
lynching	линчевание, самосуд
probation	условное освобождение
public execution	публичная смертная казнь
solitary confinement	одиночное заключение
community service	общественные работы
In the court — в суде
a solicitor	адвокат
convict	осужденный
culprit	обвиняемый, подсудимый
a prosecutor	обвинитель, прокурор
suspect	подозреваемый
a witness	свидетель
felony	уголовное преступление
cross-examination	перекрестный допрос
to serve a sentence	отбывать наказание
to serve on a jury	выступать в роли присяжного
a circuit judge	окружной судья
petty offence	незначительные правонарушения
a plaintiff	истец, заявитель
attorney for defense	адвокат по защите
presiding judge	главный судья
bailiff	судебный пристав
defendant	ответчик, обвиняемый
jury	присяжные
misdemeanor	судебно наказуемый проступок
a sentence/verdict	приговор
to accuse/charge with	обвинять
to bring lawsuit	привести иск
a clerk of the court	секретарь суда
to condemn/sentence to death	приговорить к смерти
to file a complaint	подавать жалобу
to interrogate/question	допрашивать
to plead guilty	признать себя виновным
to put in prison	заключать в тюрьму
warrant of arrest	ордер на арест

42

Unit 5

mmar in context Less… than, (not)as… 1

as

Read the sentences and put the correct symbol (> for more than or < for less than) after each one. 1 2 3 4 5

Wood is less heavy than metal. TV is more popular than the cinema. Europe isn’t as hot as Africa. Learning Japanese is harder than learning English. Eating chocolate is not as healthy as eating fruit.

2 Compare the two things using the adjective and less… and (not)as…

5

<

Rewrite the answers using too or not… place in the sentence. 1

enough in the correct

Why don’t you go to school now? Because it’s early.

-*

Because it’s too, earn. 2

Why can’t you carry that big bag? Because it’s heavy. -*

than

as. 3

1

Italy -* big

Russia.

2

Hamsters -» dangerous -» snakes.

Why isn’t she a professional pianist? Because she isn’t good. -»

4

Why can’t you ride a motorbike? Because I’m 15 — I’m not old. ->

3

The River Thames -> long -» the Amazon. 5

4

A kilo of gold -> heavy -> a kilo of rice.

5

Chocolate -» expensive -» caviar.

Why can’t you finish reading that book? Because it’s got 800 pages — it’s long.

6

Why don’t people swim in the Arctic Ocean? Because the water isn’t warm. -»

7

Too and frofl елоу^Л

Because the flight is expensive. -*

3 Complete the sentences with the correct words. 1

He’s 50. He’s

8

old to be a professional football

3

When you’re 15, you aren’t old

to drive.

I can’t buy that computer. It’s £600 and I’ve only got £450. It’s too

4

She plays the guitar really well. She’s

enough

to become a professional musician. 5

Those shoes are size 10 and your feet are size 8. The shoes are too

4

for you.

Rewrite the sentences using too or not… 1

Why isn’t he in the school football team? Because he isn’t fit. ->

player. 2

Why can’t you go to New Zealand?

enough.

He’s too young to vote.

Grammar extension 6

Put the words in order to make sentences. Then write true (T) or false (F) after each one. 1

I not vote old am enough to.

2

Bicycles expensive are motorbikes than less.

3

The in leopard fastest world the is the animal.

4

as tigers Dolphins dangerous are as.

5

I to too to school old am go.

6

important in Latin language the the now world is most.

7

high K2 not as as Everest is.

8

hot polar the Sahara It bears for is too in live to.

He 2

I’m not rich enough to buy that. I

3

Megan isn’t tall enough to close the top window. Megan

4

Her car is too slow to win the race. Her car

5

_

That documentary is too boring to watch twice. That documentary

Unit 5

Negotiating

Describing photos

1

5

2

Choose the correct alternative. 1

How about 1дшКЬ/ш1Ф/ШШЬ.Ш

2 3 4

Shall we tggg/gg/gging out this afternoon? Why don’t we tgj.ee/see/seeing that? Let’s tggg/gg/gging for a walk in the park.

3

n

‘

ma

* t h e cinema?

Put sentences 1-4 in 1 in the correct place in the dialogue. BOY:

(a)

GIRL:

OK. Where could we go?

BOY:

(b)

GIRL:

Hmm. I’m not sure. I’m a bit tired of walking.

BOY:

Yeah, we walked a lot this morning, didn’t we?

(0 GIRL:

That’s a good idea. What’s on?

BOY:

There’s a new comedy about Robin Hood.

GIRL:

No, I prefer a drama.

BOY:

OK. How about that new film with CharlizeTheron?

GIRL:

Great! I love CharlizeTheron!

(d)

3a Read the dialogue again. Find different ways of responding to suggestions and write them in the table. Yes

No

Maybe

OK.

3b Complete the table with any other phrases you know. 4

Write a dialogue using the chart below. Nick:

I

I il

Cathy:

Suggest doing something tonight. 1

Say yes. But what? 2

4Г Suggest going to the cinema. 3

Suggest eating out. 5

Suggest Italian.

Say no. Nothing good on at the moment.

Say yes. What type of restaurant? 6

7

Say yes to Chinese. 9

Unit 5

Say no. Prefer Chinese. 8

Look at the photo and answer the questions. If you are not sure of something, use I think and/or I imagine.

‘ Developing writing A description of a TV programme

Are these statements saying good things or bad things about

1 Read this email from a boy called Adam. Match the correct title with the paragraphs in his email.

1

Adverts can be funny.

2

Adverts can be stereotypical.

3

Adverts can be informative.

4

Adverts interrupt programmes you want to watch.

5

Adverts can show lots of creativity.

6

Adverts give you time to get something to eat or drink.

7

Adverts can be very expensive.

8

Adverts can be boring.

9

Adverts are repeated too often.

adverts?

Paragraph 1 Paragraph 2 Paragraph 3 1 General news 2 His opinion about watching too much television 3 A description of his favourite programme 4 5 6 7 8

A description of a recent programme he hated Reason for writing His suggestion for making TV better His general opinion ofTV at the moment The good and bad things about adverts

Get Mail

Write

Contacts

Reply

Forward

w

Delete

10 I

A

Print

Hi Liz, 1

How are things? I’m w r i t i n g about t h a t new series which

Qood

Adverts can make you think.

Write an email to a friend using this paragraph plan. Use expressions of opinion and give reasons for your opinions. Paragraph 1: Reason for writing — you saw an advert last night that was really good/bad Paragraph 2: The good things about adverts Paragraph 3: The bad things about adverts

was on TV last night. Did you see it? I saw the adverts for it all week and it looked really cool so I decided t o watch it. But I was really disappointed! 2

Get Mail

Write

Contacts

Reply

Forward

Delete

Print

Personally, I d o n ‘ t like soaps but the adverts said that this one was different. I t w a s n ‘ t ! As f a r as I’m concerned, it was as boring as every other soap I’ve seen.The actors were a w f u l and the story just wasn’t interesting. And another thing — they stopped f o r adverts every five or six minutes.

3

In my opinion, television in general is getting worse and worse. I think the new series a r e n ‘ t as good or original as the old ones.The only thing I w a t c h are old f i l m s . But a 90-minute f i l m takes t w o hours because of all the adverts! Is it just me or is t h a t really annoying?

Let me know w h a t you t h i n k . Adam

2 Read the email again and underline any expressions of opinion you can find. 3

Find Adam’s opinion of the programme he saw last night and his opinion of TV in general. What reasons does he give to

explain his opinion? 1

He jiked/didnXljke the programme he saw last night because

2

He !i.k^does_n’iljkeTv in general now because

Unit 5

45

Grammar

• Be going to, will, may, might

Vocabulary

•Geographical features

Speaking

• Making arrangements

Writing

• A formal letter

• Zero conditional and first conditi

• The environment

• Different uses of;

• Vocabulary Geographical features

The environment

1

3

Complete the crossword.

C o m p l e t e these w o r d s a n d t h e n m a t c h t h e m t o t h e correct pictures. Ir gr r

Across

1

a long line o f very big hills

3

an area w i t h a lot o f trees

5

an area w i t h a lot o f sand, b u t n o t m a n y plants and almost no water

Down

2

similar t o 3 across, b u t here it rains a lot

4

an area next t o the sea w i t h sand, w h e r e some people go t o spend their holidays

6

a big, cold area t h a t covers t h e land and sea around the N o r t h and South Pole

7 2

a tropical area w i t h a lot o f plants, trees, animals and insects

Use t h e w o r d s in 1 t o w r i t e a b o u t w h a t t h e r e is or isn’t in y o u r country.

Unit 6

g ht nh

…. с у с I….

fI s s…. v

d

g I…. b .. I w

f f.. с t w…. t…. r

rm

ng

…. z…. n…. t

у

r

w… s t .

w

t

r

.Reading Read this p a g e f r o m a w e b s i t e a b o u t rainforests a n d w r i t e a g o o d t i t l e f o r each s e c t i o n .

.He Edit View

History Tools Window

Help

FOUR T H I N G S KIDS C A N D O T O SAVF T H E R A I N F O R F C T Most paper c o m e s from trees, so if you use less paper, you’ll help to save the rainforests. Don’t forget to use recycled paper whenever possible, or better still, use tree-free paper. A s you can see from the n a m e , tree-free paper doesn’t c o m e from trees, it’s m a d e from other types of plants. If you want to buy this type of paper, m a k e sure you look closely at the packet. If paper really is recycled or tree-free, it will say so somewhere on the packet.

A s w e all know, petrol and plastic are t w o things that c o m e from petroleum, | or oil. A lot of oil c o m e s from the rainforests through a process called extraction. This has a very adverse effect on the rainforests, so using fewer | oil products can help save them. Just think twice before asking your parents to use petrol to drive you somewhere in the car. Ride your bike, walk or take the bus whenever possible.

Another simple w a y of saving paper that m a n y of us forget to d o is by writing on both sides of the sheet. Meanwhile, there are other types of paper that w e can save too. Paper tissues or paper towels are no good at all for the environment. Try not to use them. If you do use them, only use one at a time.

Save plastic by choosing glass bottles and by reusing the plastic containers and bottles that you already have. If you have a plastic water bottle, don’t throw it away and buy a n e w one. W a s h it and use it again and again.

One big reason rainforests are disappearing is meat, or beef to be m o r e I specific. Big companies destroy millions of acres of rainforest and then cover it with grass for cows. T h e meat from the cows goes to m a k e fastI food burgers, for example. W h a t you m a y not k n o w is that to m a k e just one I burger, they destroy an area similar to a small kitchen. Think about it — that’s just for one burger!

2

1

Rainforests are the most amazing places you can imagine, and they’re important to every living thing on earth. Perhaps you think they’re too far away to m a k e any difference to you and your life. But, whether w e live in the city, country, mountains or desert, rainforests affect all of us. Learn m o r e about the rainforests and w h y they are so vital. Keep checking out our website to get m o r e information, or go to a library for books on the rainforest. Tell your friends and family what you have learned and get them to join you in helping save the rainforests.

Look at these pictures. M a t c h t h e m t o t h e correct section (1 — 4 )

Section

in 1 a n d w r i t e an e x p l a n a t i o n o f w h y t h e y appear in t h e t e x t . Section

2

It’s better to .useglass ршШ.УоШ<№ are made Extracting petroleum

bottles because frompetroleum. can be bad, for

the rainforest. So we should use plastic bottles again andамии,

Section

we shouldn’t

just throw (hew away. Section

3

Find w o r d s in t h e t e x t w h i c h have similar m e a n i n g s t o these words or explanations.

f-Л

Section

Section

4

1

at any or every t i m e {Section 1)

2

w i t h no trees {Section 1)

3

a series o f actions {Section 2)

4

put it in t h e bin {Section 2)

5

meat f r o m a c o w {Section 3)

6

very i m p o r t a n t , essential {Section 4)

What about

you . 1

W o u l d you like t o visit a rainforest one day? Why/Why not?

Be going to and will 1

2

C o m p l e t e t h e sentences a n d rules w i t h t h e correct f o r m

of be going to or will.

Choose t h e correct a l t e r n a t i v e . 1

A : The p h o n e is ringing.

2

A: Do you w a n t t o c o m e to a party on Saturday? В:

В: I ‘m going tg/’ll get it.

I can’t. M y family and I are going tg/will go to London for the weekend.

3

H o w old areyoiigghjgjG/^iyou

4

Look. He’s p u t t i n g his coat on. He ‘s.gging[to/yyill go out.

be on your next birthday?

5

A : It’s cold in here.

В: OK. I M.ggingjg/li

close the window.

Will, may, might 3 t o make predictions based o n some

Rule: We use sort of evidence.

I can’t d o this

M a t c h t h e s e s y m b o l s w i t h t h e sentences. a

*$ t$ *rf=

b

*и

с

* ^ = Maybe yes, maybe no.

d Don’t worry,

e

help y o u !

Rule: We use

for decisions that w e take at the

m o m e n t of speaking.

4

:

Yes, certain,

:

^

= Yes, more or less certain,

= No, more or less certain, ^ 7 ? = No,certain.

1

Perhaps it’ll rain.

2

It definitely w o n ‘ t rain.

3

It may rain.

4

It’s possible t h a t it’ll rain.

5

It m i g h t rain.

6

It’ll probably rain.

7

It probably w o n ‘ t rain.

8

It’ll definitely rain.

Put t h e w o r d s in o r d e r t o m a k e sentences. Then give a n a p p r o x i m a t e p e r c e n t a g e o f c e r t a i n t y f o r each one.

. t o talk a b o u t an objective t r u t h .

Rule: We use

Next week I. •J see m y favourite g r o u p in concert, -л

1

team t h e w i n our Perhaps c o m p e t i t i o n will.

2

t o n i g h t w o n ‘ t It probably cold be

3

will finish m y h o m e w o r k soon I definitely.

4

o u t t o m o r r o w She w o n ‘ t definitely go.

5

do the They week may exam next.

I’ve already g o t m y ticket.

% 6

Rule: We use

t o talk a b o u t future plans or

intentions. [We t h i n k that t h e e c o n o m y get better soon.

Rule: We use

t o make a general prediction, often

after verbs like think or hope.

this M y probably call brother will afternoon.

Grammar extension 5

M a k e p r e d i c t i o n s a b o u t y o u r life w h e n y o u are 35. Use t h e word given. 1

may

2

.probably

3

… perhaps

4

…. possible

5

. definitely

6

won’t

7

might

‘Developing v o c a b u l a r y Different uses of get 1 Look at these possible m e a n i n g s f o r get. Rewrite t h e sentences by o m i t t i n g get or get to a n d u s i n g t h e correct form o f these w o r d s . arrive (at) 1

become

bring

obtain/buy

receive

When do you get angry?

И/Ьеи do you

become аиру?

2

How many emails do you get a week?

3

What t i m e do you usually get t o school?

4

Do you get presents for your parents w h e n it’s their birthday?

5

Are you g o i n g t o get s o m e t h i n g t o eat or drink on t h e way home after school?

6

2

W r i t e y o u r o w n t r u e a n s w e r s t o t h e q u e s t i o n s in 1. Use get in y o u r a n s w e r a n d w r i t e c o m p l e t e sentences. 1

Does your b e d r o o m get hot in t h e summer?

2 7

What t i m e do you usually get h o m e after school?

8

Do you get tired of w a t c h i n g TV?

3 4 5

9

6

What did you get for your last birthday?

7 10

Did you get any letters in t h e post last week?

11

Please get me the pen that’s on t h e table.

8 9 10

Vocabulary extension: some phrasal verbs with get 3

Match t h e phrasal verbs w i t h t h e i r m e a n i n g s . Use y o u r d i c t i o n a r y if necessary. 1

I get up at seven o’clock every day.

a

2

I get back from school at five o’clock.

b

3

I got o u t of t h e m e e t i n g just before lunch.

4

I’m g e t t i n g behind w i t h m y project. I’ve only d o n e

5 4

return 5

p n d time together e

с

leave

half of it and I need t o give it in t o m o r r o w .

d

get o u t o f bed after sleeping

Why don’t w e get t o g e t h e r at t h e weekend?

e

do s o m e t h i n g slower or later than necessary

What t i m e d o you get o u t of your house on a school morning?

Write y o u r o w n t r u e answers t o these q u e s t i o n s . 1

What t i m e d o you usually get up in the week?

4

2

What t i m e do you usually get up at the weekend?

5

H o w often d o you get together w i t h your grandparents and your uncles and aunts?

3

What t i m e d o you usually get back if you g o o u t w i t h friends on Friday or Saturday night?

6

H o w often d o you get behind w i t h schoolwork or homework?

Unit 6 I

An Australian novel Cross-curricular — Literature After Summer by Nick Earls

О

2

1 2

INSIDE INFORMATION

3

3

nervous

2

excited

4

bored

3

1

waves

killing s o m e b o d y for d o i n g a

2

execution

3

turn

d o w n in t h e sea

4

reflecting

shining back

5

showers

crime

4

The boy will g e t his results letter before he sees t h e newspaper.

5

The boy prefers s w i m m i n g in t h e m o r n i n g .

6

The boy finds it relaxing t o enter t h e cold water.

7

The boy always looks for t h e place w h e r e t h e waves are the best.

8

Today t h e boy waits for o n e very big wave before he gets out.

Choose a g o o d t i t l e f o r t h e e x t r a c t a n d e x p l a i n w h y . Title Explanation

WORD BOOSTER Match the words and definitions.

4

W h a t a b o u t youl 1

Unit 6

Do you like beach holidays? Why/Why not?

lines o f water that g o u p and

m o v e 180° for example

2

place w h e r e you wash w i t h w a t e

This begins in January, and January is OK. Sometimes it’s as if the bright days of summer will last forever. But the end of January is the end of the known world. It’s been easy till now, relatively. I’ve had a new school year each January, but not | this year. This January I’m I waiting for my offer, waiting for the message that will tell me what happens next. Waiting. A n d the waiting is everywhere, in the waves and winds, in the familiar lights and sounds of the coastal summer, in the sun rising over the sea and going down through an orange sky into the Glasshouse Mountains. The twentieth of January. Seventeen days from today. On the twentieth of January it comes out in the paper and I’ll be there with the others from school around midnight 5 0

The b o y isn’t having a g o o d t i m e because he’s t h i n k i n g so m u c h about t h e 2CP January.

Read t h e extract. H o w d o e s t h e w r i t e r feel? very happy

The boy is w a i t i n g for some news w h i c h will make a difference t o his future life.

Nick Earls is a popular Australian writer. He has written books for teenagers and for adults. After Summer was Earls’first novel and it w o n a number of prizes. It is about a boy w h o is on his s u m m e r holidays.The extract below is from the start of the novel. The narrator is the teenage boy.

1

This s u m m e r holiday is different from other summer holidays because t h e boy has just finished school.

In Australia the original title was After January because the s u m m e r holidays in Australia begin in December and end in January.

1

Read t h e extract again. Are these statements t r u e (T) or false (F)?

Have y o u ever been nervous waiting for exam results? When? What happened?

at Newspaper House. I ‘ l l go down from the coast and I’ll meet the others and we’ll buy a paper and then we’ll all know. A n d if the newspaper says I did it, I still won’t believe it until I get the letter. I need to stop thinking of this like an execution. I need to stop thinking and enjoy myself. Whatever the weather is like I go to the beach early because I’m in the habit of it. It’s the best time. I swim and the first cold wave always comes as a shock. I swim in the sea right in front of the house. Even if there are better waves to the north or south, I usually swim here. These waves are mine. This morning the waves aren’t great but they’re OK, coming in unspectacular threes and fours with long spaces between. There are people out now, jogging, walking dogs, a girl in the surf. I see her when I turn and she’s on a wave, lifting herself to a standing position on her board. And the sun is behind her, reflecting off the water so I don’t see her well. One more wave and I’ll go in. I always want to wait for one last great wave but I know it won’t come today. So I take the next one and go off to the showers. This is all part of my routine.

‘Grammar in context Zero conditional 5

1 Match t h e halves o f t h e sentences. 1

If you leave a can of cola in a freezer,

2

If you run as fast as y o u can,

3

If you write t o o quickly,

4

tf you read the newspaper every day,

5

If you look regularly at your vocabulary list,

6

If you w o r k on a c o m p u t e r all day,

7

If you w a n t t o be a professional musician,

a

you k n o w what’s h a p p e n i n g in t h e w o r l d .

W r i t e c o m p l e t e sentences w i t h t h e first c o n d i t i o n a l using t h e words given.

b

it’s a g o o d idea t o start playing w h e n you’re y o u n g .

с

your eyes sometimes hurt.

d

you often make mistakes.

e

you remember words more easily.

f

it explodes.

g

you get tired very quickly.

f

2

Look at t h e sentences in 1 a n d choose t h e correct a l t e r n a t i v e . 1

1

If/he/have a problem/he/speak t o the teacher.

2

l/go t o t h e doctor/if/my hand hurt t o m o r r o w .

3

He/not be happy/if/he/miss the bus.

4

If/my sister/go t o music lessons/my m u m / b u y her a guitar.

5

If/you/see t h e film t o m o r r o w / y o u / k n o w h o w the story ends.

6

The teacher/give me a bad mark/if/I/not give her my homework.

7

You/not see me/if/you/come late.

8

If/you/not switch off your m o b i l e phone/people/get angry.

9

The picnic/be a disaster/if/the weather/be bad.

10

If/we/not g o t o t h e shops/we/not have e n o u g h food.

We use the zero conditional t o talk a b o u t a specific, unique sjtogtion/spmething that is generally true.

2

We use the present simple in Qne„hgjffoth_hajy(x

of the

sentence.

Grammar extension

First conditional 3

6

C o m p l e t e t h e sentences in a l o g i c a l w a y w i t h t h e first conditional.

Choose t h e correct a l t e r n a t i v e . 1

If I like/will like their next CD, I buy/will buy, it.

2

She doesn’t/won’t c o m e t o n i g h t if you dgnf/won’t invite her.

3

1

5

_

2

_ j you won’t

pass your exams.

If our car doesn’t/won’t w o r k t o m o r r o w , my dad tgkes/willtgke

3

it t o the garage. 4

If it rains,

j I’ll give you a present.

If you need/will need help next week, I cgme/wjjhcome. The police arrest/will arrest h i m t o m o r r o w if t h e y find/will find

4

If m y parents give m e e n o u g h money,

evidence. 6

If you play/will play that song again, I gg/wil.[go m a d .

5

If I don’t speak English,

7

If she doesn’t/won’t play in t h e next match, her t e a m loses/will

6

If t h e plane isn’t late,

lose. 4

7

Look at t h e sentences in 3 a n d choose t h e correct a l t e r n a t i v e . 1

8

We use the first conditional t o talk about possible/impossible

1

If t h e shop is o p e n ,

9

situations and their consequences. 2

., perhaps she’ll w i n the c o m p e t i t i o n .

, I’ll cry.

We use the present simple/will in the half of t h e sentence w i t h 10

if. ^

„

If t h a t noise doesn’t stop, ,

^_ Unit 6

I

eveloping speai Weekend plans

Describing photos

1

4

Read t h i s d i a l o g u e a n d c o m p l e t e t h e i n f o r m a t i o n b e l o w it. KATIE:

Hi, Lauren.

LAUREN:

Hi, Katie.

KATIE:

Listen. Are you (a)

LAUREN:

Not really. W h a t (b)

t o anything t o m o r r o w ? you?

KATIE:

Do you (c)

LAUREN:

Sure. W h a t t i m e (d)

KATIE:

(e)

c o m i n g s h o p p i n g w i t h me?

LAUREN:

Fine. Why (f)

KATIE:

OK, b u t where shall w e m e e t if it rains?

LAUREN:

Come straight t o my house.

KATIE:

Good idea. I’ll ring A m y t o o and see if she wants t o

w e meet?

a b o u t half past ten? w e meet at the bus stop next

to my house?

come. LAUREN:

(g)

KATIE:

See y o u .

See you t o m o r r o w .

: Katie, Lauren

andpossibly

(1)

are going to

go (2)

tomorrow. They’re

going to meet at (3) at (4)

But if it rains,

»iey’ll meet at («‘

2

Read t h e d i a l o g u e again a n d c o m p l e t e it w i t h t h e s e w o r d s . about

3

don’t

fancy

Great

How

shall

up

C o m p l e t e t h e list w i t h phrases f r o m t h e d i a l o g u e . T h e n t h i n k o f o n e m o r e phrase f o r each b o x . Asking about somebody’s plans a b

Do you

с Arranging to meet

Responding to plans and arrangements

Unit 6

Look at t h e p h o t o a n d a n s w e r t h e q u e s t i o n s . If you are n o t sure o f s o m e t h i n g , use / think and/or / imagine.

t Developing w r i t i n g A letter to a newspaper 1

Complete t h e t a b l e by p u t t i n g t h e linkers in t h e c o r r e c t place. Finally

ermore Furtherm

Firstly

Nevertheless

4

sentences.

However

What’s more

Next

Plan a l e t t e r t o t h e n e w s p a p e r a b o u t t h e idea f o r a n e w a i r p o r t . M a k e notes in t h e boxes. Do n o t w r i t e c o m p l e t e

Paragraph 1: Express your opinion andexplain your main reason for it

2

Contrast

Addition

Sequence

Paragraph 2: Give an additional reason for your opinion.

Read t h i s n e w s p a p e r e d i t o r i a l . W h a t reasons does t h e e d i t o r give for n o t w a n t i n g a n e w a i r p o r t ?

Paragraph 3: Finish with one final reason for your opinion.

5

W r i t e y o u r letter here. Use t h e linkers in 1.

The Editor writes … • Let’s m a k e i t clear r i g h t f r o m t h e s t a r t . T h e g o v e r n m e n t wants to b u i l d a n e w a i r p o r t here i n the city b u t this newspaper

is

totally

against

government

realise

planes, a n d

more planes

the

that another mean

idea.

Doesn’t

the

airport means

more

more pollution?

That

means air p o l l u t i o n a n d noise p o l l u t i o n . A n d w h a t a b o u t the p e o p l e w h o l i v e i n t h e area w h e r e t h e y w a n t t o b u i l d this n e w airport? H o w w i l l t h e y l i v e w i t h all this p o l l u t i o n f r o m the sky? A n d h o w w i l l they l i v e w i t h all the r o a d t r a f f i c t h a t t h i s a i r p o r t w i l l b r i n g t o t h e area? A

new

I a i r p o r t ? W e say N O .

3

C o m p l e t e these sentences in a logical way, n o t necessarily giving your o w n opinion. 1

I agree w i t h w h a t the editor says. Firstly, . Next,

2

I think airports are i m p o r t a n t . However,

3

Airports create a lot of air pollution. Furthermore,.

Unit 6

Revision: Units 5-6 Grammar

Vocabulary

1

1

Choose t h e correct a l t e r n a t i v e . 1

Greece is hotter/more hotter t h a n Britain in t h e summer.

1

g

m

2

I think Sam is t h i n n e r thanAhat Jake.

3

She’s the best player of/in t h e t e a m .

2

с

rt

4

That’s the sjllyest/silliest t h i n g I’ve ever seen.

3

d . _ с…. m…. nt…. ry

5

Greg is t h e more/most intelligent person I know.

6

Do you t h i n k rainy weather is more bad/worse t h a n sunny weather?

2

C o m p l e t e t h e t y p e s o f p r o g r a m m e w i t h t h e missing vowels.

*

/6

2

CO, confused

Love is more i m p o r t a n t than money. LESS

It’s t o o cold t o s w i m in t h e sea today.

4

ENOUGH

5

Her sister is very intelligent and she’s very intelligent.

6

He is t o o slow t o w i n t h e race.

funny

/6 points)

3

Choose t h e correct a l t e r n a t i v e . 1

I don’t really k n o w but Joe may/will w i n t h e c o m p e t i t i o n .

2

It ШрХИ9!°.9Му/РШ^.ЯШ.Ш01

r a

i

n

3

They say it is snowing/is going to snow next Christmas. The effects will definitely/definitely will be tern ble.

5

N o b o d y is certain, b u t humans will/might travel t o Mars

It’s w h e n s o m e t h i n g makes you feel frightened. It’s h o w you feel w h e n y o u don’t understand something or a

It’s w h e n s o m e t h i n g is really g o o d .

1

leungj

3

trsofe

2

tesdre

4

m i n t o a n u grean

( 4

/6 points)

Put t h e letters in o r d e r t o f i n d d i f f e r e n t g e o g r a p h i c a l features.

/4 points)

M a t c h these w o r d s w i t h t h e e x p l a n a t i o n s . There are m o r e words than explanations. drought

A : Someone’s at t h e door! B: OK, 11l/’m going to go.

(

surprising

It’s w h e n s o m e t h i n g makes you laugh.

tomorrow.

4

interested

surprised

С

around 2050.

4

cool scary

FAST

С

6

confusing relaxing

situation.

AS

He

/6 points)

It’s w h e n s o m e t h i n g makes you w a n t t o k n o w more.

TOO

She’s

3

dr…. m …

k n o w it was g o i n g t o happen.

We aren’t old e n o u g h t o see that film.

It’s

6

ch …t sh….w

6

It’s h o w you feel w h e n s o m e t h i n g happens but you didn’t

AS

We’re

5

1

I t h i n k that biology is easier t h a n maths. I t h i n k that maths

4

5

M a t c h t h e s e adjectives w i t h t h e e x p l a n a t i o n s . T h e r e are m o r e

interesting inter

Money

3

…. dv… rt

adjectives t h a n e x p l a n a t i o n s .

points)

Rewrite t h e sentences u s i n g t h e w o r d s in b o l d . M a k e sure t h e

2

n

4

(

m e a n i n g stays t h e same. 1

sh w

flood

global w a r m i n g

ozone layer

/ 6 points)

recycle

greenhouse effect

save

waste

C o m p l e t e t h e sentences w i t h t h e first or zero c o n d i t i o n a l f o r m

1

w h e n it rains a lot and rivers get t o o big

of t h e verbs g i v e n .

2

w h e n you save old things t o use t h e materials again

1

If she

(go) t o London, she’ll be able t o see t h e

London Eye. 2

She w o n ‘ t say anything if you

(tell) her a secret.

3

If you p u t snow in your hand, your hand

(get)

3

w h e n y o u use things in an unnecessary w a y

4

t h e t h i n g w h i c h protects t h e earth f r o m the sun

5

w h e n it doesn’t rain and there is n o water

6

w h e n y o u stop using s o m e t h i n g or use very little

cold. 4

(

If w e have t h e chance, w e

(travel) all around

5

Europe next summer. 5

If you look directly at t h e sun, it

(be) bad for

your eyes. 6

Sheila

(do) well in t o m o r r o w ‘ s exam if she (think) carefully.

(

/7 points)

Find a s y n o n y m f o r get i n t h e s e sentences. 1

I’ll get your bag.

2

Can you get m e t h e newspaper w h e n you g o t o t h e shops?

3

She usually gets h o m e early.

Г /25 points

0

/6 points)

/3 points)

Reading 1

Read a b o u t a c a m e r a m a n called M a t t H o w a r d a n d c h o o s e a, b o r с t o c o m p l e t e t h e sentences.

M

a t t H o w a r d is a c a m e r a m a n

who

works o n nature documentaries. H e has f i l m e d a l l o v e r t h e w o r l d ,

in j u n g l e s , r a i n f o r e s t s a n d deserts. H e r e he tells u s a b o u t h i s j o b . To

film

nature

documentaries, it’s

important t o be good w i t h a

camera,

obviously. B u t , i n m y o p i n i o n , i t ‘ s m o r e important t o be interested i n plants a n d animals. I f y o u a r e n ‘ t , t h e w o r k c a n b e really

boring. T o make

a two-minute

HD

camera, it looks m u c h worse

than

w i t h a n o l d c a m e r a . It’s t r u e t h a t t h e n e w c a m e r a s a r e n ‘ t as h e a v y as t h e o l d ones.’ But

sometimes

Matt

carries

35 kilos,

c l i m b s u p a m o u n t a i n , a n d tries t o f i l m at t h e s a m e t i m e ! M a t t knows what he wants w h e n he m a k e s f i l m s . ‘ I w a n t t o film t h i n g s t h a t p e o p l e have never seen before. O r I w a n t t o film t h i n g s t h e y ‘ v e seen, b u t i n a n e w wav. I w a n t i t t o be a u n i q u e e x p e r i e n c e

for the people watching.’ A n d t h e scariest e x p e r i e n c e he’s ever had? ‘We were making a T V programme a b o u t p o l a r bears i n t h e A r c t i c i c e cap. We weren’t

filming

at t h e t i m e , w e w e r e

sleeping. Suddenly I heard t h e s o u n d o f a p o l a r bear r i g h t n e x t t o m y ear. I w a s t o o f r i g h t e n e d t o o p e n m y eyes. I t stayed there

and then

left.

Believe m e , t h e y w e r e t h e longest

f o r five m i n u t e s

five

m i n u t e s o f m y life!’

film o f a b i r d , insect o r a n i m a l , y o u c a n sometimes spend a day o r a w e e k l o o k i n g for t h e m . A n d a n i m a l s a r e n ‘ t l i k e a c t o r s . They d o n ‘ t j u s t appear w h e n y o u w a n t them to. Sometimes they never appear!’ Matt

knows

that

h i s j o b is

very

i m p o r t a n t . W h e n h e travels t o ice caps o r deserts, h e sees t h a t t h e e n v i r o n m e n t is c h a n g i n g . H i s j o b is t o f i l m a w o r l d t h a t mav disappear o n e day.’ I f t h e e n v i r o n m e n t continues t o change

because o f g l o b a l

w a r m i n g , t h e o n l y place w h e r e y o u ‘ l l be able t o see s o m e a n i m a l s a n d insects is in nature documentaries. I hope o u r w o r k helps p e o p l e t o u n d e r s t a n d t h a t w e a l l need t o d o s o m e t h i n g t o save t h e p l a n e t . ‘ Generally,

changes

in

technology

make M a n ‘ s l i f e easier. ‘ H i g h — d e f i n i t i o n ( H D ) c a m e r a s h e l p t o get b e t t e r p i c t u r e s . But i f v o u m a k e a s m a l l m i s t a k e w i t h a n

1

Matt says that a

2

3

he doesn’t like his j o b m u c h because it isn’t very exciting.

b

it can take a long t i m e t o make a short film.

с

the most i m p o r t a n t t h i n g in his j o b is the camera.

Matt also says that animals

Write a letter t o a newspaper giving your opinion about s o m e t h i n g y o u s a w o n TV last w e e k . Use these q u e s t i o n s for ideas a b o u t w h a t t o w r i t e .

don’t always d o w h a t you want.

•

W h a t t y p e o f p r o g r a m m e was it?

b

don’t like actors.

•

Was it g o o d or bad? Why?

с

don’t like appearing in films.

•

Matt thinks his work is i m p o r t a n t because b

he is protecting some animals, insects and plants. it may be the only way that people can see some animals and insects in the future,

с

5

2

a

a

4

Writing

he makes programmes a b o u t saving the planet.

Matt thinks that n e w HD cameras a

always take better pictures than old cameras.

b

are lighter than old cameras.

с

usually take worse pictures t h a n old cameras.

Matt a

wants people t o see s o m e t h i n g new and different w h e n they watch his work,

b с

once had a bad experience w h e n he was w a t c h i n g a polar bear. had a scary experience because he’s very frightened o f filming polar bears.

H o w d i d it make you feel — happy, angry, interested, frightened?

•

What d o you want? More programmes like this? To stop programmes like this?

•

W h a t are other people’s opinions?

D e a r Editor, I a m w r i t i n g i n response to a T V p r o g r a m m e w h i c h I s a w l a s t w e e k . T h e p r o g r a m m e …

Grammar

• Modal verbs of obligation, prohibition and advice (must, have to,

Vocabulary

• Jobs, Personal qualities

> Second conditional

mustn% don’t have to, should, shouldn 1)

7 Odd jobj

• Compound adjectives

Speaking

• Making polite requests

Writing

• A letter of application and CV

о с а о и ю г у

1

2

Complete the jobs w i t h the missing vowels.

W r i t e t r u e (T) or false (F) a b o u t t h e p e r s o n in t h e p h o t o . 1

He works w i t h children.

2

He works indoors.

3

He does paperwork.

4

He does manual work.

5

He deals w i t h the public.

6

He travels a lot.

7

He works in a team.

8

He works in an office.

T/F T/F T/F T/F T/F

9

He works w i t h numbers.

T/F

He works w i t h a computer. T/F

10 1

2

с _ m p _ t…. r P

r

9

r

m

m

….

r… с…. p t

n

st

r

T/F T/F T/F

Personal qualities 3

Find adjectives in t h e w o r d search a n d w r i t e t h e m n e x t t o t h e correct s y n o n y m or explanation.

3

5

b

Id

s h…. p

r

4

P.

m

…. s s…. s t…. n t

С

сh

ff

n

с

d

с

n

с

d

V

с

s

b

r

e

I

i

a

b

I

e

t

P

e

r

e

m

r

i

с

о

r

У

a

f

V

b

i

n

a

i

о

u

t

i

e

u

n

g

I

к

n

e

i

t

r

о

g

h

m

j

g

r

V

s

о

с

i

a

b

I

e

a

e

a

m

b

i

t

i

о

u

s

С r

с

4

1

w i t h lots o f imagination and n e w ideas:

2

healthy:

3

w i t h lots of physical energy:

4

intelligent:

5

kind, helpful and sympathetic t o other people:

6

a friendly person w h o likes being w i t h other people:

7

s o m e b o d y you can d e p e n d o n :

8

s o m e b o d y w h o doesn’t easily get excited, worried or angry:

9

s o m e b o d y w h o wants t o be t h e b e s t .

W r i t e t w o personal q u a l i t i e s in 3 t h a t y o u t h i n k are necessary in t h e s e j o b s .

7 f s h

n d s q n r Unit 7

8

i

r n l s t

1

A sports teacher:.

2

A poet:

3

A scientist:

4

A shop assistant:.

t Reading 1

Read t h e t w o t e x t s a n d c o m p l e t e t h e t i t l e s t o s h o w w h a t j o b

2

each person d i d at first a n d in t h e e n d . Text 1: Barry Cox — f r o m

of them?

to

Text 2: Aleksander Kudajczyk — f r o m

to

1

He lives and works in t h e c o u n t r y where he was born.

2

He has already started w o r k i n g full-time in the w o r l d of music.

Textl BARRY

Read t h e t e x t s a g a i n . Are these sentences a b o u t Barry Cox (ВС), A l e k s a n d e r Kudajczyk (AK), b o t h m e n (B) or n e i t h e r (N)

3 COX

IS

a

He has f o u n d a n e w j o b because s o m e b o d y discovered h i m by accident.

famous

singer. He’s f r o m L i v e r p o o l b u t

4

A w o m a n played an i m p o r t a n t part in his change o f career.

matter. T h e r e he’s a superstar.

5

He practised a lot.

So how d i d t h a t h a p p e n ?

6

He’s g o i n g t o act in a film.

he isn’t f a m o u s i n E n g l a n d . I n China it’s a c o m p l e t e l y d i f f e r e n t

Barry is 30 years o l d . W h e n he left school h e w a s n ‘ t h a p p y

3

and d e c i d e d to do s o m e t h i n g

W r i t e sentences w i t h s i m i l a r i t i e s or differences b e t w e e n Barry Cox a n d A l e k s a n d e r Kudajczyk. T h i n k a b o u t w h e r e t h e y live,

different w i t h his l i f e . T h e first step w a s t o l e a r n a n e w l a n g u a g e .

their old and new jobs and h o w they f o u n d their new jobs.

He started w i t h S p a n i s h b u t he d i d n ‘ t e n j o y t h e e x p e r i e n c e . Then one d a y i n L i v e r p o o l ‘ s C h i n a T o w n he s u d d e n l y h a d a n

1

idea. N o t m a n y E n g l i s h p e o p l e l e a r n C h i n e s e so h e d e c i d e d to try. He w e n t i n t o a l o c a l C h i n e s e r e s t a u r a n t a n d o r d e r e d a m e a l … and some l a n g u a g e lessons. H e w a s l u c k y . T h e n e p h e w of t h e restaurant o w n e r w a n t e d E n g l i s h lessons, so t h e y h e l p e d e a c h other a n d b e c a m e f r i e n d s . A t t h a t time B a r r y d i d n ‘ t k n o w t h a t there w e r e d i f f e r e n t C h i n e s e dialects. B a r r y l e a r n t C a n t o n e s e , which is a c t u a l l y m o r e d i f f i c u l t t h a n M a n d a r i n . H e s p o k e i t a l l day w i t h his n e w C h i n e s e f r i e n d s a n d at a C h i n e s e s u p e r m a r k e t where he s t a r t e d w o r k i n g . T h e n one d a y h e w e n t to a c o n c e r t by a f a m o u s singer f r o m H o n g K o n g a n d i t c h a n g e d his l i f e . H e started s i n g i n g i n C a n t o n e s e . H e t o o k i t m o r e seriously, h a d singing lessons a n d e n t e r e d s i n g i n g c o m p e t i t i o n s . O n e

day

he d e c i d e d to m o v e t o H o n g K o n g . It w a s d i f f i c u l t to b e c o m e a professional s i n g e r t h e r e b u t h e m o v e d to M a c a o , a sort of Chinese Las Vegas. That’s w h e r e h e b e c a m e f a m o u s a n d w h e r e he lives n o w . H e has to s i n g six days a w e e k at a b i g casino b u t he loves i t . A n d n o w t h e y m a y m a k e a f i l m a b o u t his l i f e !

Text 2 W H A T A C H A N G E ! A t the m o m e n t A l e k s a n d e r K u d a j c z y k has

4

Look u p in y o u r d i c t i o n a r y t h r e e w o r d s f r o m each t e x t t h a t y o u d o n ‘ t u n d e r s t a n d a n d w r i t e t h e m e a n i n g next t o t h e m . Textl 1

Word:

Meaning:

2

Word:

Meaning:

3

Word:

Meaning:

to clean the floors o f G l a s g o w U n i v e r s i t y b u t n e x t w e e k he is going to b e g i n a n e w j o b , as a c o n c e r t p i a n i s t . T h e s u r p r i s i n g story o f t h i s 28-year-old Polish m a n ,s l i k e a H o l l y w o o d M r K u d a j c z y k a r r i v e d i n S c o t l a n d i n January. H e

film wanted

Text 2 1

Word:

… M e a n i n g :

2

Word:

Meaning:

3

Word:

Meaning:

о w o r k as a teacher b u t all he f o u n d was a j o b as a cleaner a Glasgow U n i v e r s i t y . H e h a d t o w o r k there f o u r h o u r s a d a y starting at 6 a m . O n e d a y m the u n i v e r s i t y he d i s c o v e r e d a g r a n d piano a n d he asked p e r m i s s i o n t o p l a y o n i t . T h e y gave h i m perrmsston b u t n o b o d y t h o u g h t a n y m o r e a b o u t , t . W h a t

Mr

K u d a j c z y k d i d n ‘ t k n o w was t h a t there was a w e b c a m i n the piano r o o m . O n e d a y a u n i v e r s i t y secretary was c h e c k i n g the w e b c a m p i c t u r e s a n d she saw A l e k s a n d e r p l a y i n g . T h e m u s i c

W h a t a b o u t you?

was so perfect that she t h o u g h t it was a C D . T h e n she saw ,t

W h i c h story did you like the most:

was the cleaner d o i n g h i s d a i l y p i a n o p r a c t i c e . She i m m e d i a t e l y

or 2? Explain why.

sent emails to o t h e r p e o p l e at the u n i v e r s i t y , t e l l i n g t h e m watch. S o o n after, M r

Kudajczyk

was

music

playing

Chopin’s

to

h u n d r e d s o f teachers a n d s t u d e n t s . Since t h e n he has p l a y e d the p i a n o at m a n y special concerts a n d events but he has also c o n t i n u e d t o w o r k as a cleaner. But n e x t w e e k t h a t w i l l change w h e n he becomes a f u l l — t i m e professional m u s i c i a n a n d teacher.

Unit 7

Modal verbs of obligation, prohibition and advice 1

Read t h e sentences a n d c h o o s e t h e a l t e r n a t i v e w h i c h

4

describes t h e m e a n i n g o f t h e sentence. 1

You don’t have t o be an expert t o use a computer. Obligation/ no obligation

2 3

You mustn’t c o m e h o m e late No obligation/prohibition You should w r i t e d o w n n e w vocabulary. Recommendation/

1

People

2

You

take medicine w h e n you aren’t ill.

You

help your friends w h e n they have

3

Doctors have t o w o r k at unusual times. Obligation/prohibition

4

C o m p l e t e t h e sentences w i t h should or shouldn’t.

problems. 4

5

Your essay doesn’t have t o be perfect. No obligation/ You must t r y your best. Obligation/prohibition

7

You shouldn’t g o t o bed late t h e n i g h t before an exam.

5

switch off their mobile phones in the

C h o o s e t h e c o r r e c t a l t e r n a t i v e . If y o u t h i n k t w o alternatives are c o r r e c t , m a r k b o t h o f t h e m .

&ghJbidgn/ggKe 8

People cinema.

рюЫШоп 6

W h e n you aren’t very g o o d at s o m e t h i n g , you practise t o get better.

obligation 5

use violence t o solve their problems.

You mustn’t start crying w h e n t h i n g s g o w r o n g . No obligation/prohibnion

1

Children has to/have to/don’t have to go t o school on Monday.

2

You must/mustn’t/don’t have to copy in exams.

3

Doctors must/mustn’t/have to work hard.

4

You has to/have to/must wear g o o d clothes if you work in a bank.

5

Visitors mus^Vmus^dgnXhgy?J&

talk in a loud voice or

shout because it is prohibited. 6

You must/don’t have to/mustn’t use a mobile phone in a plane.

Grammar extension 6

Each s e n t e n c e c o n t a i n s a m i s t a k e . Find t h e mistake a n d w r i t e t h e sentence correctly.

2

W r i t e c o m p l e t e sentences using t h e w o r d s g i v e n a n d t h e correct f o r m o f have to or don’t have to.

1

Children under 16 must t o g o t o school.

2

This exercise is optional — you mustn’t d o it.

3

You should t o do extra work if it’s difficult.

4

Students haven’t t o wear a u n i f o r m in our school and so you can wear w h a t you want.

1

Normally teachers/wear a u n i f o r m .

2

Normally a police officer/wear a uniform.

3

l/go t o school o n Sunday.

4

A secretary/know h o w t o use a computer.

5

You musn’t drink and drive — it’s illegal.

6

You don’t have t o o p e n the car door w h e n the car is moving.

7

You should eat chocolate just before you go t o bed because it isn’t g o o d for your teeth.

5

3

Builders/wear hard hats.

C o m p l e t e t h e sentences w i t h must or mustn’t. 1

You

2

People

3

Students

4

Professional musicians instrument.

58

Unit 7

w r i t e carefully in exams. smoke in hospitals.

8

Smoking is prohibited here. You don’t have t o d o it.

9

It’s essential t o d o this exercise. You mustn’t do it.

use m o b i l e phones in class. practise playing their

10

You mustn’t be 18 t o ride a bike.

Developing v o c a b u l a r y Compound adjectives 1

Complete t h e c r o s s w o r d . Across 1

He’s t h e first person t o arrive at w o r k and the last person t o go. He does more t h a n a n y b o d y else. He’s very hard-

4

They’re a beautiful couple. She’s very beautiful and he’s

good6 8

.

You’ve g o t t h e pen in your left hand. Are you left-

?

She’s t h e director of a large multinational company. I’m sure she’s

well-_

_

Down 2

You should be more relaxed and easy-

3

That teacher only teaches t w o lessons a day. He’s part-

5

She’s well-

She always knows where she should be

and w h a t she has t o do. 7

People f r o m Northern Europe sometimes have b l o n d e hair and are blue-

2

Look at t h e a d j e c t i v e s in 1. W r i t e t h r e e w h i c h y o u t h i n k describe y o u a n d t h r e e w h i c h d o n ‘ t describe y o u . 1

I’m and

2

I’m not or

3

Think o f a f r i e n d or f a m i l y m e m b e r a n d describe t h e m u s i n g t h e a d j e c t i v e s in 1 .

Vocabulary extension: more compound adjectives 4

Match these w o r d s t o m a k e c o m p o u n d adjectives. T h e n m a t c h t h e m w i t h t h e d e f i n i t i o n s . Use y o u r d i c t i o n a r y if necessary. 1

self- ч

dressed

a

o p e n t o n e w ideas and different opinions

2

open-

3

well-

4 bad-

known

-reliant -..

minded

b

rich, w i t h a lot o f m o n e y

с

famous, many people k n o w

well-

off

6

well-

tempered

1

d

you get angry often or quickly able t o d o t h i n g s for yourself and not d e p e n d on other people

f

wearing g o o d clothes

Yes, she’s very

b u t that’s because she

spends all her m o n e y o n clothes. 2

I like h i m because he’s very

He listens

t o y o u and thinks before he says yes or no. 3

She’s very i n d e p e n d e n t and

.She

doesn’t t h i n k her parents have t o d o everything for her.

you

-e 5

C o m p l e t e t h e sentences w i t h t h e c o m p o u n d adjectives in 4.

4

My older brother is so

.He always

shouts at me, and for no reason! 5

She’s a

writer. Lots of people have

b o u g h t her books and seen her face. 6

I think his family is q u i t e

because

they’ve g o t a really big house.

Unit 7

Working in

the

UK

Text!

international cultural knowledge Two traditional jobs 1

Ernie Wilkins, Milkman

Read t h e texts a b o u t Ernie W i l k i n s a n d Penny W i l c o x a n d w r i t e

Emie

o n e s e n t e n c e t o e x p l a i n w h a t t h e i r j o b s are.

a

1

Ernie Wilkins is a m i l k m a n . M i l k m e n bring

everybody can

2

Penny Wilcox is a lollipop person. Lollipop people h e l p .

Wilkins

milkman

He loves

has

been

20

years.

for

his job, b u t

not

understand

w h y . For a s t a r t , h e h a s

to

get u p e a r l y e v e r y day. He gets u p a t o n e o ‘ c l o c k i n t h e m o r n i n g a n d s t a r t s w o r k at two. That’s w h e n he puts all the

• WORD BOOSTER

milk

milk I

Match the words and definitions.

o n t o his

float. A n d

milkmen you

not long ago

don’t

electric

nowadays just

milk. They

bring

often

sell

I I

1 2

float item

a b

a large vehicle

and

I

3

official

с

an individual t h i n g

takes h i m three quarters o f

I

4

recently

d

formal

juice, cream, yoghurt, bread potatoes.

It

usually

an h o u r to prepare his float. T h e n he starts d r i v i n g r o u n d the streets i n his t o w n , leaving bottles o f m i l k a n d other items a t h i s c u s t o m e r s ‘ doors. W h e n t h e y w a k e up, e v e r y t h i n g is

2

Read t h e t e x t s a g a i n a n d c o m p l e t e t h e t a b l e . 1

W h a t Ernie likes a b o u t

2

a b o u t his j o b

his j o b

a

the peace and quiet of r t •/ the early mominq

W h a t Ernie d o e s n ‘ t like

there, w a i t i n g . E r n i e loves t h e p e a c e a n d q u i e t o f t h e e a r l y m o r n i n g . He loves b e i n g o u t d o o r s , e x c e p t w h e n it’s v e r y c o l d i n t h e w i n t e r . T h a t ‘ s t h e o n e t h i n g h e d o e s n ‘ t enjoy. B u t w a t c h i n g t h e s u n c o m e u p is a l w a y s a s p e c i a l m o m e n t f o r h i m . E m i e is v e r y

d

c a r i n g . He loves t h e f a c t t h a t e v e r y b o d y k n o w s h i m a n d o l d p e o p l e o f t e n ask h i m f o r h e l p . W h e n E m i e f i n i s h e s w o r k at

b

9 a m , he’s t i r e d b u t h a p p y .

с

Text 2

3

W h a t Penny likes a b o u t

4

her j o b e

W h a t Penny d o e s n ‘ t like

Penny Wilcox, Lollipop person

a b o u t her j o b

Penny

Wilcox

is

55.

She

doesn’t w a n t to w o r k l o n g

g

hours

and

so t h e j o b

s t a r t e d l a s t y e a r is f

she

perfect

f o r her. She j u s t w o r k s f o r half an h o u r i n the m o r n i n g and

half

an

hour

in

the

afternoon. The official n a m e 3

Answer the questions.

for

her

job

is

a

C r o s s i n g G u i d e . She 1

works

W h a t personal qualities d o Ernie and Penny have?

outside

Ernie:

times w h e n students arrive

Penny: 2

School

_

What is a School Crossing Guide?

a

school

at

the

i n t h e m o r n i n g a n d leave i n t h e a f t e r n o o n . W h e n t h e r e is a g r o u p o f s t u d e n t s w a i t i n g , she w a l k s i n t o t h e m i d d l e o f t h e r o a d a n d s t o p s t h e t r a f f i c . She w e a r s a b r i g h t y e l l o w j a c k e t a n d c a r r i e s a s i g n w h i c h says

3

Can Penny’s j o b be dangerous or not? Why?

‘STOP’. T h e s i g n l o o k s l i k e a l o l l i p o p , w h i c h is w h y e v e r y b o d y calls Penny a n d h e r colleagues ‘ l o l l i p o p people’. W h e n drivers see h e r a n d h e r s i g n , t h e y m u s t s t o p a n d l e t t h e c h i l d r e n cross. P e n n y is a v e r y s o c i a b l e p e r s o n a n d she loves t a l k i n g

4

What about you? Which of the t w o jobs w o u l d you prefer to d o and why?

t o t h e c h i l d r e n e a c h m o r n i n g . T h e o n l y t h i n g she d o e s n ‘ t l i k e is t h a t s o m e d r i v e r s get a n g r y a n d s h o u t w h e n t h e y h a v e to stop. Penny t h i n k s t h a t i n t h e past drivers were friendlier. She’s u n h a p p y t h a t r e c e n t l y t h e r e h a v e b e e n s o m e serious a c c i d e n t s a n d l o l l i p o p p e o p l e h a v e b e e n h u r t . B u t Penny k n o w s a l o t o f the c h i l d r e n a n d w o n ‘ t stop w o r k i n g i f they n e e d her.

60

Unit 7

r Grammar in context

!

Second conditional 1

3

Match t h e halves o f t h e sentences. If I were a president or prime minister,

1

If y o u gren’t/w&enX m y brother, I’d be really angry w i t h you.

2

If I had a boat,

2

If it was h o t all year, I won’t/wouldn’t go out.

3

In Australia it w o u l d be unusual

3

If I were/am you, I’d buy a n e w m o b i l e phone.

I f t h e y gave m e a j o b in t h e summer,

4

I f t h e y didnydgn’t have a pet, they’d be able t o g o away in t h e summer.

5

We’d go t o the USA in t h e s u m m e r

5

We would/will enjoy t h e concert more if w e k n e w t h e songs.

6

My parents w o u l d be really happy w i t h m e

6

They would/will c o n t i n u e r u n n i n g i f t h e y didn’t get tired.

1

4

a b

if we had e n o u g h money. I’d spend a lot of m o n e y on health, education

с

I’d take it because I need t h e money,

d

if I became a famous singer,

e

I’d spend my holidays at sea.

f

if it snowed in t h e summer.

I’d d o w h a t he said if he yyas/.k У boss.

8

Television w o u l d be better if there g/en’t/weren’t all those adverts.

10 4

Look at t h e sentences in 1. Are these sentences about t h e second c o n d i t i o n a l t r u e (T) or false (F)? 1

7

т

9

and the environment,

2

Choose t h e c o r r e c t a l t e r n a t i v e .

The second conditional talks a b o u t i m p r o b a b l e and imaginary situations.

If I could/can sing, I’d start a band. If y o u w e n t o u t more, you wgn’t/wouldn’t be lonely.

C o m p l e t e t h e sentences w i t h t h e s e c o n d c o n d i t i o n a l f o r m o f t h e verbs g i v e n . 1

If I

(have) a p r o b l e m , I’d call you.

2

If t h e bus didn’t c o m e , w e

3

I

4

You w o u l d n ‘ t learn m u c h if you

5

If y o u

(walk).

(not be) h a p p y if m y parents didn’t let m e g o out. (play) c o m p u t e r games all day.

(learn) t o speak a n e w language, it w o u l d help you

find a j o b .

The second conditional talks about past situations. We use would m the half of the sentence w i t h If.

6

If John was faster, he

(play) football better.

7

They’d leave the restaurant immediately i f t h e y

(not like)

the food. We can use was or were w i t h If l/he/she. The half of the sentence w i t h If always comes first.

8

If I k n e w t h e answer, I

9

If I

(tell) you.

(find) m o n e y in t h e street, I’d try t o find w h o it b e l o n g e d to.

10

I’d buy t h a t coat if I

11

If I were y o u , I

(have) e n o u g h money. (ask) the teacher t o explain the h o m e w o r k again.

1

Grammar extension 5

Give these p e o p l e advice u s i n g If I were you… 1

You can a d d reasons t o e x p l a i n y o u r o p i n i o n .

I’ve g o t an exam t o m o r r o w b u t it’s t h e c u p final t o n i g h t and

6

2

A g o o d friend has stopped talking t o me, b u t I don’t k n o w why. think he’s angry w i t h me.

my favourite t e a m is playing.

My friends have invited m e t o play football t o n i g h t b u t m y leg hurts.

7

I’ve g o t lots o f English h o m e w o r k t o do t o n i g h t b u t I forgot t o bring my books home.

3

Another student copied m y answers in an exam yesterday. It’s my mum’s birthday next week b u t I have no idea w h a t t o buy her.

4

My friends are all g o i n g t o an expensive restaurant t o n i g h t b u t I haven’t g o t e n o u g h m o n e y t o go. 9

5

I’d like t o learn t o drive.

I can’t understand the maths that we’re studying at the m o m e n t but I don’t w a n t t o tell anyone because I feel stupid.

1 0 I w a n t t o be famous one day.

Unit 7

i

in « к . и • „тшт

•

j

evelopmg speaking

•»

I

i ll«M

и ‘Шт^ЯтШЩЩШЩЯт*

mini

Asking about a job

Describing photos

1

3

Put t h e w o r d s i n o r d e r t o m a k e p o l i t e requests.

I

Look at t h e p h o t o a n d answer t h e q u e s t i o n s . If y o u are n o t sure o f s o m e t h i n g , use / think and/or / imagine.

2

1

me

y o u starts

2

if

3

y o u tell

4

we

5

Could

6

you me

I

need

Can

Could

me

you d o

apply

me

j o b when

y o u any

ask

h o w Could

tell

t h e wages

tell

tell

I

Can

to

ask

what

what

address

your

the ?

experience

I

?

can ?

have

are

Can ?

basic

what

is

?

?

C o m p l e t e t h e d i a l o g u e w i t h t h e p o l i t e requests i n 1. HOLIDAY CAMP ORGANISER:

TEENAGER:

Good afternoon?

Good afternoon. I’m calling a b o u t a j o b t h a t was in t h e newspaper yesterday. Could I ask for some information?

H O L I D A Y C A M P O R G A N I S E R : Certainly. TEENAGER:

Thanks, (a)

HOLIDAY CAMP ORGANISER:

Yes. It b e g i n s o n 1 July a n d i t s t

finishes o n 3 1 July. s t

TEENAGER:

.

O h , I see. (b)

HOLIDAY CAMP ORGANISER:

Well, you have t o give some sports

lessons in the m o r n i n g , and t h e n in t h e afternoon you take groups of children o n excursions or you organise games and c o m p e t i t i o n s w i t h t h e m . TEENAGER:

I see. (c)

people who’ve d o n e similar w o r k before. I understand, (d)

HOLIDAY CAMP ORGANISER:

It’s £150 a w e e k , a n d l u n c h is

included. TEENAGER:

(e)

HOLIDAY CAMP ORGANISER:

It’s easy. You just need t o send a

letter o f application and CV t o m e and t h e n I’ll call people for interviews. TEENAGER:

That’s great, (f)

HOLIDAY CAMP ORGANISER:

Unit 7

Use t h e q u e s t i o n s in 3 t o t h i n k o f t h i n g s t o say a b o u t t h i s p h o t o . M a k e notes a n d t h e n practise orally.

HOLIDAY CAMP ORGANISER: It’s n o t essential, b u t w e prefer

TEENAGER:

4

Yes, it’s

r Developing w r i t i n g A letter of application and CV 1

Read t h i s letter o f a p p l i c a t i o n . W h a t t y p e o f j o b d o y o u t h i n k Benjamin M a r t i n w a n t s ? D o y o u t h i n k h e is a g o o d p e r s o n f o r

A

s

У

о

иw

i

l

1 s

e

e

the j o b ?

I look forward to h e a r i n g f r o m y o u 12 S e f t o n S t r e e t Sunderland SU7 8BV

M s Susan N i c h o l s o n 72 H i l l R o a d Birmingham

Put t h e h e a d i n g s in t h e c o r r e c t place in t h e CV.

B06 3NJ

th

7 F e b r u a r y 2011

D e a r M s Nicholson, I a m w r i t i n g i n r e s p o n s e t o y o u r advertisement i n The Birmingham Sun. I w o u l d l i k e t o a p p l y for the j o b w h i c h

1

Interests

2

Education and qualifications

3

General information

4

Work experience

th

you a d v e r t i s e d i n this n e w s p a p e r o n 5 F e b r u a r y C U R R I C U L U M

I enclose a C V w i t h information about myself, i n c l u d i n g education a n d w o r k e x p e r i e n c e . A s y o u w i l l s e e , tennis is

V I T A E

Benjamin M a r t i n

one of m y m a m h o b t t e s and mterests. I have e x p e r i e n c e of A

giving tennis lessons a n d of w o r k i n g w i t h children. I also think

1

that I a m patient, w e l l — o r g a n i s e d a n d h a r d — w o r k i n g .

..

20/7/1992 British

2

I look forward to h e a r i n g f r o m y o u .

3

Single

Yours s i n c e r e l y ,

12 Sefton Street, Sunderland, SU7 8BV

benjamin

Martin

( m o b i l e ) 0567 123 4567 6

( h o m e ) 651 10 11 12

7

Benjamin M a r t i n

[email protected] 2

В

Look at t h e w o r d s a n d expressions in b o l d . Explain w h y t h e y

S u m m e r f i e l d School, S u n d e r l a n d

are i m p o r t a n t in letters o f a p p l i c a t i o n .

A levels m E n g l i s h Literature, French a n d E c o n o m i c s 12 S e f t o n S t r e e t

С

We write our own address in the lop

ши£с#гиек

I

July 2 0 1 0

W o r k e d at Foxton Tennis C l u b g i v i n g lessons о 5-10 year olds

July 2009 Ms

W o r k e d at Knightley Tennis C l u b as assistant

D Tennis Reading G o o d k n o w l e d g e of c o m p u t e r s

72 H i l l R o a d

4 Dear

1

I a m w r i t i n g i nresponse to

I would like to

N o w p u t t h e specific titles in t h e c o r r e c t place in t h e CV.

5

Permanent address

2

Email

3

Nationality

4

Telephone

5

Marital status

6

Telephone

7

Date o f birth

Take a piece o f p a p e r a n d w r i t e o u t y o u r o w n CV. Use t h e c o m p l e t e d CV o n t h i s p a g e as a m o d e l . Unit 7

«

8 Good friends Y

V o c a b u l a r y

Grammar

• Past perfect

Vocabulary

• Relationships

•Gerunds and infinitives

Speaking

> Reporting a past event

Writing

• A personal

• Feelings

• Noun suffixes

-ness. -ship,

description

11,11

Relationships 1

2

M a t c h these phrases t o t h e p i c t u r e s . ask s o m e b o d y o u t

fall in love w i t h s o m e b o d y

get back t o g e t h e r again get o n well w i t h s o m e b o d y hove an a r g u m e n t

Are these stages usually at t h e start or t h e e n d o f a relationship? Start

g e t married go out with somebody

split u p w i t h s o m e b o d y

W o u l d y o u like t o g o t o t h e cinema w i t h m e o n Friday?

1

get o n well w i t h s o m e b o d y

2

ask s o m e b o d y o u t

3

have an a r g u m e n t

4

meet s o m e b o d y

5

split u p w i t h s o m e b o d y

6

fall in love w i t h s o m e b o d y

7

go o u t w i t h s o m e b o d y

End

• • • • • • •

• • • • • •

Feelings 3

C o m p l e t e t h e puzzle by w r i t i n g t h e n o u n f o r m o f each a d j e c t i v e . Is t h e w o r d in t h e s h a d e d c o l u m n positive or

1

negative?

have an argument

1

angry

2

bored

3

excited

4

afraid

5

happy

6

lonely

<0

s ‘a 2

9

e

r

3 4 5 6

4

We like t h e same films, t h e

i same f o o d , the same people …J

W r i t e y o u r o w n t r u e answers t o t h e s e q u e s t i o n s .

1

W h e n was t h e last t i m e you were angry? What happened?

2

When was the last t i m e you were bored? Why were you bored?

3

W h e n you were small, w h a t were you afraid of?

4

W h e n was t h e last t i m e you were very excited? What happened?

I Unit 8

5

W h e n was the last t i m e you were lonely? What did you do?

1

Read t h e t w o love stones f r o m British n e w s p a p e r s . W r i t e a t i t l e

Look a t t h e i n f o r m a t i o n . W h o does it describe — David,

for each story.

M i c h e l l e , Geraint o r Laura? Each piece o f i n f o r m a t i o n c o u l d describe m o r e t h a n o n e p e r s o n .

1

1

17 years old Michelle

stop

2

student

thinking about the number. H e started t h i n k i n g that

3

farmer

somebody h a d g i v e n h i m t h e n u m b e r . I n t h e e n d h e

4

lived more t h a n 100 kilometres f r o m his partner

5

sent a lot o f emails

6

sent a lot of text messages

7

m e t her partner w h e n she was o n holiday

FIVE Y E A R S A G O D a v i d B r o w n w o k e u p w i t h a m y s t e r y mobile p h o n e

number

i n his head.

H e couldn’t

decided t o send a text message. T h e n u m b e r

belonged

to M i c h e l l e K i t s o n , a 1 7 — y e a r — o l d s t u d e n t w h o w a s l i v i n g w i t h h e r p a r e n t s a b o u t 100 k i l o m e t r e s a w a y . S h e d e c i d e d to a n s w e r

t h e message.

it b e c a m e c l e a r they

continued

messages

After a f e w more

that they h a d never

messages

m e t before. E

sending

and

started

calling each other o nt h e

8

g o t married

9

works many hours a day

10

phone. T h e n M i c h e l l e a n d

met her partner in an unusual w a y

D a v i d m e t … a n d f e l l i n Answer the questions.

love. N o t l o n g after, t h e y got

married.

Michelle

said: ‘It w a s a f a n t a s t i c d a y

1

H o w did David meet Michelle?

2

What was special a b o u t t h e day w h e n Michelle g o t married?

3

H o w did Geraint meet Laura?

when w e got married. T h e weather

h a d been

that w e e k

awful

but when

we

went to the church it was beautiful sunshine!’

2 Л 7″es, m i l k I S g o o d f o r y o u . I t c a n e v e n f i n d y o u a boyfriend

or girlfriend!

Just

ask farmer

Geraint

Evans. H e a n d f o u r o t h e r f a r m e r s , m e n a n d w o m e n , p u t t h e i r p h o t o s o n t h e s i d e o f 2,000 m i l k c a r t o n s w i t h t h e i r email addresses a s k i n g p e o p l e t o c o n t a c t t h e m . G e r a i n t hadn’t h a d a g i r l f r i e n d f o r f i v e y e a r s because o f his l o n g

4

days a t w o r k o n t h e f a r m . H e o f t e n f i n i s h e d a t 1 1 p m a n d so h e h a d n o t i m e t o g o o u t a n d m e e t p e o p l e . H e w a s l u c k y . A 28-year-old A m e r i c a n

student called Laura

W h y did Geraint decide t o look for a girlfriend in an unusual way?

Allison

saw G e r a i n t ‘ s p h o t o a n d i m m e d i a t e l y f e l l i n l o v e . L a u r a was o n l y i n B r i t a i n o n h o l i d a y . W h e n s h e g o t b a c k t o h e r home i n Chicago, she c o n t a c t e d G e r a i n t . S i x m o n t h s h a v e passed a n d t h e y h a v e sent h u n d r e d s o f e m a i l s , c a l l e d e a c h other, s e n t l e t t e r s a n d v i s i t e d e a c h o t h e r ‘ s h o m e s . T h e

4

Find w o r d s in t h e t e x t s w h i c h have similar m e a n i n g s t o these words or explanations.

couple m e t i n p e r s o n f o r t h e f i r s t t i m e w h e n G e r a i n t f l e w to C h i c a g o . ‘ A f t e r m e e t i n g a n d s p e n d i n g t i m e t o g e t h e r , I

1

obvious, evident (Text 1)

2

one person t o another person (Texts 1 and2)

3

container for liquids, especially milk or juice (Text 2)

4

i m m e d i a t e l y after (Text2)

k n o w this is t r u e love a n d I h o p e w e w i l l s p e n d t h e rest of o u r l i v e s t o g e t h e r , ‘ s a i d L a u r a . ‘ I ‘ v e m e t t h e g i r l o f m y dreams a n d I w a n t u s t o g e t m a r r i e d as s o o n as L a u r a ‘ s finished h e r course i n America,’ said Geraint.

5

W h a t a b o u t you? W h i c h story d o you think is more unusual and why?

Unit8

65

Past perfect 1

M a t c h t h e halves o f t h e sentences. T h e n u n d e r l i n e t h e t h i n g

3

W r i t e a c o m p l e t e sentence for each p i c t u r e . Look at t h e

w h i c h h a p p e n e d first in each sentence. Is t h e v e r b in t h e past

example.

s i m p l e or t h e past perfect?

2

1

W h e n thev had finished the exam

2

He didn’t have any m o n e y t h a t week

3

She started reading a n e w b o o k

4

They hadn’t eaten a n y t h i n g all day

5

W h e n they had had their dinner

6

He didn’t s w i m

7

They had w o n t h e c o m p e t i t i o n

a

they washed t h e dishes.

с

b

so they had a party t o celebrate.

с

they left the classroom.

d

because he had f o r g o t t e n t o bring his t o w e l .

e

so they ordered a big pizza.

f

because he had spent it the week before.

g

because she had finished the o n e she was reading.

W h i c h o f these t h i n g s h a d y o u d o n e by h a l f past e i g h t t h i s m o r n i n g ? W r i t e c o m p l e t e sentences. 1

By 8.30am this m o r n i n g / h a d / h a d n ‘ t h a d a

shower.

(have a shower) 2 (read a book) 3 (arrive at school) 4 (have an a r g u m e n t ) 5 (speak t o my parents) 6 (use my m o b i l e phone) 7 (send an email) 8 (watch TV) 9 (spend money)

5

Grammar extension 4

Look at t h e s e i m p o r t a n t dates in t h e h i s t o r y o f m a n k i n d a n d w r i t e sentences w i t h t h e past p e r f e c t . Look at t h e e x a m p l e . 1

4500 В С — i n v e n t t h e wheel

6

1 9 0 3 — f l y for the first t i m e

2

1455 — start t o print books

7

1928 — discover penicillin

1796 — give the first vaccination

8

1932-split the atom

9

1953 — find the molecular structure of DNA

make t h e first battery

1895 — d i s c o v e r X-rays

El

Unit 8

1 0 1969 — walk on the m o o n

Developing v o c a b u l a r y Noun suffixes -ness, -ship, -dom 1

C o m p l e t e t h e sentences w i t h t h e a d j e c t i v e or n o u n f o r m o f t h e w o r d s in 1.

Put t h e letters in order t o m a k e n o u n s . T h e n c o m p l e t e t h e table by w r i t i n g t h e n o u n s in t h e c o r r e c t c o l u m n . dromfee massend

slilens

moredob

redpinfish

peashspin

snakewes sillensone

1

You don’t look well. Are you

? Do you need

iff

a doctor?

dessans tinshiporeal

2

I have a g o o d

w i t h my sister. We get on well.

3

After ten years in prison they finally let h i m o u t and gave h i m back his

-ness

-dom

-ship

4

freedom T

Why are you so

? Have you w o n the lottery

or something? 5

She hasn’t g o t any brothers or sisters or any g o o d friends. I t h i n k she’s

6

w i t h n o b o d y t o talk to.

They’re q u i t e

.They aren’t strong e n o u g h t o

put t h e bags up there. 7

Can you imagine t h e

of sitting around for

five hours w i t h n o t h i n g t o do? 8

Your

is really i m p o r t a n t t o me. We’ve been

friends since w e were five. 9

You look like you are a b o u t t o cry. Why are you so ?

Vocabulary extension: other nouns ending in -ness, -ship, -dom 3

Match t h e w o r d s w i t h t h e i r d e f i n i t i o n s . Use y o u r d i c t i o n a r y if necessary. 1

dark

a

intelligent because you have a lot o f experience

2

wise

b

a m a n w h o rules a country, t h e oldest male m e m b e r o f a royal family

3

aware

с

not able t o see

4

leader

d

a person w h o is in control of other people

5

blind

e

black, or w i t h o u t m u c h light

6

king

f

k n o w i n g about a situation

4

Write t h e w o r d s in 3 in t h e correct c o l u m n in t h e t a b l e in 1. Use y o u r d i c t i o n a r y if necessary.

5

Look at t h e p h o t o s a n d a n s w e r t h e q u e s t i o n s u s i n g t h e correct f o r m o f t h e w o r d s in 3. 1

What is this?

2

The United

Why can’t they see? Because

3

of t h e

4

W h a t is an i m p o r t a n t quality in this t y p e of person?

Why can’t he see? Because he’s

5

What is an i m p o r t a n t quality in this t y p e o f person?

Unit 8

67

A

r

o

m

a

n

c

e

t h a t

m

a

d

e

h i s t o r y

Legend says that Cleopatra was incredibly beautiful. We don’t

Cross-curricular- History Antony and Cleopatra

k n o w if she was, but w e k n o w that she was very clever. She spoke nine languages and was a great mathematician. While she was queen she b r o u g h t prosperity and peace t o Egypt. E

I INSIDE INFORMATION

In Rome some people started saying that Cleopatra had helped

• The love story between Mark Antony and Cleopatra is one of the most famous in history. William Shakespeare wrote a play about the two characters and there have been other famous books and films about them too.

t o kill Julius Caesar. Mark Antony, the n e w Emperor of Rome, w a n t e d t o discover the t r u t h so he t o l d her t o come t o see him. Cleopatra arrived in a g o l d e n boat.The legend says that Mark A n t o n y and Cleopatra i m m e d i a t e l y fell in love. We k n o w that they g o t married soon after and had three children.

• WORD BOOSTER Match the words and powerful rival exile follow assassinate

definitions.

a

kill a famous or i m p o r t a n t person

b

strong and i m p o r t a n t

с

make s o m e b o d y leave a country

d

g o after

e

s o m e b o d y you c o m p e t e against

f

prosperity

1

Write three things that you t h i n k you k n o w a b o u t Cleopatra.

3

Read t h e t e x t a g a i n a n d p u t t h e p a r a g r a p h s in t h e correct order.

1

2

situation where people have a lot of m o n e y

Read t h e t e x t a n d see if it m e n t i o n s any o f y o u r facts in I . T h e

4

1

2

4

5

Put t h e e v e n t s i n t o t h e correct c h r o n o l o g i c a l order.

t e x t is n o t in order, b u t t h a t is n o t i m p o r t a n t at t h e m o m e n t .

a

A

b

Cleopatra g o t married t o her brother.

с

Cleopatra g o t married t o Mark Antony.

d

Cleopatra died.

Together Mark A n t o n y and Cleopatra had a very p o w e r f u l political and romantic relationship. But Mark A n t o n y had a rival in

Cleopatra had a relationship w i t h Julius Caesar.

Rome, Octavian. Octavian declared war against Mark Antony. In a

e

Mark A n t o n y died.

terrible battle at A c t i u m , Mark A n t o n y lost and, w i t h Cleopatra, he

f

Julius Caesar died.

g

Cleopatra w e n t t o Rome.

ran away t o Egypt. Mark A n t o n y was losing the war and Roman soldiers were g o i n g t o make h i m a prisoner. He decided t o kill himself. W h e n Cleopatra f o u n d out, she t o o k a poisonous snake,

5

3

Answer the questions.

put it next t o her, and she also t o o k her o w n life. В

1

Why d i d Cleopatra marry her brother?

2

Why d i d Cleopatra g o t o Rome?

3

Why did Mark A n t o n y w a n t t o see Cleopatra?

4

W h y d i d Mark A n t o n y kill himself?

Cleopatra VII o f Egypt is one o f t h e most f a m o u s w o m e n in history. She was b o r n in 69 or 68 ВС. W h e n her father died, she became the queen. Her ten-year-old brother, Ptolemy XIII, was the king. Because o f an old Egyptian tradition she and her brother got married. С In 48 ВС, Egypt became part o f t h e conflict b e t w e e n Julius Caesar and Pompey. Caesar came t o Egypt and he and Cleopatra began a romance. Ptolemy had exiled Cleopatra b u t Caesar helped Cleopatra t o b e c o m e queen again. In 47 ВС Cleopatra had a child, possibly Julius Caesar’s. Caesar w e n t back t o Rome and Cleopatra and her son f o l l o w e d h i m . But w h e n they assassinated Caesar in Rome, Cleopatra returned t o Egypt where once again she became queen. 68

Unit 8

6

W h a t a b o u t youl Do you enjoy d o i n g history at school? Why/Why not?

r Grammar in context Gerunds and infinitives 1

3

Match t h e rules w i t h t h e sentences. We use the g e r u n d as the subject of a sentence.

/

C o m p l e t e t h e questions w i t h t h e correct f o r m o f t h e verbs g i v e n . 1

We use the gerund w i t h go t o talk a b o u t physical

What d o y o u enjoy

(do) o n Saturday

afternoons?

activities.

2

We use the gerund after verbs o f liking or disliking.

H o w often d o y o u g o

(shop) w i t h your

friends?

We use the gerund after prepositions. We use t h e infinitive t o explain w h y s o m e b o d y

3

does s o m e t h i n g .

4

We use the infinitive after adjectives. We use the infinitive after certain verbs. I hate g e t t i n g up early.

(do) sport. How i m p o r t a n t is it for you? What are y o u g o o d at

5

H o w d o you feel a b o u t

6

What do you w a n t

(do) at school? (read) in English? (do) w h e n you finish

school?

I’m g o o d at d o i n g maths.

7

I want t o g o t o Egypt. I go s w i m m i n g three times a week.

Do y o u find it easy

(make) n e w friends?

Why/Why not?

I w e n t h o m e t o s e e if my m u m was OK.

8

Reading fantasy novels is one o f m y hobbies. It’s difficult t o s e e w h e n it’s dark.

4

•

What d o you hate

(do) at t h e weekend?

W r i t e y o u r o w n t r u e answers t o t h e q u e s t i o n s in 3. 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

f

Grammar extension 5

W r i t e c o m p l e t e sentences a b o u t you using t h e w o r d s in b o l d . You c a n n o t c h a n g e t h e f o r m o f t h e w o r d s in b o l d . You can use verbs o f l i k i n g , adjectives, go, p r e p o s i t i o n s o r w o n t j u s t before t h e w o r d s . The w o r d s can c o m e a t t h e start o f t h e sentence o r

2

y o u can e x p l a i n w h y y o u d o or d i d s o m e t h i n g .

Match t h e halves o f t h e sentences. 1

Professional football players should enjoy

2

Last week my grandfather and I w e n t t o

1

Wembley Stadium

I Jove watching films at the weekend.

WATCHING

2

TO SEE

3

Scoring goals is i m p o r t a n t

3

WALKING

4

It’s i m p o r t a n t for football players

5

Professional football players don’t often g o

4

TO DO

6

For professional football players, it usually isn’t g o o d

5

TO BUY

a

to train hard.

6

LISTENING

b

to eat lots of burgers because they aren’t very healthy.

7

LIVING

с

skiing because they could have an accident.

d

for football players.

8

TO BE

e

to watch a football match.

9

TO READ

f

playing football.

10

SHOPPING

i»

_

Unit 8

Reporting a past event — a party 1

M a t c h t h e q u e s t i o n s a n d answers a b o u t a p a r t y . Questions

Answers

Whose party was it?

a

It was his birthday.

2

Why did they have the party?

b

No, I didn’t k n o w anybody there except m y cousin (and my sister of course!),

3

W h o did you g o with?

с

M y cousin was playing some old CDs w i t h songs that n o b o d y knew,

4

Where was the party?

d

It was in a cold, dark garage at m y cousin’s house.

5

How many people were there?

e

No, I didn’t dance because I didn’t k n o w any o f the songs that my cousin was playing,

6

Did you k n o w all the people there?

7

Was there any food? What was it like?

8

Was there any music? W h a t was it like?

h

I m e t one or t w o people b u t I didn’t like t h e m m u c h ,

9

Did you dance?

i

The party e n d e d at 9 p m .

10

Did you meet anybody?

j

I w e n t w i t h m y little sister.

11

What t i m e did the party end?

к

1

f

It was my cousin’s.

g

There was some food, but w e didn’t really eat anything because there were only some cakes t h a t m y cousin had made and they weren’t very g o o d ,

There weren’t many because my cousin hasn’t g o t many friends.

I m a g i n e t h a t last Saturday y o u w e n t t o t h e best p a r t y ever. W r i t e y o u r o w n answers t o t h e q u e s t i o n s in 1. Make it clear t h a t it was the p e r f e c t party. Use d i f f e r e n t past tenses w h e n necessary.

It was Will Smith’s.

8 9 10 11

Describing photos 3

Look a t t h e p h o t o a n d a n s w e r t h e q u e s t i o n s . If y o u are n o t sure o f s o m e t h i n g , use / think a n d / o r / imagine.

4

Use t h e q u e s t i o n s in 3 t o t h i n k o f t h i n g s t o say a b o u t this p h o t o . M a k e notes a n d t h e n practise orally.

1

I

> Developing w r i t i n g A personal description 1

2

Read this d e s c r i p t i o n o f Holly’s best f r i e n d , Eleanor, a n d

Read t h e d e s c r i p t i o n a g a i n a n d c o m p l e t e it w i t h these w o r d s a n d expressions o f s e q u e n c e a n d t i m e .

answer t h e q u e s t i o n s . 1

Where did they meet?

2

Why was it unusual t o meet there?

at first 3

before

in the end

that s u m m e r

then

years ago

Look at t h i s i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t an i m a g i n a r y best f r i e n d . Use t h e i n f o r m a t i o n a n d y o u r i m a g i n a t i o n t o w r i t e a n e m a i l like Holly’s. R e m e m b e r t o use expressions o f sequence a n d t i m e .

N a m e : Alfie

•

M e t : t h r e e y e a r s ago, a t a party, f r i e n d o f a f r i e n d , chatting, goes t o s a m e school b u th a d n e v e r

spoken

Good f r i e n d because: like playing same sports, funny, Interesting, doesn’t get a n g r y Physical description not v e r y tall (like m e ! ) , long dark hair

Ш Get Mail

Write

Contacts

Reply

Foiward

Ф

Print

Delete

i i i i m i i

Hi Alicia, How are you? I hope you and your family are all w e l l . I thought I’d tell you a b i t about my best friend, Eleanor. I met her two (a)

. (b)

t

my family

Get Mail

Write

Contacts

Reply

w

Forward

Delete

£4 Print

Dear Jake, How are you? I hope you’re w e l l .

and I were spending our holidays in Spain. Eleanor was staying

I t h o u g h t I ‘ d tell you a b i t about my best friend, Alfie.

at the same hotel as us. I t ‘ s incredible t h a t we met in another

I met him

country because at home we actually live very close to each other but we’d never met (c) (d)

j I d i d n ‘ t get on w i t h Eleanor because she

didn’t speak much. But (e)

we went out one

evening and we started to chat, ( f )

t

we found

that we had lots of things in c o m m o n . For example, we both love music and we like the same singers. We also love dancing. People say we’re like sisters because we’re both t a l l , we both have long fair hair and we’ve both got blue eyes. Write back and tell me about your best friend. How did you meet? All the best, Holly

Unit 8

Revision: Units 7-8 Grammar

Vocabulary

1

1

C o m p l e t e these sentences a b o u t y o u r school in a logical w a y . 1

At our school, students must

1

a j o b for creative people:

2

At our school, students shouldn’t

2

a j o b w i t h a lot of paperwork:

3

At our school, students don’t have t o

3

a j o b where you need t o be calm:

4

a j o b w h e r e you w o r k outdoors:

5

a j o b for people w h o are sociable:

4

At our school, students mustn’t

5

At our school, students should

6

At our school, students have t o

7

At our school, teachers don’t have t o

С

/5 points)

M a t c h t h e s e w o r d s t o m a k e c o m p o u n d adjectives. After each c o m p o u n d a d j e c t i v e , say if it describes a person or a j o b .

( 2

T h i n k o f a d i f f e r e n t j o b for each e x a m p l e .

easy

/7 points)

handed

working

right

going looking

paid time

part

hard

well

good

C o m p l e t e each s e n t e n c e w i t h a n a p p r o p r i a t e w o r d . If I

a millionaire, I’d buy m y parents a n e w car.

I w o u l d be really happy

w e lived in N e w York.

If it didn’t rain for m o n t h s , w e

have m u c h water.

If I k n e w w h e n his birthday was, I’d

h i m a present.

you run away if you saw a ghost? If it

, w e w o u l d n ‘ t g o o u t because w e

haven’t g o t an umbrella.

(

1

паЫ-workin

щещфоЬ

<3

2

person/job

3

. person/job

4

. P. .UQ.0/JQ.b

5

.. person/job

6

person/job

e

(

/6 points)

/10 points)

C o m p l e t e t h e expressions. 3

Decide w h i c h a c t i o n h a p p e n e d first a n d p u t o n e v e r b in t h e past p e r f e c t a n d t h e o t h e r in t h e past s i m p l e . 1

2

I haelgot

up, I mage

t o have a g o o d relationship w i t h s o m e b o d y = t o

2

t o start a relationship w i t h s o m e b o d y again = t o get

3

t o start t o love s o m e b o d y = t o

on well w i t h s o m e o n e

I g o t up/I m a d e m y breakfast. After

1

together again

my breakfast,

he finished his lunch/he wasn’t hungry. 4

3

in love w i t h

somebody

she g o t in the s w i m m i n g pool/she s w a m for 20 minutes.

t o ask s o m e b o d y t o g o somewhere w i t h you because you w a n t t o start a romantic relationship w i t h t h e m = to ask somebody t o e n d a relationship w i t h s o m e b o d y = t o somebody

4

I sent t h e email/l w r o t e it.

up with

(

/5 points)

Find t h e w o r d s w h i c h describe these feelings. All t h e w o r d s

( 4

/6 points)

t h e feeling w h e n you aren’t happy =

C o m p l e t e t h e sentences w i t h t h e s e w o r d s . doing

to d o

swimming

to swim

watching

are n o u n s .

t h e feeling w h e n you w a n t to be w i t h other people but to watch

n o b o d y is w i t h you = the feeling w h e n you are afraid of s o m e t h i n g =

1 2

sport is g o o d for you. It’s i m p o r t a n t

3

I enjoy

4

I g o t up early

5

Are you g o o d at

6

Do you w a n t

the feeling w h e n s o m e t h i n g really g o o d is g o i n g

your h o m e w o r k every day. cartoons and dramas.

to happen = the feeling w h e n you are angry =

the news o n TV.

(

/5 points)

? Can you g o under the water? in t h e sea this afternoon?

С

/6 points)

/25 points intsj

Reading 1

Read t h e t e x t . Does t h e p h o t o s h o w child work or child labour!

2

Answer the questions. 1

W h a t examples of dangerous jobs appear in the text?

2

In typical child labour, do children w o r k long hours? How m u c h m o n e y d o they get for their work?

3

What are the problems for children w h o w o r k in agriculture?

4

W h a t happens t o these children w h e n they have an accident?

Г

Writing L . T . Most teenagers in Europe have

children not only w o r k in bad

busy lives. They w o r k hard at

conditions. They also w o r k very

school, then maybe they d o

long hours. Often t h e y get no

after-school activities or sport,

m o n e y for their w o r k .

they go o u t w i t h their friends, and sometimes they do a Saturday job. But d o n ‘ t forget that there are approximately 218 million children in the w o r l d between the ages of 5 and 17 who have t o w o r k almost every day of the year.

child labour a r o u n d the w o r l d , the majority (69%) w o r k in agriculture. They w o r k in very

like knives or machetes. Their w o r k i n g conditions are dirty and

of t h e day t h e y are very tired.

type of jobs that these y o u n g

But that’s w h e n t h e y have t o

people have t o do. Working in

be m o s t careful because, if not,

a supermarket is an example

they can suffer fatal accidents.

of child work. Child w o r k is

A n d you should also r e m e m b e r

an economic activity w h i c h

that these children d o n ‘ t usually

isn’t bad for a child’s health or

receive any medicine or medical

education. But the other is w h a t

treatment.

and pesticides in agriculture, or w o r k i n g w i t h dangerous machines in factories. These

or ring 0 1 2 3 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 .

3

Look at t h e j o b a d v e r t i s e m e n t . You n e e d a j o b this s u m m e r . W r i t e a l e t t e r t o M r L.T. Jones. Use t h e s e q u e s t i o n s f o r ideas a b o u t w h a t t o w r i t e (you can i n v e n t i n f o r m a t i o n ) .

•

in a supermarket and the

or w o r k i n g w i t h chemicals

W r i t e t o M r L.T. Jones, 3 6 A t l a n t i c Drive, Bristol, B06 3LP

use dangerous e q u i p m e n t

long hours and so at the end

children are w o r k i n g in mines,

t o deliver newspapers this summer.

•

between a job at the w e e k e n d

conditions. Right n o w millions of

S H O P

We need a hard-working teenager

high t e m p e r a t u r e s and they

unhealthy. They have t o w o r k

children w o r k in dangerous

N E W S P A P E R

Of the 218 million children in

There’s a big difference

we call child labour. That is w h e n

J O N E S

/5 points)

Why are you writing? What other i n f o r m a t i o n are you sending w i t h the letter (CV, p h o t o , other)?

•

W h a t personal qualities do you have that could help t o get t h e job?

•

What experience do you have?

D e a r M r Jones,

So next t i m e y o u think t h a t y o u r life is difficult, r e m e m b e r t h a t there are people of your age in w o r s e conditions. Maybe w e should all think about d o i n g s o m e t h i n g t o help t h e m .

С

/10 points)

Grammar

• Reported speech — statements and questions

Vocabulary

• Fiction

• Non-fiction

• Phrasal verbs connected with reading and writing Speaking

• Making offers

Writing

•A questionnaire

Fiction 1

C o m p l e t e t h e puzzle w i t h t h e t y p e s o f f i c t i o n . 1

Macbeth, Waiting for Godot, The Importance of Being Earnest

2

X-Men, Spider-man, Dragonball

3

Frankenstein, Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde, The Vampire

4

Lord of the Rings, Harry Potter, Eragon

5

Love Story, Antony and Cleopatra, Women in Love

6

The Spy Who Came in from the Cold, The Last Assassin, The Bourne Identity

7

Cinderella, Snow White, Flapunzel

8

Murder on the Orient Express, The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes, The No. I Ladies’Detective Agency

9

О

The Time Machine, War of the Worlds, Journey to the Centre

О

of the Earth 10 2

Viking, Pompeii, Centurion

Look a t these f i c t i o n a l characters. C h o o s e t h e t y p e o f b o o k in 1 t h a t each o n e c o m e s f r o m .

Non-fiction 3

M a t c h each t y p e o f n o n — f i c t i o n b o o k w i t h t h e t y p e o f i n f o r m a t i o n t h a t it gives. Type of non-fiction 1 atlas 2 autobiography

I n f o r m a t i o n it g i v e s a

It tells you h o w t o f i n d a place and w h a t you can d o there.

b

It tells you w h a t you need t o k n o w a b o u t a subject that you study at school.

biography

с

It tells you w h i c h ingredients you need for a dish and h o w t o prepare t h e m .

4 cookbook

d

It shows you t h e geographic location of different places.

5 dictionary

e

It tells you w h a t has happened very recently or w h a t is h a p p e n i n g now.

6 encyclopedia

f

It tells you a b o u t somebody’s life.

7 guidebook

g

It tells you h o w t o use or operate s o m e t h i n g .

8

manual

h

It tells you a b o u t t h e writer’s life.

9

newspaper

i

It tells you a b o u t almost a n y t h i n g in t h e w o r l d .

j

It tells you the meaning, f o r m , spelling and pronunciation o f words.

3

1 0 textbook

Choose o n e t y p e o f n o n — f i c t i o n t h a t y o u s o m e t i m e s read a n d o n e t h a t y o u never read. W r i t e a s e n t e n c e f o r each e x p l a i n i n g w h y . 1

I sometimes read because

Unit 9

2

I never read because

eading 1

Read t h e speech by t h e f a m o u s novelist, Paul Auster. Do y o u t h i n k he is h a p p y b e i n g a w r i t e r ? W h y / W h y not?

2

Read t h e speech a g a i n a n d m a t c h t h e halves o f t h e sentences. Auster thinks that 1

Paul Auster is one of America’s greatest living novelists. His books include The New York Trilogy, Mr Vertigo and Moon Palace. In 2006 Auster w o n the Prince of Asturias Prize for Letters, Spain’s most important literary honour. The text you are going to read is the speech that he read out at the ceremony where he accepted the prize.

3

I want to tell you a story I don’t k n o w w h y I do w h a t I do. If I did know, I probably w o u l d n ‘ t

the life of a writer is

2

books are n o t

3

art makes us

4

fairy tales are

5

TV and films are

a

useful in a practical way.

b

f r i g h t e n i n g b u t can’t hurt us.

с

strange.

d

different f r o m other living things,

e

popular because w e all need stories.

Answer the questions. 1

W h e n did Paul Auster b e c o m e interested in w r i t i n g stories?

2

Why does he w r i t e fiction?

3

Why does he t h i n k books and stories are i m p o r t a n t for us?

feel the need t o do it. All I can say is that I have needed t o w r i t e stories since my earliest adolescence. It is an unusual way t o spend your life — sitting alone in a room w i t h a pen in your hand, hour after hour, day after day, year after year, trying t o put words on pieces of paper in order t o give birth t o w h a t does not exist except in your o w n head. Why w o u l d anyone w a n t t o d o such a thing? The only answer I have ever been able t o give is: because

4

M a t c h these w o r d s f r o m t h e t e x t w i t h t h e i r d e f i n i t i o n s .

you have to. allow

This need t o make, t o create, t o invent is essential for humans.

except

innocent

passion

safe

vast

But fiction has no practical use in the real w o r l d . A book has never put food in the stomach of a hungry child. A book has never

1

let, p e r m i t

stopped a bullet f r o m entering a murder victim’s body. A book

2

very big, e n o r m o u s

3

apart f r o m

4

not dangerous

example, t o the work of a doctor or an engineer. But is that a bad

5

not guilty of a crime

thing? Does that mean that books are just a waste of our time?

6

strong feeling o f love or interest

has never stopped a b o m b f r o m falling on inn_oce_nt people in the middle of a war. In other words, art is no use w h e n you compare it, for

Many people think so. But I w o u l d say that art is w h a t makes us different from anything else on this planet. It is w h a t defines us as human beings. Children love listening t o stories. Why? Fairy tales are often

5

W h a t a b o u t you? 1

Do you t h i n k stories are important? Why/Why not?

2

What d o you prefer — reading stories, listening t o t h e m ,

cruel and violent. You w o u l d t h i n k this w o u l d be t o o f r i g h t e n i n g for a young child. But these stories aJJ.oyy children t o meet their o w n fears — in a perfectly safe and protected e n v i r o n m e n t . This is the magic of stories. For years, in every country of t h e western w o r l d , journalists have w r i t t e n article after article a b o u t the fact that fewer and fewer people are reading books. This may be true, but at the

w a t c h i n g t h e m on TV or in films? Why?

same t i m e this has not stopped the universal need for stories. Films and television and even comic books are creating vast quantities o f narratives, and the public continues t o read t h e m w i t h great passion. That is because h u m a n beings need stones. It w o u l d be impossible t o imagine life w i t h o u t t h e m .

Unit 9

75

Reported speech — statements l a Decide if t h e w o r d s g i v e n are necessary in t h e s e n t e n c e o r n o t .

4

R e w r i t e t h e sentences in r e p o r t e d speech.

I f t h e y are necessary, w r i t e t h e m in t h e c o r r e c t place. 1

My friend said I c o u l d use his bike, (me)

2

They t o l d they w a n t e d t o g o h o m e , (us)

3

The teacher told they had an exam on Wednesday, (the

students) 4

He said it was his birthday, (him)

5

He said it wasn’t his book, (me)

6

She t o l d she w a n t e d t o g o s h o p p i n g , (her mum)

7

I said she was my favourite writer, (the teacher)

8

They t o l d t h e exam was on Friday. (James)

l b Look a t y o u r answers in 1a. W h a t is t h e d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n say

a n d telll

1

‘I’m g o i n g t o play basketball in July,’said Jamie.

2

1 w a n t t o g o swimming,’said Becky.

3

‘My friend has g o t a new c o m p u t e r game,’ said Jack.

4

‘We finish school on Friday,’said Emily and Evie.

5

‘I think this is t h e answer,’said Charlotte.

6

‘We don’t need help,’said t h e students.

7

‘My dad works in an office,’ said Steven.

8

I’m n o t g o i n g t o t h e meeting,’said George.

2 a C o m p l e t e t h e sentences w i t h t h e c o r r e c t w o r d s . 1

1 love hip-hop,’said Dylan. Dylan said

2

loved hip-hop.

‘Those are my keys,’said Chloe. Chloe said those were

3

‘We are t h e police,’said t h e m e n . The m e n said

4

extension

5 a M a t c h t h e p e o p l e w i t h t h e t h i n g s t h e y said. T h e n w r i t e c o m p l e t e sentences in r e p o r t e d speech.

were t h e police.

‘Our parents are away,’said Ben and Amy. Ben and A m y said

5

Grammar

keys.

parents were away.

‘It’s my turn t o pay,’said Henry. Henry said it was

turn t o pay.

2 b Look at y o u r a n s w e r s in 2a. W h a t w o r d s c h a n g e in r e p o r t e d speech? 1

t h a t film.

‘We’re g o i n g by bus,’ said Danny. Danny said

3

I came, I saw, I conquered.

с [

Education is t h e most p o w e r f u l w e a p o n

I

w h i c h you can use t o change t h e w o r l d .

bike.

I t isn’t a problem,’Ellie t o l d me. m e it

a problem.

‘My dad needs help,’said Olivia. Olivia said

6

Oscar Wilde

‘That’s my bike,’said Jacob.

Ellie 5

b (

3

g o i n g by bus.

Jacob said that 4

except t e m p t a t i o n .

Nelson Mandela …

‘I love that film,’said Megan. Megan said

2

2

I can resist everything

3 a C o m p l e t e t h e sentences w i t h t h e c o r r e c t w o r d s . 1

Julius Caesar…

dad

help.

‘Our lesson is a b o u t t o start,’said Poppy and Freya. Poppy and Freya said

lesson

a b o u t t o start.

3 b Look a t y o u r answers in 3a. W h a t h a p p e n s t o t h e verbs in r e p o r t e d speech?

Unit 9

5 b Do y o u k n o w any o t h e r t h i n g s t h a t f a m o u s p e o p l e said? W r i t e t h e m here.

Copernicus said that the earth went round ike sun.

J

• Developing v o c a b u l a r y

Phrasal verbs connected with reading and writing l a Match t h e parts o f t h e phrasal verbs.

3

W r i t e sentences w i t h t h e phrasal verbs in 1 a n d 2 saying w h a t y o u s h o u l d d o in each s i t u a t i o n .

1

cross

2

read

in

over

3

flick

out

4

read

out

5

fill

6

turn

through

7

look

on

1

up

1b Write t h e c o m p l e t e d phrasal verbs n e x t t o t h e correct definition. a

continue reading

b

t u r n a page t o see t h e other side

с

turn t h r o u g h the pages o f a book quickly

d

read so t h a t other people can hear you

e

try to find a particular piece of i n f o r m a t i o n

2

You need to put information into boxes on an application form.

3

You’ve finished the page and w a n t t o read the next one.

4

The teacher wants t o hear your answer t o the next question.

5

6

You’re looking at a book in a bookshop that you possibly w a n t t o buy.

draw a line t h r o u g h s o m e t h i n g t o show it isn’t correct

g 2

You’re reading s o m e t h i n g really interesting and you don’t w a n t t o stop.

in a book f

You make a spelling mistake w r i t i n g the w o r d which.

You should cross it out.

7

write information in e m p t y spaces

You need t o find o u t t h e m e a n i n g o f the w o r d

antidisestablishmentarianism.

Choose t h e correct a l t e r n a t i v e . 1

In some exercises you have t o fill in/on the gaps.

2

He w r o t e wich b u t t h e n he crossed it out/up and w r o t e which.

3

I don’t k n o w this w o r d . I need t o look/read it up in m y dictionary.

4 5

We’ve finished this page. Turn on/over t o the next one. I’m g o i n g t o flkk/tum t h r o u g h this magazine quickly t o see if I can find any g o o d photos.

6

Read on/out the answer in a loud voice so t h a t w e can all hear you.

7

I really w a n t t o k n o w h o w this story ends, so I’m g o i n g t o read

on/out.

Vocabulary extension: more phrasal verbs connected with reading and writing 4

5

Match these phrasal verbs w i t h t h e i r m e a n i n g . Use y o u r d i c t i o n a r y if necessary. 1

read up on

a

read only small parts (of a book, for example)

2

sum u p

b

w r i t e s o m e t h i n g d o w n t o r e m e m b e r it

3

note d o w n

с

give a s u m m a r y of s o m e t h i n g

4

dip into

d

get i n f o r m a t i o n on a subject by reading a lot a b o u t it

C o m p l e t e t h e sentences w i t h t h e correct f o r m o f t h e phrasal verbs in 4. 1

Have you g o t a pen? Good. You can

my

5

In our geography lesson, t h e teacher explains and w e

address. 2

the most i m p o r t a n t points in our

I didn’t read all of the book. I just if I liked it.

3

6

I need t o

7

it.

In the last paragraph of your essay, it’s a g o o d idea t o the main ideas.

Finally, I w o u l d like t o

m y o p i n i o n by

repeating w h a t I said at t h e start o f this talk.

Next week our history teacher is g o i n g t o ask us lots o f questions about Ancient Rome. I don’t k n o w m u c h a b o u t it.

4

notebooks.

it t o see

He never reads t h e w h o l e magazine. He

it

and reads t h e t h i n g s he finds the most interesting. 8

I’ve f o r g o t t e n all t h e i n f o r m a t i o n o n h o w t o use that old camera. I need t o

it again. Unit 9

File Edit View

Libraries International cultural knowledge ^ Libraries in the UK

History Jools Window

L i b r a r y

s e r v i c e s

Help

f o r y o u n g

p e o p l e

BOOKS

L i v e r p o o l L i b r a r i e s h a v e over 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 b o o k s for children of all a g e s a n d abilities. There a r e b o o k s for b a b i e s a n d y o u n g c h i l d r e n a n d t h e r e a r e stories a n d i n f o r m a t i o n books for p l e a s u r e or t o h e l p w i t h s c h o o l w o r k . Look at o u r online c a t a l o g u e t o s e e if w e h a v e y o u r f a v o u r i t e author. W h y not o r d e r a c o p y if w e d o n ‘ t ? A p a r t f r o m b o o k s , y o u c a n also find m a g a z i n e s for t e e n a g e r s . AUDIO/VISUAL ITEMS

M o s t L i v e r p o o l L i b r a r i e s h a v e a s e l e c t i o n of ‘talking b o o k s ‘ a v a i l a b l e o n C D or c a s s e t t e . T h e s e are g r e a t for the t i m e s w h e n y o u p r e f e r t o listen t o a story i n s t e a d of r e a d i n g o n e . Plenty of p o p u l a r c h i l d r e n ‘ s b o o k s a r e a v a i l a b l e a s ‘talking b o o k s ‘ a n d w e will try t o g e t y o u r f a v o u r i t e for y o u if w e don’t a l r e a d y h a v e it. V i d e o s a n d D V D s a r e also available in s o m e libraries. INFORMATION ANDCOMMUNICATION T E C H N O L O G I E S

(ICT)

All L i v e r p o o l L i b r a r i e s h a v e p u b l i c c o m p u t e r s w h i c h y o u c a n u s e t o surf t h e Internet for free — v e r y p o p u l a r with c h i l d r e n , w h o c a n play g a m e s or look for i n f o r m a t i o n for their h o m e w o r k . There’s a s m a l l c h a r g e for p r i n t i n g . HOMEWORK

1

W r i t e f o u r t h i n g s y o u can d o in a library. T h e n read t h e t e x t a n d check y o u r answers. 1

EVENTS, QUIZZES, E T C

M a n y L i b r a r i e s h a v e c h i l d r e n ‘ s activities, e s p e c i a l l y d u r i n g h o l i d a y p e r i o d s . C e n t r a l L i b r a r y a l s o h a s a L o r d of the Rings G a m e s W o r k s h o p e v e r y S a t u r d a y b e t w e e n 10.00 a m a n d 2.00 p m . This is v e r y p o p u l a r w i t h t e e n a g e r s .

2 3 4 2

A s well a s c o m p u t e r s with free a c c e s s t o t h e Internet, all L i v e r p o o l L i b r a r i e s h a v e c o l l e c t i o n s of i n f o r m a t i o n books w h i c h are p e r f e c t for h o m e w o r k p r o j e c t s . L i b r a r y staff c a n help c h i l d r e n t o start their h o m e w o r k . C o n t a c t y o u r local Library or the C h i l d r e n ‘ s Team o n 0 1 5 1 2 3 3 5 8 4 1 t o f i n d o u t m o r e .

Read t h e i n f o r m a t i o n f o r y o u n g p e o p l e a b o u t u s i n g libraries in L i v e r p o o l a n d a n s w e r t h e q u e s t i o n s . 1

You are g o i n g t o g o t o Central Library o n Saturday b e t w e e n 10.00 am and 2.00 p m . What special t h i n g can y o u d o then?

2

You have a three-year-old brother. Do they have books for

C e n t r a l L i b r a r y also has C D p l a y e r s a n d sofas to chill out on listening to your favourite music. To f i n d out w h a t ‘ s a v a i l a b l e in y o u r nearest L i b r a r y c h e c k out the i n d i v i d u a l L i b r a r y p a g e s o r call us o n 0 1 5 1 2 3 3 5 8 4 1 .

О

An investigation by the National Literacy Trust in 2008 discovered that 5 8 % of y o u n g people in Britain said that they enjoyed reading very much or quite a lot.

him?

3

INSIDE INFORMATION

•

In 2004 people b o r r o w e d 341 million books f r o m UK libraries.

The library doesn’t have a b o o k t h a t you want. W h a t can y o u

• WORD BOOSTER

do?

Match t h e words and definitions. 4

You w a n t t o find o u t about special events at the library. What can you do?

5

You w a n t a story b u t you’re t o o tired t o read. W h a t can you get at the library?

6

You w a n t t o surf the net at t h e library. H o w m u c h d o you have t o pay?

3

available

a

people w h o w o r k in a place

charge

b

lots of

staff

с

m o n e y t o pay for a service or product

printing

d

m a k i n g a paper copy of a d o c u m e n t

plenty of

e

that you can find, take or use

W h a t a b o u t you? 1

W o u l d you be interested in using Liverpool Libraries? Why/ W h y not?

7

8

You w a n t t o relax. H o w can y o u d o this at t h e library?

You w a n t t o d o your h o m e w o r k at t h e library. H o w can the library help you?

78

Unit 9

2

W h a t are libraries like in your country?

• Grammar in context Reported speech — questions 1

Look a t t h e d i r e c t a n d r e p o r t e d q u e s t i o n s a n d d e c i d e if t h e rules are t r u e (T) or false (F). a

b

с

1

1

‘When d i d you arrive?’Aaron asked Ben.

2

Aaron asked Ben w h e n he had arrived.

1

‘Why d o you w a n t t o go?’ Ruby asked Isaac.

2

Ruby asked Isaac w h y he w a n t e d t o go.

1

‘Are you hungry?’Sylvia asked Helen.

2

Sylvia asked Helen if she was hungry.

We don’t change tenses and p r o n o u n s in t h e same way in reported statements and reported questions.

2

We don’t use question marks in reported questions.

3

We use t h e auxiliary verb do in reported questions.

4

We don’t put t h e verb before t h e subject in reported

3

questions. 5

We use /for whether in reported questions w h e n there

1

is no question w o r d (who, what, why, etc) in t h e

Customer: What is this fly doing in my soup? Waiter: / think it’s swimming.

original question. 2

Rewrite t h e j o k e s in r e p o r t e d s p e e c h .

The customer

Rewrite t h e q u e s t i o n s in r e p o r t e d speech. 1

2

3

The waiter

‘Are you sure a b o u t this answer?’the teacher asked t h e boy. The teacher

Customer: There’s a dead fly in this salad.

‘Why are you crying?’the girl asked t h e boy.

Waiter: Oh no! Who’s going to take care of its family?

The girl

The customer The waiter

‘Is it your birthday today?’Beth asked Nathan. Beth

4

5

6

Customer: / can’t eat this meat.

‘Do you k n o w t h e t i m e ? ‘ A d a m asked Mia.

Waiter: Why can’t you eat it?

Adam

Customer: You haven’t brought me a knife and fork.

‘Where have you put my glasses?’Eric asked his granddaughter.

The customer

Eric

The waiter

William 7

,

Customer: Why is there a little spider in my ice cream?

‘Have you read this book?’Sophie asked Tom. Sophie

8

The customer

‘How d i d you k n o w m y name?’William asked t h e girl.

_

_

Waiter: / wasn’t able to find a big one. ,.

The customer

‘Do you like crime novels?’Mark asked Sally. The waiter

Mark

1

Grammar extension 4

Look at t h e d i r e c t q u e s t i o n . Is t h e r e p o r t e d q u e s t i o n c o r r e c t o r not? If it isn’t, c o r r e c t i t . 1

‘Do you like vanilla ice cream?’Jamie asked Becky.

5

The students asked t h e teacher i f t h e y needed their books that day.

Jamie asked Becky w h e t h e r she liked vanilla ice cream. 2

‘Are you listening t o this p r o g r a m m e ? ‘ m y m u m asked me.

6

‘Where does Daisy live?’asked Isabel.

7

‘Why isn’t your m o b i l e p h o n e working?’Jack asked Emma. Jack asked Emma w h y her m o b i l e p h o n e wasn’t w o r k i n g .

‘Did y o u enjoy t h e meal?’the waiter asked t h e customers. The waiter asked t h e customers i f t h e y had enjoyed t h e meal?

Isabel asked where Daisy d i d live. 4

‘Why are you looking at m e ? ‘ A m a n d a asked Pete. A m a n d a asked Pete w h y was he looking at her.

My m u m asked me if you’re listening t o this p r o g r a m m e . 3

‘Do w e need our books today?’the students asked t h e teacher.

8

‘Have y o u finished your ice cream?’Sam asked Joe. Sam asked Joe if he had finished his ice cream.

Unit 9

а

eveloping speaking

At a bookshop

Describing photos

1а Look a t t h e c u s t o m e r ‘ s side o f t h i s d i a l o g u e .

4

S H O P ASSISTANT:

(a)

CUSTOMER:

Yes, please. I’m looking for a book called

Look at t h e p h o t o a n d a n s w e r t h e q u e s t i o n s . If y o u are n o t sure o f s o m e t h i n g , use / think and/or / imagine.

Dragon Horse. It’s a novel. They t o l d m e t h a t it w o u l d be in the fantasy section. S H O P ASSISTANT:

(b)

CUSTOMER:

Yes, I have, but I can’t see it.

SHOP ASSISTANT:

OK, I’ll just check on the computer. (c)

CUSTOMER: SHOP ASSISTANT:

Yes, it’s Peter Ward. Let me see. No, I’m sorry. We don’t have it at the m o m e n t , (d)

CUSTOMER:

How long will it take?

S H O P ASSISTANT:

(e)

CUSTOMER:

That’s great.

S H O P ASSISTANT:

(f)

CUSTOMER:

Yes, please. Do you w a n t me t o give you m y

1

W h o can you see in t h e photo?

2

Where are they?

3

W h a t are they doing?

4

H o w d o you think t h e people are feeling? Why?

n a m e and t e l e p h o n e number? SHOP ASSISTANT:

(g)

CUSTOMER:

M y n a m e is Philip Reeve and m y n u m b e r is 0123 4567890.

SHOP ASSISTANT:

Thank you. We’ll call you w h e n t h e book arrives. Bye!

l b Answer the questions. 1

What book does the customer want?

5

Use t h e q u e s t i o n s in 4 t o t h i n k o f t h i n g s t o say a b o u t this p h o t o . M a k e n o t e s a n d t h e n practise orally.

2

2

What t y p e o f book is it?

3

W h o is t h e author?

4

Does t h e customer find, buy, order or leave t h e book?

Put t h e s h o p assistant’s q u e s t i o n s a n d answers in t h e c o r r e c t place in t h e d i a l o g u e .

3

1

Have you looked there?

2

Yes, please.

3

Shall I order it for you?

4

Can I help you?

5

It should be here in a week.

6

Do you k n o w t h e n a m e of the author?

7

W o u l d you like m e t o call y o u w h e n t h e b o o k gets here?

Look at t h e c o m p l e t e d i a l o g u e a n d u n d e r l i n e f o u r w a y s o f m a k i n g offers.

* Developing w r i t i n g A questionnaire 1

Choose t h e correct a l t e r n a t i v e in t h e s e q u e s t i o n s f r o m a questionnaire a b o u t free t i m e . 1

HowJWbo d o y o u u s u a l l y s p e n d y o u r f r e e t i m e ? I read, l i s t e n t o music nn-d g o o u t w i t h /и.ы fri.eiA.ds. i

2

Wtich/Who i s y o u r f a v o u r i t e h o b b y o f all? j I d o a ‘ t fei^ow. м я у Ь е reaolli/vg.

3 ШУ.(Шйй d o y o u l i k e it? JB.ecnu.se i fli/vd I t relaxl^^g. i сяи, ‘escape’. 4

How/Who o f t e n d o y o u g o o u t d u r i n g t h e s c h o o l w e e k ? i Never, i oiA-ly g o o u t at t h e weeteei/td.

5

Who

dges.^end/^ends

m o r e t i m e w i t h y o u at t h e

weekend, your family o r your friends? j i t depends, b u t p r o b a b l y

Where/When d o

6

friends.

you like g o i n g with your friends

9

j w e line goli/tg t o t h e civ^tw.a or g o l i ^ g t o t h e p a r t e t o | j p l a y f o o t b a l l an^t b a s k e t b a l l or g o steateboardli/Lg.

Hgwmuch/many_ m o n e y

7

hobbies

do you spend on your

9

i dovct speiA-d w.u,tv. Ttie rn.ost expensive t h l k v g I s i qouvq out a t the weekends.

2

4

N o w w r i t e y o u r q u e s t i o n n a i r e b y c o m p l e t i n g these q u e s t i o n s .

Write y o u r o w n t r u e answers t o t h e q u e s t i o n s in 1. 1

2

How long

I

9

3

You are g o i n g t o w r i t e q u e s t i o n s for a q u e s t i o n n a i r e a b o u t w h a t y o u d o in t h e holidays. Before y o u w r i t e t h e q u e s t i o n s ,

6

When

7

H o w often

8

D o y o u usually

9

Have you ever

b r a i n s t o r m ideas. >estii

Months

ТУЯ import

• r t O U r s A y S People M o i/vey

-Ttotwgs t o tatee

Unit 9

I

10 Cyberspace т^тшашшшттатш^т

• Vocabulary

Grammar

• The passive — present simple and other tenses

Vocabulary

• Computers and computing

Speaking

• Talking about photos

Writing

• Text messages

• The Internet

• Collocations with

пин

Computers and computing 1

Join these w o r d s or parts o f w o r d s a n d w r i t e t h e m u n d e r t h e c o r r e c t p i c t u r e . You can use s o m e w o r d s m o r e t h a n once.

1

> 8

2

Which part of the c o m p u t e r d o you 1

use t o click on things?

2

use t o connect cameras, etc?

3

listen t o music with?

4

w r i t e with?

5

make videos with?

4

t w o halves o f t h e w o r d s t o g e t h e r (e.g. download). 1

The Internet 3

M a t c h t h e halves t o f o r m q u e s t i o n s . 1

Have you g o t a broad

a

load films f r o m t h e Internet?

2

Do you ever chat

b

site do you visit the most?

3

Which search

с

online w i t h friends?

4

How long d o you spend surfing

d

t h e Internet at the weekend?

5

H o w often d o you d o w n

e

engine d o y o u usually use?

6

Which w e b

f

band c o n n e c t i o n t o t h e Internet?

7

Do you read or write

g

a blog?

Unit 1 0

W r i t e y o u r o w n t r u e answers t o t h e q u e s t i o n s in 3. Write c o m p l e t e sentences a n d d e c i d e if y o u need t o w r i t e t h e

emai

—

r Reading 1

Before y o u read t h e t e x t , a n s w e r t h e q u e s t i o n s .

Read t h e t e x t a g a i n a n d p u t t h e sentences in t h e correct place (A-E) in t h e t e x t .

1

Do you have an MP3 player?

2

What can you d o w i t h an MP3 player?

1

So, are schools right t o stop students taking MP3 players t o school? Not long ago, US schools stopped students from wearing baseball caps in exams. Some students just can’t stop t r y i n g t o cheat in exams.

2

Read t h e t e x t . A p a r t f r o m l i s t e n i n g t o music, f i n d o n e p o s i t i v e a n d

There are also some schools that disagree w i t h

one n e g a t i v e use o f MP3 players by school s t u d e n t s .

s t o p p i n g t h e use o f MP3 players. The latest t y p e o f t e c h n o l o g y t o be banned is t h e MP3 player. 4

Answer t h e questions. 1

H o w exactly d i d students cheat in exams w i t h baseball caps a n d m o b i l e phones?

2

In w h a t different ways d o students use MP3 players t o cheat in exams?

MP3

p l a y e r s

And o f c o u r s e

a t

school

—

yes

o r

no?

it’s one of the teachers’

jobs

to

stop

this c h e a t i n g . T o d o t h i s , t h e y h a v e t o k e e p u p t o d a t e with n e w t e c h n o l o g y . T h a t ‘ s are a l w a y s l o o k i n g teachers

3

because students who cheat

for new ways to cheat without

W h y d o some students think that it’s w r o n g t o stop t h e m taking MP3 players t o school?

their

realising.

В

4

Students

were

writing

came t h e m o b i l e

answers

inside

phone. Schools

also

was j u s t t o o e a s y f o r s t u d e n t s

the caps.

stopped

t h e s e . It

to send each other

messages or even

connect to the Internet.

Lots o f s t u d e n t s

take MP3 players

W h y d o some schools w a n t students t o take MP3 players t o school?

Then text

Find w o r d s in t h e t e x t w h i c h have similar m e a n i n g s t o to

music

at

break

times.

players, you can watch some

uses

Some

students

of MP3 players

onto t h e i r

download

And

music

usually

videos

listen

with

new MP3 too. But

so

and other

use them

to

or films

are not quite

formulas

players. Others

to school

these words or explanations. 1

information

to record

answers

2

download

and t h e n

their

put them

own notes

in t h e ‘song

onto

t h e i r МРЗ p l a y e r

lyrics’ text

files.

students

say n o . They’re

angry

because

they

say

that they used to listen t o their M P 3 players to listen to m u s i c don’t

and

relax

see why

students

before

they

use them

exams,

should

not to cheat.

suffer

for the wrong

just

because

reasons.

Others

3

4

t h e words t o a song (paragraph Q

5

places w h e r e you keep papers and d o c u m e n t s t o g e t h e r (paragraph Q

They some

6

say 7

an M P 3 p l a y e r .

makes people interested and excited about d o i n g s o m e t h i n g (paragraph E)

that t h e s t u d e n t s w h o c h e a t a r e a l w a y s g o i n g t o c h e a t , with or w i t h o u t

groups of letters or n u m b e r s that represent rules in science or maths (paragraph Q

D Some

p u t sounds or images o n t o a CD, DVD, MP3, etc

(paragraph О

before an e x a m a n d t h e n l i s t e n t o t h e m d u r i n g t h e e x a m . Others

a hat w i t h a part t o keep t h e sun from your eyes

(paragraph B)

innocent.

positive, w i t h g o o d results (paragraph E)

W h a t a b o u t you? That isn’t because they w a n t students to be able to use t h e m f o r l i s t e n i n g t o m u s i c . T h e y w a n t t h e m t o u s e МРЗ players

to l e a r n . Some

educational

material

read, watch

and listen

and

at any t i m e . T h i s

too. It’s clear can b e u s e d

that

in h i g h l y

schools for

have

started

МРЗ p l a y e r s .

to this helps

material

them

technology productive

H o w d o you use n e w t e c h n o l o g y t o learn better?

preparing

Students

can

in a n y

place

and motivates

them

is n o t always

b a d . It

ways t o o .

Unit 1 0

The passive — present simple l a C o m p l e t e t h e sentences w i t h a n a p p r o p r i a t e w o r d . 1

Dictionaries

4

used by many students w h o are

action.

learning English. 2

Football is

Rewrite t h e s e active sentences in t h e present passive f o r m . O n l y use by plus t h e a g e n t if y o u k n o w exactly w h o does t h e

on TV by thousands of people every

1

BMW make the n e w

2

Sometimes they find g o l d in this river.

3

They don’t stop football matches if it rains.

4

The waiter brings your meal t o the table.

5

They give a prize to the best actor.

6

In this hotel they take your bags t o your room.

7

They don’t g r o w tea in Britain.

8

In Japan students clean t h e classrooms.

9

A lot of people use public transport.

weekend. 3

Coffee

drunk by babies.

4

The Wii™ is made

5

This television p r o g r a m m e

Nintendo®. w a t c h e d by people

in many different countries. 6

The French language is

by people in France,

Belgium, Switzerland, Senegal and other countries. 1 b Look a t t h e c o m p l e t e d sentences in 1 a a n d c h o o s e t h e c o r r e c t alternative. 1

To make the passive w e use t h e verb to be and the past

simple/past participle. To introduce the person w h o does the action w e use by/for.

2 2

Choose t h e correct a l t e r n a t i v e . 1

These computers is/gre made in China.

2

A lot of mineral water is drgnWdrunk in t h e summer.

3

Portuguese is speak/spoken in Brazil.

4

The students in my class are written/write essays once a

10

month. 5

Christmas presents are gave/given on 2 5

th

December in

Britain.

3

Grammar extension

6

A lot of rice is/are eaten every day.

7

M y sister does/is done the s h o p p i n g o n Saturday.

8

German teqches/is taught at m y school.

9

In this song my brother plays the guitar.

5

Each s e n t e n c e c o n t a i n s a m i s t a k e . Find t h e mistake a n d r e w r i t e t h e s e n t e n c e correctly.

That song sinqs/issung on special occasions.

1

10

New roads is/gre built each year.

11

M y friends send/are sent emails t o each other every day.

12

Thousands of miles are йш/И.ЯШ. by pilots every year.

2

The song Jingle Bells is sang at Christmas in Britain.

The city of Florence is visited for hundreds of people every day.

C o m p l e t e t h e sentences w i t h t h e p r e s e n t passive f o r m o f these verbs. check

drink speak

drive teach

make wear

1

Jeans

2

This sport

3

Spanish

4

On computers, many d o c u m e n t s

play

sell

3

Tennis played by t w o or four players.

4

Many products made in China nowadays.

write

by people all over t h e w o r l d . by many people every w e e k e n d . in many South American countries.

5

More manga comics are d r a w i n g in Japan than in any other country.

by using

Microsoft® Word. 5

Paella

6

Thousands o f litres of orange juice

7

Maths

8

Your passport

w i t h rice. every day.

in almost all schools. at t h e airport before you get

6

7

9

Buses

by bus drivers.

Bread

in a bakery

Unit 1 0

Sometimes spectacular eclipses is seen in this part of the world.

on the plane.

10

That book is w r o t e by a famous novelist.

8

More ice creams eaten in the summer than in the winter.

> Developing v o c a b u l a r y Collocations with email 1

3

Find e i g h t w o r d s w h i c h f r e q u e n t l y g o w i t h emrj/7.

M a t c h t h e d e f i n i t i o n s w i t h t h e w o r d s in 1. N o t e t h a t t h e d e f i n i t i o n s give t h e g e n e r a l m e a n i n g o f t h e w o r d s .

f

a

d

e

r

e

P

1

У

0

d

w

V

n

u

f

d

a

r

d

1

P

b

n

с

e

d

w

r

t

a

о

s

r

У

e

1

w h e n s o m e t h i n g hits a surface and t h e n immediately moves away

2

3

_

an arrangement where a bank looks after your money

examine s o m e t h i n g t o get information, or t o see if it is g o o d or correct

a

e

1

m

u

P

i

u

1

r

s

e

r

n

d

f

w

e

d

s

a

с

с

0

u

n

t

q

w

b

V

e

к

1

b

e

a

s

e

n

d

a

с

с

0

f

0

r

d

с

h

e

с

к

4

arrange for s o m e t h i n g (for example a letter) t o arrive for someone in another place

4

5

take s o m e t h i n g away, for example f r o m a c o m p u t e r

6

t h e name of the place where you live

C o m p l e t e t h e s e sentences w i t h t h e correct f o r m o f t h e w o r d s in 1.

2

C o m p l e t e these sentences w i t h a w o r d in 1. 1

Could you give me your email

so t h a t I can

1

My

2

W h e n you finish an exam, you should

you an email? My inbox is full. I need t o

3

I have sent h i m an email b u t I a m still w a i t i n g for h i m t o

some emails.

3

I w r o t e h i m a letter inviting h i m t o the party and t h e n I

it by post b u t he didn’t

so

I don’t k n o w if he’s c o m i n g or not.

t o it. Didn’t you receive her email? I still have it and will

4

I haven’t g o t any m o n e y in my bank

it t o you.

5

In basketball w h e n you have the ball you have t o

5

If you type in the w r o n g address, the email will

6

I want t o o p e n a n e w email

it w h e n you run. 6

w i t h a different

I don’t need that d o c u m e n t on this computer. I’m g o i n g t o it.

provider. 7

your

answers carefully.

2

4

is 167 Rothfuss Road, Leeds.

I am looking for an Internet cafe. I need t o

7

my

I received this letter b u t it’s for t h e person w h o lived in this house before. I’ll

emails.

it t o h i m at his new house.

Vocabulary extension 5

With new t e c h n o l o g y such as t h e Internet w e o f t e n use abbreviations to name t h i n g s more easily and quickly. Find t h e full names in the box for t h e abbreviations below. Use your

6

Match the abbreviations w i t h these explanations. 1

dictionary if necessary. You can use some w o r d s more t h a n once. asked

compact

identification

memory

positioning service 1

WWW

2

DVD =

digital

number

read

recordable

questions system

=

wonЦ

CD-ROM =

4

CD-R =

5

CD-RW =

6

SMS =

7

GPS =

8

FAQ =

9

PIN =

frequently

message

short

3

disc

versatile

wide

global

only

personal

rewritable

w e b wide

web

world

a secret n u m b e r you need t o operate a m o b i l e phone, for example

2

a disc that people usually use t o watch films

3

a disc that you can use t o record data once

4

a disc that you can use t o record data more than once

5

typical questions t h a t people ask on a w e b s i t e .

6

a large collection o f d o c u m e n t s , pictures and sounds kept on computers in many different places and connected t h r o u g h the Internet

7

a disc that c o m p u t e r s can read, containing text, image and sound

8

a system for f i n d i n g exactly where you are in the w o r l d using satellites

9

a way o f sending a text message t o a m o b i l e p h o n e

Unit 1 0

Global communication Iross-curricular — Geography/Science A real web around the world 1

Look at t h e m a p a n d h e a d l i n e f r o m a newspaper. It is f r o m an article a b o u t a real incident. What do you think happened?

Just o n e s h i p w a s r e s p o n s i b l e f o r b r e a k i n g a n essential submarine cable

that connects

the M i d d l e

East a n d

How one ship cut off the web for 75 million people

I n d i a w i t h t h e rest o f the w o r l d v i a the I n t e r n e t . T h i s has l e f t 7 5 m i l l i o n p e o p l e w i t h o n l y l i m i t e d access t o 5

the I n t e r n e t . The accident was caused on Wednesday b y a ship i n

2

Read t h e n e w s p a p e r article a n d check y o u r ideas in 1. W h a t are the b o l d lines o n t h e m a p ?

b a d w e a t h e r near the coast o f E g y p t , c l o s e t o A l e x a n d r i a . Since then, there have been

terrible problems

with

phones a n d the Internet i n countries i n c l u d i n g India. Egypt and the United Arab Emirates.

I t has b e e n a

WORD BOOSTER

p r o b l e m f o r a p p r o x i m a t e l y 7 0 % o f users t h e r e . Tens o f m i l l i o n s o f people have had p r o b l e m s w i t h

Match the words and definitions.

p h o n e s a n d the N e t . I t has a l s o m a d e a b i g d i f f e r e n c e to 15

economies

across

Asia

and the M i d d l e

East.

G o v e r n m e n t s have started to take d i r e c t a c t i o n . T o h e l p businesses, the E g y p t i a n C o m m u n i c a t i o n s M i n i s t r y has a s k e d s u r f e r s n o t t o c o n n e c t t o the I n t e r n e t . » P e o p l e w h o d o w n l o a d m u s i c a n d films are g o i n g t o m a k e p r o b l e m s

submarine

strong, thick metal rope

cable

easy t o break

businesses

under t h e water

fragile

organisations that buy or sell products or services

f o r businesses w h o h a v e m o r e i m p o r t a n t t h i n g s t o d o . ‘ Experts

say that

this

shows

that

our global

c o m m u n i c a t i o n s n e t w o r k is v e r y f r a g i l e . ‘ P e o p l e d o n ‘ t k n o w that a l l these t h i n g s g o t h r o u g h c a b l e s u n d e r the sea,’ said A l a n M a u l d i n , a n e x p e r t i n c o m m u n i c a t i o n s . ‘ I n g e n e r a l , the I n t e r n e t uses r e a l , p h y s i c a l c o n n e c t i o n s , 25

not satellites.’ P e o p l e t h i n k the I n t e r n e t a l w a y s w o r k s b y s a t e l l i t e . But

a b i g part

o f the w o r l d

needs

real,

physical

c o n n e c t i o n s . I t w a s n o t easy t o create these c o n n e c t i o n s . T h e e x p e n s i v e c a b l e s g o i n l o n g l i n e s a r o u n d the w o r l d . 30

c a r r y i n g m i l l i o n s o f c o n v e r s a t i o n s a l l at the s a m e t i m e f r o m one c o u n t r y t o a n o t h e r . One expert said that this w e e k ‘ s accident s h o u l d m a k e governments

u n d e r s t a n d that t h e y m u s t s p e n d

t i m e a n d energy t o protect essential 35

Choose t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t message in t h e t e x t : 1,2 or 3. 1

It is i m p o r t a n t t o create Internet connections by satellite.

2

It is i m p o r t a n t t o defend existing cables because something or s o m e b o d y could break t h e m again.

3

Read t h e t e x t a g a i n a n d d e c i d e if these sentences are t r u e (T) or false (F). W r i t e t h e line(s) in t h e t e x t w h e r e y o u f o u n d t h e answer. 1 2

be v e r y easy t o a t t a c k g l o b a l c o m m u n i c a t i o n s , ‘

3

The incident has caused problems in the financial markets of some of these countries.

4

W i t h o u t cables under the sea, the Internet w o u l d not work in many parts o f t h e w o r l d .

said

M u s t a f a A l a n i . h e a d o f s e c u r i t y a n d t e r r o r i s m at t h e

Since Wednesday it has been impossible for anyone in India t o connect t o t h e Internet.

s u c h as m o b i l e p h o n e s a n d t h e N e t . W e m u s t p r o t e c t t h e m f r o m n a t u r a l disasters o r f r o m t e r r o r i s t s . ‘ I t w o u l d

An accident at sea on Wednesday made it difficult for people to access the Internet.

more

communications

It is i m p o r t a n t t o learn better ways of creating n e w technology.

5

It is quite cheap and easy t o install submarine cables.

G u l f Research Centre i n D u b a i . ‘ T h e i m p o r t a n t t h i n g 40

i s n ‘ t b u i l d i n g great

new technology. T h e important

t h i n g is t o p r o t e c t it.» One

o f the cables that w a s b r o k e n this w e e k

is

c a l l e d the Sea-Me-We 4 . I t i s o n e o f the m o s t i m p o r t a n t information 4

lines between

Europe

a n d t h e East. I t

goes i n a c o n t i n u o u s l i n e f r o m G e r m a n y It covers

to Singapore.

a total o f 39.000 kilometres and connects

32 d i f f e r e n t countries. It t o o k three years a n d cost a n i n c r e d i b l e £ 5 0 0 m t o p u t the l i n e i n p l a c e .

86

Unit 1 0

W h a t a b o u t you? H o w i m p o r t a n t is t h e Internet in your daily life and w o u l d you survive w i t h o u t it?

> Grammar in context The passive — other tenses

3

C o m p l e t e t h e sentences w i t h t h e correct passive f o r m o f t h e verbs g i v e n .

l a Choose t h e correct a l t e r n a t i v e .

1

1

Radioactivity is/wasdiscovered

by Henri Becquerel in 1896.

2

Thousands of silicon chips are/are being, made at this very

2

Listen! That song

3

That film

4

The pictures

moment. 3 4

given t o actors since 1927.

(sing) in Japanese. (see) for t h e first t i m e in (draw) in prehistoric

times.

The book One Hundred Years of Solitude was/has been w r i t t e n

5

The criminal

(follow) by the police

right now.

Many useful things have been/were invented since the start o f

6

the 2 0 century. th

6

(create) in 1985.

1919.

Oscarsgje/hgyebeen

by Gabriel Garcia Marquez in 1967. 5

That cartoon

The first cheap cars

(produce) nearly

100 years ago in the USA.

741 burgers are/were eaten by Don Gorske in 2003. In total

7

he’s already eaten over 20,000 in his lifetime!

Look! The w i n d o w

(break) by the

wind. 4

W r i t e passive sentences u s i n g t h e w o r d s g i v e n .

1

The novel Animal Farm/write/by George Orwell in 1944.

2

The race/organise/by the school each year.

3

Dynamite/invent/by Alfred Nobel in the 19 century.

4

th

Cartoons/watch/by thousands o f children around t h e w o r l d at this very m i n u t e .

1b Look at t h e sentences in l a a n d choose t h e correct a l t e r n a t i v e

5

The FA World Cup/win/by Brazil five times since 1958.

6

The planet Uranus/find/by William Herschel in 1781.

7

in t h e rule b e l o w .

The men’s 100-metre w o r l d record/break/by Usain Bolt in August 2009.

To change the tense in passive sentences, w e change to be/the

past participle 2

C o m p l e t e t h e sentences w i t h t h e p r e s e n t s i m p l e or past

Grammar extension

simple passive f o r m o f these verbs. make 1

paint

The film

see

send

wash

5

w i n write

1

by 6,000 spectators last

was seen

Yesterday’s prize

3

3,000 cars

4

The towels in this hotel

5

Those novels

6

Thousands of Valentine’s Day cards

3

by a 16-year-old boy.

4

in this factory every week. every day.

5

in 1962. every

14 February in the UK.

6

th

7

Those pictures aqo.

l/Vas Animal farm written by Qeorge Orwell in 1144?

2

week. 2

M a k e t h e passive sentences in 4 i n t o q u e s t i o n s .

by Picasso about 50 years

7

.

—.—_— — : Unit 1 0

A conversation based on a photo 1

Look at t h e p h o t o s a n d m a k e s p e c u l a t i o n s t o c o m p l e t e t h e sentences

1

I’m not sure, but I think t h a t it

4

It’s p r o b a b l y . or

2

Look at p h o t o A. W r i t e five q u e s t i o n s t o ask a b o u t it. 1 2 3 4 5

3

Write answers t o y o u r q u e s t i o n s in 2. Use t h e d i f f e r e n t w a y s o f s p e c u l a t i n g in 1 w h e n y o u aren’t sure.

4

Use y o u r q u e s t i o n s in 2 t o t h i n k o f t h i n g s t o say a b o u t p h o t o B. M a k e notes a n d t h e n practise orally. Unit 1 0

Writing text messages 1

The text message abbreviations for the words below are just one letter or number. Write the abbreviation for each one. Think about the pronunciation!

5

Write these sentences using text message abbreviations. 1

What are you d o i n g tonight?

1 for 2

you

3

are

4

to/too

5

see

6

be

2

A m y and I are g o i n g t o eat o u t because it’s her birthday today. Do y o u w a n t t o come?

2

These text message abbreviations all use numbers. Think about how w e pronounce the numbers and write t h e complete words with normal spelling.

3

1

2day

2

2nite

3

2moro

4

B4

5

L8

6

GR8

7

W8

8

L8R

3

OK. Thanks. W h a t t i m e are you meeting?

In these text message abbreviations some letters (especially vowels) are missing or have been c h a n g e d . Write t h e complete words with normal spelling. 1

YR

2

PLS

3

WOT

4

BCZ

5

SPK

6

WKND

7

THX

8

XLNT

9

MSG

10 4

4

At eight because before that I have t o study for an exam tomorrow.

5

W h a t t i m e is your exam?

6

At t e n . I have t o g o now. I’ll speak t o you later.

7

Great!

HMWK

W r i t e these t e x t messages as c o m p l e t e sentences. 1

Can U PLS c o m e 2 С me L8R?

2

rilCU2moroB4school.

3

I’ll W 8 4 YR next MSG.

4

Wot R U doing at the WKND?

5

WillUBathomeL8R2day?

6

THX 4 the presents. They RGR8.

7

[email protected]’tgotanyHMWK.

Unit 1 0

Revision: Units 9-10 Vocabulary

Grammar

1

Rewrite t h e u n d e r l i n e d w o r d s as t h e y w o u l d a p p e a r i n reported speech.

2

Choose t h e best t y p e o f b o o k f o r each p e r s o n . 1

Sam wants t o learn h o w t o make a n e w pasta dish.

‘I was in London last week,’said Cameron.

2

Sophia likes stories a b o u t robots.

3

‘Today is g o i n g t o be a g o o d day,’ said O w e n .

3

Ryan wants t o learn h o w t o use his n e w digital camera.

4

‘She’s been t o Africa twice,’ said the TV presenter. 4

Jasmine is four years old and she likes stories about princes

1

‘It’s m y birthday,’ said Katie.

2

5

‘I w a n t e d t o g o o u t last weekend,’ said Lucy.

6

‘The exam is tomorrow,’said the teacher.

7

TJ! c o m e t o your house,’Alex said t o his friend.

and princesses.

С

5

/ 7 points)

Edward likes reading a b o u t the lives o f famous people, w r i t t e n by the person him- or herself.

6

Choose t h e correct a l t e r n a t i v e .

Ben loves t h e theatre and he loves reading the story again at home.

Ella asked the boy w h a t your/his/her n a m e was.

С

The teacher asked her students ^QtAvnether/hgw they w a n t e d t o see the concert. Ava asked Henry w h e r e isht^gsh^ewgs

2

going.

Choose t h e correct a l t e r n a t i v e . 1

W h e n a story is g o o d , y o u w a n t t o read on/out t o the end.

ever had a serious accident.

2

W h e n you make a mistake, you cross it on/out.

Jack asked Isabella ifshe liked/does like/did like that music.

3

The d o c t o r asked h i m if he

^Жi!^ШJl^/^Qd^ШJшsdШй.

С

W h e n y o u w a n t t o get a quick idea of a book, you flick/turn t h r o u g h it.

Harry asked w h o saw/did see/had seen t h e film.

/6

4

points)

At the e n d o f an essay it’s a g o o d idea t o sum on/up your ideas and opinions.

Rewrite t h e active sentences in t h e passive f o r m a n d t h e

С

passive sentences in t h e active f o r m . All t h e sentences are f r o m t h e s e w o r d s o r parts o f w o r d s .

1

British children eat a lot o f chocolate.

2

The TV p r o g r a m m e is presented by Stephanie Z i m m e r m a n .

3

The race is organised by a school.

4

David Spencer writes these books.

5

Robots build many different products.

1

6

2

7

3

8

4

9

5

The tickets are sold by m e m b e r s of t h e club.

С 4

/4 points)

M a k e n i n e w o r d s c o n n e c t e d w i t h c o m p u t e r s or t h e I n t e r n e t

present s i m p l e .

6

/6 points)

4

/6

(

/9 points)

Complete the text w i t h these words. address

points)

bounces

delete

receive

reply

A simple guide to email

Correct t h e passive sentences if necessary. 1

The new film is be m a d e in Australia now.

First f i n d o u t the email (a)

2

The Four Seasons was w r i t t e n by Vivaldi.

3

W h e n did the Euro Cup w o n by Spain?

w r i t i n g to. Write t h e email, t h e n (b)

4

My g r a n d m o t h e r is being helped across t h e road w i t h a

(c)

an email, (d)

of the person you are it. W h e n you t o it quite quickly.

W h e n you have a lot of old emails, (e)

policeman. 5

Five cats has been rescued by firefighters today.

don’t w a n t t o keep t h e m . If an email (f)

6

The DVD has been b o u g h t by thousands of people.

probably because y o u made some type of mistake.

(

send

/6 points) /25

points

V

t h e m if you back, it’s

/6 points /25 points

)

Reading 1

Read this i n t e r v i e w w i t h t h e i n v e n t o r o f m o b i l e p h o n e s , M a r t i n Cooper, a n d choose a, b or с t o c o m p l e t e t h e sentences. BBC:

Tell us h o w you created the m o b i l e phone.

MARTIN:

The t i m e was the late 1960s. AT&T were t h e largest telephone company in the w o r l d and they had invented car telephones. Can you imagine? We believed people didn’t w a n t t o talk t o cars and that people w a n t e d t o talk to other people. So at Motorola, a small c o m p a n y at the time, w e decided t o build a m o b i l e telephone.

BBC:

What about that first call on the streets o f Manhattan? W h o did you call and w h a t d i d you say?

MARTIN:

W h o do you think I called? I called m y rival at another p h o n e company and said:Tm calling you f r o m a’real’ mobile telephone.’

BBC:

Do you agree t h a t your first m o b i l e p h o n e looks big now?

MARTIN:

Yes! Between 1973, w h e n w e made that phone, and 1983, w h e n the first commercial mobile p h o n e service started, we actually built five different phones. Each one g o t smaller and smaller and by 1983 w e had g o n e f r o m one kilo t o 450 grams. The p h o n e w h i c h I carry w i t h m e today weighs just 85 grams!

BBC:

Did you really think your invention w o u l d b e c o m e so popular, w i t h millions o f people using t h e m around the

BBC:

Do you like people calling you the father of t h e mobile phone?

world? MARTIN:

Well, not at the t i m e because in 1983 those first phones

MARTIN:

w o r k i n g on it and we’re still t r y i n g t o make it better.

phones w o u l d get really small. BBC: MARTIN:

It was my idea b u t w e needed t e a m w o r k and hundreds of people t o create the mobile p h o n e as it is today. We’re still

cost $3,500.That was a lot of money! But w e did think t h a t How do you feel w h e n you see so many people walking

BBC:

d o w n the street talking into your invention?

MARTIN:

H o w will p h o n e t e c h n o l o g y change in the future? In t h e future, t h e Internet will be everywhere you go.

It makes m e really happy. I’ve made a small difference t o

BBC:

As the inventor of the personal m o b i l e phone, are you very rich?

people’s lives because these phones d o make people’s

1

lives better. They make people more comfortable, they

MARTIN:

I’m extremely rich in satisfaction and in happiness.

make t h e m feel safe. It makes me feel g o o d t o k n o w that I

BBC:

But not in dollars and cents?

made a small c o n t r i b u t i o n there.

MARTIN:

Not necessarily.

Writing

The company w h i c h invented m o b i l e phones a

was one of the most i m p o r t a n t t e l e p h o n e companies in the USA.

2

3

2

W r i t e a q u e s t i o n n a i r e w i t h t e n q u e s t i o n s t o ask p e o p l e a b o u t

b

began by inventing telephones for cars.

t h e I n t e r n e t . Use t h e s e q u e s t i o n w o r d s a n d t h e w o r d s g i v e n

с

w a n t e d t o do more than make phones for cars.

b e l o w f o r ideas a b o u t w h a t t o w r i t e .

Martin Cooper and his team couldn’t

What?

Why?

H o w long?

a

make smaller mobile phones.

Which?

How?

Where?

b

imagine a very small mobile phone,

When?

H o w often?

Who?

с

sell a very small m o b i l e phone. blog

Martin Cooper knew a

online

mobile phones w o u l d be popular because they were

broadband

chat

search engine

Do/Did?

connect

download

surf the Net

website

very useful. b

mobile phones were very useful b u t didn’t think many people w o u l d buy t h e m ,

с 4

2

people only w a n t e d t o buy small m o b i l e phones.

3

Martin Cooper thinks that a

he made the m o d e m mobile p h o n e and has made a big change t o the w o r l d ,

b с

5

he helped t o create the m o d e r n mobile p h o n e and this

6 7

w h e n the mobile p h o n e is finished it will make the

10

feel g o o d .

b

a lot of money,

с

i m p o r t a n t for many people.

8 9

The mobile p h o n e has made Martin Cooper a

4

has been a g o o d t h i n g for the w o r l d , world better. 5

1

С /5

/10

points) /15 points

points)

Progress Test: Units 1-2 Grammar

Vocabulary

1

1

C o m p l e t e t h e sentences w i t h t h e p r e s e n t s i m p l e or p r e s e n t c o n t i n u o u s f o r m o f t h e verbs g i v e n .

1

t h e period of life w h e n y o u are a child

2

t h e brother o f your husband or wife

3

an o l d adult

4

t h e period of life w h e n you stop w o r k i n g

(watch) o n Mondays.

5

a child w i t h n o brothers or sisters

3

I

6

n o t married

4

She

(go) t o yoga classes three times a week.

5

We

(study) g r a m m a r at t h e m o m e n t .

6

Do you w a n t t o use t h e computer? I

1

What p r o g r a m m e

they.

(watch) now? 2

What p r o g r a m m e

she

(not do) m y h o m e w o r k after 9 p m usually.

7

Why

2

(

3

You don’t need m u c h

2

in French? M y friend here understands English.

What an i

/7 points)

3

g o o d idea for t h e m t o talk a b o u t (d)

(e)

friend. In general, (f)

v

! Before you weren’t a very g o o d

That state wants i

p

d

They don’t w a n t any

4

There’s n o big d …f

e

between h i m and his

brother. They’re very similar.

problem with

people always need

С

t o g o running.

other state or c o u n t r y t o control t h e m .

p r o b l e m , it can be

(c)

pr

q u…. p m

guitarist b u t n o w you’re great.

C o m p l e t e t h e t e x t w i t h a, an, the or 0 ( n o article).

to talk.’

/6 points)

C o m p l e t e t h e n o u n s . T h e y all c o n t a i n t h e suffixes -menf

1

(speak)

teenagers have (b)

—

or -ence.

you

‘When (a)

—

(

(not use) it now.

2

Find t h e w o r d s .

( 3

/6

points)

/4 points)

Choose t h e correct a l t e r n a t i v e . l a s t n i g h t a m a n tried t o (a) steal/burgle a lot of m o n e y f r o m

C o m p l e t e t h e sentences w i t h t h e past s i m p l e or past

a bank. While he was (b) robbing/stealing, t h e bank, t h e police

c o n t i n u o u s f o r m o f t h e verbs g i v e n .

came and arrested t h e (c) Weft/thief. At the police station, w h e n

1

While I was walking h o m e , I

they started investigating, t h e y f o u n d o u t the man was also

(meet) m y

a (d) mugger/rnurder because a victim recognised him. They

friend. 2

M y parents

discovered t h a t t h e criminal often attacked people in t h e park

(have) an a r g u m e n t w h e n I

and (e) stole/robbed their money. He’s g o i n g t o g o t o prison for

walked into t h e r o o m . 3

q u i t e a long t i m e ! ‘

The students were talking all t h e t i m e w h i l e t h e teacher

Г

(explain) t h e exercise. 4

What were you d o i n g w h e n y o u

(hear)

4

the news? 5

The students

My m u m

(write) an essay w h e n t h e

(drive) w h e n her m o b i l e p h o n e

started t o ring. 7

The birds

M a t c h t h e parts o f t h e phrasal verbs. T h e n m a t c h t h e phrasal verbs t o t h e i r m e a n i n g s .

teacher t o l d t h e m t o stop. 6

/5 points)

(sing) w h e n w e left h o m e this

morning.

С

/ 7 points) /20

0

points

1

look

lor

a

investigate

2

look

across

b

discover

3

turn

into

с

appear or arrive unexpectedly

4

come

out

d

find by accident

5

find

up

e

try t o find

С

/5 points

0

/20 points

Progress Test: Units 1-4 Grammar

Vocabulary

1

1

Correct t h e sentences if necessary.

Correct t h e sentences if necessary.

1

We haven’t g o t many bread.

1

I did three mistakes in the exam.

2

We’ve g o t a little apples in the fridge — t w o or three, I think.

2

In Brazil they speak Spanish.

3

There’s a little s h a m p o o in the bottle, but not m u c h .

3

In Germany they speak Dutch.

4

We’ve g o t a f e w CDs here b u t n o t many.

4

My sister t o o k three exams last week.

5

We don’t need m u c h books t o d o this project.

5

Have you m a d e that English exercise yet?

6

Have w e g o t any paper in the classroom? Yes, there’s a lot of.

6

I need t o make a lot o f those exercises.

7

We haven’t g o t some milk.

С C~ 2

/7points)

C o m p l e t e t h e sentences w i t h t h e c o r r e c t w o r d .

C o m p l e t e t h e sentences in a logical w a y using these w o r d s .

1

He can’t talk because he’s g o t a very sore

Use each w o r d once.

2

He had a

when

where

which

1

Summer is the t i m e of year

2

Japan is a c o u n t r y

3

Hip h o p is a t y p e of music

who

3

whose

attack and died.

I didn’t just have a cold. It was m u c h worse. I think it was

4

We ate s o m e t h i n g bad at the w e e k e n d and n o w we’ve g o t food

4

Madonna is a singer

5

Beethoven was a c o m poser

5

I need an aspirin. I’ve g o t a

6

On each f o o t w e have five

С (_

3

2

/6 points)

/5 points)

C o m p l e t e t h e t e x t by c h o o s i n g t h e correct o p t i o n to fill each

M a t c h t h e c o r r e c t w o r d s w i t h t h e d e f i n i t i o n s . T h e r e are 16 words but only eight definitions.

g a p : А, В, С or D. ‘My father usually (1)

burglary

a lot because he has

translations o f a lot of famous novels. He has

(3)

c o m e back (yesterday, in fact) f r o m a trip t o

Italy. He (4)

talking at a conference for translators

there. He has (5)

translated a lot o f famous books

from Italian into English, b u t he has (6)

translated

any books by U m b e r t o Eco. N o w he’s ( 7 ) by a new writer. He ( 8 )

on a book

started w o r k on it

1

A travelled

В travel

С travelling

D travels

2

A writing

В writes

С written

D

wrote

3

A just

В

С not

D

wanted

4

A is

В was

С has

D have

5

A already

В yet

С just

D ever

6

A ever

В

С yet

D always

7

A working

В worked

С work

D works

8

A has

В

С —

D is

never hasn’t

С

(ШМ1

nephew

death

improvement niece

stepfather

robber theft

equipment invisible

illegal look into

senior citizen work out

1

w h e n you steal f r o m somebody’s house

2

t h e daughter o f your brother or sister

3

solve a p r o b l e m by considering the facts

4

w h e n s o m e t h i n g goes f r o m bad t o g o o d , or f r o m g o o d to very g o o d

last year.’

been

cousin

impractical

(2)

/6 points)

5

s o m e t h i n g that is not practical

6

s o m e t h i n g y o u c a n n o t see

7

t h e objects or things you need for a particular activity

8

s o m e o n e w h o is more t h a n 60 years old

(

/8 points)

/20 points /8 points) /20

rntsj points

V

Progress Test: Units 1-6 Grammar

Vocabulary

1

1

C o m p l e t e t h e sentences w i t h t h e correct w o r d . 1

This c o m p u t e r is m u c h faster

2

The film isn’t as g o o d

3

A mobile p h o n e is

4

W h e n you are 15, you aren’t old

5

W h e n you’re 17, you’re

t h a t one.

adverts

the book.

interested

boring

interesting

1

t o drive a car.

comedies relaxed

informative

relaxing

soaps

I think it’s t h e best c o u n t r y

are programmes that are funny and make you laugh.

y o u n g t o vote in a

2

the w o r l d .

( 2

bored

expensive t h a n a computer.

general election. 6

C o m p l e t e t h e sentences w i t h t h e correct w o r d .

A g o o d d o c u m e n t a r y needs t o be

3

/6 points)

People often feel

Each sentence c o n t a i n s a m i s t a k e . Find t h e m i s t a k e a n d

4

A lot of people think are

The teacher and the students g o i n g t o g o on an excursion.

2

What d o you do t o m o r r o w ?

3

They say it’s raining next week.

4

The Prime Minister will make a decision today?

5

I can’t meet you t o m o r r o w because I’ll d o an exam.

6

If scientists don’t find a solution for this p r o b l e m , t h e planet

w h e n they listen t o soft,

slow music.

r e w r i t e t h e sentence correctly.

1

and

5

for soap or toothpaste so they switch the TV off.

The stories in

are usually about romance,

family relationships, m o n e y and health problems.

( 2

Label t h e p i c t u r e s .

gets m u c h hotter.

7

-4r

© ^ 4

I may definitely arrive at the station at six o’clock.

( 3

/7 points)

/7 points)

Choose t h e c o r r e c t a l t e r n a t i v e .

(

On Sundays I always (a) wgtch/gmwatching, a TV d o c u m e n t a r y series a b o u t nature. I (b) sgw/hgyeseen every p r o g r a m m e in

3

/6 points)

Answer the questions. 1

What prefix d o w e need t o make the opposite of correct?

the series since it (c) started/has started in 2008. The presenter is a really interesting m a n (d) who/whose name is Jack Wild.

2

W h a t is a s y n o n y m for get in this sentence? I got home at ten

o’clock.

He doesn’t always give (e) many/much i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t t h e different things they s h o w b u t there are (f) any/some cool scenes

3

W h a t crime does a thief c o m m i t ?

w i t h animals t h a t you (g) aren’t usually seeing/don’t usuallysee

4

What w o r d d o w e need t o c o m p l e t e the c o m p o u n d n o u n

meaning a place to go when we are III? health

on TV.

/7

/20

points)

5

W h a t n o u n d o w e make f r o m t h e verb improve?

6

What w o r d d o w e need t o c o m p l e t e this phrasal verb w h i c h

means find by accident? come

points 7

W h a t is a synonym for get in this sentence? Can you get the

bread when you go out? (

/7 points)

Progress Test: Units 1-8 Grammar

Vocabulary

1

1

C o m p l e t e t h e sentences w i t h t h e correct w o r d . 1

My father

2

You’re always tired in the m o r n i n g . You

Join t h e w o r d s t o f i n d t w o j o b s , t h r e e personal qualities a n d t w o adjectives t o describe j o b s . T h e n c o m p l e t e t h e t a b l e by

t o wear a uniform — he’s a police officer.

w r i t i n g t h e m in t h e correct c o l u m n .

go t o bed

earlier. 3

If I

you, I’d g o t o bed earlier.

4

You

5

My m u m

g o t o the g y m e v e r y d a y if she had t i m e .

6

You don’t

t o d o t h e essay this week. You can d o it

well

time

hard

assistant

fashion

paid

full

minded

shop

organised

6

open

working

7

badly

designer

smoke here. It’s illegal.

next week if you like. 7

You

eat chocolate just before you g o t o bed. It’s

Jobs

Personal qualities

Describing jobs

bad for your teeth.

( 2

/7 points)

Correct t h e sentences if necessary. 1

Are you interested in go t o Cambridge next week?

2

Dancing is my favourite hobby.

3

I don’t enjoy t o play basketball.

С

/7 points)

Answer the questions. 1

What is t h e n o u n w h i c h w e make f r o m excited?

H o w do w e c o m p l e t e this phrase w h i c h means end a 4

relationship with somebody? split

My friends and I g o s w i m m i n g every day in the summer.

somebody

W h a t is the n o u n w h i c h w e make f r o m bored? 5 6

I w e n t t o Liz’s house yesterday for seeing if she was OK.

H o w d o w e c o m p l e t e this phrase w h i c h means have a good

relationship with somebody?

He f o u n d the answer by using a calculator.

H o w can you explain get back together again in other words?

С

/6 points)

M a t c h t h e sentences w i t h t h e i r e x p l a n a t i o n s . W h e n I’d eaten m y lunch, I w a t c h e d a film on TV.

6

What is the adjective for the n o u n fear? _

7

What n o u n can w e make f r o m friend?

W h e n I ate my lunch, I w a t c h e d a film on TV.

С

W h e n I had w a t c h e d a film on TV, I ate m y lunch.

3

While I was having m y lunch, m y p h o n e rang. W h e n I eat m y lunch, I watch a film on TV. I’ve just had m y lunch. Tomorrow I’m g o i n g t o have lunch and t h e n I’m

/7 points)

Complete the words. 1

father = your mother’s n e w husband

2

throat = w h e n your throat hurts and you can’t

g o i n g t o watch a film on TV.

speak, for example 3

a plan for t w o actions in t h e future an action that finished very recently

shop

4

an action that came in the middle of another action

= stealing f r o m a shop show = a TV p r o g r a m m e w i t h a c o m p e t i t i o n ,

often to win money

in the past 5

t w o actions in the past t h a t happened at the same t i m e

6

t w o actions that happened in the past, one after t h e

mountain global

= a line of mountains like t h e Andes = t h e change in the temperature around

the w o r l d

other — first eating lunch, t h e n w a t c h i n g a film f

well with somebody

/6

t w o actions that happened in the past, one after the other — first w a t c h i n g a film, t h e n eating lunch

/20

t w o actions that are part of a routine

/7 /20

points) points

points)

0

points

Progress Test: Units 1-10 Grammar

Vocabulary

1

1

Rewrite t h e sentences in r e p o r t e d speech. 1

1 b o u g h t a c o m p u t e r in this shop,’said Lily.

r e

Lily said 2

1

‘We’ve g o t an exam today,’Jessica said t o her m u m . Jessica t o l d

3

‘Where is your jacket?’ Sam’s m u m asked h i m . Sam’s m u m asked

4

C o m p l e t e t h e w o r d s w i t h t h e m i s s i n g letters a n d t h e n c o m p l e t e t h e t a b l e by w r i t i n g t h e m in t h e correct c o l u m n . n = read on

m _ nu_ I

5

I о…. к …. p

2

thr J

6

b

3

f…nt

7

f

4

r

r у

ad

g r…. p h у r

yt

Ie

t

‘Has Thomas seen this film?’they asked Jim.

Phrasal verbs Fiction

They asked 5

d

connected with

Non-fiction

reading

I’m g o i n g t o London tomorrow,’ said Helen. Helen said

6

read on

‘My sister is d o i n g her homework,’Jack said t o Chloe. Jack t o l d

7

‘Why are you here today?’the teacher asked t h e students.

Г

The teacher asked

(I 2

/7 points)

2

Google is a popular search

2

passive sentences in t h e active f o r m . 1

C o m p l e t e t h e sentences w i t h t h e c o r r e c t w o r d s . 1

Rewrite t h e active sentences in t h e passive f o r m a n d t h e

The hard

Grandparents play c o m p u t e r games too.

3

The USB Emails

A m u s e u m is being o p e n e d by t h e q u e e n t o m o r r o w .

Yesterday I received an email f r o m m y cousin so I decided to t o it quickly.

6

The concert was seen by 40,000 people.

You m o v e t h e mouse on t h e mouse

7

40,000 people 5

back if t h e email address isn’t

correct. 5

The q u e e n 4

is where you can connect a

keyboard or a camera, for example. 4

Arthur W y n n e invented crosswords in 1913. Crosswords

3

is t h e part of t h e c o m p u t e r

w h i c h has t h e information t h a t t h e c o m p u t e r needs t o work.

C o m p u t e r games 2

A broad

Internet c o n n e c t i o n is faster than

a normal c o n n e c t i o n .

Alex Smith has w o n t h e c o m p e t i t i o n .

С

The c o m p e t i t i o n 6

3

They design Honda motorbikes in Japan.

(

M a t c h t h e w o r d s or p a r t s o f w o r d s a n d t h e n w r i t e a s i m p l e

Definition/explanation

/6 points)

C o m p l e t e t h e sentences w i t h t h e c o r r e c t f o r m o f t h e verbs

1

have

into s o m e t h i n g

1

g i v e n , or f i n d t h e c o r r e c t w o r d . 1

If I

(be) t h e Prime Minister, I

(build) m o r e hospitals. 2

This is t h e city

3

Yesterday I

(have) an accident w h e n I

Emma

c o m e t o t h e party t o n i g h t b u t she

hasn’t decided yet. 5

2

ice

hood

2

3

look

an a r g u m e n t

3

4

first

somebody out

4

5

child

aid

5

cap

6

I was born. (play) tennis.

4

(surf) t h e Net is m y favourite hobby.

(

/7 points)

d e f i n i t i o n or e x p l a n a t i o n f o r each.

Honda motorbikes

3

/ 7 points)

6

/7 points) /20

points ints^

ask

Gateway Bi Dictionary /a,knma’deif(a)n/ noun [U] a place for someone to stay, l i v e or w o r k i n : The hotel provides accommodation for up to 100 people.

INTRODUCTION

This M a c m i l l a n D i c t i o n a r y has been especially designed to meet the needs of Gateway students who are at B l level. The words have been selected f r o m the B l student’s book and t h i s workbook. Other words that often appear i n school-leaving exams have also been included. The most common and useful words are m a r k e d according to the M a c m i l l a n D i c t i o n a r y ‘star r a t i n g ‘ . T h i s is so that you can easily recognise the vocabulary you need to k n o w especially w e l l . ***• = v e r y common words = common words = f a i r l y common words

/a’kaunt/ noun ic] 1 an arrangement i n w h i c h a bank looks after y o u r money: There was only £50 in his bank account. 2 a n a r r a n g e m e n t w i t h a company or I n t e r n e t p r o v i d e r to use a service t h e y p r o v i d e : an email account. /a’kju:z/ verb [T] to say t h a t someone has done s o m e t h i n g w r o n g or i l l e g a l : Her employers accused her of theft.

GRAMMAR CODES

a c h e /eik/ noun [C] a p a i n t h a t is c o n t i n u o u s but u s u a l l y not v e r y s t r o n g verb [i] to feel a c o n t i n u o u s b u t not v e r y s t r o n g p a i n i n p a r t of y o u r body

[C] countable nouns that are used w i t h a or an or a n u m b e r and have a p l u r a l : car, soldier [U] uncountable nouns that cannot be used w i t h a or an or a number and have no p l u r a l : happiness, pasta [ s i n g u l a r ] nouns that are used w i t h a, an, or the but are never used i n the p l u r a l : heat, mess [ p l u r a l ] nouns that are used only i n the p l u r a l and always take a p l u r a l verb: congratulations, surroundings

[ I ] i n t r a n s i t i v e verbs that have no d i r e c t object: He paused for a moment. • Could you speak up please? [ T ] t r a n s i t i v e verbs that have a direct object: late my lunch. She handed the note over to me.

/a’tfi:vmant/ noun [C] a particular t h i n g that someone has achieved: Winning the gold medal was a remarkable achievement. a c u p u n c t u r e /’aekju.pAnktfa/ noun [U] a m e d i c a l t r e a t m e n t t h a t involves p u t t i n g needles i n t o p a r t i c u l a r p a r t s of someone’s body a d a p t a t i o n /.ai’daep’teijiajn/ noun [C] a f i l m or T V p r o g r a m m e made f r o m a book or play a d d i c t /’aedikt/ noun [C] someone w h o cannot stop t a k i n g i l l e g a l or h a r m f u l d r u g s : a heroin addict •

[ l i n k i n g v e r b ] verbs that are followed by a n o u n or adjective complement describing the subject: They looked happy. • / feel better now. W O R D C L A S S E S U S E D IN THI

/a’ka:din ,tu:/ prep 1 used for s t a t i n g where i n f o r m a t i o n or ideas have come f r o m : According to newspaper reports, fighting has broken out in the northern provinces. 2 i n a way that agrees w i t h or obeys a p a r t i c u l a r p l a n , system, or set of r u l e s : The game was played according to the rules.

)ICTIONARY

adj (=adjective)

phrase

adv (=adverb)

p h r v b ( = p h r a s a l verb)

conj (=conjunction)

p r e p (=preposition)

det ( = determiner)

p r o n (=pronoun)

noun

verb

A /’aebs(a)ns/ noun [C/u] a t i m e w h e n someone is not where they should be or where they u s u a l l y are: We are concerned about your child’s frequent absences from school. /aeka’demik/ adj 1 r e l a t i n g to education, especially i n colleges and u n i v e r s i t i e s : We expect our students to meet high academic standards. 2 based on l e a r n i n g f r o m study r a t h e r t h a n p r a c t i c a l s k i l l s and experience: The college offers both academic and vocational qualifications, noun и a teacher at a college or university /ak’sept/ verb [T] to take s o m e t h i n g that someone gives you: It gives me great pleasure to accept this award, verb [l/Tl to say yes to an i n v i t a t i o n , offer, or suggestion: Our clients will never accept this proposal. /’aeksid(a)nt/ noun [C] 1 an unexpected event that causes i n j u r y or damage: He was killed in a climbing accident. 2 s o m e t h i n g t h a t happens w i t h o u t b e i n g p l a n n e d : I didn’t mean to do it! It was an accident. /,aeksi’dent(a)li/ adv 1 by chance, as the r e s u l t o f a n accident: Police believe the fire was started accidentally. 2 by mistake r a t h e r t h a n deliberate i n t e n t i o n : The program prevents files from being accidentally erased.

a d d i c t e d /a’diktid/ adj unable to stop t a k i n g an i l l e g a l or h a r m f u l d r u g : He was addicted to cocaine. a d d i c t i v e /a’diktiv/ adj a n a d d i c t i v e d r u g is d i f f i c u l t to stop t a k i n g a d j u s t /a’d3Ast/ verb [T] to change or move s o m e t h i n g s l i g h t l y so t h a t i t w o r k s or fits better: She stopped to adjust the strap on her sandal, verb [i] to get used to a new s i t u a t i o n by c h a n g i n g y o u r ideas or the way y o u do t h i n g s : It took her two years to adjust to life in England. /ad’mit/ verb [l/T] to agree t h a t s o m e t h i n g bad is t r u e , or to agree t h a t y o u have done s o m e t h i n g w r o n g : Davis admitted causing death by careless driving. a d o l e s c e n c e /,a?da’les(a)ns/ noun [ui the p e r i o d of y o u r life w h e n y o u are c h a n g i n g f r o m b e i n g a c h i l d to b e i n g an adult, especially w h e n y o u are a y o u n g teenager: He spent his adolescence in a children’s home. /’aedAlt, э У л к / noun [C] someone w h o is no longer a c h i l d a n d is l e g a l l y responsible for t h e i r actions: Tickets are £2.50for adults and £1.50 for children. /ad’va:ntid3/ noun [C/U] s o m e t h i n g t h a t makes one person or t h i n g m o r e l i k e l y to succeed t h a n others: the advantages of a good education noun [C] a good feature or q u a l i t y t h a t s o m e t h i n g has: Having children when you’re older has both advantages and disadvantages. a d v e r t i s e m e n t /ad’v3:tismant/ noun [C] a n a n n o u n c e m e n t i n a newspaper, on t e l e v i s i o n , on the I n t e r n e t etc t h a t is designed to persuade people to b u y a p r o d u c t or service, go to a n event, or apply for a j o b /ad’vais/ noun [U] an o p i n i o n that someone gives y o u about the best t h i n g to do i n a p a r t i c u l a r s i t u a t i o n : Ask your father for advice. /ad’vaiz/ verb [l/T] to give y o u r o p i n i o n to someone about the best t h i n g to do i n a p a r t i c u l a r s i t u a t i o n : Her doctor advised her to rest. a e r i a l /’earial/ noun [C] a piece of equipment made of w i r e or t h i n m e t a l , used for r e c e i v i n g r a d i o or t e l e v i s i o n signals /a’fekt/ verb [T] to change or influence s o m e t h i n g , often i n a negative way: Did the newspapers really affect the outcome of the election? /a’freid/ adj 1 w o r r i e d t h a t s o m e t h i n g bad m i g h t happen: / was afraid that you’d miss the flight. 2 f r i g h t e n e d : Don’t be afraid -1 won’t hurt you.

97

afterwards

art

/»a:ftawadz/ adv after something else that you have a l r e a d y m e n t i o n e d : Let’s go and see a film and afterwards we could go for a meal.

apparent

a g o n y a u n t /’aegani ,a:nt/ noun [С] a w o m a n w h o g i v e s a d v i c e a b o u t p e r s o n a l problems i n a n e w s p a p e r or m a g a z i n e by a n s w e r i n g readers’ letters /a’gri:/ verb [l/T] to h a v e t h e s a m e o p i n i o n a s s o m e o n e e l s e : Doreen thought that the house was too small, and Jim agreed. verb [l] to s a y t h a t y o u w i l l do s o m e t h i n g t h a t s o m e o n e e l s e w a n t s o r s u g g e s t s : I asked her to marry me, and she agreed. /a’hed/adv 1 i n t h e d i r e c t i o n i n f r o n t of y o u : There’s a motel just a few miles ahead. 2 u s e d for s a y i n g w h a t w i l l h a p p e n i n t h e f u t u r e : Where will the money come from in the years ahead? /’ea.lain/ noun [C] a c o m p a n y t h a t o w n s a i r c r a f t a n d t a k e s p e o p l e o r g o o d s b y p l a n e f r o m o n e p l a c e to a n o t h e r a l i e n /’eilian/ noun [C] a c r e a t u r e f r o m a n o t h e r p l a n e t /э’1аи/ verb [T] to g i v e s o m e o n e p e r m i s s i o n to do s o m e t h i n g o r h a v e s o m e t h i n g : I’m sorry, sir, but smoking allowed.

ready?’

/’admaust/ adv n e a r l y b u t n o t c o m p l e t e l y : ‘Are Almost! I’m just putting my shoes on.’

is

you

/a:l’t3:nativ/ noun [C] something that you c a n choose to do i n s t e a d of s o m e t h i n g e l s e : There was no alternative — we had to close the bridge. a m a t e u r /’aemata, ‘aematjua/ adj d o n e for p l e a s u r e i n s t e a d of a s a j o b : amateur photography noun [C] s o m e o n e w h o d o e s s o m e t h i n g b e c a u s e t h e y e n j o y it, i n s t e a d of a s a j o b I was amazed

that

he

/a’meizm/ adj v e r y g o o d , s u r p r i s i n g , o r i m p r e s s i v e : Her story was quite amazing. a m b i t i o u s /aem’bifas/ adj d e t e r m i n e d to b e c o m e s u c c e s s f u l , r i c h , o r f a m o u s : an ambitious young lawyer / э ‘ т л п / prep 1 i n c l u d e d i n a p a r t i c u l a r g r o u p of p e o p l e o r t h i n g s : Robert was the only one among them who had ever ridden a horse. 2 w i t h o t h e r p e o p l e o r t h i n g s a l l a r o u n d : It was pleasant strolling among the olive trees. a m u s e m e n t p a r k /a’mju:zmant ,pa:k/ noun [С] a p l a c e w h e r e p e o p l e p a y m o n e y to go o n r i d e s a n a l y s e /’aena,laiz/ verb [T] to e x a m i n e s o m e t h i n g i n d e t a i l i n o r d e r to u n d e r s t a n d o r e x p l a i n it: Scientists analysed samples of leaves taken from the area. a n a t o m y /a’naetami/ noun [Cj t h e b o d y of a h u m a n o r a n i m a l , o r t h e s t r u c t u r e of a p l a n t /’ein[(a)nt/ adj 1 v e r y old: an ancient city Ibook I tradition 2 r e l a t i n g to a p e r i o d of h i s t o r y a v e r y l o n g t i m e ago: the ancient Greeks I Britons I Egyptians /’аепдэ/ noun [U] t h e s t r o n g f e e l i n g y o u get t h a t m a k e s y o u w a n t to h u r t s o m e o n e o r s h o u t at t h e m : Some people express their anger through violence. /’aerjgri/ adj

v e r y a n n o y e d : There’s

no point in

getting

angry. a n k l e /’аег)к(э)1/ noun [C] t h e p a r t at t h e b o t t o m of y o u r l e g w h e r e y o u r foot j o i n s y o u r l e g a n n i v e r s a r y /,3eni’v3:s(a)ri/ noun [C) a d a t e w h e n y o u c e l e b r a t e s o m e t h i n g t h a t h a p p e n e d i n a p r e v i o u s y e a r t h a t i s i m p o r t a n t to y o u : a wedding anniversary /’aenjual/ adj 1 h a p p e n i n g o n c e a y e a r : an annual conference/festival/holiday 2 c a l c u l a t e d o v e r a p e r i o d of o n e y e a r : an annual salary a n o r a k /’aena,raek/ noun [C] a s h o r t c o a t w i t h a h o o d a n t /aent/ noun [C] a s m a l l i n s e c t t h a t l i v e s u n d e r t h e g r o u n d i n l a r g e organised groups a p a r t f r o m /a’pa:t ,fram/ phrase i n a d d i t i o n to s o m e o n e o r s o m e t h i n g : Apart from providing humanitarian aid, the UN is also supposed to enforce agreements. /a’pDla.dsaiz/ verb [I] to t e l l s o m e o n e t h a t y o u a r e s o r r y for d o i n g s o m e t h i n g w r o n g : I apologise for taking so long to reply.

98

was

/a’pi:l/ noun [c] a n u r g e n t r e q u e s t for p e o p l e to do s o m e t h i n g o r g i v e s o m e t h i n g : There have been several appeals for an end to the fighting, noun [U] a q u a l i t y t h a t s o m e t h i n g h a s t h a t m a k e s p e o p l e l i k e it o r w a n t it: How do you explain the appeal of horror films? verb [I] 1 to m a k e a n u r g e n t r e q u e s t for p e o p l e to do s o m e t h i n g o r g i v e s o m e t h i n g : She appealed to her former husband to return their baby son. 2 i f s o m e t h i n g a p p e a l s to y o u , y o u l i k e it o r w a n t it: The show’s mixture of comedy and songs will appeal to children. / э ‘ р и / verb [linking verb] to m a k e o t h e r p e o p l e t h i n k t h a t y o u a r e s o m e t h i n g , o r t h a t y o u feel s o m e t h i n g : Matt appears unaffected by all the media attention, verb [l] 1 i f s o m e o n e or s o m e t h i n g a p p e a r s s o m e w h e r e , y o u s e e t h e m s u d d e n l y o r for the f i r s t t i m e : Cracks began to appear in the ceiling. 2 to s t a r t to exist, o r to s t a r t to b e a v a i l a b l e for t h e f i r s t t i m e : the latest Internet guide to appear on the market /a’piarans/ noun [u] 1 t h e w a y t h a t s o m e o n e or s o m e t h i n g l o o k s : The twins are almost identical in appearance. 2 t h e t i m e w h e n s o m e t h i n g s t a r t s to e x i s t , o r s t a r t s to be s e e n : the appearance offast food restaurants on every high street 3 the f a c t t h a t s o m e o n e a r r i v e s s o m e w h e r e : She was startled by Julie’s sudden appearance in the doorway.

not

/э’1эип/ adj, adv i f y o u a r e alone, no one else is w i t h you: Shelley is divorced and lives alone.

a m a z e d /a’meizd/ adj v e r y s u r p r i s e d : Frankly. was interested.

/a’paerant/ adj e a s y to s e e o r u n d e r s t a n d : It that the two women knew each other.

/,aepli’keif(a)n fa:(r)m/ noun a p r i n t e d l i s t of q u e s t i o n s t h a t y o u a n s w e r i n o r d e r to t r y to get a j o b , b o r r o w m o n e y , get a p l a c e at u n i v e r s i t y e t c /a’plai/ verb [I] to m a k e a f o r m a l r e q u e s t to do s o m e t h i n g o r h a v e s o m e t h i n g : Students can apply for money to help with their living costs, verb [T] to p u t a l a y e r of s o m e t h i n g s u c h a s paint onto a s u r f a c e /a’pamtmant/ noun [C] a n a r r a n g e m e n t to see s o m e o n e , for e x a m p l e a d o c t o r , at a p a r t i c u l a r t i m e : Why don’t you make an appointment with one of our doctors? /a’praopriat/ adj s u i t a b l e for a p a r t i c u l a r s i t u a t i o n : This isn’t the appropriate time to discuss the problem. /a’proksimatli/ adv u s e d for s h o w i n g t h a t a n a m o u n t o r n u m b e r i s n o t e x a c t : Approximately 60,000people filled the stadium. a r c h e o l o g i s t /,a:ki’Dlad3ist/ noun [C] s o m e o n e w h o s t u d i e s a r c h e o l o g y a r c h e r /’a:(r)tja(r)/ noun [q s o m e o n e w h o s h o o t s a r r o w s f r o m a b o w a r c h i t e c t /’u:ki,tekt/ noun [C] s o m e o n e w h o s e j o b i s to d e s i g n buildings /’a:gju:/ verb [l] to d i s c u s s s o m e t h i n g t h a t y o u d i s a g r e e a b o u t , u s u a l l y i n a n a n g r y w a y : Those girls are always arguing! /’a:gjomant/ noun [C] an angry disagreement b e t w e e n p e o p l e : The decision led to a heated argument. /а:т/ noun [C] o n e of t h e t w o l o n g p a r t s of y o u r b o d y w i t h y o u r h a n d s at t h e e n d : I put my arm around his shoulders. a r m b a n d /’a:m,baend/ noun [C] 1 a p l a s t i c r i n g t h a t i s filled w i t h a i r . w o r n a r o u n d e a c h a r m b y p e o p l e l e a r n i n g to s w i m 2 a s m a l l p i e c e of c l o t h t h a t y o u w e a r a r o u n d o n e a r m a r m c h a i r /’u:m,tj’ea/ noun [C] a l a r g e c o m f o r t a b l e c h a i r w i t h p a r t s for y o u to r e s t y o u r a r m s o n /’a:mi/ noun [С] a l a r g e o r g a n i s a t i o n of s o l d i e r s w h o a r e t r a i n e d to fight w a r s o n l a n d : an army officer/colonel /a’reind3mant/ noun [plural] arrangements: p r a c t i c a l p l a n s for o r g a n i s i n g a n d m a n a g i n g t h e d e t a i l s of s o m e t h i n g : sleeping/seating arrangements noun [C] an a g r e e m e n t o r p l a n t h a t y o u m a k e w i t h s o m e o n e e l s e : They have an arrangement with Pepsi-Cola to share distribution facilities. /a’rest/ verb [T] i f t h e p o l i c e a r r e s t s o m e o n e , t h e y t a k e that p e r s o n to a p o l i c e s t a t i o n b e c a u s e t h e y t h i n k t h a t h e o r s h e h a s c o m m i t t e d a c r i m e : Police raided the building and arrested six men. a r s o n i s t /’a:(r)s(a)nist/ noun [C] s o m e o n e w h o d e l i b e r a t e l y s t a r t s fires, especially in buildings /a:t/ noun [U] p a i n t i n g s , d r a w i n g s , a n d other objects that a r e c r e a t e d i n o r d e r to b e b e a u t i f u l o r i n t e r e s t i n g : the art of ancient Mexico /,a:ti’fif(a)l/ adj not n a t u r a l o r r e a l , b u t m a d e b y people: The growers use both natural and artificial light.

artificial

behaviour

/’a:tist/ noun [C] someone w h o creates p a i n t i n g s or other objects t h a t are b e a u t i f u l or i n t e r e s t i n g ask s o m e b o d y o u t /,a:sk s.mbddi ‘aut/ phr vb to i n v i t e someone to go somewhere w i t h y o u because y o u w a n t to s t a r t a r o m a n t i c relationship w i t h t h e m

/’beibi/ noun [C] w a l k : their new baby

/3,seesi’neif(a)n/ noun [C/u] the m u r d e r of a famous or i m p o r t a n t person, especially for p o l i t i c a l reasons: an assassination attempt

/a’sesmant/ noun [U] the process of m a k i n g a judgment or f o r m i n g a n o p i n i o n , after c o n s i d e r i n g s o m e t h i n g or someone c a r e f u l l y : The investigation was reopened after careful assessment of new evidence. /a’sist(a)nt/ noun [C] someone whose j o b is to help another person i n t h e i r w o r k , for example by d o i n g the easier parts of it: a personal assistant a t l a s /’aetlas/ noun [C] a book of maps

a t t r a c t i o n /эГгэек|(э)п/ noun [C] a n i n t e r e s t i n g place or object t h a t people come to see noun [c/u] a reason for l i k i n g s o m e t h i n g or someone or b e i n g interested i n i t / t h e m attractive

woman au p a i r / э и ‘реэ/ noun [С] a y o u n g w o m a n w h o lives w i t h a f a m i l y i n a foreign c o u n t r y and helps to look after t h e i r c h i l d r e n /b:dians/ noun [C] the people w h o w a t c h or l i s t e n t o a performance: Chaplin’s films were loved by audiences throughout the world. /a:nt/ noun [C] the sister of y o u r m o t h e r or father, or the wife of y o u r uncle: I loved visiting my aunt and uncle.

certainly

/3:’6Drati/ noun [U] 1 the power to m a k e decisions a n d make people do w h a t y o u w a n t : The president’s authority is being questioned in the press. 2 official p e r m i s s i o n to do s o m e t h i n g : We do not release the names of our customers without their authority. noun [plural] the a u t h o r i t i e s : the police or other o r g a n i s a t i o n s w i t h legal power to m a k e people obey l a w s : The French authorities have refused to issue him a visa. a u t o b i o g r a p h y /.-rtaubai’ografi/ noun [C] a book about y o u r life t h a t you w r i t e y o u r s e l f a u t o g r a p h ЛкЦдгаШ noun [C] a famous person’s n a m e t h a t they sign on s o m e t h i n g /3’veilab(9)l/ adj 1 able to be o b t a i n e d , t a k e n , or used: We’ll notify you as soon as tickets become available. 2 not too busy to do s o m e t h i n g : Vm available next Tuesday if you want to meet then. a v a l a n c h e /’aevd,la:ntf/ noun [с] a large a m o u n t of snow t h a t suddenly falls d o w n a m o u n t a i n

/b:f(a)l/ adj

e x t r e m e l y bad: This wine tastes

awful.

b a d g e /baed3/ noun [C] 1 a s m a l l r o u n d object w i t h w o r d s or symbols on i t . You fasten i t onto y o u r clothes w i t h a p i n , for example to show t h a t y o u s u p p o r t a n idea o r a p o l i t i c a l p a r t y . 2 a special piece of m e t a l , c l o t h , o r plastic w i t h w o r d s o r symbols on i t . You w e a r i t o r c a r r y i t to show y o u r o f f i c i a l p o s i t i o n : a police badge b a d l y — p a i d /’baedli peid/ phrase i f someone is badly-paid, they do not e a r n m u c h money, or they e a r n less money t h a n is f a i r for the w o r k they do b a d — t e m p e r e d /,beed ‘tempad/ adj made a n n o y e d or a n g r y v e r y easily

b a n /baen/ noun [C] a n official statement o r d e r i n g people not to do s o m e t h i n g : There is a total ban on smoking anywhere in the college, verb [T] to say o f f i c i a l l y t h a t someone is not a l l o w e d to do s o m e t h i n g : She was banned from competing for two years after failing a drugs test. /baenk/ noun [C] 1 a financial i n s t i t u t i o n where people can keep t h e i r money, o r c a n b o r r o w money: / need to go to the bank this morning. 2 a l a r g e c o l l e c t i o n o r store of s o m e t h i n g : a blood bank b a r g a i n /’ba:gm/ noun [C] s o m e t h i n g y o u buy t h a t costs m u c h less t h a n n o r m a l : Her dress was a real bargain. /’beisik/ adj 1 f o r m i n g the m a i n o r most i m p o r t a n t p a r t or aspect of s o m e t h i n g : Rice is the basic ingredient of the dish. 2 simple, w i t h n o t h i n g special o r e x t r a : The state provides only basic health care. /bi:tJ7 noun [C] sea o r a l a k e

a n area of sand or s m a l l stones beside the

b e a n / b i : n / noun [C] 1 a seed of v a r i o u s p l a n t s t h a t is cooked and eaten, or a p l a n t t h a t produces these seeds 2 a d r i e d bean t h a t y o u g r i n d a n d use to m a k e d r i n k s such as coffee and cocoa

/bi:t/ verb [T] 1 to defeat someone i n a game, c o m p e t i t i o n , election, o r b a t t l e : England needed to beat Germany to get to the final. 2 to h i t someone v i o l e n t l y several t i m e s : They were arrested for beating their children.

/s’vjrd/ verb [T] 1 to t r y to prevent s o m e t h i n g f r o m happening: Try to avoid confrontation. 2 to stay away f r o m someone or s o m e t h i n g : We went early to avoid the crowds.

u n d e r s t a n d i n g of a subject, issue, o r s i t u a t i o n : There was a general lack of awareness about safety issues.

b a d d y /’baedi/ noun [C] someone i n a film o r book w h o does u n k i n d or i l l e g a l t h i n g s

b e a r d /biad/ noun [C] h a i r t h a t grow’s o n a man’s c h i n and cheeks

/’aev(a)rid3/ noun [C/u] the t y p i c a l a m o u n t or level: Unemployment here is twice the national average.

k n o w l e d g e or

/’baek,graund/ noun [C] 1 the general experiences a n d influences t h a t have f o r m e d someone’s character, or the t y p e of e d u c a t i o n and t r a i n i n g they have had: students from very different backgrounds 2 the p a r t of a p i c t u r e or p a t t e r n t h a t is b e h i n d the m a i n people o r t h i n g s i n i t : a picture of palm trees with mountains in the background

b a l d /b:>:kl/ adj w i t h l i t t l e o r no h a i r o n y o u r head

/Ь:вэ/ noun [C] 1 someone w h o w r i t e s books o r a r t i c l e s as their j o b 2 the person w h o w r o t e a p a r t i c u l a r d o c u m e n t or other piece of w r i t i n g : the author of the report

/a’wea(r)nas/ noun [singular/U]

/bask/ noun [C] 1 the p a r t of y o u r body between y o u r neck a n d y o u r b o t t o m , o n the opposite side to y o u r chest a n d stomach: 1 have a pain in my back. 2 the p a r t o r side of s o m e t h i n g t h a t is f u r t h e s t f r o m the f r o n t : Get in the back of the car.

b a l c o n y /’baelkani/ noun [C] a place s t i c k i n g out f r o m the outside of a b u i l d i n g w h e r e y o u c a n sit o r stand

Ывепик/ adj r e a l , not false o r copied: The letter is authentic.

/a’wea/ adj k n o w i n g about a s i t u a t i o n o r fact: As far I’m aware, he didn’t tell her anything.

b a c h e l o r ‘ s d e g r e e /’baetjalaz di.gri:/ noun [C] a f i r s t u n i v e r s i t y degree

b a c k u p /Ъаеклр/ noun [U] people o r e q u i p m e n t t h a t can be used w h e n e x t r a help is needed: The gang was armed, so the police called for backup, noun [C] a copy of i n f o r m a t i o n o n y o u r computer t h a t y o u m a k e i n case y o u lose the o r i g i n a l i n f o r m a t i o n

/’aetmas.fia/ noun [singular] 1 the m o o d t h a t exists in a place and affects the people there: There is an atmosphere of tension in the city today. 2 the a i r r o u n d the E a r t h o r r o u n d another planet: The Earth’s atmosphere is getting warmer.

nice to look at: a stunningly

a v e r y y o u n g c h i l d w h o cannot yet t a l k or daughter

b a c h e l o r /’baetjata/ noun [C] a m a n w h o has never been m a r r i e d

a s s e s s /a’ses/ verb [T] to t h i n k about s o m e t h i n g c a r e f u l l y a n d m a k e a judgment about i t : We tried to assess his suitability for the job.

/a’traektiv/ adj

В

as

b e a u t i c i a n /bju:’tif(3)n/ noun [C] someone whose j o b is to give people beauty t r e a t m e n t s /bi’heiv/ verb [I] to do t h i n g s i n a p a r t i c u l a r way: The children behaved very badly, verb [l/T] to be p o l i t e a n d not cause t r o u b l e : Mum’s always telling me to behave when we go out. Anna

/bi’heivja/ noun [u] was sick of her brother’s

the w a y t h a t someone behaves: behaviour.

99

behind

brother

/bi’haindV adv, prep 1 at the back of someone or s o m e t h i n g : The teacher was standing behind me, looking over my shoulder. 2 used for s a y i n g w h a t causes s o m e t h i n g or who is responsible for m a k i n g it happen, especially w h e n t h i s is not obvious: Police believe that a racist group is behind the attacks. 3 late or too slow i n d o i n g t h i n g s t h a t y o u have to do: The project is already a month behind schedule. b e l o n g t o /bi’lon ta/ phr vb to be owned by someone: The car to the woman next door.

belongs

b e s t — s e l l e r /best’sela/ noun [C] a book t h a t m a n y people b u y b i g — h e a d e d /.big’hedid/ adj b e h a v i n g i n a way t h a t shows that y o u t h i n k y o u are v e r y i m p o r t a n t or i n t e l l i g e n t / b i l / noun [C] a w r i t t e n statement that shows how m u c h money you owe for goods or services t h a t y o u have received: a telephone bill b i o d e g r a d a b l e /,bai3udi’greid3b(3)l/ adj d e c a y i n g n a t u r a l l y i n a w a y t h a t is not h a r m f u l to the e n v i r o n m e n t b i o g r a p h y /bai’Dgrafi/ noun [C] a book t h a t someone w r i t e s about someone else’s life /Ьз:9/ noun [c/u] the occasion w h e n a baby is b o r n : We are happy to announce the birth of our son, Andrew. b i s c u i t /’biskit/ noun [C] a s m a l l flat d r y cake t h a t is u s u a l l y sweet: a packet of chocolate biscuits a b i t Is ‘bit/ phrase s l i g h t l y , or a l i t t l e : I’m feeling

a bit tired.

/bleim/ noun [U] r e s p o n s i b i l i t y for a n accident, p r o b l e m , or bad s i t u a t i o n : Why do I always get the blame for everything? ч&Ъ [T] to say or t h i n k t h a t someone or s o m e t h i n g is responsible for an accident, problem, or bad s i t u a t i o n : If it all goes wrong, don’t blame me. b l e e d /bli:d/ verb [i] to have blood f l o w i n g f r o m y o u r body, for example f r o m a cut: He was bleeding from a wound in his shoulder. /blamd/ adj unable to see: Blind the same school.

and sighted children

attend

b l o g /Ыод/ noun [C] a b i o g r a p h i c a l web log: a type of d i a r y on a website that is changed r e g u l a r l y , to give the latest news. /bUd/ noun [U] the r e d l i q u i d that flows a r o u n d inside y o u r body: Oxygen is carried in the blood. /Ыэи/ verb [l] 1 i f w i n d or a i r blows, the a i r moves: A strong wind was blowing across the island. 2 to p u s h out a i r f r o m y o u r m o u t h : He bent towards the candle and blew gently. Iby.ul noun [C] 1 a t h i n flat piece of wood or other m a t e r i a l t h a t is used for a p a r t i c u l a r purpose: a chopping/ ironing board 2 a flat w i d e surface such as a noticeboard or blackboard that is used for s h o w i n g i n f o r m a t i o n : The exam results were pinned up on the board, verb [i/т] to get onto a ship, a i r c r a f t , t r a i n , or bus b o a r d g a m e /Ъхб ,geim/ noun [C] a n y game i n w h i c h y o u move objects a r o u n d on a special b o a r d b o a r d i n g s c h o o l /’bo:dii] sku:l/ noun [C] a school i n w h i c h the students l i v e d u r i n g the p a r t of the y e a r t h a t t h e y go to lessons /ЬэиГ/ noun [C] a vehicle for t r a v e l l i n g on water: The only way to get there was by boat. or i f y o u b o i l i t , i t becomes so When the water boils, add the water, or to be cooked i n t h i s egg?

/Ьок/ noun [C] a w r i t t e n w o r k t h a t is p r i n t e d on pages fastened together inside a cover: Please open your books at page 25. verb [l/T] to a r r a n g e to have or use s o m e t h i n g at a p a r t i c u l a r t i m e i n the f u t u r e : Shall I book a room for you? b o o s t /bu:st/ noun [singular] s o m e t h i n g t h a t helps s o m e t h i n g to increase or i m p r o v e : The festival has been a major boost for the

100

Iby.ul adj feeling i m p a t i e n t and annoyed because n o t h i n g is i n t e r e s t i n g : The waiter looked very bored. b o r e d o m / t a d a m / noun [U] the feeling of being bored /’boirirj/ adj

not at a l l i n t e r e s t i n g : a boring, badly-paid

job

/by.nl adj 1 w h e n a baby is b o r n , it comes out of its mother’s body and s t a r t s its life: Her grandfather died before she was born. 2 i f s o m e t h i n g such as a new o r g a n i s a t i o n or idea is b o r n , i t begins to exist /’bDrau/ verb [T] to receive and use s o m e t h i n g that belongs to someone else, and promise to give it back: Can I borrow your calculator? b o s s y /’bDsi/ adj someone who is bossy is a n n o y i n g because they keep t e l l i n g other people w h a t to do b o u n c e /baons/ verb [i/T] 1 i f a b a l l or other object bounces, or i f you bounce i t , i t h i t s a surface t h e n i m m e d i a t e l y moves away: The ball bounced twice before hitting the net. 2 i f an e m a i l message bounces, i t is sent back to y o u w i t h o u t r e a c h i n g the person you sent i t to /baol/ noun [C] 1 a r o u n d container that you use for eating, s e r v i n g , or p r e p a r i n g food: In a large bowl, mix together the eggs, sugar, and butter. 2 a large c o n t a i n e r w i t h o u t a l i d , used for h o l d i n g l i q u i d s : a washing-up bowl b o w l i n g /’bauhq/ noun [u] a n i n d o o r game i n w h i c h players r o l l heavy balls along a t r a c k and t r y to k n o c k d o w n a group of pins /bDks/ noun [C] 1 a c o n t a i n e r w i t h s t r a i g h t sides and a flat base: a cardboard box 2 a space for w r i t i n g i n f o r m a t i o n on a p r i n t e d f o r m , or a space on a computer screen w i t h i n f o r m a t i o n i n i t : a dialogue box b o x e r Arokss/ noun [C] someone who takes p a r t i n the sport of boxing

/bmk/ noun [C] 1 a large b u i l d i n g w i t h a lot of different levels: an apartment/office block 2 a solid piece of wood, stone, ice etc w i t h s t r a i g h t sides: a block of marble 3 an area of b u i l d i n g s i n a t o w n or c i t y w i t h streets on a l l four sides: / was early, so I walked around the block a couple of times, verb m to stop s o m e t h i n g f r o m m o v i n g along or passing t h r o u g h s o m e t h i n g : A car was blocking the road.

/bod/ verb [l/T] 1 i f a l i q u i d boils, hot that bubbles rise to the surface: rice. 2 to cook s o m e t h i n g i n b o i l i n g way: How long does it take to boil an

local economy, verb [T] to help s o m e t h i n g to increase or improve: The cold weather boosted demand for electricity.

/brein/ noun [C] the o r g a n inside y o u r head that allows you to t h i n k a n d feel, a n d c o n t r o l s y o u r body: The illness had affected his brain. /bra:ntJ7 noun [C] 1 one of the parts of a tree that grows out of its t r u n k 2 a shop or office r e p r e s e n t i n g a large company or o r g a n i s a t i o n i n a p a r t i c u l a r area: The store has branches in over 50 cities. /breiv/ adj able to deal w i t h danger, p a i n , or trouble w i t h o u t b e i n g f r i g h t e n e d or w o r r i e d : the brave soldiers who fought and died for their country /breik/ verb [l/T] 1 i f s o m e t h i n g breaks, or i f you break it, it separates i n t o t w o or more pieces w h e n i t is h i t , dropped etc: / broke two dishes this morning. 2 i f a piece of equipment breaks, or i f y o u b r e a k i t , it stops w o r k i n g c o r r e c t l y : Don’t play with the camera — you 11 break it. verb [T] to f a i l to obey a r u l e or law: Students who break these rules will be punished. b r i d e /braid/ noun [C] a w o m a n who is g e t t i n g m a r r i e d , or one who has r e c e n t l y m a r r i e d /brait/ adj 1 b r i g h t colours are strong but not dark: She was wearing a bright red scarf. 2 f u l l of strong s h i n i n g l i g h t : It was a bright sunny day. 3 i n t e l l i g e n t : one of the brightest students in the class /Ьпп/ verb [T] to take someone or s o m e t h i n g w i t h you f r o m one place to another: Bring a coat in case it turns cold. b r o a d b a n d /’br3:d,baend/ noun [U] a type of connection between a computer and the I n t e r n e t that allows y o u to send or receive a large a m o u n t of i n f o r m a t i o n i n a short t i m e b r o a d c a s t /’brj:d,ka:st/ noun [С] a p r o g r a m m e that is broadcast: Channel 5’s main news broadcast verb [l/T] to send out messages or p r o g r a m m e s to be received by radios or televisions: The BBC will be broadcasting the match live from Paris. /Ъгэикэп/ adj 1 a b r o k e n object has been damaged w i t h the r e s u l t t h a t i t is i n t w o or more pieces: Nearly all the houses had broken windows. 2 i f a piece of equipment is broken, it is not w o r k i n g c o r r e c t l y : You can’t use the microwave — it’s broken. b r o k e n — h e a r t e d /Ьгэикэп ‘ha:tid/ adj extremely sad /’Ьглбэ/ noun [C] a boy or m a n who has the same parents as y o u : his younger/older/little/big brother

brother-in-law

chat show

b r o t h e r — i n — l a w /’Ьгл5э(г)т,Ь:/ noun [C] 1 y o u r sister’s h u s b a n d 2 the brother of y o u r husband o r wife b r o w s e r /’brauzs/ noun [C] a computer p r o g r a m t h a t a l l o w s y o u to use the I n t e r n e t b u i l d e r /’bilda/ noun [C] someone whose j o b is to b u i l d a n d r e p a i r houses /’bildm/ noun [C] + * • a s t r u c t u r e such as a house t h a t has a roof and w a l l s : The town hall was a large, impressive building. bully /’buli/ noun [C] someone w h o uses t h e i r s t r e n g t h or status to threaten or f r i g h t e n people verb m to f r i g h t e n o r h u r t someone who is smaller or weaker t h a n y o u b u n k e r /Ълг)кэ/ noun [c] a r o o m w i t h v e r y s t r o n g w a l l s t h a t is b u i l t underground as a shelter against bombs b u r g l a r /Ъз:д1э/ noun [C] someone w h o enters a b u i l d i n g i l l e g a l l y i n order to steal t h i n g s b u r g l a r y /’Ьз:д1эп/ noun [c/u] the c r i m e of e n t e r i n g a b u i l d i n g illegally i n order to steal t h i n g s burgle /’Ьз:д(э)1/ verb [T] to enter a b u i l d i n g i l l e g a l l y a n d steal t h i n g s /Ьз:п/ verb [T] 1 to damage or destroy s o m e t h i n g w i t h fire: Demonstrators burned flags outside the embassy. 2 to i n j u r e someone or a p a r t of y o u r body w i t h s o m e t h i n g hot: The sand was so hot it burnt my feet. 3 to put i n f o r m a t i o n onto a CD-ROM /’beri/ verb [T] to put s o m e t h i n g i n the g r o u n d a n d cover i t w i t h e a r t h : There’s supposed to be treasure buried around here. /ЬиГ/ noun [C] a p l a n t t h a t is s m a l l e r t h a n a tree a n d has a lot of t h i n branches: a holly/rose/currant bush /’bizros/ noun [U] + • * 1 t h e w o r k of b u y i n g o r s e l l i n g products or services: the music/fashion business 2 the w o r k t h a t you do as y o u r job: a business trip sy /»bizi/ adj * * * 1 h a v i n g a lot of t h i n g s to do: He is an extremely busy man. 2 f u l l of people or vehicles: a busy main road b u t c h e r /’but/a/ noun [C] someone whose j o b is to sell meat. T h e shop they w o r k i n is c a l l e d a butcher’s o r a butcher’s shop. b u t t e r f l y /’bAtd,flai/ noun [C] a n insect w i t h large c o l o u r f u l w i n g s / ‘ b A t ( 9 ) n / noun [C] 1 a s m a l l object t h a t y o u press to make a machine do s o m e t h i n g : Press this button to start the computer. 2 a s m a l l r o u n d object t h a t is used for f a s t e n i n g clothes by pushing i t t h r o u g h a hole: He had undone the top button of his shirt.

c a r b o n d i o x i d e /,ка:Ьэп dai’Dksaid/ noun [U] the gas t h a t is produced w h e n y o u breathe out /кеэ/ verb [l/T] to be interested i n someone or s o m e t h i n g and t h i n k t h a t they are i m p o r t a n t : Her son didn’t care enough to come and visit her. /кэ’пэ/ noun [C] a j o b or profession t h a t y o u w o r k at for some t i m e : the problems of combining a career and a family c a r i n g /’кеэпп/ adj k i n d , h e l p f u l a n d s y m p a t h e t i c t o w a r d s other people c a r p e n t e r /’ka:pmta/ noun [C] someone whose j o b is to make or r e p a i r wooden t h i n g s c a r t o o n /ka:’tu:n/ noun [C] 1 a f i l m o r T V p r o g r a m m e made by p h o t o g r a p h i n g a series o f d r a w i n g s so t h a t t h i n g s i n t h e m seem to move 2 a h u m o r o u s d r a w i n g o r series of d r a w i n g s i n a newspaper or magazine /keis/ noun [C] a s i t u a t i o n t h a t involves a p a r t i c u l a r person or t h i n g : In the majority of cases, it’s easy to keep costs down. c a s h i e r /kaejia/ noun [C] someone whose j o b is to receive o r give money to customers i n a shop, b a n k etc c a s t /ka:st/ noun [С] 1 a l l the p e r f o r m e r s i n a f i l m , play etc 2 a h a r d cover for p r o t e c t i n g a b r o k e n p a r t of y o u r body w h i l e i t is g e t t i n g better c a t a s t r o p h i c /kaeta’strofik/ adj c a u s i n g a l o t o f damage, or m a k i n g a lot o f people suffer: catastrophic floods /kastf/ verb [l/T] 1 to stop s o m e t h i n g t h a t is f a l l i n g or m o v i n g t h r o u g h the a i r , and h o l d i t : Stewart caught the ball with one hand. 2 to get on a t r a i n , bus, plane, or boat t h a t is t r a v e l l i n g somewhere: I caught the next train to London, verb [T] 1 i f the police catch someone, they f i n d t h e m a n d a r r e s t t h e m 2 to get a disease o r i l l n e s s : Brian caught chickenpox from his nephew. c a t w a l k /’kaet,w:>:k/ noun [C] the r a i s e d area at a fashion show t h a t the models w a l k along /’sela.breit/ verb [l/T] to do s o m e t h i n g enjoyable i n order to show t h a t a n occasion o r event is special: Let’s have a party to celebrate. /sa’lebrati/ noun [C] a famous e n t e r t a i n e r or sports p e r s o n a l i t y : TV/sports celebrities /’sentfsri/ noun [C] a p e r i o d of 100 years, u s u a l l y c o u n t e d f r o m a year e n d i n g i n -00:16th century paintings /’s3:t(3)nli/ adv 1 used for emphasising t h a t s o m e t h i n g is definitely t r u e o r w i l l definitely happen: There certainly wasn’t any point in going now. 2 used for expressing agreement or for g i v i n g p e r m i s s i o n : ‘We’d like you to explain your proposal to us in greater detail.’ ‘Certainly.’

c a b l e /’keib(a)l/ noun [c/u] 1 t h i c k w i r e used for c a r r y i n g e l e c t r i c i t y or electronic signals 2 s t r o n g t h i c k m e t a l rope /’kaelkju.leit/ verb [T] using mathematics: Calculate

to discover a n u m b e r or a m o u n t by the size of the angle.

/’tfaelmd3/ noun [C/U] s o m e t h i n g t h a t needs a lot of s k i l l , energy, a n d d e t e r m i n a t i o n to deal w i t h o r achieve: I felt I needed a new challenge at work, verb m to i n v i t e someone to compete o r fight: The girls challenged the boys to a cricket match. /’tjaempian/ noun [C] someone w h o has w o n a n i m p o r t a n t c o m p e t i t i o n , especially i n sport: the world heavyweight boxing champion

/ka:m/ adj 1 not affected by s t r o n g emotions: a calm voice 2 peaceful: The city appears calm after last night’s missile attach.

/tja:ns/ noun [C] an o p p o r t u n i t y to do s o m e t h i n g , especially s o m e t h i n g t h a t y o u w a n t to do: Students are given the chance to learn another language.

/’кает(э)гэ/ noun [C] 1 a piece of e q u i p m e n t for t a k i n g photographs 2 a piece of equipment for m a k i n g t e l e v i s i o n programmes, f i l m s , o r videos

/’tjaen(d)l/ noun [C] a t e l e v i s i o n s t a t i o n and the p r o g r a m m e s t h a t i t broadcasts: What’s on the other channel?

/ к а з т р / noun [C/U] a place where people go for a h o l i d a y that often has tents or other t e m p o r a r y shelters: music camp

Chapter

/’kaensa/ noun [U] a serious i l l n e s s t h a t is caused w h e n cells in the body increase i n a n u n c o n t r o l l e d way: He died of lung cancer. /’kaendi,deit, ‘kamdidat/ noun [C] one of the people w h o is competing i n a n election or c o m p e t i n g for a job: the Labour/ Liberal/Conservative candidate c a n t e e n /kaen’tim/ noun [C] a r o o m i n a factory, school, or h o s p i t a l where meals are served /’kaeptja/ verb [T] to catch a person or a n i m a l and stop them f r o m escaping: Most of the men had been either killed or captured.

/’tjaepta/ noun [C] Three for more

one of the sections of a book: See details.

/’kaerikts/ noun [C] a person i n a book, play, f i l m etc: The film’s main character is played by George Clooney. /’tfaerati/ noun [C/u] a n o r g a n i s a t i o n t h a t gives money and help to people w h o need i t : a registered charity c h a r t /tfa:t/ noun [c] a l i s t , d r a w i n g , o r g r a p h t h a t shows i n f o r m a t i o n /tjaet/ verb [i] 1 to t a l k i n a f r i e n d l y way: They sat waiting, chatting about their families. 2 to exchange messages w i t h someone u s i n g computers, i n a way t h a t lets y o u see each other’s messages i m m e d i a t e l y c h a t s h o w /’tjaet ,/эи/ noun [C] a t e l e v i s i o n or r a d i o p r o g r a m m e i n w h i c h famous people t a l k about themselves a n d t h e i r w o r k

I 0 l

cheap

c h e a p /tj’i:p/ adj 1 not expensive: People should have access to cheap, fresh food. 2 not expensive a n d not of good q u a l i t y : cheap wine /tfi:t/ verb [I] to behave dishonestly, o r to not obey r u l e s : Kids have always found ways of cheating in school exams. /tfek/ verb [l/T] t o e x a m i n e s o m e t h i n g i n o r d e r to get i n f o r m a t i o n , o r to find out w h e t h e r i t is good o r c o r r e c t : Always check your spelling, verb [T] t o give y o u r bags a n d cases to an official at a n a i r p o r t so t h a t they c a n be put o n a plane: How many bags do you have to check? c h e c k o u t /’tjekaut/ noun [C] the place w h e r e y o u pay i n a s u p e r m a r k e t o r o t h e r l a r g e shop /tfi:k/ noun [C] the soft p a r t o n each side o f y o u r face below y o u r eyes: Sarah kissed him on the cheek. c h e e r u p /.tfiafr) л р / phr vb t o become less sad, o r to m a k e someone feel less sad: / tried to cheer him up, but he just kept staring out of the window. c h e f /Jef/ noun [C] someone whose j o b is to cook food i n a r e s t a u r a n t /’кегшк(э)1/ noun [C] a substance used i n c h e m i s t r y , or one produced by a process t h a t involves c h e m i s t r y : toxic chemicals c h e m i s t /’kemist/ noun [C] 1 a shop t h a t sells m e d i c i n e s , beauty products, and t o i l e t r i e s 2 someone whose j o b is p r e p a r i n g and s e l l i n g medicines i n a chemist’s shop 3 a scientist w h o studies chemistry /tjek/ noun [C] a piece of p r i n t e d paper t h a t y o u c a n use instead of money: a cheque for £50 c h e s s /tjes/ noun [u] a game t h a t t w o people play o n a b o a r d w i t h black a n d w h i t e squares. T h e pieces t h a t y o u use have d i f f e r e n t shapes a n d move i n d i f f e r e n t ways. /tfest/ noun [C] the upper f r o n t p a r t of y o u r body between y o u r neck a n d y o u r stomach: a broad/hairy chest c h e w i n g g u m /’tju:in , д л т / noun [u] a t y p e of sweet t h a t y o u chew for a l o n g t i m e but do not s w a l l o w /tfaild/ noun [C] 1 a y o u n g person f r o m the t i m e w h e n they are b o r n u n t i l they a r e about 14 years o l d : The nursery has places for 30 children. 2 someone’s son o r d a u g h t e r o f any age: All of our children are grown and married. c h i l d h o o d /’tjaild,hud/ noun [c/u] the t i m e of y o u r l i f e w h e n y o u a r e a c h i l d : We spent our childhood in a small town in the mountains. c h i l d i s h /’tfaildif/ adj b e h a v i n g i n a s i l l y a n d a n n o y i n g way. l i k e a small child c h i l l y /’tjili/ adj cold enough to be unpleasant: The evenings are getting chilly. /tjip/ noun [C] 1 a l o n g t h i n piece of potato cooked i n hot o i l : fish and chips 2 a v e r y s m a l l piece o f s i l i c o n t h a t is m a r k e d w i t h e l e c t r o n i c connections. I t is used i n computers a n d other machines 3 a s m a l l piece of s o m e t h i n g such as w o o d o r glass t h a t has b r o k e n off s o m e t h i n g : wood chips /tfois/ noun [singular/u] the o p p o r t u n i t y o r r i g h t to choose between different t h i n g s : We try to provide greater choice for our customers, noun [C] a decision t o choose someone o r s o m e t h i n g : He was facing a difficult choice between staying with his family or working abroad. c h o k e /tjaok/ verb [l/T] i f y o u choke, o r i f s o m e t h i n g chokes y o u , you cannot breathe because t h e r e is not enough a i r , o r because s o m e t h i n g is b l o c k i n g y o u r t h r o a t : Joe took a bite of the steak and started to choke, verb [T] t o squeeze someone’s neck so t h a t they cannot breathe c h o p /tjbp/ noun [C] a s m a l l piece of meat w i t h a bone i n i t : Iambi pork chops verb [T] t o cut s o m e t h i n g such as food o r w o o d i n t o pieces: Chop the meat into small cubes. c h r i s t e n i n g /’kns(a)nir)/ noun [C] a r e l i g i o u s ceremony d u r i n g w h i c h a baby is made a member of the C h r i s t i a n r e l i g i o n a n d is g i v e n a name

condition /’kleva/ adj good at l e a r n i n g or u n d e r s t a n d i n g t h i n g s : I’d like to be a doctor but I’m not clever enough. c l i f f /klif/ noun [C] the steep side of a n area of h i g h l a n d / k l a i m / verb [l/T] to use y o u r hands and feet to move up, over, d o w n , o r across s o m e t h i n g : He climbed onto the roof.

/ktaus/ adj 1 o n l y a s h o r t distance away: We can walk to the swimming pool — it’s quite close. 2 g i v i n g c a r e f u l a t t e n t i o n to every d e t a i l : I’ll take a closer look at it tomorrow. 3 connected by s h a r e d feelings such as love and respect: My brother and I are very close. /’klati6in/ noun [U]

clothes: a piecelitem/article

of

clothing

/kautf/ noun [C] 1 someone w h o t r a i n s a sports player o r t e a m : a baseball coach 2 a comfortable bus for l o n g j o u r n e y s verb [T] t o t r a i n a sports player o r t e a m / k a o s t / noun [C]

east coast of

an area of l a n d along the edge of a sea: the

England

/ к а т / noun [C] a flat r o u n d piece of m e t a l used as money: Put a coin into the slot. Id /кзоШ/ adj * * * w i t h a l o w t e m p e r a t u r e , o r a t e m p e r a t u r e that is l o w e r t h a n n o r m a l : The water was too cold for a shower, noun [C] a m i n o r i l l n e s s t h a t blocks y o u r nose and makes y o u cough: I didn’t go to the game because I had a cold. / к э т ‘ Ь а т / verb [l/T] i f y o u combine t h i n g s , o r i f they c o m b i n e , they a r e used, done, o r put together: an attempt to combine the advantages of two systems c o m e a c r o s s / к л т a’kros/ phr vb t o meet someone o r find something by chance: / came across a word I’d never seen before. Pkomadi/ noun [C] programme

a f u n n y film, play o r t e l e v i s i o n

c o m i c / ‘ к ш ш к / noun [C] a magazine t h a t contains stories told i n a series o f d r a w i n g s /ka’m3:J»(a)l/ adj r e l a t i n g to the business of b u y i n g a n d s e l l i n g goods and services: One of their first commercial products was an electronic typewriter, noun [C] a n advertisement on television or radio / k a ‘ m i t / verb [T] to do s o m e t h i n g that is i l l e g a l or m o r a l l y w r o n g : The study aims to find out what makes people commit crimes. / ‘ k n m a n / adj h a p p e n i n g frequently, or e x i s t i n g i n large a m o u n t s o r n u m b e r s : Today smog is a common occurrence in many major cities.

/ka’mju:nati/ noun [C] area: small rural communities

the people w h o l i v e i n a n

/ ‘ к л т р ( э ) т / noun [C] a n o r g a n i s a t i o n t h a t sells services o r goods: Max works for a large oil company. c o m p a r t m e n t / k a m ‘ p a : t m a n t / noun [C] one o f t h e separate p a r t s of a

c o n t a i n e r o r place wdiere t h i n g s are stored /kDmpa’tif(a)n/ noun [C] 1 a n organised event i n w h i c h people t r y to w i n prizes by b e i n g better t h a n other people: He’d entered a competition in the local newspaper. 2 t h e c o m p e t i t i o n : the person, company, o r t h i n g t h a t someone is c o m p e t i n g w i t h : Let’s look at what the competition is doing and do it better. /’kDmpli.keitid/ adj

d i f f i c u l t to do, deal w i t h , o r

understand c o m p l i m e n t / ‘ k o m p h m a n t / noun [C] s o m e t h i n g nice t h a t y o u say to

praise someone: He kept paying me compliments on my cooking. verb [T] t o say s o m e t h i n g nice to o r about someone: Everybody complimented her on the way she handled the emergency. / k a m ‘ p a u n a n t / noun [C]

a p a r t of a m a c h i n e or piece of

equipment c o m p o s e r / к э т ‘ р э и г э / noun [C] someone w h o w r i t e s music /kam’pAlsari/ adj s o m e t h i n g t h a t is c o m p u l s o r y must be done o r used because of a r u l e o r law: compulsory exams

/’sitiz(a)n/ noun [C] someone w h o l i v e s i n a p a r t i c u l a r c o u n t r y , t o w n o r c i t y : the citizens of Edinburgh

/’kDns(a)n,treit/ verb [l/T] t o give a l l y o u r a t t e n t i o n to the t h i n g t h a t y o u a r e d o i n g : Shh! I’m trying to concentrate.

/кЬэ/ adj 1 obvious and c e r t a i n t o be t r u e : It appears to be a clear case of discrimination. 2 easy to u n d e r s t a n d : Clear instructions are provided. 3 t r a n s p a r e n t : a clear glass bottle

/kan’dif(3)n/ noun [singular/u] the p h y s i c a l state of s o m e t h i n g o r someone: Engineers will examine the condition of the damaged buildings, noun [C] a n i l l n e s s o r h e a l t h problem

conference

cruelty

that lasts a long t i m e and affects the way y o u l i v e : a heart condition /’kDnf(a)rans/ noun [C] a large m e e t i n g where people who are interested i n a p a r t i c u l a r subject discuss ideas: a conference hall/room/centre /’kDnfid(a)nt/ adj * * * c e r t a i n about y o u r a b i l i t i e s a n d not nervous or f r i g h t e n e d : a confident mood/smile/manner /kan’fju:zd/ adi unable to u n d e r s t a n d s o m e t h i n g or t h i n k clearly about i t : She was completely confused. /kan’fjuizin/ adj confusing message.

not easy to u n d e r s t a n d : She left a very

/kan’fju:3(a)n/ noun [U] a feeling t h a t y o u do not understand s o m e t h i n g or cannot decide w h a t to do: There to be some confusion about who actually won.

seems

/kan,graetjb’leif(a)n/ noun [plural] c o n g r a t u l a t i o n s : used for t e l l i n g someone that y o u are pleased about t h e i r success, good luck, or happiness on a special occasion: ‘I’vepassed my driving test.’ ‘Congratulations!’ noun [u] an expression of pleasure to someone for t h e i r success, good l u c k , or happiness on a special occasion: We had thousands of letters of congratulation. c o n n e c t e d /ka’nektid/ adj 1 related to each other: Were the two deaths connected? 2 j o i n e d to each other or to s o m e t h i n g else: connected underground tunnels

/’ka:na/ noun [C] 1 the p a r t of a n object, space, or r o o m where t w o edges or sides meet: The baby banged his head on the corner of the table. 2 a place where t w o roads meet, or where there is a s h a r p bend i n the road: I get my newspaper from the shop on the corner. /kDst/ noun [c/U] the a m o u n t of money t h a t y o u need i n order to b u y s o m e t h i n g or to do s o m e t h i n g : The cost of basic foods has risen dramatically. c o s y /’kauzi/ adj w a r m and comfortable, r e l a x i n g or f r i e n d l y c o u g h /ко(/ noun [C] a n i l l n e s s i n w h i c h y o u c o u g h a lot and y o u r t h r o a t h u r t s verb [I] to force a i r up t h r o u g h y o u r t h r o a t w i t h a sudden noise, especially w h e n y o u have a cold or w h e n y o u w a n t to get someone’s a t t e n t i o n : My chest felt painful, and I was coughing uncontrollably. /kaunt/ verb [l/T] to calculate h o w m a n y people or t h i n g s there are i n a g r o u p : All the votes have been counted, verb [I] to say n u m b e r s one after another i n order: lean count up to ten in German. /’kAntri/ noun [C] a n area of l a n d t h a t has its o w n g o v e r n m e n t and official borders: We have offices in 15 European countries, noun [singular] the c o u n t r y : areas away f r o m towns a n d cities, c o n s i s t i n g of fields, f a r m s , v i l l a g e s etc: We went for a picnic in the country. /’kAntri,said/ noun [U] areas away f r o m t o w n s and cities, w i t h f a r m s , fields a n d trees

/ka’nekftajn/ noun [C] 1 a r e l a t i o n s h i p between things or people: I don’t see a connection between the two cases. 2 a t r a i n , bus, or plane that a l l o w s y o u to c o n t i n u e a j o u r n e y : My train was late and I missed my connection.

/’клр(э)1/ noun [singular] t w o t h i n g s or people of the same t y p e : ‘Has he had any serious girlfriends?’ A couple.’ noun [C] t w o people w h o are m a r r i e d to each other, or w h o have a r o m a n t i c r e l a t i o n s h i p w i t h each o t h e r

/’kDnsikwans/ noun [C] a r e s u l t or effect of something: Climate change could have disastrous consequences.

/ka:s/ noun [C] a series of lessons or lectures i n an academic subject or a p r a c t i c a l s k i l l : a drama/secretarial/ Spanish course 2 one of the p a r t s of a m e a l : We both chose fish as our main course. 3 an area where a race or sport takes place: a golf/race course

/kan’s3:vativ/ adj 1 not w i l l i n g to accept m u c h change: The small farming communities tend to be very conservative. 2 conservative c l o t h i n g or styles are t r a d i t i o n a l /kan’sida/ verb [l/T] to t h i n k about s o m e t h i n g c a r e f u l l y before you make a decision: The jury went out to consider its verdict, verb m to have a p a r t i c u l a r o p i n i o n about someone or something: We all considered him a hero. c o n s i s t o f /kan’sistav/ verb to be made of p a r t i c u l a r p a r t s or t h i n g s : Breakfast consisted of dry bread and a cup of tea. /’kDnsanant/ noun [C] except for ‘a’, ‘e’, T , ‘o’, and ‘ u ‘

any l e t t e r of the E n g l i s h alphabet

/’kDnstant/ adj 1 c o n t i n u o u s or r e g u l a r over a l o n g period of t i m e : the constant noise of traffic 2 c o n t i n u i n g at the same rate, level, or a m o u n t over a p a r t i c u l a r p e r i o d o f t i m e : Maintain a constant speed. /kan’tem/ verb [T] containing toys and books

to have s o m e t h i n g inside: boxes

c o n t e s t /’kDntest/ noun [C] a c o m p e t i t i o n : a writing /kan’vi:niant/ adj your needs: If it’s convenient,

contest

easy for you to do, or suitable for call me tomorrow.

/kan’ven/(a)n/ noun [C/U] a way of b e h a v i n g t h a t is generally accepted as n o r m a l and r i g h t : social conventions noun [C] a large m e e t i n g of people f r o m a p a r t i c u l a r profession or o r g a n i s a t i o n c o n v i c t /’kDnvikt/ noun [C] someone w h o is i n p r i s o n because they have c o m m i t t e d a c r i m e /kan’vikt/ verb [T] to prove i n a c o u r t o f l a w t h a t someone is g u i l t y of a c r i m e : There wasn’t enough evidence to convict her. /кик/ verb [l/T] to prepare and heat food so t h a t i t is ready to eat: What’s the best way to cook fish? noun [C] someone w h o cooks food, either as t h e i r job or for pleasure c o o k b o o k /’kuk,buk/ noun [C] a cookery book c o o k e r y /’kuk(a)ri/ noun [uj the s k i l l or a c t i v i t y of p r e p a r i n g or c o o k i n g food /ku:l/ adj f a i r l y cold: The water was wonderfully cool and refreshing. 2 fashionable and a t t r a c t i v e : one of Britain’s coolest young designers 3 good or enjoyable: The restaurant was really cool.

/’клг(э)п/ noun [C]

a c h i l d of y o u r uncle or aunt

/’kAva/ noun [C] 1 s o m e t h i n g t h a t y o u put over s o m e t h i n g else i n order to hide i t , protect i t , or close i t : She put plastic covers on all the furniture. 2 the outside page on the front or back of a book or magazine: Her face was once on the cover of Vogue magazine, verb [T] to p u t one t h i n g over another i n order to protect or hide i t : Cover the food until you are ready to eat it. c o w b o y /’kau.bai/ noun [C] a m a n whose job is to look after cows on a r a n c h i n the US /kraef/ noun [C] a n accident that happens w h e n a vehicle h i t s s o m e t h i n g : He was seriously injured in a car crash. 2 a l o u d noise l i k e the sound of t h i n g s h i t t i n g each other a n d b r e a k i n g 3 a n occasion w h e n a c o m p u t e r or a computer p r o g r a m suddenly stops w o r k i n g /kri’eitiv/ adj h a v i n g a lot o f i m a g i n a t i o n and new ideas: The programme offers children the chance to be creative. /’kredit/ noun [u] a n a r r a n g e m e n t to receive money f r o m a b a n k , or receive goods f r o m a shop, and to pay for t h e m later: / don’t like buying things on credit, noun [plural] the credits: a l i s t at the b e g i n n i n g or end of a f i l m or t e l e v i s i o n p r o g r a m m e that shows the people w h o were i n v o l v e d i n m a k i n g i t c r e d i t c a r d /’kredit ,ka:d/ noun [С] a s m a l l plastic c a r d t h a t you use to buy t h i n g s n o w a n d pay for t h e m later /’kntik/ noun [C] someone whose j o b is to give t h e i r o p i n i o n s about t h i n g s such as books, films or plays /’knti,saiz/ verb [i/т] to say w h a t y o u t h i n k is w r o n g or bad about s o m e t h i n g : We were told not to criticise the policy publicly. c r o s s /kros/ adj a n g r y c r o s s o u t /kros ‘aut/ phr vb to d r a w an X or a l i n e t h r o u g h w r i t i n g because i t is w r o n g , or because y o u w a n t to w r i t e s o m e t h i n g else c r o s s r o a d s /’kros,raudz/ noun [C] a place where one r o a d crosses another c r o s s w o r d /’kros,w3:d/ noun [C] a w o r d game i n w h i c h the answers to questions are w r i t t e n i n r o w s of squares t h a t cross each other c r u e l t y /’kru:alti/ noun [C/u] c r u e l b e h a v i o u r : cruelty to animals

children/

103

cruise

difference

c r u i s e / k r u : z / noun [C] a j o u r n e y o n a s h i p f o r p l e a s u r e , o f t e n

/di’lib(a)rat(3)li/ adv

v i s i t i n g a s e r i e s of places /клр/

noun [q

a s m a l l r o u n d c o n t a i n e r for a d r i n k , u s u a l l y

w i t h a h a n d l e : She filled my cup with hot / k j u a / noun [С]

/di’liv(a)ri/ noun [C/u]

2 a s o l u t i o n to a p r o b l e m : It’s the only possible

possible

cure for

1 t h e p r o c e s s o f b r i n g i n g goods,

l e t t e r s o r a s e r v i c e to a p l a c e o r p e r s o n : Please allow ten days delivery.

/deman’streif(a)n/ noun [C]

a n occasion when

p e o p l e p r o t e s t a b o u t s o m e t h i n g i n p u b l i c : Angry

c u r l y /’кз:Н/ adj f o r m i n g c u r v e s : curly / k A S t a m a / noun [C]

students

a n occasion w h e n someone

s h o w s h o w s o m e t h i n g w o r k s o r h o w to do s o m e t h i n g :

a p e r s o n or c o m p a n y that b u y s

g o o d s o r s e r v i c e s : Supermarkets

noun [C/U]

held demonstrations,

hair

use a variety

of tactics

to

for

2 t h e p r o c e s s o f g i v i n g b i r t h to a b a b y

high

unemployment.

started

deliberately.

tea.

1 a medicine or treatment that m a k e s someone

w h o i s i l l b e c o m e h e a l t h y : Doctors say there are several cures.

w i t h a definite intention, a n d

n o t b y c h a n c e o r b y a c c i d e n t : Police believe the fire was

cookery

demonstrations

attract

customers.

d e p a r t m e n t s t o r e /di’pu:tmant ,sta:/ noun [C] a l a r g e s h o p t h a t is divided into separate sections, w i t h e a c h section selling a

c u t d o w n / , k A t ‘ d a u n / phr vb to c u t t h r o u g h a t r e e a n d m a k e it f a l l to the g r o u n d c u t l e r y /’kAtlari/ noun [U] t h e k n i v e s , f o r k s , a n d s p o o n s t h a t y o u u s e for e a t i n g food

d e p e n d o n /di’pend p n / phr vb 1 i f o n e t h i n g d e p e n d s o n a n o t h e r , it i s c h a n g e d o r a f f e c t e d b y t h e o t h e r t h i n g : Their future how well they do in these exams.

c u t t i n g — e d g e /kAtin’ed3/ adj e x t r e m e l y m o d e r n a n d a d v a n c e d : cutting-edge

different type of t h i n g

technology

of y o u r qualifications a n d the jobs y o u h a v e h a d

i n o r d e r to c o n t i n u e to e x i s t o r to b e s u c c e s s f u l : The

project’s

success

3 if you can

depends

on the support

of everyone

concerned.

/ knew I could depend

on you.

d e p r e s s i n g /di’presir]/ adj m a k i n g y o u f e e l v e r y u n h a p p y a n d

c y c l e /’saik(a)l/ verb [I] to go s o m e w h e r e o n a b i c y c l e

w i t h o u t a n y feelings of hope or e n t h u s i a s m

c y c l i s t /’saiklist/ noun [C] s o m e o n e w h o r i d e s a b i c y c l e

/di’sknpj(a)n/ noun [C]

a statement about w h a t

s o m e o n e o r s o m e t h i n g i s l i k e : a brief description /’dezat/ noun [C/u] dry

of the area

a l a r g e a r e a of l a n d w i t h few plants a n d

weather

d e s e r t i s l a n d /dezat ‘ailand/ noun [C] a s m a l l t r o p i c a l i s l a n d w i t h n o

D

p e o p l e l i v i n g o n it / d i ‘ z a m / noun [c/u]

t h e w a y t h a t s o m e t h i n g i s m a d e so

t h a t it w o r k s a n d l o o k s a c e r t a i n w a y , o r a d r a w i n g t h a t s h o w s

d a f f o d i l /’daefadil/ noun [C] a t a l l y e l l o w f l o w e r t h a t g r o w s i n s p r i n g /’daemid3/ noun [U] s o m e t h i n g : The damage verb [T]

negative effects o n s o m e o n e o r to the bank’s

image

is extremely

to h a r m s o m e t h i n g p h y s i c a l l y : Many

been damaged

in the

had

wore a dress that she designed

s o m e o n e w h o s e j o b i s to d e c i d e h o w to

dog

fashion

1 w i t h v e r y l i t t l e o r n o l i g h t : a dark

and

in a dark

stormy suit.

rooms

designer /di’z3:t/ noun [C/u]

s w e e t food that y o u eat after the m a i n

p a r t of a m e a l /destrneiffajn/ noun [C]

were

darkness.

the place where someone or

something is going

/’deita, ‘da:ta/ noun [u]

i n f o r m a t i o n t h a t i s u s e d for m a k i n g

c a l c u l a t i o n s o r d e c i s i o n s : The document

contained

data from

tests

weapons.

/di’strai/ verb [T] destroyed

stored i n a computer i n a n organised w a y /’da:ta/ noun [C]

the

earthquake

town.

/di’strAkf(a)n/ noun [u]

d a m a g e t h a t is so s e v e r e that

s o m e t h i n g c a n n o t e x i s t a s it w a s b e f o r e : the destruction

d e a d l y / ‘ d e d l i / adj c a p a b l e o f k i l l i n g p e o p l e : This

is a

potentially

d e s t r u c t i v e /di’strAktiv/ adj c a u s i n g s e v e r e d a m a g e o r h a r m /•dhteil/ noun [C/U]

disease. t h e e n d o f s o m e o n e ‘ s l i f e : Sandra

was

death.

one of m a n y s m a l l facts or pieces

o f i n f o r m a t i o n r e l a t i n g to a s i t u a t i o n : No details were revealed,

noun [U]

of the offer

a l l the s m a l l a s p e c t s o r features that

s o m e t h i n g h a s , e s p e c i a l l y w h e n t h e y a r e d i f f i c u l t to n o t i c e :

/ d f s ^ f a j n / noun [C]

a choice that y o u m a k e after y o u

h a v e t h o u g h t c a r e f u l l y a b o u t s o m e t h i n g : The committee by the end of the

will

Attention

to detail

is important

/di’velap/ verb [l/T]

week.

in this

job.

1 to c h a n g e , g r o w o r i m p r o v e , o r to

m a k e s o m e t h i n g g r o w , c h a n g e o r i m p r o v e : All children / d i ‘ f e n d / verb [T]

1 to p r o t e c t s o m e o n e o r s o m e t h i n g f r o m

a t t a c k : Can the military

defend

the city against

attack?

2 totry to

prevent y o u r team’s opponents from s c o r i n g /’def(a)natli/ adv

going

to Ben’s party.

1 w i t h o u t a n y d o u b t : I’m at 7o’clock?’

definitely

a situation i n w h i c h something

happens

l a t e r o r m o r e s l o w l y t h a n y o u e x p e c t e d : After a long delay, the

plane

to do s o m e t h i n g l a t e r t h a n i s p l a n n e d o r

e x p e c t e d : They delayed the decision for as long as

possible.

d e l e t e / d r l i : t / verb [Т] to r e m o v e s o m e t h i n g t h a t h a s b e e n w r i t t e n , r e c o r d e d , o r s t o r e d i n a c o m p u t e r : I deleted

104

We’ve recently

developed

develop

2 to c r e a t e a n e w p r o d u c t o r m e t h o d : new communications

software.

3 to t r e a t

d i a l /’daial/ noun [C] 1 t h e r o u n d p a r t of a c l o c k , w a t c h o r m a c h i n e t h a t h a s n u m b e r s o n it 2 a r o u n d c o n t r o l o n a p i e c e of e q u i p m e n t t u r n t h e d i a l o n a t e l e p h o n e i n o r d e r to c a l l s o m e o n e d i a m e t e r /dai’aemita/ noun [C/u] a s t r a i g h t l i n e t h a t c r o s s e s a c i r c l e

trees f r o m a n a r e a of l a n d

took off. verb [i/T]

rates, verb [T]

t h a t y o u t u r n to c h a n g e s o m e t h i n g verb [l/T] to p r e s s t h e b u t t o n s or

‘Definitely!’

d e f o r e s t a t i o n /di:,fDn’steif(a)n/ noun [U] t h e p r o c e s s o f r e m o v i n g t h e

/di’lei/ noun [C/u]

at different

a film w i t h c h e m i c a l s i n o r d e r to m a k e p h o t o g r a p h s

2 u s e d f o r e m p h a s i s i n g t h a t y o u m e a n ‘yes’:

‘So we’ll see you on Sunday

finally

of the

environment

y o u r female c h i l d

/de6/ noun [C/u]

to d a m a g e o r h a r m s o m e t h i n g s o

s e v e r e l y t h a t it c a n n o t e x i s t a s it w a s b e f o r e : An

d a t a b a s e /’deita.beis/ noun [C] a l a r g e a m o u n t o f i n f o r m a t i o n t h a t i s

make a decision

bride

herself.

m a k e t h i n g s , h o w they w i l l w o r k , a n d w h a t they w i l l look l i k e : a

d a r k n e s s / ‘ d a : k n a s / noun [u] t h e l a c k o f l i g h t : The front

very close to

verb [T]

l i k e l y to c a u s e s e r i o u s h a r m , o r to

night 2 c l o s e to b l a c k i n c o l o u r : He was dressed

of biological

a

designs

w h a t it w i l l l o o k l i k e , a n d o f t e n to m a k e d r a w i n g s o f it: The

/ d f z a i n a / noun [C]

h a v e a b a d effect: a dangerous /da:k/ adj

p a t t e r n t h a t d e c o r a t e s s o m e t h i n g : simple geometric

to d e c i d e h o w s o m e t h i n g w i l l b e m a d e , h o w it w i l l w o r k , o r

serious.

buildings

noun [С]

w h a t it w i l l l o o k l i k e : The car has a new design,

blast.

/’demd3aras/ adj

deadly

on

d e p e n d o n s o m e o n e to do s o m e t h i n g , y o u c a n t r u s t t h e m to do it:

C V / s i : V i : / noun [C] c u r r i c u l u m v i t a e : a d o c u m e n t t h a t g i v e s d e t a i l s

all in

depends

2 to n e e d s o m e o n e o r s o m e t h i n g

the file by

mistake.

t h r o u g h t h e centre, or the l e n g t h of t h i s l i n e d i c t i o n a r y /’dikfan(a)ri/ noun [C] a b o o k t h a t g i v e s a n a l p h a b e t i c a l list of w o r d s w i t h t h e i r m e a n i n g s or t h e i r t r a n s l a t i o n s /’difrans/ noun [C/U]

s o m e t h i n g that m a k e s one

p e r s o n o r t h i n g not the s a m e a s a n o t h e r p e r s o n or thing: cultural/social/political

differences

noun [C]

the amount by

difficult

dynamic

w h i c h one t h i n g i s d i f f e r e n t f r o m a n o t h e r t h i n g : The same

costs £500 less here which is quite a /’difik(a)lt/ adj

Choosing

the winner

car

difference!

not e a s y to do, d e a l w i t h , o r u n d e r s t a n d :

was a difficult

task.

/’difik(3)lti/ noun [C] a p r o b l e m : Many students have serious financial difficulties, noun [U] t h e d e g r e e to w h i c h s o m e t h i n g i s d i f f i c u l t : The courses vary in content and difficulty. d i m e n s i o n /dai’men/(a)n/ noun [C] l e n g t h , h e i g h t o r w i d t h dip i n t o /,dip i n t u : / phrvb to r e a d d i f f e r e n t p a r t s of a b o o k , b u t not the w h o l e b o o k /da’rekta, d a r r e k t a / noun [C] 1 s o m e o n e w h o s e j o b i s to tell t h e a c t o r s a n d t e c h n i c a l s t a f f w h o a r e i n v o l v e d i n a film, p l a y or p r o g r a m m e w h a t to do 2 s o m e o n e w h o s e j o b i s to m a n a g e a l l or p a r t of a c o m p a n y , o r g a n i s a t i o n o r i n s t i t u t i o n : the finance/

marketing/personnel

director

d i s a b i l i t y /disd’bilati/ noun [c/u] a c o n d i t i o n i n w h i c h s o m e o n e i s n o t able to u s e a p a r t of t h e i r b o d y o r b r a i n n o r m a l l y : children with

learning

disabilities

/,disad’va:ntid3/ noun [C] something that m a k e s someone or s o m e t h i n g less effective, s u c c e s s f u l or a t t r a c t i v e :

One of the disadvantages

of the job is the long hours I

/disa’gri:/ verb [I]

s o m e o n e e l s e : Teenagers

work.

/disa’grkmant/ noun [c/U]

often

symptoms should

within

a few

a

The

days.

/disa’pamtid/ adj unhappy because something did not h a p p e n o r b e c a u s e s o m e o n e o r s o m e t h i n g w a s not a s good a s

you e x p e c t e d : She was disappointed letter.

that he never replied to her

d i s a p p o i n t i n g /disa’pamtin/ adj not a s good a s y o u h a d h o p e d o r

e x p e c t e d : This year’s sales figures were very

disappointing.

/dfza:std/ noun [C/u] 1 something v e r y bad that happens a n d c a u s e s a lot of d a m a g e o r k i l l s a lot of p e o p l e : A series of

disasters forced

the company to close down. 2 a v e r y b a d o r

a n n o y i n g s i t u a t i o n , o r a c o m p l e t e f a i l u r e : Our party

complete

was

a

disaster.

d i s a s t r o u s /di’za:stras/ adj v e r y b a d , h a r m f u l o r u n s u c c e s s f u l :

spending

cuts would be disastrous

for

The

schools.

/’disa,plm/ noun [U] t h e p r a c t i c e of m a k i n g p e o p l e o b e y r u l e s a n d p u n i s h i n g t h e m i f t h e y do not: He believes in strict

discipline. d i s c o u r s e /’diska:s/ noun [C] a l o n g s e r i o u s s p e e c h o r p i e c e of w r i t i n g on a p a r t i c u l a r s u b j e c t /di’skAVd/ verb [T] to find s o m e t h i n g t h a t w a s h i d d e n or t h a t n o o n e k n e w a b o u t before: William Herschel discovered

Uranus in 1781. /di’skAv(3)ri/ noun [C]

s o m e t h i n g that is found, or

s o m e t h i n g n e w t h a t i s l e a r n e d : This is one of the most archeological discoveries of the century. /di’skAs/ verb [T]

important

to w r i t e o r t a l k a b o u t a s u b j e c t i n

d e t a i l : The causes of stress have already Chapter 3.

been discussed

in

d i s g u s t e d /dis’gAstid/ adj 1 f e e l i n g v e r y a n g r y a n d u p s e t a b o u t s o m e t h i n g t h a t y o u do not a p p r o v e of: / was disgusted by the

way he treated

those women. 2 f e e l i n g p h y s i c a l l y i l l b e c a u s e

s o m e t h i n g i s e x t r e m e l y u n p l e a s a n t to s e e , s m e l l o r t a s t e d i s g u s t i n g /dis’gAstm/ adj 1 e x t r e m e l y u n p l e a s a n t 2 v e r y b a d o r shocking d i s h o n e s t /dis’Dnist/ adj w i l l i n g to do t h i n g s t h a t a r e not h o n e s t / d i s i a i k / verb [T]

knew Philip disliked

to not l i k e s o m e o n e o r s o m e t h i n g :

/’distans/ noun [c/u] the a m o u n t of space between t w o people or t h i n g s : the distance from the Earth to the sun distant

/’distant/ adj far away f r o m the place where y o u are: the sound of traffic

/di’vaid/ verb [i/т] to separate i n t o groups or p a r t s , or to m a k e people or t h i n g s separate i n t o groups or p a r t s : Divide the class into three groups. d i v i n g /’daivm/ noun [U] 1 the a c t i v i t y or sport of s w i m m i n g deep u n d e r w a t e r 2 the a c t i v i t y or sport of j u m p i n g i n t o w a t e r w i t h y o u r head first a n d y o u r a r m s stretched out i n f r o n t of you /di’vj:s/ noun [c/U] divorce.

a legal way of e n d i n g a m a r r i a g e : I want

d i z z y /’dizi/ adj f e e l i n g t h a t the t h i n g s a r o u n d y o u are s p i n n i n g and t h a t y o u are g o i n g to f a l l

a situation in w h i c h

to n o l o n g e r h a p p e n o r e x i s t :

disappear

d i s s a t i s f i e d /dis’saetis,faid/ adj a n n o y e d because s o m e t h i n g is not as good as y o u expected i t to be: a dissatisfied customer

/di’vjist/ adj no longer m a r r i e d because y o u r m a r r i a g e has been legally ended: a divorced mother of three

disagree.

people do not a g r e e : Bowen resigned from the club following disagreement with the head coach. /disa’pia/ verb [l]

d i s q u a l i f y /dis’kwDh.fai/ verb [T] to not a l l o w someone to take p a r t i n s o m e t h i n g , u s u a l l y because t h e y have done s o m e t h i n g w r o n g

a

to h a v e a d i f f e r e n t o p i n i o n f r o m

and their parents

/di’splei/ noun [C] 1 a n a r r a n g e m e n t of t h i n g s for people to look at: a window display 2 a p e r f o r m a n c e for people to look at: a firework display verb [T] to put s o m e t h i n g i n a p a r t i c u l a r place so t h a t people can see i t easily: She displayed some of her paintings at the local arts festival.

She

her.

d i s o b e y /disa’bei/ verb [i/т] to d e l i b e r a t e l y not p a y a t t e n t i o n to a r u l e or a n o r d e r f r o m s o m e o n e i n a u t h o r i t y d i s o r g a n i s e d /dis’o:(r)ganaizd/ ad 1 not a r r a n g e d a c c o r d i n g to a clear p l a n or s y s t e m 2 s o m e o n e w h o is d i s o r g a n i s e d does not deal w i t h things i n a c l e a r or sensible w a y

/’dDkjumant/ noun [C] 1 a piece of paper or a set of papers c o n t a i n i n g official i n f o r m a t i o n : He refused to sign the documents. 2 a c o m p u t e r file t h a t you can w r i t e i n : The program will automatically save any documents you have open. d o c u m e n t a r y /,dDkjo’ment(3)ri/ noun [C] a film or television p r o g r a m m e t h a t deals w i t h r e a l people and events d o l l /dDl/ noun [C] a c h i l d r e n ‘ s toy i n the shape of a s m a l l person d o w n l o a d /daun’laud/ verb [l/T] to move i n f o r m a t i o n to y o u r c o m p u t e r f r o m a c o m p u t e r system or f r o m the I n t e r n e t /draeg/ verb m 1 to p u l l s o m e t h i n g a l o n g w i t h d i f f i c u l t y , especially s o m e t h i n g heavy: She dragged her suitcase down the path. 2 to move s o m e t h i n g across a c o m p u t e r screen u s i n g the mouse d r a g o n /’draegan/ noun [C] i n stories, a n i m a g i n a r y large a n i m a l t h a t breathes out fire /’dra:ma/ noun [C] a play for the t h e a t r e , television, or r a d i o noun [U] plays i n g e n e r a l or as a subject t h a t y o u study: He teaches drama. d r e s s u p /dres л р / phr vb to put on clothes t h a t m a k e y o u look l i k e someone else, for f u n : They had dressed up as princes and princesses. /’draiva/ noun [C] someone w h o d r i v e s a vehicle, especially as t h e i r j o b : a taxi driver d r o u g h t /draut/ noun [C/u] a l o n g p e r i o d of t i m e w h e n t h e r e is l i t t l e or no r a i n Л1глд/ noun [C] 1 a n i l l e g a l substance t h a t affects p h y s i c a l l y or m e n t a l l y w h e n they put i t i n t o t h e i r body: smuggling 2 a substance t h a t a doctor gives y o u i n o r d e r a disease or m e d i c a l p r o b l e m : Your doctor may prescribe for this condition.

someone drug to t r e a t drugs

/ d r a i / adj 1 s o m e t h i n g t h a t is d r y has l i t t l e or no w a t e r or o t h e r l i q u i d i n s i d e or on i t : Are your hands dry? 2 w i t h no r a i n : warm dry places like southern Spain verb [T] to r e m o v e the w a t e r f r o m s o m e t h i n g by w i p i n g i t , h e a t i n g i t , or b l o w i n g a i r onto i t : We washed and dried all the sheets. d u b /dAb/ verb [T] to change the sound i n a film by r e p l a c i n g the o r i g i n a l speech w i t h w o r d s spoken i n a different language D u t c h /dAtJ7 adj 1 someone w h o is D u t c h is f r o m the N e t h e r l a n d s 2 r e l a t i n g to the N e t h e r l a n d s , or to the language a n d c u l t u r e of the N e t h e r l a n d s D V D / d i : v i : ‘di:/ noun [C] a n object l i k e a CD t h a t has a film or t e l e v i s i o n p r o g r a m m e r e c o r d e d on it d y n a m i c /dai’naemik/ adj v e r y l i v e l y and e n t h u s i a s t i c , w i t h a lot of energy a n d d e t e r m i n a t i o n : dynamic leadership

exhausting

ear

/m’geid3d/ ad: i f t w o people are engaged, they have f o r m a l l y agreed to get m a r r i e d : She’s engaged to someone she met at work. /end3i’nia/ noun [C] someone w h o designs t h i n g s such as roads, r a i l w a y s or m a c h i n e s Да/ noun [С] one o f the t w o p a r t s at the sides o f y o u r head that you hear w i t h

e n j o y a b l e АпУз.->гаЬ(э)1/ adj s o m e t h i n g t h a t is enjoyable gives you pleasure: an enjoyable evening

e a r a c h e /iareik/ noun jc/ui p a i n i n y o u r ear e a r t h q u a k e /’3:9,kweik/ noun [C] a sudden s h a k i n g m o v e m e n t of the ground /i:st/ noun (U] the d i r e c t i o n t h a t is i n f r o n t of y o u w h e n you are f a c i n g the r i s i n g sun: driving from east to west noun [singular] the East: the e a s t e r n p a r t of the w o r l d , especially C h i n a and J a p a n e a s y g o i n g /i:zi’gauin/ adj r e l a x e d , c a l m , a n d not easy to upset e c l i p s e /fklips/ noun [C] a s h o r t p e r i o d w h e n a l l o r p a r t o f the S u n o r M o o n becomes d a r k : a total eclipse of the Sun is when all of the Sun is dark e c o n o m i s t A’kDnamist/ noun [C] a n e x p e r t i n economics /I’fektiv/ adj w o r k i n g w e l l a n d p r o d u c i n g the r e s u l t t h a t was i n t e n d e d : You need more effective communication within the organisation. /i’fif(a)nt/ adj w o r k i n g w e l l a n d p r o d u c i n g good r e s u l t s by u s i n g the a v a i l a b l e t i m e , money, supplies etc i n the most effective w a y : The new machine is far more efficient than the old one. /’efat/ noun [singular/u] p h y s i c a l o r m e n t a l energy needed to do s o m e t h i n g : Writing a book takes a lot of time and effort. /’elbau/ noun [C] the p a r t i n the m i d d l e o f y o u r a r m , w h e r e i t bends: She sat with her elbows on the table. /.elek’tronik/ adj using electricity and extremely s m a l l e l e c t r i c a l p a r t s such as m i c r o c h i p s : an electronic calculator e l f /elf/ noun [C] a s m a l l i m a g i n a r y p e r s o n w i t h m a g i c powers e m a i l a d d r e s s /’i:meil a.dres/ noun [q a n i n d i v i d u a l n a m e t h a t y o u use to receive e m a i l o n the I n t e r n e t Am’baerast/ adj f e e l i n g s l i g h t l y a s h a m e d , a n d w o r r i e d about w h a t o t h e r people w i l l t h i n k of y o u : She looked embarrassed when we asked her about her boyfriend. Am’beerasin/ adj m a k i n g y o u feel n e r v o u s , ashamed or s t u p i d : an embarrassing situation /i , m3:d3(a)nsi/ noun [C] an unexpected situation i n w h i c h i m m e d i a t e a c t i o n is necessary, often because t h e r e is danger: The club is now facing a financial emergency. /im’pbis/ noun [C] a person or o r g a n i s a t i o n t h a t pays w o r k e r s t o w o r k for t h e m : The factory is the largest single employer in the area. e n c l o s e Anklauz/ verb [T] to send s o m e t h i n g such as a d o c u m e n t w i t h a letter: Please enclose a copy of your birth certificate with your application. e n c y c l o p e d i a An,saikla’pi:dia/ noun [C] a book o r set o f books t h a t gives i n f o r m a t i o n about a lot of d i f f e r e n t subjects o r one p a r t i c u l a r subject e n d u p /end л р / phr vb to be i n a place o r state after d o i n g s o m e t h i n g , or because of d o i n g s o m e t h i n g : Somehow they all ended up at my house. e n d a n g e r e d s p e c i e s An,deind3ad ‘spi:fi:z/ noun [C] a t y p e o f a n i m a l or p l a n t t h a t m a y soon stop e x i s t i n g because not m a n y of t h e m are left i n the w o r l d

enormous

/’enad3i/ noun [u] 1 the power t h a t y o u r body needs i n o r d e r to do p h y s i c a l t h i n g s : She didn’t even have the energy to get out of bed. 2 e l e c t r i c i t y a n d o t h e r f o r m s o f power used for m a k i n g t h i n g s w o r k : energy sources/supplies

106

v e r y large i n size or q u a n t i t y : an

e n q u i r e /m’kwaia/ verb [i/т] to ask someone for i n f o r m a t i o n about s o m e t h i n g : lam writing to enquire whether you have any positions available. /’enta/ verb [l/T] 1 to go o r come i n t o a place: The man had entered through the back door. 2 to a r r a n g e to be i n a race o r c o m p e t i t i o n , o r t o a r r a n g e for someone else to do t h i s : The competition is free, and anyone over the age of 18 can enter. /enta’temmant/ noun [c/u] performances t h a t people enjoy: A jazz band provided entertainment for the evening. /m’vairanmant/ noun [C] the place i n w h i c h people l i v e a n d w o r k , i n c l u d i n g a l l the p h y s i c a l c o n d i t i o n s t h a t affect t h e m : Parents are responsible for providing the right environment for their children to learn in. noun [singular] the e n v i r o n m e n t : the n a t u r a l w o r l d , i n c l u d i n g the l a n d , water, air, plants a n d a n i m a l s : Industrial development is causing widespread damage to the environment. /in,vairan’ment(a)l/ adj r e l a t i n g to the n a t u r a l w o r l d a n d the effect t h a t h u m a n a c t i v i t y has o n i t : The Minister discussed environmental issues. e n v i r o n m e n t a l l y f r i e n d l y /invairan,mentali ‘frendli/ adj not h a r m i n g the n a t u r a l e n v i r o n m e n t e p i s o d e /’episaod/ noun [C] one p a r t o f a series i n a t e l e v i s i o n or radio story /’i:kwali/ adv i n e q u a l a m o u n t s or q u a n t i t i e s : The money raised will be divided equally among the charities. A’kwipmant/ noun [U] the tools, m a c h i n e s or other t h i n g s t h a t y o u need for a p a r t i c u l a r j o b o r a c t i v i t y : camping equipment /rskeip/ verb [I] to get away f r o m a dangerous or u n p l e a s a n t place: Three people died in the fire, but John escaped through the bedroom window. A’sen/(a)l/ adj other essential supplies

basic a n d i m p o r t a n t : food, fuel,

and

e s t a t e a g e n t /tsteit ,eid3ant/ noun [C] someone whose j o b is to help people to buy, sell or r e n t p r o p e r t y /’evri.wea(r)/ adv, conj, pron used for t a l k i n g about a v e r y l a r g e area such as a r e g i o n , a c o u n t r y o r the whole w o r l d : I’d like to thank all my fans everywhere for their support. /’evid(a)ns/ noun [U] facts or p h y s i c a l signs t h a t help t o prove s o m e t h i n g : The study found no evidence that fish feel pain. e v i l /’i:v(a)l/ adj v e r y bad o r c r u e l : a dangerous

and evil

dictator

/ig’zaek(t)li/ adv no m o r e and no less t h a n a p a r t i c u l a r a m o u n t o r t i m e : It’s exactly three o’clock. /ik’sept/ conj, prep used for i n t r o d u c i n g the o n l y person, t h i n g or fact t h a t is n o t i n c l u d e d i n y o u r m a i n statement: All the team were there except Eddie Stratton, who was ill. /ik’saitid/ adj v e r y happy and e n t h u s i a s t i c because s o m e t h i n g good is g o i n g to happen: I was so excited I couldn’t sleep.

The /’enami/ noun [C] someone w h o is opposed to someone else a n d t r i e s to h a r m t h e m : They searched for information on political enemies.

A’na:mas/ adj birthday cake

/ik’saitmant/ noun [U] long wait only added to our

the feeling of b e i n g excited: excitement.

e x c u r s i o n /ik’sk3:J'(a)n/ noun [C] a s h o r t j o u r n e y t h a t y o u m a k e for pleasure e x h a u s t e d Ag’zaistid/ adj e x t r e m e l y t i r e d and w i t h o u t enough energy to do a n y t h i n g else: After two days of travel the children were completely exhausted. e x h a u s t i n g /ig’zjxstm/ adj e x t r e m e l y t i r i n g

exhibition

/eksfbiftajn/ noun [C] a p u b l i c show w h e r e a r t or other i n t e r e s t i n g t h i n g s are p u t so t h a t people c a n go a n d look at them: an exhibition hall/centre/space e x o t i c Ag’zDtik/ adj i n t e r e s t i n g o r e x c i t i n g because o f b e i n g u n u s u a l or n o t f a m i l i a r c t /ik’spekt/ verb [Tj * * * 1 t o t h i n k t h a t s o m e t h i n g w i l l happen: We’re expecting good weather at the weekend. 2 to t h i n k that i t is r i g h t or reasonable t h a t s o m e t h i n g s h o u l d happen: Our customers expect good service. Ak’spensiv/ adj s o m e t h i n g t h a t is expensive costs a lot of money: He always wears expensive clothes. Ak’spiarians/ noun [U] knowledge and s k i l l that you get by d o i n g a p a r t i c u l a r j o b o r a c t i v i t y : You don’t need any experience to work here, noun [C] s o m e t h i n g t h a t happens to y o u , or a s i t u a t i o n t h a t y o u are i n v o l v e d i n : our childhood experiences Akspenmant/ noun [C] a scientific test to f i n d out w h a t happens to someone o r s o m e t h i n g i n p a r t i c u l a r conditions: laboratory experiments e x p l o r a t i o n /,ekspla’reif(3)n/ noun [C/U] a j o u r n e y a r o u n d a n area i n order to l e a r n about i t o r i n o r d e r to search for s o m e t h i n g valuable such as o i l Ak’spb:/ verb [l/T] to t r a v e l a r o u n d a n area i n o r d e r to l e a r n about i t , o r i n o r d e r to search for s o m e t h i n g v a l u a b l e such as o i l : The town is a good base from which to explore this part of Italy. /’ekspa:t/ noun [C] a p r o d u c t t h a t is sold to a n o t h e r c o u n t r y : Agricultural produce is the country’s largest export. Ak’spa:t/ verb [l/T] to send a p r o d u c t to a n o t h e r c o u n t r y so that i t can be sold t h e r e : Their flowers are exported around the world.

childish

Ak’spre/(s)n/ noun [C] a w o r d o r phrase: He uses expressions like ‘easy-peasy’.

e x t i n c t Ak’stmkt/ adj i f s o m e t h i n g such as a t y p e of a n i m a l or plant is e x t i n c t , i t no longer exists e x t r a /’ekstra/ noun [C] s o m e t h i n g t h a t is added to a basic service, product etc: A virus checker is available as an optional extra for your computer. e x t r a c u r r i c u l a r /ekstraka’nkjub/ adj e x t r a c u r r i c u l a r a c t i v i t i e s are t h i n g s t h a t y o u do at school o r college t h a t are n o t p a r t o f y o u r usual classes

• I

/’faekta/ noun [C] one o f the t h i n g s t h a t i n f l u e n c e w h e t h e r a n event happens o r the w a y t h a t i t happens: Several factors have contributed to the increase in the number of road accidents. /’faektri/ noun [C] a b u i l d i n g where large quantities of goods are p r o d u c e d u s i n g m a c h i n e s : She works in a factory. f a i n t /feint/ verb [i] t o suddenly become u n c o n s c i o u s for a s h o r t time /fea/ adj 1 i f a s i t u a t i o n is f a i r , everyone is t r e a t e d e q u a l l y a n d i n a reasonable way: free and fair elections 2 f a i r h a i r is blonde o r v e r y l i g h t b r o w n i n c o l o u r f a i r y t a l e /’feari ,teil/ noun [C] a t r a d i t i o n a l c h i l d r e n ‘ s s t o r y i n w h i c h magic things happen /fad/ verb [i] 1 to move q u i c k l y d o w n w a r d s f r o m a h i g h e r p o s i t i o n by accident: I keep falling off my bike. 2 to come d o w n to the g r o u n d f r o m the s k y : Snow began to quietly fall. f a l l i n l o v e /fail m ‘Uv/ phrase t o s t a r t t o love someone: Why do we fall in love with one person rather than another? f a l l a s l e e p /fad a’slkp/ phrase to s t a r t to go to sleep

fill i n

/fa’milia/ adj w e l l k n o w n to y o u , o r easily r e c o g n i s e d by y o u : People are more relaxed in familiar surroundings. f a m i n e /’faemm/ noun [C/U] a serious l a c k o f food t h a t causes m a n y people to become i l l o r to die f a n t a s y /’faentasi/ noun [c] a pleasant, e x c i t i n g o r u n u s u a l experience t h a t y o u i m a g i n e is h a p p e n i n g to y o u F A Q /ef ei ‘kju:/ noun [C] f r e q u e n t l y asked questions: a l i s t of t y p i c a l q u e s t i o n s t h a t people ask a n d t h e i r a n s w e r s /fa:/ adj, adv 1 used for t a l k i n g about a l o n g distance, o r for a s k i n g o r s t a t i n g h o w great a d i s t a n c e is: You can go outside and play, but don’t go far. 2 used for e m p h a s i s i n g a difference w h e n y o u are m a k i n g a c o m p a r i s o n : The situation is bad in England, but it is far worse in Scotland. 3 used for t a l k i n g about the degree to w h i c h s o m e t h i n g happens o r h o w e x t r e m e a n a c t i o n is: The opinion polls show how far his popularity has fallen. f a r m e r / ‘ ю : т э / noun и someone w h o o w n s o r manages a f a r m f a s c i n a t e d /’faesmeitid/ adj v e r y i n t e r e s t e d i n , o r a t t r a c t e d by, someone o r s o m e t h i n g /’fae/(a)n/ noun [U] 1 t h e a c t i v i t y o r business t h a t i n v o l v e s styles of clothes a n d people’s appearance: the world of fashion 2 the state of b e i n g p o p u l a r at a p a r t i c u l a r t i m e : High heels are back in fashion. f a s h i o n d e s i g n e r /’faefan di,zama/ noun someone whose j o b is

to decide h o w to m a k e clothes o r t o decide t h e i r shape o r appearance fashionable

/’fae/(a)nab(a)l/ adj clothes

/fa:st/ adj q u i c k l y : Simon

p o p u l a r at a p a r t i c u l a r t i m e :

m o v i n g , happening or doing something loves fast cars.

/faet/ adj a p e r s o n o r a n i m a l t h a t is fat has too m u c h flesh on t h e i r b o d y a n d w e i g h s too m u c h : She can eat whatever she likes and she never gets fat. noun [u] a soft w h i t e substance t h a t y o u store i n a l a y e r u n d e r y o u r s k i n f a t h e r — i n — l a w /’fa:6a(r)m,b:/ noun [C] t h e f a t h e r o f y o u r h u s b a n d o r wife /fy.lt/ noun [C] 1 a f e a t u r e t h a t m a k e s someone o r s o m e t h i n g less good: She has her faults, but on the whole she’s very nice. 2 a p r o b l e m w i t h a m a c h i n e o r piece o f e q u i p m e n t t h a t stops i t f r o m w o r k i n g c o r r e c t l y : The fire was caused by an electrical fault. f a u l t y /’fadti/ adj n o t w o r k i n g c o r r e c t l y , o r n o t made c o r r e c t l y : faulty brakes /fia/ noun [U] t h e f e e l i n g t h a t y o u have w h e n y o u are f r i g h t e n e d : She eventually managed to overcome her fear of the dark, noun [C] s o m e t h i n g bad o r u n p l e a s a n t t h a t y o u are a f r a i d m i g h t happen: He expressed fears for his missing wife’s safety. /Тиф/ noun [C] a n i m p o r t a n t p a r t o r aspect o f s o m e t h i n g : The latest model has a lot of new safety features, verb [T] i f s o m e t h i n g features a p a r t i c u l a r p e r s o n o r t h i n g , t h e y are a n i m p o r t a n t p a r t o f i t : a concert featuring music by Haydn and Mozart f e d u p /fed л р / adj a n n o y e d o r b o r e d w i t h s o m e t h i n g t h a t y o u feel y o u have accepted for too l o n g : I’m fed up with this job. Itr.l noun [C] a n a m o u n t o f m o n e y t h a t y o u pay to be a l l o w e d to do s o m e t h i n g such as j o i n a n o r g a n i s a t i o n : The gallery charges a small entrance fee. f e v e r /’fi:va/ noun [c/u] a m e d i c a l c o n d i t i o n i n w h i c h the t e m p e r a t u r e o f y o u r b o d y is v e r y h i g h fiance fiancee

/fibnsei/ noun [C] the m a n t h a t a w o m a n is g o i n g t o m a r r y /fi’tmsei/ noun [C] t h e w o m a n t h a t a m a n is g o i n g to m a r r y

/’fikf(a)n/ noun [U] books a n d stories about i m a g i n a r y events a n d people: Hardy wrote poetry as well as fiction. /fait/ noun [C] 1 a s i t u a t i o n i n w h i c h people h i t each other: He had a fight with a man in the pub. 2 a s i t u a t i o n i n w h i c h people d i s a g r e e o r a r g u e w i t h each other: All teenagers have fights with their parents. fill i n / f i l i n / phr vb t o add i n f o r m a t i o n i n t h e e m p t y spaces o n a n o f f i c i a l d o c u m e n t : Please fill in the application form.

107

film

fussy

/ f i l m / noun [C] m o v i n g p i c t u r e s t h a t t e l l a s t o r y : Have you seen the new James Bond film? f i n d o u t /faind ‘aut/ phr vb to discover a fact or piece of i n f o r m a t i o n : I don’t want Jerry to find out about this. f i n e /fain/ noun [CI a n a m o u n t of money t h a t y o u m u s t pay because you have b r o k e n the l a w : / had to pay a $40 fine for parking on the street overnight. /’ппдэ/ noun и hands

the long t h i n p a r t s o n the end of y o u r

/faia/ noun [c/U] flames a n d heat f r o m s o m e t h i n g t h a t is b u r n i n g i n an u n c o n t r o l l e d way: Lightning may have started the fire, verb [l/T] i f a weapon fires, or i f someone fires i t , someone uses i t to shoot s o m e t h i n g : The rebels fired their machine guns into the air. verb [T] to m a k e someone leave t h e i r j o b as a p u n i s h m e n t : She was fired for refusing to include the information in her report.

f o o t s t e p /’futstep/ noun [C] the sound of a foot t o u c h i n g the g r o u n d as someone w a l k s /b:s/ noun [U] p h y s i c a l s t r e n g t h , violence or energy: The force of the bomb blast shattered windows in 15 buildings, verb m to m a k e s o m e t h i n g happen: Opposition to the plans forced a rapid change of policy. f o r e c a s t /’fj:ka:st/ verb [T] to m a k e a statement about w h a t is l i k e l y to happen, u s u a l l y r e l a t i n g to the weather business, or the economy /’bonn/ adj f r o m another c o u n t r y , or i n another c o u n t r y : Working in a foreign country takes some getting used to. /’fDrist/ noun [C/u] a large area of l a n d t h a t is covered by trees a n d other plants g r o w i n g close together /fo’giv/ verb [T] to decide to stop b e i n g a n g r y w i t h someone who has done s o m e t h i n g t h a t is bad: John has never forgiven himself for the accident.

f i r e f i g h t e r /’faia.faita/ noun [C] someone whose j o b is to put out fires a n d help people to escape f r o m other dangerous s i t u a t i o n s

f o r t u n a t e /’b:tfanat/ adj l u c k y : Not everyone is as fortunate are.

f i r e p l a c e /’faia,pleis/ noun [C] a place i n a r o o m w h e r e a fire b u r n s

f o r w a r d /’faiwad/ verb [T] to send a letter, parcel, e m a i l etc t h a t has been sent to y o u r address to someone else at another address

f i r s t a i d /,f3:st ‘eid/ noun [u] basic m e d i c a l t r e a t m e n t t h a t is g i v e n as soon as someone is i n j u r e d or i l l /fit/ adj healthy, s t r o n g a n d able to do p h y s i c a l exercise: Running around after the kids keeps me fit. f i t n e s s /’tunas/ noun [u] the state of b e i n g p h y s i c a l l y h e a l t h y a n d s t r o n g : a high level of physical fitness f i z z y /’fizi/ adj a fizzy d r i n k is a sweet d r i n k w i t h o u t a l c o h o l t h a t has bubbles /flaet/ adj s m o o t h and level on the surface, w i t h no l u m p s or slopes: The farmland is very flat.

f r a n c /fra?nk/ noun [C] the u n i t of money used i n France a n d B e l g i u m before the E u r o replaced i t and s t i l l used i n Switzerland and some other c o u n t r i e s /fri:/ adj 1 s o m e t h i n g t h a t is free does not cost a n y t h i n g : There is plenty of free parking. 2 not held, tied or fixed somewhere: Hand me the free end of the rope. 3 not a prisoner or a slave: He’ll soon be a free man. 4 available to see someone or do s o m e t h i n g : I’m busy at the moment, but I’ll be free this afternoon. /’fri:dam/ noun [U] you w a n t : a law that restricts

f l a t m a t e /’flaet.meit/ noun [C] someone y o u share a flat w i t h /’fleiva/ noun [C] the p a r t i c u l a r taste t h a t food o r d r i n k has: The drink has a very strong citrus flavour. f l i c k t h r o u g h / f h k ‘Gru:/ phr vb to look q u i c k l y at the pages of a magazine o r book. f l i r t /fb:t/ verb [l] to behave t o w a r d s someone i n a w a y t h a t shows t h a t y o u are s e x u a l l y a t t r a c t e d to t h e m / f U d / noun [C/u] a l a r g e a m o u n t o f w a t e r t h a t covers a n area t h a t was d r y before: The southwest of England has been badly hit by floods. /fb:/ noun [C] 1 the flat area t h a t y o u w a l k o n i n s i d e a b u i l d i n g o r r o o m : The house has polished wooden floors. 2 one of the levels i n a b u i l d i n g : a first-floor flat f l o r i s t /’florist/ noun [C] someone whose j o b is to a r r a n g e a n d s e l l flowers /’flaua/ noun [C] the c o l o u r e d p a r t o f a p l a n t f r o m w h i c h the plant’s seeds develop: The plant has small white flowers. flu /flu:/ noun [U] a v e r y c o m m o n i n f e c t i o u s disease t h a t lasts for a short t i m e and makes y o u feel weak a n d t i r e d f l u e n t /’fluiant/ adj able to speak a f o r e i g n language v e r y w e l l : I’m fluent in three languages. f o g /fix;/ noun [u] t h i c k clouds t h a t f o r m close to the g r o u n d a n d are d i f f i c u l t to see t h r o u g h f o l d e r /’foulda/ noun [C] 1 a t h i n flat c o n t a i n e r for sheets of paper 2 a g r o u p of p r o g r a m s or documents t h a t are stored i n a c o m p u t e r f o l l o w i n g /’fDbum/ noun [C] a g r o u p of people w h o s u p p o r t o r a d m i r e a n o t h e r person or g r o u p f o o d p o i s o n i n g /’fu:d ,pjizamn/ noun [U] a n i l l n e s s caused by e a t i n g food t h a t c o n t a i n s h a r m f u l b a c t e r i a /fut/ noun [C] 1 the p a r t of y o u r body at the end of y o u r leg, o n w h i c h y o u stand: He wiped his feet on the mat. 2 a u n i t used for m e a s u r i n g l e n g t h t h a t is e q u a l to 12 inches o r about 30 centimetres: We had over two feet of snow last night. /’futbad/ noun [u] a game i n w h i c h t w o teams of 11 players k i c k a b a l l a n d t r y to score goals noun [C] a b a l l used for p l a y i n g football f o o t p r i n t /’fut.pnnt/ noun [C] a m a r k made by a h u m a n o r a n i m a l foot i n a soft surface such as e a r t h , snow or sand

108

as we

becoming

the r i g h t or o p p o r t u n i t y to do what religious freedom

/’fri:kwant/ adj h a p p e n i n g often: Their arguments more and more frequent.

were

If rej/ adj 1 c l e a r l y new and different: We need a completely fresh approach to the problem. 2 fresh food has not been preserved i n any way: You can use fresh or tinned tomatoes for this recipe. 3 food t h a t is fresh is s t i l l good to eat because i t was p r e p a r e d or produced recently: Cooked meat will keep fresh for several days in the fridge. 4 fresh water is w a t e r i n lakes and r i v e r s t h a t does not c o n t a i n any salt /fnd3/ noun [C] a piece of equipment t h a t is used for s t o r i n g food at l o w t e m p e r a t u r e s /’f ren(d)Jip/ noun [C/U] a r e l a t i o n s h i p between people who are friends: Whatever happened, I did not want to lose Sarah’s friendship. /’frait(a)nd/ adj f e e l i n g or s h o w i n g fear: The puppy looked cold and frightened. /’frait(a)nir)/ adj m a k i n g y o u feel a f r a i d , nervous, or w o r r i e d : a frightening noise/thought/experience f r u s t r a t i n g /’frA,streitmg/ adj m a k i n g y o u feel annoyed and i m p a t i e n t because y o u are prevented f r o m a c h i e v i n g something: It’s frustrating to wait all day for a repairman who doesn’t show up. f u l l — t i m e / f o f t a i m / adj done o r d o i n g s o m e t h i n g for the n u m b e r of h o u r s t h a t people n o r m a l l y w o r k o r study i n a complete week: a full-time student f u m e s /fju:mz/ noun [plural] smoke o r gas t h a t has a n unpleasant smell and t h a t may be h a r m f u l : traffic/petrol fumes /’fju:n(a)ral/ noun [C] a ceremony t h a t takes place after someone dies, and the f o r m a l process of t a k i n g the body to the place w h e r e i t is b u r i e d or cremated: He flew home to arrange for his father’s funeral. /’fAni/ adj you l a u g h : a funny funny.

1 someone or s o m e t h i n g t h a t is f u n n y makes story 2 strange or u n u s u a l : This tea tastes

f u r Цз-.l noun [U] the soft h a i r t h a t covers the body of some a n i m a l s f u r i o u s /’fjuarbs/ adj e x t r e m e l y a n g r y : Rosie was absolutely that I’d borrowed her car without asking.

furious

f u s s y /’fAsi/ adj o n l y satisfied i f t h i n g s are exactly as y o u w a n t them to be

gadget

grow up g h o s t /gaust/ noun [C] t h e s p i r i t o f a d e a d p e r s o n t h a t s o m e o n e believes that they c a n see or h e a r g i a n t /’d3aiant/ adj e x t r e m e l y l a r g e : a giant

bronze

statue

g i v e u p / g i v ‘лр/ phr vb 1 to stop t r y i n g to do s o m e t h i n g b e c a u s e g a d g e t /’gaedst/ noun [C] a s m a l l t o o l o r p i e c e o f e q u i p m e n t t h a t d o e s

it i s too d i f f i c u l t : I give up. Tell me the answer. s o m e t h i n g t h a t y o u do r e g u l a r l y : I’m trying

2 to stop d o i n g

to give up

new arrangement

g a m e s h o w /’geim jav/ noun [C] a t e l e v i s i o n p r o g r a m m e i n w h i c h

/gla:s/ noun [U]

g a n g / д а т / noun [C] 1 a g r o u p o f y o u n g p e o p l e w h o s p e n d t i m e t o g e t h e r a n d often c a u s e t r o u b l e : a study of Chicago street

would mean giving

up some of their

political

independence.

people p l a y g a m e s o r a n s w e r q u e s t i o n s i n o r d e r to w i n p r i z e s

gangs

a h a r d c l e a r s u b s t a n c e t h a t i s u s e d for

m a k i n g o b j e c t s s u c h a s w i n d o w s o r b o t t l e s : the sound of glass

2 a g r o u p o f c r i m i n a l s w o r k i n g t o g e t h e r : a gang of thieves 3 a

noun [C]

1 a b u i l d i n g for k e e p i n g a c a r i n

2 a p l a c e t h a t r e p a i r s o r s e l l s c a r s 3 a p l a c e w h e r e y o u go to b u y

breaking

a s m a l l c o n t a i n e r m a d e o f g l a s s t h a t y o u u s e for

d r i n k i n g f r o m , o r t h e d r i n k i n it: a wine/brandy/beer

g r o u p of f r i e n d s /’джгшз, ‘ga?nd3/ noun [С]

smoking.

3 to a l l o w s o m e o n e to h a v e s o m e t h i n g t h a t w a s y o u r s : The

something that is useful or i m p r e s s i v e

glass

g l o b a l w a r m i n g / g b u b d l ‘ w j : m i n / noun [uj t h e i n c r e a s e i n t h e t e m p e r a t u r e of the E a r t h that is c a u s e d p a r t l y by i n c r e a s i n g a m o u n t s of c a r b o n dioxide i n the a t m o s p h e r e

petrol /’ga:(r)d(3)na(r)/ noun [C] a f t e r a g a r d e n : the head gardener

1 s o m e o n e w h o s e j o b i s to l o o k

G M /d3i: ’em/ adj g e n e t i c a l l y m o d i f i e d : u s e d for d e s c r i b i n g c r o p s w h o s e g e n e s h a v e b e e n c h a n g e d , o r for d e s c r i b i n g foods m a d e

on an estate 2 s o m e o n e w h o

from these crops

e n j o y s g r o w i n g p l a n t s a n d i s good a t it

g o o u t / д э и ‘aut/ verb 1 to l e a v e y o u r h o u s e a n d go s o m e w h e r e ,

g e n e r a l e l e c t i o n /Узепгэ1 I’lekfan/ noun [C] a n e l e c t i o n i n w h i c h e v e r y a d u l t i n t h e c o u n t r y c a n v o t e for t h e p e o p l e w h o w i l l

e s p e c i a l l y to do s o m e t h i n g e n j o y a b l e : / wanted

represent them

forgoing

out with friends

the evenings

free

2 to h a v e a r e l a t i o n s h i p w i t h s o m e o n e

a n d s p e n d a lot o f t i m e w i t h t h e m : How long have Rob and /’d3em,reit/ verb [T]

to p r o d u c e s o m e t h i n g , o r to c a u s e

s o m e t h i n g to e x i s t : The food processing of dollars

industry

generates

billions

a year.

been going

Sue

out?

/дэи1/ noun [C]

1 i n g a m e s s u c h a s football, the net or

s t r u c t u r e t h a t y o u t r y to get t h e b a l l i n t o i n o r d e r to s c o r e p o i n t s /’d3enar3s/ adj

g i v i n g people m o r e of y o u r t i m e o r m o n e y

t h a n i s u s u a l o r e x p e c t e d : She is a warm and generous

human

in the last ten

being. /get/ verb [T] Ross’s father

/’gAv(3)nmant/ noun [C/U]

got a new job. 2 to b u y s o m e t h i n g : They had to

s o m e w h e r e else: She went and got a photograph

from

the

desk.

4 to s t a r t to h a v e a n i d e a o r f e e l i n g : I got a strange feeling

What time did you get home last

to a r r i v e a t a p l a c e :

night? to

get back. 2 to r e c e i v e o r h a v e s o m e t h i n g a g a i n a f t e r a t i m e w h e n train and she doesn’t know how to get it

has announced

back.

t h e i r s e x u a l o r r o m a n t i c r e l a t i o n s h i p get b a c k t o g e t h e r , t h e y s t a r t we

is suitable for finer

wage

next

1 a l e v e l of q u a l i t y o r i m p o r t a n c e : Their grades

wool

of cloth. 2 a l e t t e r o r n u m b e r t h a t s h o w s

t h e q u a l i t y o f a s t u d e n t ‘ s w o r k : You need to improve your /’graed3uat/ noun [C]

grades.

someone w h o h a s a degree from a

history

graduates

g r a n d d a u g h t e r /’graen(d),d:>:ta/ noun [C] t h e d a u g h t e r o f o n e of y o u r children /’graen(d),fa:6d/ noun [C]

together.

the father of one of y o u r

parents

g e t b e h i n d /get bi’haind/ phr vb i f y o u get b e h i n d w i t h w o r k o r

/ graen(d) mA6d/ noun [C] l

p a y m e n t s , y o u h a v e not d o n e a s m u c h w o r k o r m a d e a s m a n y

l

the m o t h e r of one of y o u r

parents

payments a s y o u should have done g e t o f f /get Ы/ phr vb 1 to l e a v e a b u s , p l a n e , o r t r a i n 2 to h a v e a p a r t i c u l a r p e r i o d of t i m e a s a h o l i d a y : Do you get much time off at Christmas?

g r a n d s o n /’graen(d),SAn/ noun [C] t h e s o n o f o n e o f y o u r c h i l d r e n / g r a : n t / noun [C]

a n a m o u n t of m o n e y that the government

o r a n o r g a n i s a t i o n g i v e s y o u for a s p e c i f i c p u r p o s e a n d d o e s not

g e t o n /get bnj phr vb 1 to c o n t i n u e d o i n g s o m e t h i n g w i t h m o r e effort o r m o r e q u i c k l y t h a n before: Can we please get on, there are a lot of things still

to discuss.

because

2 u s e d for a s k i n g a b o u t o r

t a l k i n g about h o w w e l l s o m e o n e h a s done a p a r t i c u l a r a c t i v i t y : How did you get on in your

exams?

teacher screamed

ready to go

out.

have to get rid of a lot of our

so we

i n o r d e r to do s o m e t h i n g o r i n o r d e r to s p e n d t i m e t o g e t h e r : usually gets together

at

The

Christmas.

g e t u p /get л р / phr vb to get o u t o f b e d a f t e r s l e e p i n g : He never

gets

nine.

g e t w e l l ( s o o n ) /get ‘wel/ phrase u s e d for g i v i n g good w i s h e s to someone w h o is i l l

grave.

g r e e n g r o c e r / д г к п . д г э ш э / noun [c] 1 g r e e n g r o c e r ‘ s : a s h o p t h a t s e l l s f r u i t a n d v e g e t a b l e s 2 s o m e o n e w h o s e j o b i s to s e l l f r u i t a n d g r e e n h o u s e /’gri:n,haus/ noun [C] a b u i l d i n g m a d e o f g l a s s t h a t i s u s e d for g r o w i n g p l a n t s t h a t n e e d p r o t e c t i o n f r o m t h e w e a t h e r

furniture.

g e t t o g e t h e r /get ta’ge6d/ phr vb i f p e o p l e get t o g e t h e r , t h e y m e e t whole family

the place w h e r e a dead body is b u r i e d i n a

vegetables i n a shop

g e t r i d o f /get ‘rid av/ phrase to t h r o w a w a y , g i v e a w a y , o r s e l l s o m e t h i n g t h a t y o u n o l o n g e r w a n t o r n e e d : We’re moving,

g r a p h i c n o v e l /graefik ‘nDval/ noun [C] a n o v e l t h a t u s e s d r a w i n g s to

d e e p h o l e i n t h e g r o u n d : He’s never even visited his mother’s

g e t ( s o m e o n e ) r e a d y /get ‘redi/ phrase to p r e p a r e y o u r s e l f o r getting

grant

b u n c h e s o n a v i n e a n d t h a t i s o f t e n u s e d for m a k i n g w i n e

/greiv/ noun [C]

at him to get out.

s o m e o n e e l s e to do s o m e t h i n g : She’s upstairs

a s k y o u to p a y b a c k : a research

g r a p e /greip/ noun [C] a s m a l l g r e e n o r p u r p l e f r u i t t h a t g r o w s i n

tell the story

g e t o u t /get ‘aut/ phr vb u s e d for t e l l i n g s o m e o n e to l e a v e : The

up before

to raise the minimum

satellites

u n i v e r s i t y : careers for

h a v i n g a r e l a t i o n s h i p w i t h e a c h o t h e r a g a i n : / kept hoping

plans

finding exactly w h e r e y o u a r e a n y w h e r e i n the world u s i n g

on the

g e t b a c k t o g e t h e r /get baek ta’geda/ phr vb [I] i f t w o p e o p l e w h o e n d e d

would get back

government

/greid/ noun [C]

g e t b a c k /get ‘baek/ phr vb 1 to r e t u r n to a p l a c e : It’s late, I ought it w a s t a k e n a w a y f r o m y o u o r lost: She left her briefcase

the people w h o control a

c o u n t r y o r a r e a a n d m a k e d e c i s i o n s a b o u t i t s l a w s a n d t a x e s : The

G P S /d3i: p i : ‘es/ noun [u] g l o b a l p o s i t i o n i n g s y s t e m : a s y s t e m for

this winter. 6 to a n s w e r

the d o o r o r p h o n e : It’s OK, I’ll get it. verb [I]

goals

year.

as

the house. 5 to s t a r t to h a v e a n i l l n e s s o r a

towards

m e d i c a l c o n d i t i o n : I hope I don’t get the flu

scored two

minutes.

g o o d — l o o k i n g / g u d ‘lukin/ adj p h y s i c a l l y a t t r a c t i v e

1 to o b t a i n , r e c e i v e , o r b e g i v e n s o m e t h i n g :

stop and get some petrol. 3 to go a n d b r i n g s o m e t h i n g b a c k f r o m

we walked

2 t h e a c t i o n o f p u t t i n g a b a l l i n t o a g o a l : Nielsen

g r e e n h o u s e e f f e c t , t h e / б э ‘grknhaus i.fekt/ noun [singular] t h e s i t u a t i o n i n w h i c h h e a t i s u n a b l e to e s c a p e f r o m t h e a t m o s p h e r e , w h i c h c a u s e s t h e t e m p e r a t u r e o f t h e E a r t h to r i s e g r i p p i n g / ‘ д п р т / adj v e r y e x c i t i n g a n d i n t e r e s t i n g g r o o m / д г и : т / noun [C] a b r i d e g r o o m g r o w u p / д г э и л р / phr vb t o c h a n g e f r o m b e i n g a c h i l d to b e i n g a n a d u l t : She’s really starting

to grow up

now.

guarantee

honest

/gaeran’ti:/ noun [C] a p r o m i s e t h a t s o m e t h i n g w i l l d e f i n i t e l y happen: I can’t give you any guarantees at the moment.

h a r d c o p y /’ha:d ,kDpi/ noun [и] a p r i n t e d copy of i n f o r m a t i o n that is held on a computer

/ga:d/ noun [C] 1 someone whose j o b is to p r o t e c t a place or person: a prison guard 2 a n o f f i c i a l o n a t r a i n whose j o b is to check t i c k e t s

h a r d d r i v e /’ha:d ,draiv/ noun [C] a h a r d disk

/ges/ verb [i/т] t o say o r decide w h a t y o u t h i n k is t r u e , w i t h o u t b e i n g c e r t a i n about i t : a competition to guess the weight of the pig

h a r d w a r e /’ha:d,wea/ noun [U] computer equipment

/gaid/ noun [C] 1 a book t h a t gives i n f o r m a t i o n : It is worth buying a good travel guide. 2 someone whose j o b is to give i n f o r m a t i o n to people w h o are v i s i t i n g a place: a tour guide verb [T] 1 to show someone w h e r e to go b y g o i n g w i t h t h e m : He guided them through the forest. 2 to help someone to do s o m e t h i n g o r m a k e a decision: There was no research to guide them. g u i d e b o o k /’gaid,buk/ noun [ci a book for t o u r i s t s t h a t p r o v i d e s i n f o r m a t i o n about a place /’gilti/ adj 1 a s h a m e d a n d s o r r y because y o u have done s o m e t h i n g w r o n g : a guilty look/expression 2 someone w h o is g u i l t y has c o m m i t t e d a c r i m e or has done s o m e t h i n g w r o n g : Patrick knew that he was guilty of lying. /длп/ noun [C] Enemy guns fired

a weapon t h a t shoots b u l l e t s o r l a r g e shells: a shell every two or three minutes.

g y m / d j i m / noun [C] a r o o m o r c l u b w i t h e q u i p m e n t for d o i n g p h y s i c a l exercises

h a r m /ha:m/ verb [T] to i n j u r e , damage or have a bad effect on someone or something: chemicals that harm the environment h a y f e v e r /’hei,fi:va/ noun [U] a medical c o n d i t i o n that affects your nose and eyes. It is caused by pollen. /hed/ noun [C] 1 the top part of y o u r body that has your b r a i n , eyes, m o u t h etc i n i t : Lynn had a bruise on the side of her head. 2 the leader or most i m p o r t a n t person i n a group: the head waiter 3 the teacher who is i n charge of a school headache

/’hedeik/ noun [C] yesterday.

a p a i n i n your head: / had a bad

h e a d b a n d /’hed,baend/ noun [C] a n a r r o w piece of cloth that you wear a r o u n d y o u r head to keep h a i r or sweat out of y o u r eyes h e a d l i g h t /’hedjait/ noun [C] one of the two lights on the front of a vehicle h e a d l i n e /’hedjam/ noun [C] the t i t l e of a newspaper story, p r i n t e d i n large letters h e a d p h o n e s /’hed,faunz/ noun [plural] a piece of equipment that you wear over y o u r ears i n order to listen to the radio or recorded sound

h e a d t e a c h e r /hedthtja/ noun ю a teacher who is i n charge of a school s o m e t h i n g t h a t y o u do often:

healthy

/heie/ noun [U] the c o n d i t i o n of y o u r body, especially whether or not y o u are i l l : His health improved once he stopped working.

h a b i t a t /’haebi.taet/ noun [C] t h e t y p e of place t h a t a n a n i m a l n o r m a l l y l i v e s i n or t h a t a p l a n t n o r m a l l y g r o w s i n

h e a l t h c e n t r e /’heie .senta/ noun [C] a b u i l d i n g where people can go to see a doctor or nurse

h a i r d r e s s e r /’hea.dresa/ noun и someone whose j o b is to c u t people’s h a i r

/’heiei/ ad] 1 physically strong and not i l l : a healthy baby 2 w o r k i n g w e l l and l i k e l y to continue to be successful: The country still has a healthy economy.

h a l f b r o t h e r /’had ,Ьглбэ/ noun [С] a b r o t h e r w h o has e i t h e r the same m o t h e r o r the same f a t h e r as y o u have h a l f s i s t e r /’had ,sista/ noun [С] a sister w h o has e i t h e r the same m o t h e r or the same f a t h e r as y o u have /haend/ noun [C] 1 the p a r t of y o u r body at the end o f each a r m t h a t y o u use for h o l d i n g t h i n g s : Mrs Bennet put her hands over her ears to shut out the noise. 2 the h a n d s o n a clock are the l o n g p a r t s t h a t move r o u n d a n d show the t i m e h a n d b a g /’haenjdj.baeg/ noun [C] a s m a l l bag t h a t w o m e n use for c a r r y i n g p e r s o n a l t h i n g s such as money a n d keys /’heend(a)l/ noun [C] t h e p a r t of s o m e t h i n g t h a t y o u use for h o l d i n g i t : knives with plastic handles /’haens(a)m/ adj a t t r a c t i v e face

a h a n d s o m e m a n or boy has a v e r y

h a n d w r i t i n g /’haend.raitir)/ noun [u] the p a r t i c u l a r w a y t h a t someone w r i t e s w h e n t h e y use a pen o r p e n c i l h a n g o u t /haen ‘aut/ phr vb to spend t i m e i n a p a r t i c u l a r place o r w i t h p a r t i c u l a r people: She knew all the clubs where he usually hung out. /’haepan/ verb [l] to t a k e place, u s u a l l y w i t h o u t b e i n g p l a n n e d : The accident happened at 4.30pm yesterday. h a p p i n e s s /’haepinas/ noun [U] the f e e l i n g of b e i n g happy /’haepi/ adj f e e l i n g pleased a n d r e l a x e d , w i t h no w o r r i e s : The children seem very happy at school. h a r b o u r /’ha:ba/ noun [C] a n area o f w a t e r n e x t to the l a n d w h e r e boats can stop /ha:d/ adj 1 stiff, firm, and not easy to bend o r b r e a k : hard wooden benches 2 d i f f i c u l t to do: Some of the questions were very hard. 3 s t r o n g a n d not easily f r i g h t e n e d : He likes to pretend he’s hard, but he’s really soft underneath.

n o

h a r d — w o r k i n g /’ha:d’w3:kir)/ adj p u t t i n g a lot of effort into your work

h e a d q u a r t e r s /hed’kwa:tez/ noun [plural] the place where a company, o r g a n i s a t i o n or m i l i t a r y u n i t has its m a i n offices or its m a i n centre of c o n t r o l

Hh /’haebit/ noun [c/u] eating habits

h a r d h a t /’ha:d ,haet/ noun [C] a hat made of metal or h a r d plastic w o r n by workers to protect t h e i r heads

h e a r t a t t a c k /’ha:t a,taek/ noun и an occasion when someone suddenly has a lot of p a i n because t h e i r heart stops w o r k i n g n o r m a l l y /hi:t/ noun [singular/u] the q u a l i t y of being hot, or how hot s o m e t h i n g is: We felt the intense heat from the fire, verb [i/т] to make something hot, or to become hot: Heat the oil gently in a large frying pan. h e l m e t /’helmit/ noun [C] a h a r d hat that y o u wear to protect your head /haid/ verb [T] to put something i n a place so that no one can find i t or see i t : She hid the key in the drawer, verb ш to go somewhere or be somewhere where no one can find you or see you: He ran and hid behind a bush. / n i l / noun [C] an area of l a n d that is higher t h a n the l a n d s u r r o u n d i n g it but that is smaller and lower t h a n a m o u n t a i n : They climbed slowly to the top of the hill. /hit/ verb [l/T] 1 to move q u i c k l y against something, or move an object q u i c k l y against something, t o u c h i n g i t w i t h The glass smashed as it hit the ground. 2 to move your hand object h a r d against someone’s body, so that you h u r t them: hitting your brother!

to force: or an Stop

/hauld/ verb [T] 1 to c a r r y something or someone using your hands or a r m s : Can you hold my bag for a moment? 2 to organise s o m e t h i n g such as a meeting or event: The government agreed to hold a referendum. h o m e t i m e /’haum ,taim/ noun [U] the end of the school day when the students go home h o m e l y /’haumli/ adj simple and pleasant i n a way that makes you feel comfortable and at home /’Dnist/ adj 1 a person who is honest does not t e l l lies or cheat people, and obeys the law: an honest man 2 t e l l i n g the t r u t h , or not cheating people: I want you to give mean honest answer.

honeymoon

innovation

h o n e y m o o n / ‘ п л ш . т ш п / noun [Ci a h o l i d a y t h a t t w o people take after they get m a r r i e d h o o d / h u d / noun [C] the p a r t o f a coat or jacket that covers y o u r head

h o p e l e s s /’hauplas/ adj 1 i f a s i t u a t i o n is hopeless, it seems v e r y u n l i k e l y to succeed or i m p r o v e 2 not s k i l f u l at a l l : lam hopeless at tennis. /’horab(a)l/ adj day at work.

to b u y a p r o d u c t f r o m a n o t h e r c o u n t r y

/im’pDsab(a)l/ adj

h o o d i e /’hudi/ noun [C] a piece of c l o t h i n g w i t h a hood that you w e a r on the top p a r t of y o u r body, u s u a l l y made of t h i c k c o t t o n . Some people t h i n k t h a t y o u n g m e n w e a r hoodies because they are t r y i n g to hide t h e i r face w h e n they c a r r y out c r i m i n a l a c t i v i t i e s .

horrible

/im’poit/ verb [T]

a n d b r i n g it to y o u r c o u n t r y : We import most of our coal other countries.

v e r y unpleasant or u n k i n d : I’ve had a

i f s o m e t h i n g is impossible,

n o o n e c a n do it o r it c a n n o t h a p p e n : We were faced impossible task. / i m ‘ p r u i v / verb [l/T]

/ i m ‘ p r u : v m a n t / noun [C]

/ i n s i d ( a ) n t / noun [C]

a person: The disease can be fatal

in

h u m i d /’hju:mid/ ad; hot and wet i n a way t h a t makes y o u feel uncomfortable: a humid climate h u n g e r /’hArjga/ noun [U] 1 the feeling t h a t y o u have w h e n y o u need to eat: a nutritious snack that will satisfy your hunger 2 a lack of food that can cause illness or death: a new chance to fight world hunger and poverty Ihxtl verb и to feel p a i n somewhere i n y o u r body: Fred’s knees hurt after skiing all day. verb [l/T] to cause someone physical p a i n or i n j u r y : You’re hurting my arm! /’hAzband/ noun [C]

with

a change that you m a k e improvements

the m a n that a w o m a n is m a r r i e d

to

h y g i e n e /’haid3i:n/ noun [u] the practice of keeping y o u r s e l f and the things a r o u n d you clean i n order to prevent illness and disease

incident

1 to c o n t a i n , o r to h a v e s o m e o n e o r

s o m e t h i n g a s a p a r t : The book includes advice.

practice.

s o m e t h i n g that happens that is

/ m ‘ k l u : d / verb [T]

/’hju:man/ noun [C] humans.

will improve

to s o m e t h i n g i n o r d e r to m a k e it b e t t e r : home

practical

with an

to b e c o m e b e t t e r , o r to m a k e

s o m e t h i n g b e t t e r : Your English

u n u s u a l , v i o l e n t o r d a n g e r o u s : an embarrassing

h o r r o r /’hDra/ noun [c/U) a s t r o n g feeling of shock or fear, or the t h i n g that makes you feel shocked or a f r a i d : Millions watched in horror as the disaster unfolded on TV. noun [U] a t y p e of book or film that is intended to f r i g h t e n people: a horror story/film

from

activities,

stories

and

2 to m a k e s o m e o n e o r s o m e t h i n g b e p a r t of a

g r o u p , s e t , o r c o l l e c t i o n of t h i n g s : Please include a photograph yourself with your application.

of

/ ‘ т к л т / noun [c/U] m o n e y t h a t s o m e o n e gets f r o m w o r k i n g o r f r o m i n v e s t i n g m o n e y : What is your approximate

annual

income?

i n c o r r e c t / m k a ‘ r e k t / adj w r o n g , o r n o t a c c u r a t e o r t r u e / m ‘ k r n s / verb [l/T] to b e c o m e l a r g e r i n n u m b e r o r a m o u n t , o r to m a k e s o m e t h i n g do t h i s : We have managed to

increase

the number

of patients

treated.

i n d e c i s i v e /mdi’saisiv/ adj u n a b l e to m a k e d e c i s i o n s / m d i ‘ p e n d a n s / noun [U] 1 freedom from control by a n o t h e r c o u n t r y o r o r g a n i s a t i o n : Lithuania was the first of the

Soviet republics

to declare its independence.

2 t h e a b i l i t y to m a k e

d e c i s i o n s a n d l i v e y o u r life free f r o m the c o n t r o l or influence

of o t h e r p e o p l e : Employment independence,

gave young

/ i n d i ‘ p e n d a n t / adj

p e o p l e : Michelle

is young,

women a measure

of

not d e p e n d i n g on other

independent

and

confident.

i n d i g e n o u s / i n ‘ d ^ a n a s / adj 1 i n d i g e n o u s p e o p l e l i v e d i n a p l a c e for a v e r y l o n g t i m e b e f o r e o t h e r p e o p l e c a m e to l i v e t h e r e 2 i n d i g e n o u s p l a n t s a n d a n i m a l s b e l o n g to a r e g i o n b e c a u s e they developed there / i n f l u a n s / noun [C/U]

t h e effect t h a t a p e r s o n o r t h i n g

h a s o n s o m e o n e o r s o m e t h i n g : He couldn’t /ais/ noun [U] water t h a t has frozen a n d become s o l i d : a block/lump of ice ice c a p /’ais ,kaep/ noun [C] a large area o f ice t h a t covers the l a n d and sea a r o u n d the N o r t h or South Pole /ai’dial/ adj of the best or most suitable t y p e : your computer seems the ideal solution.

Upgrading

i d e n t i f i c a t i o n /ai,dentifi’keif(a)n/ noun [U] s o m e t h i n g t h a t proves who y o u are, especially a d o c u m e n t w i t h y o u r n a m e a n d a photograph: Can you show me some identification? /ai’denti,fai/ verb [T] to recognise someone a n d be able to say who they are: One of the thieves has been identified by witnesses, verb m to recognise s o m e t h i n g a n d to u n d e r s t a n d exactly w h a t i t is: Several key problems have already been identified. /aidentiti/ noun [C/U] the fact of w h o y o u are or w h a t your name is: Do you have any proof of identity? i g l o o /iglu:/ noun [C] a b u i l d i n g made f r o m snow or ice /i’li:g(a)l/ adj Alnas/ noun [ci i l l : a serious illness

not a l l o w e d by the l a w : illegal

drugs

a p a r t i c u l a r disease, or a p e r i o d of b e i n g

hope to exert any real

influence in the new department, noun [C] a p e r s o n or t h i n g t h a t h a s a n effect o n s o m e o n e o r s o m e t h i n g verb [T] to affect

s o m e o n e o r s o m e t h i n g : What factors take the job?

influenced

your decision

to

/m’fy.m/ verb Ц] * * * t o o f f i c i a l l y t e l l s o m e o n e a b o u t

s o m e t h i n g : The President developments. / т Ъ : т ( э ) 1 / adj

hotel has an informal

has been fully

informed

of

r e l a x e d , f r i e n d l y a n d n o t o f f i c i a l : The

atmosphere.

,/infa’meif(a)n/ noun [U]

knowledge or facts

a b o u t s o m e o n e o r s o m e t h i n g : We’re not allowed information about our clients’ medical records.

to give you

any

i n f o r m a t i v e /in’fjimativ/ adj g i v i n g a lot of u s e f u l i n f o r m a t i o n i n g o t / i n g a t / noun [C] a b l o c k o f g o l d , s i l v e r o r o t h e r m e t a l i n g r e d i e n t / m ‘ g r k d i a n t / noun [c] o n e o f t h e foods o r l i q u i d s t h a t y o u u s e i n m a k i n g a p a r t i c u l a r m e a l : Mix all the ingredients together

carefully. / т У з е к Д э ) п / noun [c/U] a d r u g t h a t i s i n j e c t e d i n t o y o u r b o d y , o r t h e p r o c e s s o f i n j e c t i n g it i n t o y o u r b o d y : vaccines that

are given by

injection

/ind3ari/ noun [C/u]

p h y s i c a l h a r m : an eye/leg

injury

/imid3/ noun [C] a p i c t u r e , especially one i n a m i r r o r or on a computer, t e l e v i s i o n or c i n e m a screen: the flickering blackand-white images on the first cinema screens

i n — l a w noun [C] s o m e o n e w h o y o u a r e r e l a t e d to b y m a r r i a g e , e s p e c i a l l y t h e f a t h e r o r m o t h e r o f y o u r h u s b a n d o r w i f e : We’re

/ r m i i d i a t l i / adv, conj very quickly and w i t h o u t delay: She decided to leave immediately.

i n n o c e n c e / i n a s ( a ) n s / noun [u] t h e s t a t e of n o t b e i n g g u i l t y of a

/impaekt/ noun [C] a n effect or influence Her paper discusses the likely impact of global warming, noun [C/u] the force or act of one object h i t t i n g a n o t h e r : the point of impact

going to stay with the in-laws this

weekend.

c r i m e o r a n y t h i n g b a d : This new evidence his innocence.

would hopefully

i n n o v a t i o n /inau’vei/(a)n/ noun [c/U] a n e w i d e a o r p i e c e of e q u i p m e n t , o r t h e u s e of n e w i d e a s o r e q u i p m e n t

prove

inquiry

knowledge

/m’kwairi/ noun [C] a q u e s t i o n t h a t is i n t e n d e d to get i n f o r m a t i o n about someone or s o m e t h i n g : There have already been over 300 inquiries from people interested, noun [С/и] a process o f t r y i n g to f i n d out m o r e i n f o r m a t i o n about s o m e t h i n g : The public is demanding an official inquiry into the incident. i n s e r t /m’s3:t/ verb [T] t o p u t s o m e t h i n g i n t o s o m e t h i n g else: the plug into the earphone socket.

Insert

i n s p i r a t i o n /,mspa’reif(a)n/ noun [c/u] someone or s o m e t h i n g t h a t gives y o u the e n t h u s i a s m a n d new ideas to create s o m e t h i n g , o r a f e e l i n g of e n t h u s i a s m l i k e t h i s : Her short story was the original inspiration for the film. /in’sted/ adv used for s a y i n g t h a t one person, t h i n g , or a c t i o n replaces another: If you don’t have olive oil, you can use sunflower oil instead. / i n s t r u m e n t / noun [C] 1 a t o o l t h a t is used i n science, m e d i c i n e o r t e c h n o l o g y : scientific instruments such as microscopes 2 a m u s i c a l i n s t r u m e n t , for example a p i a n o o r a g u i t a r : Do you play an instrument? /mtar’aekjtajn/ noun [C/U] the a c t i v i t y o f b e i n g w i t h a n d t a l k i n g to o t h e r people, a n d the w a y t h a t people react t o each other: I enjoy the constant interaction with people from other departments. /intrastid/ adj 1 w a n t i n g to k n o w about o r t a k e p a r t i n s o m e t h i n g : Joe’s always been interested in politics. 2 w i l l i n g o r keen to do s o m e t h i n g : We’re going to the cinema. Are you interested? Would you like to come too? /intrastm/ adj or k n o w m o r e : an interesting

m a k i n g y o u w a n t to pay a t t e n t i o n topic

/m,t3:pn’teif(a)n/ noun [C/U] 1 an explanation of the m e a n i n g or i m p o r t a n c e of s o m e t h i n g : The Catholic interpretation of the Bible is slightly different. 2 a w a y of p e r f o r m i n g a piece o f m u s i c , a p a r t i n a play etc t h a t shows h o w you u n d e r s t a n d i t a n d feel about i t : He was best known for his interpretation of English folk music. i n t e r p r e t e r /m’t3:pnta/ noun ic] someone whose j o b is to t r a n s l a t e w h a t someone is s a y i n g i n t o a n o t h e r language i n t r i g u e /m’tri:g/ verb [T] to m a k e someone v e r y i n t e r e s t e d i n k n o w i n g m o r e about s o m e t h i n g : That old house has always intrigued me. I n u i t /’muit, i n j u i t / noun [c/U] a m e m b e r of a g r o u p of people w h o l i v e i n n o r t h e r n S i b e r i a , Canada, A l a s k a , a n d G r e e n l a n d , o r the language t h a t t h e y speak /in’vent/ verb [T] not exist before: Alfred

to d e s i g n o r create s o m e t h i n g t h a t d i d Nobel invented dynamite.

/m’venf(a)n/ noun [c/u] s o m e t h i n g t h a t someone has made, designed o r t h o u g h t o f for the f i r s t t i m e , o r the act o f i n v e n t i n g s o m e t h i n g : Inventions like the electric light bulb changed the way people lived. i n v e n t o r /m’venta/ noun [C] someone w h o has i n v e n t e d s o m e t h i n g , or whose j o b is to i n v e n t t h i n g s /m’vest/ verb [l/T] to use y o u r m o n e y w i t h the a i m of m a k i n g a p r o f i t f r o m i t , for example b y b u y i n g shares i n a company: Banks invested £20 million in the scheme. i n v i s i b l e /in’vizab(a)l/ adj s o m e t h i n g t h a t is i n v i s i b l e c a n n o t be seen /m’vDlv/ verb [T] to i n c l u d e s o m e t h i n g as a necessary p a r t of a n a c t i v i t y , event o r s i t u a t i o n : The course involves a lot of hard work. /’aian/ noun [U] steel

a h a r d h e a v y m e t a l t h a t is used for m a k i n g

i r r e g u l a r A’regjula/ adj 1 not h a p p e n i n g r e g u l a r l y : His breathing had become irregular. 2 not f o l l o w i n g the u s u a l r u l e s o f g r a m m a r . F o r example, ‘eat’ is a n i r r e g u l a r v e r b because its past tense is ‘ate’ a n d its past p a r t i c i p l e is ‘eaten’. /’ailand/ noun [C] a piece o f l a n d t h a t is c o m p l e t e l y s u r r o u n d e d by w a t e r : the best hotel on the island /iju:, isju:/ noun [C] 1 a subject o r p r o b l e m t h a t people discuss o r a r g u e about: environmental issues 2 a m a g a z i n e t h a t is p u b l i s h e d at a p a r t i c u l a r t i m e : The article appeared in the November issue.

12

/УзаекИ/ noun [C]

a s h o r t coat: a

linen/denim/leather

jacket j a m Л1за?т/ noun [C/u] a sweet s t i c k y food made f r o m b o i l e d f r u i t a n d sugar, t h a t is u s u a l l y spread onto bread: strawberry jam j a r /Уза:/ noun [C] a glass c o n t a i n e r for food, w i t h a l i d and a w i d e o p e n i n g : a jar of marmalade j a y w a l k i n g /’d3ei,wa:kin/ noun [U] a d a n g e r o u s o r i l l e g a l w a y of c r o s s i n g a street at a place w h e r e c a r s do not u s u a l l y stop. Someone w h o does t h i s is c a l l e d a j a y w a l k e r . /’d33:nalist/ noun [C] someone whose j o b is to r e p o r t the news for a newspaper, magazine, r a d i o p r o g r a m m e o r television programme / У з з : т / noun [C] a n occasion w h e n y o u t r a v e l f r o m one place to another, e s p e c i a l l y over a l o n g distance: a train journey /d^AUTj noun [C] 1 someone whose j o b is to m a k e decisions i n a c o u r t o f law: The judge sentenced her to ninety days in prison. 2 someone w h o decides w h o the w i n n e r of a c o m p e t i t i o n w i l l be: All entries will be examined by a panel of judges, verb [l/T] to f o r m a n o p i n i o n about s o m e t h i n g after c o n s i d e r i n g a l l the d e t a i l s o r facts: He left the room when he judged that she was asleep, verb [T] to decide i n a c o u r t of law w h e t h e r o r n o t someone is g u i l t y j u m p i n / У з л т р i n / hr vb [i] t o become i n v o l v e d i n s o m e t h i n g w i t h o u t t h i n k i n g c a r e f u l l y about i t j u n g l e /Узлпд(э)1/ noun [c/U] a t h i c k t r o p i c a l forest

Kk k e e p u p /,ki:p л р / phr vb 1 t o move o r develop at the same speed as someone o r s o m e t h i n g : By studying hard, she managed to keep up. 2 to c o n t i n u e to do s o m e t h i n g : Keep up the good work. k e t c h u p /’ketjap/ noun [U] a t h i c k r e d sauce made f r o m tomatoes k e y b o a r d /’ki:,ba:d/ noun [C] 1 a piece of c o m p u t e r e q u i p m e n t w i t h keys o n i t , used for p u t t i n g i n f o r m a t i o n i n t o a c o m p u t e r 2 a m u s i c a l i n s t r u m e n t t h a t has a k e y b o a r d , especially an electric piano k i d n a p /’kidnaep/ verb [T] t o i l l e g a l l y t a k e someone away and make t h e m a p r i s o n e r , e s p e c i a l l y i n o r d e r to m a k e t h e i r f a m i l y o r a g o v e r n m e n t give y o u m o n e y / k i l / verb [i/T] to m a k e a p e r s o n o r o t h e r l i v i n g t h i n g die: Each year thousands of people are killed and injured on the roads. k i n d e r g a r t e n /’kmda,ga:t(a)n/ noun [C/u] 1 a n u r s e r y school 2 the f i r s t y e a r o f f o r m a l e d u c a t i o n i n the US, for c h i l d r e n aged 5 or 6 / k m / noun [C] a m a n w h o r u l e s a c o u n t r y a n d is the s e n i o r m a l e m e m b e r o f the r o y a l f a m i l y : King George VI k i n g d o m /’kmdam/ noun [C] a c o u n t r y o r a r e a t h a t is r u l e d b y a k i n g o r queen k i w i / ‘ k i : w i : / noun [C] 1 t h e b i r d t h a t is the s y m b o l o f New Zealand. I t has a l o n g t h i n beak a n d c a n n o t fly. 2 someone f r o m New Zealand / n i : / noun [C] t h e p a r t i n the m i d d l e o f y o u r leg, where i t bends: a serious knee injury /naif/ noun [C] a n object w i t h a blade, used for c u t t i n g food o r as a w e a p o n : knives and forks /’nDhd3/ noun [U] w h a t y o u k n o w , o r w h a t is k n o w n about a p a r t i c u l a r subject: She had a lot of knowledge and experience.

laboratory

lose

surface: The gun was lying on the ground next to him. 3 to d e l i b e r a t e l y say s o m e t h i n g t h a t is n o t t r u e : It was obvious that she was lying.

L /b’bDr3t(a)ri, laebra,tj:ri/ noun [C] a b u i l d i n g o r l a r g e r o o m w h e r e people do scientific r e s e a r c h : our new research laboratory l a n d s c a p e /’lasnidj.skeip/ noun [С] 1 a n a r e a of l a n d t h a t has p a r t i c u l a r features: a green, rural landscape 2 a p a i n t i n g o f a n area o f l a n d l a p t o p /’1а?р №р/ noun [C] a s m a l l c o m p u t e r t h a t y o u c a n c a r r y w i t h you (

/la:st/ verb [I] to c o n t i n u e h a p p e n i n g for a p a r t i c u l a r p e r i o d , o r u n t i l a p a r t i c u l a r t i m e : The game lasts 80 minutes. verb [l/T] to c o n t i n u e to be a v a i l a b l e , o r to be e n o u g h for w h a t people need: The water won’t last long. /leit/ adj 1 i f y o u are late, y o u a r r i v e s o m e w h e r e after the c o r r e c t or u s u a l t i m e : She phoned to say she’d be late. 2 n e a r the end o f a p e r i o d o f t i m e such as a day, m o n t h o r season: the late 18th century 3 n e a r the end o f a n e v e n i n g o r n i g h t : If it weren’t so late I would give Donna a call. /’leita/ adv at some t i m e i n the f u t u r e , o r after the t i m e that y o u have been t a l k i n g about: She’ll be home later. /lad/ verb [I] to m a k e the noise w i t h y o u r voice t h a t shows t h a t y o u t h i n k t h a t s o m e t h i n g is f u n n y : We talked and laughed late into the night. Iy.l noun [singular] the l a w : the system o f r u l e s t h a t m u s t be obeyed i n society: Failing to declare any extra income is against the law. /’b:ja/ noun [C] someone whose profession is to p r o v i d e people w i t h legal advice a n d services: Mayer’s lawyer spoke to the press today. /’leizi/ adj n o t w i l l i n g to w o r k o r do a n y t h i n g t h a t i n v o l v e s effort: Get out of bed, you lazy slob!

l i f e s t y l e /iaif.stail/ noun [c/u] t h e t y p e o f life t h a t someone has, for example t h e t y p e o f t h i n g s t h a t t h e y o w n a n d the t y p e o f a c t i v i t i e s t h a t t h e y do: a healthy, outdoor lifestyle / l i f t / noun [C] 1 a n occasion w h e n someone takes y o u s o m e w h e r e i n t h e i r car: lean give you a lift into town. 2 a m a c h i n e t h a t c a r r i e s people up o r d o w n b e t w e e n d i f f e r e n t levels o f a t a l l b u i l d i n g / l a i t / adj 1 v e r y b r i g h t because o f l i g h t f r o m the s u n The room is light and airy. 2 i f i t is l i g h t , y o u c a n see because i t is day a n d n o t n i g h t : It gets light around 5 am. 3 n o t w e i g h i n g m u c h , o r w e i g h i n g less t h a n y o u expect: The table is a lot lighter than it looks. l i g h t b u l b /Tart ,Ьл1Ь/ noun [C] a glass object t h a t y o u p u t i n a n e l e c t r i c l i g h t to p r o d u c e l i g h t l i g h t n i n g / i a i t n i n / noun [u] t h e b r i g h t flashes of l i g h t t h a t y o u see i n the s k y d u r i n g a s t o r m : The ship was struck by lightning soon after it left the port. l i m e / l a i m / noun [C/U] a f r u i t w i t h a h a r d green s k i n a n d s o u r j u i c e /’limit/ noun [C] 1 t h e greatest a m o u n t o r l e v e l of s o m e t h i n g t h a t is possible or a l l o w e d : The speed limit here is 40 miles an hour. 2 the o u t e r edge o f a n a r e a : No bombs landed within the city limits. l i n g u i s t /’lirjgwist/ noun [C] 1 someone w h o s t u d i e s a n d speaks a lot of l a n g u a g e s 2 someone w h o teaches o r s t u d i e s l i n g u i s t i c s / l m k / verb [T] t o connect t w o o r m o r e places o r t h i n g s : Several new roads will link the southern and northern regions of the country. l i t t e r /’lita/ noun [U] t h i n g s t h a t people have d r o p p e d o n the g r o u n d i n a p u b l i c place, m a k i n g i t u n t i d y l i v e h a p p i l y e v e r a f t e r / l i v ‘haepili: eva(r) ,adta/ phrase t o be happy

for the rest of y o u r life

/’li:dd/ noun [C] 1 someone w h o is i n c h a r g e o f a g r o u p , o r g a n i s a t i o n or c o u n t r y : a political/military/religious leader 2 someone or s o m e t h i n g t h a t is the most successful, most popular, most advanced etc: He is a world leader in his field.

/tok/ noun [C] t h e t h i n g t h a t is used for f a s t e n i n g a door, d r a w e r etc so t h a t no one c a n open i t : All the windows were fitted with locks, verb [i/т] to fasten s o m e t h i n g such as a door w i t h a key, o r t o be fastened w i t h a key: Have you locked the car?

/’lkdafip/ noun [U] the p o s i t i o n o f b e i n g a leader: The war was fought under the emperor’s leadership.

l o g i c /’iDdjik/ noun [U] 1 the w a y t h a t someone connects ideas w h e n t h e y are e x p l a i n i n g s o m e t h i n g o r g i v i n g a reason 2 the study o f t h e w a y t h a t ideas c a n be connected a n d used to e x p l a i n t h i n g s

/ l i : v / verb [l/T] 1 to go away f r o m a place: We left London at three in the afternoon. 2 to end a r e l a t i o n s h i p w i t h someone and stop l i v i n g w i t h t h e m : His wife has threatened to leave him. verb [T] 1 t o p u t s o m e t h i n g s o m e w h e r e a n d forget to take i t away w i t h y o u : / left my homework on the bus. 2 t o p u t s o m e t h i n g somewhere, especially i n a place w h e r e i t w i l l stay: Leave your things by the door. l e f t — h a n d e d /left ‘hasndid/ adj b o r n w i t h a n a t u r a l tendency to use the left h a n d to do t h i n g s /leg/ noun [C] 1 one of the p a r t s o f a person’s o r a n i m a l ‘ s body to w h i c h the feet are attached: an exercise to strengthen the leg muscles 2 the p a r t o f a piece of f u r n i t u r e t h a t s u p p o r t s i t a n d raises i t off the floor: a stool with three legs 3 a p a r t o f a j o u r n e y , race o r c o m p e t i t i o n /let/ verb [T] to a l l o w s o m e t h i n g to h a p p e n , or to a l l o w someone to do s o m e t h i n g : Alice’s mum won’t let her come with us. /’lev(3)l/ noun [C] the a m o u n t o f s o m e t h i n g t h a t exists at a p a r t i c u l a r t i m e : Unemployment is now at its lowest level for 15years, noun [C/U] 1 a s t a n d a r d of academic a b i l i t y : This is an excellent book for advanced level students. 2 a p a r t o r stage i n a system t h a t has several p a r t s o r stages: Decisions should be taken at local, not national, level. 3 one o f the floors i n a b u i l d i n g : a garage at basement level /’laibrari/ noun [C] 1 a place w h e r e books, d o c u m e n t s , CDs etc are available for y o u to l o o k at o r b o r r o w : the university/school library 2 a p r i v a t e c o l l e c t i o n o f books, o r the r o o m t h a t i t is kept i n /lai/ verb [I] 1 to be o r p u t y o u r s e l f i n a p o s i t i o n i n w h i c h y o u r body is flat o n a surface such as the floor o r a bed: She was lying on the beach reading a book. 2 t o be o n a p a r t i c u l a r

/ ‘ b u n l i / adj f r i e n d s : a lonely

u n h a p p y because y o u are alone o r have no childhood

l o o k a f t e r /Дик ‘a:fta/ phr vb t o t a k e c a r e o f someone or s o m e t h i n g : It’s hard work looking after three children all day. l o o k a h e a d /Дик a’hed/ phr vb to t h i n k about w h a t is l i k e l y to happen, or to p l a n w h a t you are going to do i n the f u t u r e : Looking ahead, I think the company needs to develop some new services. l o o k b a c k /Дик ‘bask/ phr vb to t h i n k about a t i m e o r event i n the past: Most people look back on their schooldays with fondness. l o o k f o r /’luk fx/ phuvb to s e a r c h for someone o r s o m e t h i n g : I’m looking for Jim. Have you seen him? l o o k f o r w a r d t o /Дик ‘fD:wad t u : / phr vb t o feel h a p p y a n d excited about s o m e t h i n g t h a t is g o i n g to h a p p e n l o o k i n t o /Дик i n t u : / phr vb t o t r y t o d i s c o v e r the facts about s o m e t h i n g such as a p r o b l e m o r c r i m e : The airline have promised to look into the matter. l o o k o u t f o r / l u k ‘aut fx/ phr vb to l o o k c a r e f u l l y at people o r t h i n g s a r o u n d y o u i n o r d e r to t r y to find a p a r t i c u l a r p e r s o n o r t h i n g : We were told to look out for a blue van. l o o k r o u n d /Дик ‘ r a u n d / phr vb [l/T] to w a l k a r o u n d a r o o m , b u i l d i n g o r place a n d see w h a t is t h e r e l o o k u p /Док л р / phr vb to t r y to find a piece o f i n f o r m a t i o n b y l o o k i n g i n a b o o k o r o n a l i s t , o r b y u s i n g a c o m p u t e r : I had to look the word up in a dictionary. /lu:z/ verb [T] 1 to no l o n g e r have s o m e t h i n g : Mike lost his job last year. 2 t o be u n a b l e to f i n d someone o r s o m e t h i n g : I’ve lost my bag. Have you seen it? verb [l/T] t o n o t w i n a race o r c o m p e t i t i o n : England lost 2-1 to Germany.

lottery

mix

l o t t e r y /’kotari/ noun [C] a game i n w h i c h people w i n money i f t h e y guess the c o r r e c t n u m b e r s /laud/ aoj a loud sound is s t r o n g a n d v e r y easy to hear: There was a loud knocking on the door. /’1эиэ/ verb m 1 to move s o m e t h i n g or someone slowly d o w n f r o m a h i g h e r p o s i t i o n : He lowered himself into the chair. 2 to reduce s o m e t h i n g i n number, a m o u n t , value, or s t r e n g t h : The voting age was lowered from 21 to 18 years. / ‘ U k i / adj i f y o u are l u c k y , s o m e t h i n g good happens to y o u as a r e s u l t of luck: Five lucky winners will each receive £1,000. l y r i c / l i n k / noun [C] the words of a song

/mi:t/ verb [l/T) 1 to come together i n order to spend time w i t h someone who you have arranged to see: I’ll meet you in the bar later. 2 to be i n t r o d u c e d to someone that you do not know: Have you met my wife? m e l o d r a m a t i c /meladra’maetik/ adj behaving i n a way that is too e m o t i o n a l or too serious /melt/ verb [l/T] to change a solid substance into a l i q u i d , or to be changed f r o m a solid into a l i q u i d : Melt the butter in a small saucepan. /’memba/ noun [C] someone who belongs to a group or an organisation: a trade union member /’membajip/ noun [u] the fact of being a member of a club, o r g a n i s a t i o n or group: Several countries have applied for membership of the EU.

M

m e m o r i s e /’mema,raiz/ verb [T] to l e a r n something so that you can remember it perfectly: The children had memorised a poem.

/maed/ adj 1 v e r y s i l l y or stupid: You’ll think I’m mad — I’ve just left my job. 2 an offensive way of describing someone who is mentally i l l m a d n e s s /’maednas/ noun [u] ideas and actions that show a lack of good j u d g m e n t and careful thought: It would be madness to give up your job just now. /maega’ziin/ noun [C] a large t h i n book w i t h a paper cover that is u s u a l l y published once a m o n t h or once a week: a fashion/gardening/motoring magazine m a g i c i a n /тэУзпГ(э)п/ noun [ci someone whose job is to e n t e r t a i n people by p e r f o r m i n g magic t r i c k s / т е т / adj most i m p o r t a n t or largest: We eat our main meal in the evening. /’memli/ adv 1 used for t a l k i n g about the largest or most i m p o r t a n t p a r t of something: This sauce is made mainly of milk and flour. 2 i n most cases: Our customers are mainly young mothers. m a k e u p /meik ‘лр/ phr vb 1 to become f r i e n d l y w i t h someone again after an argument: Why don’t you two forget your differences and make up? 2 to invent something such as a story or an explanation: He made up some excuse about the dog eating his homework. m a k e — u p /’meik,p/ noun [U] substances that people put on t h e i r faces to make t h e m look attractive: Gina wears no make-up at all. m a n u a l /’maenjual/ noun [CI a book that contains i n s t r u c t i o n s for doing something, especially for operating a m a c h i n e /’maend3/ noun [c/u] the r e l a t i o n s h i p between t w o people who are husband and wife: a long and happy marriage /’masri/ verb [T] to p e r f o r m the ceremony i n w h i c h t w o people become husband and wife m a r v e l l o u s /’ma:valas/ adj extremely enjoyable, good or impressive: a marvellous performance/trip/party m a s t e r ‘ s d e g r e e /’ma:staz di,gri:/ noun [C] a u n i v e r s i t y degree that a student gets i f t h e y study for one or two years after t h e i r first degree m a t e /meit/ noun [q a friend /ma’tiarial/ noun [C/u] dress made from? /’msta/ verb [il

cloth: What sort of material

to be i m p o r t a n t : Education

is your

matters.

/mid/ noun [C] an occasion w h e n y o u eat, such as breakfast or l u n c h , or the food that y o u eat at that t i m e : He cooked us a delicious meal. Imv.nl adj 1 c r u e l or u n k i n d : Don’t do that — it’s mean. 2 not w i l l i n g to spend money: She was too mean to put the heating on. verb [T] to have a p a r t i c u l a r m e a n i n g : What does ‘maudlin’ mean? m e a s l e s /’mi:z(a)lz/ noun [u] a n infectious disease i n w h i c h you have red spots a l l over y o u r body and a h i g h temperature m e c h a n i c /mi’kaenik/ noun [ci someone whose job is to r e p a i r vehicles and machines

14

m e c h a n i c a l /mi’ka;nik(a)l/ adj operated by a machine, or r e l a t i n g to machines: a mechanical device

/’mem(a)ri/ noun [C] 1 something that you remember: What are your most vivid memories of that period? 2 the part of a computer i n w h i c h i n f o r m a t i o n is stored noun [singular] the a b i l i t y to remember t h i n g s : Your memory tends to get worse as you get older. m e n d /mend/ verb [T] to r e p a i r something that is broken or damaged: Have you mended the gate? /’menf(a)n/ verb [T] to refer to something, but not discuss it m u c h : He didn’t mention her all evening. /mes/ noun [C/U] a s i t u a t i o n i n w h i c h a place is d i r t y , u n t i d y or i n bad c o n d i t i o n : The garden was a real mess, noun [singular] a difficult s i t u a t i o n w i t h a lot of problems: an economic mess /’mesid3/ noun [C] a piece of w r i t t e n or spoken i n f o r m a t i o n that you give or send to someone: I got your email message, thank you. m e s s y /’mesi/ adj d i r t y or v e r y u n t i d y m i d d l e — a g e d /midl’eidsd/ adj no longer young but not yet old, u s u a l l y between 40 and 60 years of age /’milit(a)ri/ adj forces: military service

r e l a t i n g to armed forces, or using armed

m i m e / m a i m / verb [l/T] to t e l l a story u s i n g only the movements of y o u r body and face, not u s i n g words /mamd/ noun [C/U] y o u r thoughts and attention, or the part of you that t h i n k s , knows and remembers t h i n g s : You never know what’s going on in her mind, verb [i/т] to feel annoyed, upset or unhappy about something: We had to cancel, but Rosa didn t seem to mind, verb [T] to be careful about something: Mind the step! m i n e r /’mama/ noun [C] someone whose job is to d i g coal f r o m a mine /’mira/ noun [C] a piece of special glass i n w h i c h you can see y o u r s e l f or w h a t is b e h i n d you: a bathroom mirror m i s b e h a v e /misbi’heiv/ verb [i] to behave badly m i s e r y /’mizari/ noun [u] the state of being extremely unhappy or uncomfortable /mis/ verb [l/T] to f a i l to catch, h i t or reach something: / tried to catch the ball but missed, verb [T] 1 to f a i l to be present for someone or something: I had to miss a week of school. 2 to feel sad because someone is not w i t h you any longer, or because you do not have or cannot do something any longer: We miss him enormously. m i s s i o n /’mif(a)n/ noun [C] an i m p o r t a n t piece of w o r k that a person or group of people has to do for a government or large organisation, especially one that involves t r a v e l : a fact-finding/rescue mission noun [singular] an a i m that is very i m p o r t a n t to a person or organisation: Helping homeless people was Gina’s mission in life. /mi’steik/ noun [C] 1 something that you have not done correctly, or something you say or t h i n k that is not correct: spelling/grammar mistakes 2 something that you do that you later w i s h you had not done, because it causes a lot of problems: You’re making a big mistake. /miks/ verb [l/T] 1 to combine t w o or more substances so that they become a single substance: Add the eggs and mix thoroughly. 2 to combine t h i n g s such as a c t i v i t i e s , ideas, or styles: In this room, antique and modern furniture have been successfully mixed.

mixture

/’mikstfa/ noun [singular] a c o m b i n a t i o n of t w o or m o r e different people or t h i n g s : Her face showed a mixture offear and excitement, noun [C/U] a substance such as food t h a t is the r e s u l t of m i x i n g different t h i n g s : Spoon the mixture into the cake tins. /’mDd(d)n/ adj 1 r e l a t i n g to o r b e l o n g i n g to the present time: the role of women in modern society 2 u s i n g the most recent methods, ideas, designs or equipment: We should replace the equipment with something more modern. / т л п в / noun [C] 1 one of the 12 periods t h a t a year is divided i n t o , for example J a n u a r y or F e b r u a r y : Could we meet earlier in the month? 2 a p e r i o d of about four weeks: They’re getting married in a month’s time. m o n u m e n t /’monjumant/ noun [C] 1 a s t r u c t u r e t h a t is b u i l t i n a public place i n order to celebrate a n i m p o r t a n t person or event 2 a place of h i s t o r i c a l i m p o r t a n c e /mu:d/ noun [C/U] the w a y t h a t someone is feeling, or the way t h a t a g r o u p of people is feeling at a p a r t i c u l a r t i m e : Politicians have to be in touch with the public mood, noun [С] a group of verb forms t h a t are used to show whether, for example, a sentence is a statement, question o r o r d e r /’moral/ adj r e l a t i n g to r i g h t and w r o n g and the w a y t h a t people should behave: moral standards/principles/values m o s q u e /nrosk/ noun [C] a b u i l d i n g i n w h i c h M u s l i m s w o r s h i p m o t h e r t o n g u e / т л б э Члп/ noun [С] the f i r s t language t h a t y o u learn to speak m o t h e r b o a r d / ‘ т л д э , Ь э У / noun [C] the m a i n c i r c u i t b o a r d i n a computer m o t h e r — i n — l a w /’mAda(r)in,b:/ noun [C] the m o t h e r of y o u r husband or wife

nuclear

N n a t i v e s p e a k e r /neitiv ‘spkka/ noun [q someone who speaks a p a r t i c u l a r language as t h e i r first language n a v y /’neivi/ noun [C] the p a r t of a c o u n t r y ‘ s a r m e d forces t h a t uses ships /’nesas(a)ri/ adj i f s o m e t h i n g is necessary, y o u m u s t have i t or must do it: I don’t want to be disturbed unless it’s absolutely necessary. /пек/ noun [C] 1 the p a r t of y o u r body that j o i n s y o u r head to the rest of y o u r body 2 a l o n g n a r r o w p a r t of s o m e t h i n g such as a bottle or a m u s i c a l i n s t r u m e n t and

/’neiba/ noun [C] neighbours

someone w h o lives near you:

friends

n e i g h b o u r h o o d /’neiba.hud/ noun [C] a p a r t i c u l a r area of a t o w n /’патбэ(г), ‘пкбэ(г)/ conj, det, pron used for s h o w i n g t h a t a negative statement also applies to someone or s o m e t h i n g else: Adam was not invited, and neither were any of his friends. n e p h e w /’nefju:, ‘nevju:/ noun [C] a son of y o u r b r o t h e r or sister, or a son of y o u r husband’s or wife’s b r o t h e r or sister /net/ noun [c/U] a m a t e r i a l made of s t r i n g or rope t h a t is woven i n t o a loose p a t t e r n w i t h spaces i n i t noun [С] 1 i n some sports, a n object made of net t h a t y o u h i t , k i c k or t h r o w the b a l l over or i n t o 2 the Net: the i n t e r n e t

m o t o r w a y /’mauta,wei/ noun [C] a w i d e fast r o a d w i t h several lanes of traffic g o i n g i n each d i r e c t i o n

/nju:z/ noun [U] 1 i n f o r m a t i o n about s o m e t h i n g t h a t has happened recently: I’m afraid I’ve got some bad news. 2 i n f o r m a t i o n about recent events t h a t is r e p o r t e d i n newspapers or on t e l e v i s i o n o r r a d i o : foreign/sports/financial news

/’mauntm/ noun [C] 1 a v e r y h i g h h i l l : They went walking and climbing in the mountains. 2 a l a r g e pile or a m o u n t of something: a mountain of paperwork

/’nju:z,peipa/ noun [C] a set of large p r i n t e d sheets of folded paper c o n t a i n i n g news, a r t i c l e s and other i n f o r m a t i o n that is p u b l i s h e d every day or every week: a local newspaper

m o u n t a i n r a n g e /’mauntm ,remd3/ noun [q a l o n g r o w o f m o u n t a i n s /maus/ noun [С] 1 a small f u r r y a n i m a l w i t h a long t a i l 2 a s m a l l object connected to a c o m p u t e r t h a t y o u move i n order to do t h i n g s on the computer screen: Click on the left mouse button. m o u s e p a d /’maus,paed/ noun [C] the flat p a r t o n a laptop t h a t y o u operate w i t h y o u r fingers to do t h i n g s o n a c o m p u t e r screen m o u s t a c h e /im’sta:J7 noun [q h a i r t h a t g r o w s above a man’s m o u t h /’mu:vmant/ noun [C/U] 1 a w a y of m o v i n g y o u r body, or the a b i l i t y to move y o u r body: rhythmic movements 2 the process of m o v i n g s o m e t h i n g f r o m one place to another: The agreement governs the free movement of goods between countries.

n e w s r e a d e r /’nju:z,ri:da/ noun [C] someone whose j o b is to read the news o n t e l e v i s i o n or r a d i o n i e c e /ni:s/ noun [C] a daughter of y o u r b r o t h e r o r sister, or a daughter of y o u r husband’s o r wife’s b r o t h e r or sister n i g h t m a r e /’nait,mea/ noun [C] a v e r y f r i g h t e n i n g and unpleasant d r e a m : / still have terrible nightmares about the crash. /’naizi/ adj neighbours

m a k i n g a lot of noise, or f u l l of noise: noisy

n o n — a l c o h o l i c /nonadka’holik/ adj non-alcoholic d r i n k does not c o n t a i n alcohol

m o v i n g /’mu:virj/ adj 1 m a k i n g y o u feel sad or s y m p a t h e t i c 2 a moving object is s o m e t h i n g t h a t moves: He was pushed from a moving train.

n o n — r e s i d e n t /nnn’rezidant/ adj 1 not based i n a p a r t i c u l a r c o u n t r y : The island does not tax non-resident companies. 2 not l i v i n g i n a house t h a t y o u o w n : These houses all belong to non­ resident owners. 3 not l i v i n g at the place w h e r e y o u w o r k : non­ resident teaching staff

m u g / т л д / verb [T] to attack someone i n a p u b l i c place and steal their money or possessions

n o n — s m o k i n g /nnrismaukirj/ adj a n o n — s m o k i n g area is one where you are not a l l o w e d to smoke

m u g g e r /’тлда(г)/ noun [C] someone w h o attacks people i n p u b l i c places and steals t h e i r money, j e w e l l e r y , o r other possessions

n o n — s t o p /nDn’stDp/ adj c o n t i n u i n g w i t h o u t stopping: non-stop entertainment

m u g g i n g /’тлдгп/ noun [C/U] a n attack o n someone i n a p u b l i c place i n order to steal t h e i r money, j e w e l l e r y o r other possessions / ‘ т з У э / noun [c/U] the c r i m e of deliberately k i l l i n g someone: The murder was committed over five years ago. m u r d e r e r /’m3:dara/ noun [C] someone w h o c o m m i t s m u r d e r /’m.As(d)l/ noun [C/u] a piece of flesh t h a t connects bones and moves a p a r t i c u l a r p a r t of y o u r body: These exercises are good for your stomach muscles. m y s t e r i o u s /mi’stiarias/ adj not e x p l a i n e d , u n d e r s t o o d or k n o w n : They are investigating the mysterious disappearance of a young man. /’mist(d)ri/ noun [C] 1 s o m e t h i n g t h a t y o u cannot understand, e x p l a i n , or get i n f o r m a t i o n about: The exact origin of the universe remains a mystery. 2 a story, film or play i n w h i c h events take place t h a t are not e x p l a i n e d u n t i l the end: a murder mystery

/nauz/ noun [C] the p a r t of y o u r face t h a t is above y o u r m o u t h t h a t y o u use for s m e l l i n g and b r e a t h i n g : I’d like to punch him on the nose. /naut/ noun [C] 1 a short w r i t t e n message to someone: I’ve written him a note asking him to meet me tonight. 2 a piece of paper money: a £5 note noun [plural] notes: details f r o m s o m e t h i n g such as a l e c t u r e or a book t h a t y o u w r i t e on a piece of paper so t h a t y o u can remember t h e m : It’ll help you later if you take notes. /’nDv(a)l/ noun [C] a long w r i t t e n s t o r y about i m a g i n a r y characters and events n o v e l i s t /’novelist/ noun [C] someone w h o w r i t e s novels divorced

/’naua,deiz/ adv nowadays.

at the present t i m e : Lots of people get

/’njurklia/ adj r e l a t i n g to energy t h a t is produced by c h a n g i n g the s t r u c t u r e of the c e n t r a l p a r t of an atom: nuclear power/energy

l

15

obey

partner

/a’bei/ verb [l/T] to do w h a t a person, law or r u l e says t h a t you must do: Officers expect their troops to obey them without question. /db’d3ektiv/ noun [C] s o m e t h i n g t h a t you p l a n to achieve: I’m not sure I understand the objective of this exercise. /’Dbvias/ adj

clear to almost anyone: an obvious

mistake

/ n b v i a s l i / adv i n a way t h a t is clear for almost anyone to see or u n d e r s t a n d : Richards was obviously disappointed at being left out of the team. /э’кег5(э)пэН/ adv sometimes, but not frequently or r e g u l a r l y : Simmer the sauce for ten minutes, stirring occasionally. /bfa/ verb [T] to let someone k n o w t h a t you w i l l give t h e m something or do something for t h e m i f t h e y w a n t i t : They haven’t offered me the job yet. /Wis/ noun [C] a r o o m or b u i l d i n g where the people i n an o r g a n i s a t i o n or department w o r k , or the people w h o w o r k there: the company’s Los Angeles office o n e — p a r e n t f a m i l y / w A n pearant ‘faemali:/ noun [C] a f a m i l y i n w h i c h o n l y one parent lives i n the home and looks after the c h i l d r e n /’onlam/ adj connected to or available t h r o u g h a computer or a computer n e t w o r k , especially the Internet: an online bookshop o p e n — m i n d e d /eupan’maindid/ adj w i l l i n g to consider new ideas o p e r a t o r /’Dpa,reita/ noun [C] 1 someone who w o r k s for a telephone company and helps people w i t h calls 2 someone wdiose j o b is to operate a machine or piece of equipment: a crane operator /a’paunant/ noun [C] 1 someone who is c o m p e t i n g against y o u : His opponent received only 36 per cent of the vote. 2 someone who disagrees w i t h s o m e t h i n g and t r i e s to change or stop i t : opponents of the legislation /npa’tjuinati/ noun [C/u] a chance to do something, or a s i t u a t i o n i n w h i c h i t is easy for you to do something: The trip sounds like a wonderful opportunity. /’Dpazit/ adj 1 across f r o m , or on the other side of, someone or something: They sat at opposite ends of the room. 2 completely different: The car smashed into a lorry coming in the opposite direction. /’Dpjbjn/ noun [C] s o m e t h i n g t h a t you can choose to do: We discussed all the marketing options and chose television advertising. /’a:da/ verb [T] 1 to t e l l someone to do something, i n a way that shows that you have a u t h o r i t y : The government has ordered an investigation into the cause of the accident. 2 to put t h i n g s i n a p a r t i c u l a r order: The list of books is ordered alphabetically, verb [l/T] to ask for s o m e t h i n g to be brought to you or be made for y o u : Are you ready to order? /’a:d(a)n(a)ri/ adj n o r m a l or average, and not u n u s u a l or special: It was just an ordinary Saturday morning. o r g a n i s e d /’a:ga,naizd/ adj 1 planned c a r e f u l l y and effectively 2 an organised person arranges and plans a c t i v i t i e s c a r e f u l l y and effectively o r g a n i s e r /’a:ga,naiza/ noun [C] someone who makes a l l the arrangements for an event or a c t i v i t y /э’гк1з(э)пэ1/ adj 1 e x i s t i n g at the b e g i n n i n g of a p e r i o d or process, before any changes have been made: Do you know who the car’s original owner was? 2 new, i n t e r e s t i n g , and different from a n y t h i n g else: a highly original design 3 not copied f r o m something else: The original painting is in a museum in Vienna. o u t d o o r s /aut’da:z/ adv not i n a b u i l d i n g o u t f i t /’autfit/ noun [C] a set of clothes t h a t are w o r n together o u t l a w /’autla:/ noun [C] a c r i m i n a l

/aut’said/ adj, adv, noun, prep 1 not inside a b u i l d i n g : Outside the sun was shining. 2 away f r o m a p a r t i c u l a r c o u n t r y , area or t o w n : The postal service is better outside London. 3 not w i t h i n the l i m i t s of a p a r t i c u l a r t i m e , range or s i t u a t i o n : classes held outside normal school hours

16

/’auva(r)/ adv, prep 1 m o v i n g across the space above someone or s o m e t h i n g : Government troops fired a few shots over their heads. 2 on someone or s o m e t h i n g and c o v e r i n g them: She put her hands over her ears. 3 on the opposite side of a n area, l i n e , r o a d , r i v e r etc: Sandra’s brother lives just over the road from our house. 4 f a l l i n g , h a n g i n g o r l o o k i n g d o w n f r o m the edge of s o m e t h i n g : Lava flowed over the rim of the volcano. 5 more t h a n a p a r t i c u l a r a m o u n t , n u m b e r o r age: Yeltsin was elected by a large majority with over 45 million votes. o v e r t i m e /’aova.taim/ noun [U] e x t r a h o u r s t h a t someone w o r k s at t h e i r job, or money t h a t is p a i d for w o r k i n g e x t r a h o u r s o v e r w e i g h t /auva’weit/ adj heavier t h a n y o u should be /’эипэ/ noun [C] someone w h o owns s o m e t h i n g : a restaurant/supermarket/hotel owner o z o n e l a y e r /’auzaun ,leia/ noun [singular] a layer of ozone i n the E a r t h ‘ s atmosphere t h a t protects the E a r t h f r o m the h a r m f u l effects of the S u n

P p a c i f i s t /’paesifist/ noun [C] someone w h o believes t h a t violence is w r o n g a n d refuses to fight i n w a r s p a c k a g i n g /’paekid3in/ noun [U] the boxes, plastic etc t h a t are used for w r a p p i n g products /’paekit/ noun [C] 1 a box, bag or piece of plastic w r a p p i n g , c o n t a i n i n g food t h a t is ready to be sold: The ingredients should be listed on the packet. 2 a s m a l l parcel or envelope c o n t a i n i n g a set of s i m i l a r t h i n g s : A packet of brochures arrived in the post. / р е ш / noun [c/U] a bad feeling i n p a r t of your body when you are h u r t or become i l l : An old injury was causing him intense pain. /’pemf(a)l/ adj causing p h y s i c a l p a i n : The sting can be excruciatingly painful. p a i n k i l l e r /’pem,kda/ noun [C] a medicine t h a t reduces p a i n /реэ/ noun [C] 1 a set of t w o t h i n g s of the same type: The vases were sold as a pair. 2 a single u n i t made up of two s i m i l a r p a r t s j o i n e d together: My glasses are getting old and I probably need a new pair. p a l /pad/ noun [C] a f r i e n d /peil/ adj 1 l i g h t and not b r i g h t i n colour: pale blue/yellow/ green 2 a pale person has s k i n t h a t is l i g h t e r t h a n usual because they are i l l , shocked or w o r r i e d : He looked pale and weary. p a l m t r e e /’pa:m ,tri:/ noun [С] a t r o p i c a l tree w i t h o u t branches that has large w i d e leaves g r o w i n g f r o m the top of its t r u n k p a p e r w o r k /’peipa,w3:k/ noun [U] the documents t h a t you need for a p a r t i c u l a r a c t i v i t y or occasion p a r a c e t a m o l /paera’sktamDl, ,paera’setamDl/ noun [c/U] a c o m m o n type of p a i n k i l l e r p a r a c h u t i n g /’paerajictin/ noun [U] the a c t i v i t y of j u m p i n g out of a plane w e a r i n g a parachute p a r c e l /’pa:s(a)l/ noun [C] s o m e t h i n g w r a p p e d i n paper or i n a large envelope so t h a t i t can be sent by post p a r r o t /’paerat/ noun [C] a b r i g h t l y coloured t r o p i c a l b i r d that is often kept as a pet and can be taught to copy what people say p a r t i c l e /’pa:tik(a)l/ noun [C] 1 an extremely s m a l l piece or amount of s o m e t h i n g 2 an adverb or preposition used w i t h a verb to f o r m a p h r a s a l verb. For example i n the sentence ‘He q u i c k l y put on his clothes’, ‘on’ is a p a r t i c l e . /pa’tikjula/ adj used for emphasising t h a t you are t a l k i n g about one specific person or t h i n g and not anyone or a n y t h i n g else: Are there any particular topics that you would like me to explain further? /paitna/ noun [C] 1 someone who you live w i t h and have a sexual relationship w i t h : Are partners invited to the office party? 2 someone who you do a p a r t i c u l a r a c t i v i t y wdth: John is my tennis partner. 3 one of two or more people who o w n a company and share its profits and losses: He became a partner in his father’s law firm.

part-time

positive

p a r t — t i m e / pa:t’taim/ adj d o n e for o n l y p a r t o f t h e t i m e t h a t a n

p i c t u r e s q u e /piktfa’resk/ adj a p i c t u r e s q u e p l a c e o r s c e n e i s a t t r a c t i v e

(

a c t i v i t y i s u s u a l l y p e r f o r m e d : a part-time

job

/ p i l / noun [C]

t y /»parti/ noun [C] * * * 1 a s o c i a l e v e n t a t w h i c h p e o p l e m e e t i n o r d e r to c e l e b r a t e s o m e t h i n g o r h a v e f u n : Did you invite her to your birthday

party?

/ p m / noun [q

2 a n o r g a n i s e d group of people w h o s h a r e

the s a m e i d e a s a b o u t h o w a c o u n t r y s h o u l d b e g o v e r n e d , a n d w h o t r y to get e l e c t e d : the two main political /’pa?f(a)n/ noun [c/u] refugees, noun [q classical

about

u s e d for h o l d i n g cloth i n place w h i l e y o u a r e s e w i n g

n u m b e r s t h a t y o u p u t i n t o a c a s h m a c h i n e i n o r d e r to t a k e m o n e y

the plight

out of y o u r b a n k a c c o u n t

of the

a s t r o n g e n t h u s i a s m o r i n t e r e s t : a passion

for

p i r a c y /’pairasi/ noun [u] 1 t h e c r i m e o f m a k i n g a n d s e l l i n g i l l e g a l copies of c o m p u t e r p r o g r a m s , books, videos o r C D s 2 the c r i m e

music

p a s s w o r d /’pa:s,w3:d/ noun [С] a s e c r e t w o r d o r p h r a s e t h a t y o u n e e d i n o r d e r to get i n t o a r o o m , b u i l d i n g o r a r e a

of s t e a l i n g t h i n g s f r o m s h i p s w h i l e t h e y a r e s a i l i n g p i r a t e /’pairat/ noun [C] s o m e o n e w h o s t e a l s t h i n g s f r o m s h i p s w h i l e they a r e s a i l i n g

/ р а : 6 / noun [C]

a w a y f r o m o n e p l a c e to a n o t h e r t h a t p e o p l e

c a n w a l k a l o n g : Amy

walked

up the path

to the

/pitJ7 noun [C]

house.

pitch

s o m e o n e w h o i s p a t i e n t i s a b l e to w a i t for /pleis/ verb [T]

a long t i m e o r d e a l w i t h a d i f f i c u l t s i t u a t i o n w i t h o u t b e c o m i n g a n g r y o r u p s e t : Susan’s

very patient

/’pa?t(a)n/ noun [C]

with the

of behaviour

in young

children.

the dish on the

/ p l a : n t / noun [C]

1 a s e r i e s of a c t i o n s o r events that

patterns

to p u t s o m e t h i n g s o m e w h e r e , u s u a l l y i n a

c a r e f u l w a y : Ella placed

children.

together s h o w h o w t h i n g s n o r m a l l y h a p p e n o r a r e d o n e :

with

3 a d r a w i n g or shape that you use w h e n you a r e

m a k i n g s o m e t h i n g , so t h a t y o u get t h e s h a p e a n d s i z e c o r r e c t

/’plaet,fa:m/ noun [C]

plant 1 a r a i s e d s t r u c t u r e for p e o p l e

to s t a n d o n s o t h a t t h e y c a n b e s e e n b y a n a u d i e n c e : The candidates session.

PC / pi: ‘si:/ noun [C] 1 p e r s o n a l c o m p u t e r : a c o m p u t e r t h a t i s

table.

a l i v i n g t h i n g that grows i n soil a n d h a s

l e a v e s a n d r o o t s : a strawberry

The 2 a set of

l i n e s , s h a p e s o r c o l o u r s t h a t a r e r e p e a t e d r e g u l a r l y : a carpet a pretty pattern

a flat a r e a o f g r o u n d t h a t i s u s e d for p l a y i n g

s p o r t s o n : a football/cricket/rugby

/’peif(a)nt/ adj

study examined

pills

a s m a l l t h i n piece of m e t a l w i t h a s h a r p point,

P I N / p i n / noun 1С] p e r s o n a l i d e n t i f i c a t i o n n u m b e r : a s e t of f o u r

parties

a p o w e r f u l emotion s u c h a s love

or a n g e r : She spoke with great passion

a s m a l l piece of solid m e d i c i n e that y o u s w a l l o w

w i t h w a t e r : vitamin

shared

the platform

for the question

and

two

answer

2 a n a r e a n e x t to a r a i l w a y t r a c k w h e r e p a s s e n g e r s

get o n t o a n d o f f t r a i n s : The train

to Brussels

will depart

from

t

d e s i g n e d to b e u s e d b y o n e p e r s o n a t h o m e o r i n a n office 2 p o l i c e constable: a police officer of t h e lowest r a n k /pi:s/ noun [U]

peace in Europe.

/ p l e i / noun [C]

in

/’pi:sf(a)l/ adj

wanted

to

solution

to the crisis

surroundings.

t i m e , q u a n t i t y , d i s t a n c e e t c : He is paid £10 per

the

job.

of a

/’pokit/ noun [C]

a s m a l l b a g that forms p a r t of a piece of

pockets for

the car

her

keys.

y o u i l l i f y o u e a t , d r i n k o r b r e a t h e it verb [T] 1 to k i l l s o m e o n e , o r

1 u s e d for s a y i n g that y o u a r e not

m a k e t h e m v e r y i l l , b y g i v i n g t h e m p o i s o n : He was suspected

for

poisoning

moved away. 2 u s e d w h e n y o u a r e

factories

m a k i n g a suggestion, g i v i n g a d v i c e or m a k i n g a polite request: You don’t look well — perhaps

plot

p o i s o n /’poiz(a)n/ noun [c/U] a s u b s t a n c e t h a t c a n k i l l y o u o r m a k e

school.

they’ve

a s e c r e t p l a n to do

c l o t h i n g a n d i s u s e d f o r h o l d i n g s m a l l o b j e c t s : She searched

the s t a n d a r d of s u c c e s s that

c e r t a i n w h e t h e r s o m e t h i n g i s t r u e : I haven’t seen them months — perhaps

a series of related events that m a k e up

t h e m a i n s t o r y i n a b o o k , film e t c noun [C]

p i p e s a n d e q u i p m e n t t h a t a r e u s e d for s u p p l y i n g a n d s t o r i n g w a t e r

s o m e o n e o r s o m e t h i n g a c h i e v e s : A healthy diet can improve

/pa’haeps/ adv

c a n play, e s p e c i a l l y at a s c h o o l

the act of p e r f o r m i n g a play,

d a n c e o r o t h e r f o r m o f e n t e r t a i n m e n t : The first performance the opera was in 1936. noun [c/U]

2 someone who plays a m u s i c a l

p l u m b e r / ‘ р 1 л т э / noun [C] s o m e o n e w h o s e j o b i s to fit a n d r e p a i r t h e

t h i n g s to b e d o n e i n a p e r f e c t w a y /pa’fa:mans/ noun [C]

player

player

s o m e t h i n g b a d , m a d e b y t w o o r m o r e p e o p l e : a kidnap

p e r f e c t i o n i s t /pa’fekf(a)nist/ noun [C] s o m e o n e w h o a l w a y s w a n t s

in

1 someone who plays a particular game

o r s p o r t : a tennis/cricket

/phot/ noun [c/u] hour for

play

p l a y g r o u n d /’plei.graund/ noun [C] a n a r e a o f l a n d w h e r e c h i l d r e n

talks

2 c a l m a n d quiet:

u s e d f o r s t a t i n g t h e r a t e o r c o s t for e a c h u n i t o f

child’s performance

West End

i n s t r u m e n t : a piano

1 not i n v o l v i n g w a r or violence:

The hotel is set in peaceful

a p i e c e o f w r i t i n g t h a t i s i n t e n d e d to b e

/’pleia/ noun [С]

peace.

aimed at finding a peaceful

/ р э , р з : / prep

Shakespeare/

agreement

2 a c a l m quiet situation i n w h i c h

you a r e not a n n o y e d b y n o i s e o r o t h e r p e o p l e : He just read his newspaper

3.

performed by actors i n a theatre or on television or the radio: a

1 a situation i n w h i c h there is no w a r

b e t w e e n c o u n t r i e s o r g r o u p s : For many years the maintained

platform

you should

go to the

doctor.

of

his wife. 2 to p u t p o i s o n i n s o m e t h i n g : Waste from is poisoning

the water

the

supply.

p o l i c e f o r c e /’p(a)li:s ,fa:s/ noun [C] a n o r g a n i s e d g r o u p o f p o l i c e o f f i c e r s i n c h a r g e of a c o u n t r y o r a p a r t i c u l a r a r e a

/ ‘ р з : т э п э т / adj

h a p p e n i n g or e x i s t i n g for a

long t i m e , o r for a l l t i m e i n t h e f u t u r e : The illness can permanent

p o l i c e o f f i c e r /’p(a)li:s pfisa/ noun [ci a m e m b e r o f t h e p o l i c e

cause

/pa’laitli/ adv

blindness. /pa’mif(a)n/ noun [u]

t h e r i g h t to do s o m e t h i n g t h a t

is g i v e n to y o u b y s o m e o n e i n a u t h o r i t y : You are not allowed camp here without

/pa’sweid/ verb (Tj come with us, although

/рэ’1и:Дэ)п/ noun [u]

1 to m a k e s o m e o n e a g r e e to do it took a long time to persuade

2 to m a k e s o m e o n e b e l i e v e t h a t s o m e t h i n g i s t r u e : I managed persuade

him that it was not his

/’petral/ noun [u]

i n a p o l i t e w a y : ‘Didyou

him. to

a l i q u i d that is u s e d a s a fuel for c a r s a n d

other vehicles:

pollution

someone who h a s a job i n politics chemicals a n d other substances

/ р э : / adj

levels from

2 not a s good a s e x p e c t e d o r needed: 3 u s e d for s h o w i n g t h a t y o u feel

poor health/eyesight/hearing

s o r r y f o r s o m e o n e : The poor child

most popular

girls

in the

had lost both his

l i k e d b y m a n y p e o p l e : Jenny

p o p u l a t i o n /pDpjo’leif(a)n/ noun [singular] w h o l i v e i n a p a r t i c u l a r a r e a : Los Angeles

p h o t o g r a p h e r /fa’tografa/ noun [C] s o m e o n e w h o t a k e s p h o t o g r a p h s ,

than 40% of the population

over 3 million.

the science that deals w i t h heat, light a n d

p i c n i c / ‘ p i k n i k / noun [ci a m e a l t h a t y o u e a t o u t s i d e

about

1 the n u m b e r of people

voted in the last

has a population

of Less

election.

1 c o m p l e t e l y c e r t a i n : We’d met before — 1

that. 2 b e l i e v i n g t h a t g o o d t h i n g s w i l l h a p p e n ,

o r t h a t a s i t u a t i o n w i l l get b e t t e r : a positive

attitude

e x p e r i e n c e , s i t u a t i o n , r e s u l t e t c i s a g o o d o n e : School totally positive

is one of the

2 a l l the people w h o live i n a p a r t i c u l a r a r e a :

/’pDzativ/ adj was positive

parents.

school.

p h a r m a c y /’fa:masi/ noun [C] a p l a c e w h e r e m e d i c i n e s a r e p r e p a r e d and sold

especially as their job

to

rising

1 h a v i n g little m o n e y a n d few p o s s e s s i o n s : a

poor family/area/country

p o p u l a r /’popjula/ adj

p e t r o l s t a t i o n /’petral .steifan/ noun [C] a g a r a g e t h a t s e l l s p e t r o l for your c a r

/’fiziks/ noun [U]

well?’she

t h a t h a v e a h a r m f u l effect o n a i r , w a t e r o r l a n d : new measures prevent

fault.

other f o r m s of e n e r g y a n d h o w t h e y affect objects

sleep

politely. /,pDla’ti/(a)n/ noun [C]

to

permission.

s o m e t h i n g b y g i v i n g t h e m r e a s o n s w h y t h e y s h o u l d : He did finally

asked

experience

for

me.

3 a positive was a

possession

/pa’zef(a)n/ noun [C] s o m e t h i n g that you o w n : Their family home and possessions were destroyed in the fire. /paust/ noun [ui the letters and parcels that are d e l i v e r e d to someone, or the system used for c o l l e c t i n g , c a r r y i n g a n d d e l i v e r i n g t h e m : There was no post for you today, verb [T] 1 to send a letter or p a r c e l to someone i n the post 2 to put i n f o r m a t i o n or a message where the p u b l i c can see i t , for example on a w a l l : The menu and prices are posted outside the door. 3 to put i n f o r m a t i o n on the I n t e r n e t : New job openings are posted every day on their website. p o t i o n /’рэи/(э)п/ noun [C] a d r i n k t h a t is believed to be magic, poisonous or useful as a m e d i c i n e /’раиэ/ noun [u] 1 the a b i l i t y to influence or c o n t r o l people: a power struggle within the party 2 energy t h a t is used for o p e r a t i n g equipment a n d machines: solar power 3 p h y s i c a l force or s t r e n g t h : The boy was thrown backwards by the power of the blast. /’praektik(a)l/ adj 1 i n v o l v i n g , or r e l a t i n g to, r e a l situations r a t h e r t h a n theories or ideas alone: Unfortunately this research has no practical use. 2 m a k i n g sensible decisions a n d choices based on w h a t can be successfully achieved: Despite their wealth, they were always practical about money. 3 intended to be useful or suitable, not j u s t fashionable or a t t r a c t i v e : a practical car for the family 4 able to m a k e r e p a i r s or do t h i n g s w i t h y o u r hands i n a s k i l f u l way /’praektis/ noun [C/U] occasions w h e n y o u do s o m e t h i n g i n order to become better at i t , or the t i m e t h a t y o u spend d o i n g t h i s : piano/basketball practice /’praektis/ verb [l/T] to repeat a n a c t i v i t y r e g u l a r l y so t h a t y o u become b e t t e r at i t : How many hours a day do you practise? /prei/ verb [l/T] to speak to God or a saint, for example to give t h a n k s or to ask for help: They prayed for peace. p r e d a t o r /’predata/ noun [C] a n a n i m a l t h a t k i l l s and eats other animals /prfdikt/ verb [T] to say w h a t y o u t h i n k w i l l happen i n the f u t u r e : They’re predicting heavy rain for tomorrow. p r e s c r i p t i o n /prfsknpjan/ noun [C] a piece o f paper t h a t a doctor gives y o u t h a t says w h a t t y p e of m e d i c i n e y o u need: The drug is only available on prescription. /pres/ noun the press: newspapers a n d news magazines, or the j o u r n a l i s t s w h o w o r k on t h e m : the national/local/ American press /’preja/ noun [c/U] 1 a t t e m p t s t o persuade o r force someone to do s o m e t h i n g : Pressure for political change increased in the 1990s. 2 a w o r r i e d f e e l i n g t h a t y o u get w h e n you have to deal w i t h a d i f f i c u l t or c o m p l i c a t e d s i t u a t i o n : With greatly increased workloads, everyone is under pressure now. noun [U] a p h y s i c a l force t h a t is p r e s s i n g o n someone o r s o m e t h i n g : She became aware of the pressure of his hand on her shoulder. /’prhvias/ adj a p r e v i o u s event, p e r i o d or t h i n g happened or existed before the one t h a t y o u are t a l k i n g about: Mark has two children from a previous marriage. /prkst/ noun [C] 1 someone whose j o b is to p e r f o r m r e l i g i o u s duties and ceremonies i n some C h r i s t i a n churches: a Roman Catholic priest 2 a m a n w h o p e r f o r m s r e l i g i o u s duties i n some r e l i g i o n s t h a t are not C h r i s t i a n

quickly / p r a i z / noun [C] a r e w a r d t h a t y o u get for b e i n g s u c c e s s f u l i n a c o m p e t i t i o n , o r for b e i n g g o o d at s o m e t h i n g : the Nobel Prize

for

chemistry

/•prodAkt/ noun [C/u] s o m e t h i n g that is made, g r o w n or o b t a i n e d i n l a r g e q u a n t i t i e s so t h a t it c a n be s o l d : dairy/

pharmaceutical/software

1 r e l a t i n g to w o r k t h a t n e e d s

s p e c i a l s k i l l s a n d q u a l i f i c a t i o n s : Teachers

must be free to exercise

their professional judgment. 2 p l a y i n g a s p o r t o r t a k i n g p a r t i n a n a c t i v i t y a s a j o b r a t h e r t h a n for e n j o y m e n t : a professional

actor/photographer /pra’fesa/ noun [C]

u n i v e r s i t y : a professor

a s e n i o r t e a c h e r i n a college or

of

English

/’praugraem/ noun [C]

1 a s e r i e s of p l a n n e d e v e n t s :

a festival with an exciting musical programme 2 a t e l e v i s i o n o r r a d i o b r o a d c a s t : More people watch the news than any other programme. 3 a document that tells you what w i l l happen i n a p e r f o r m a n c e or event p r o g r a m m e r / ‘ р г а ц д г а е т э / noun [C] s o m e o n e w h o s e j o b i s to c r e a t e computer programs /’prDd3ekt, ‘ p r a u d j e k t / noun [C] a p i e c e of w o r k t h a t i n v o l v e s c o l l e c t i n g i n f o r m a t i o n : The university has set up a new

research project to study language development /’promis/ verb [l/T]

in babies.

1 to t e l l s o m e o n e t h a t y o u w i l l

d e f i n i t e l y do s o m e t h i n g : The police chief promised tougher action against young criminals. 2 to m a k e s o m e t h i n g s e e m l i k e l y : This evening promises to be a lot of fun. /’propati/ noun [U] t h e t h i n g s t h a t y o u o w n : The books are my personal property, noun [c/U] l a n d a n d t h e b u i l d i n g s on

it: He owns several properties /pra’tekt/ verb [T]

Are you prepared

in

London.

to k e e p s o m e o n e o r s o m e t h i n g safe:

to protect yourself

/pra’tekf(a)n/ noun [U]

in case of

attack?

t h e p r o c e s s of k e e p i n g

s o m e o n e o r s o m e t h i n g safe: the protection

of the

countryside

p r o t e i n / ‘ p r a u t k n / noun [U] a s u b s t a n c e i n f o o d s s u c h a s m e a t , eggs and m i l k that keeps you healthy /’prautest/ noun [C/u]

a strong complaint or disagreement:

protest against the nuclear testing noun [C]

a formal

a n occasion

w h e n p e o p l e s h o w s t r o n g p u b l i c o p p o s i t i o n to s o m e t h i n g : a

protest

march

p r o t e s t /pra’test/ verb [i]

to s h o w p u b l i c l y t h a t y o u o p p o s e

s o m e t h i n g : Workers are protesting

against high

unemployment.

/ p r a o d / adj 1 f e e l i n g h a p p y a b o u t y o u r a c h i e v e m e n t s , y o u r p o s s e s s i o n s , o r p e o p l e w h o y o u a r e c o n n e c t e d w i t h : We’re so proud of her for telling the truth. 2 a p r o u d p e r s o n d o e s not l i k e o t h e r p e o p l e to h e l p t h e m o r to t h i n k t h a t t h e y a r e w e a k : a proud

and

independent

nation

/pAbli’keif(a)n/ noun [U]

t h e p r o c e s s of p r o d u c i n g a

b o o k for people to buy: She became famous her first novel, noun [Ci

financial

after the publication

p u b l i s h e r /’рлЬЬ/э/ noun [C] a p e r s o n o r c o m p a n y t h a t p r o d u c e s a n d sells books / ‘ р л ш ] / verb [T] to do s o m e t h i n g u n p l e a s a n t to s o m e o n e b e c a u s e t h e y h a v e d o n e s o m e t h i n g b a d o r i l l e g a l : He was

punished

for

/рз-s/

stealing.

noun [C]

a s m a l l b a g for c a r r y i n g m o n e y

S

/print/ verb [l/T] to produce words, n u m b e r s , p i c t u r e s etc on paper, u s i n g a p r i n t e r or p r i n t i n g press: The book is beautifully printed on quality paper, verb m 1 to p u b l i s h s o m e t h i n g i n a newspaper or magazine: They refused to print my letter. 2 to produce a p h o t o g r a p h on paper

Q

/’printa/ noun [C] 1 a piece of equipment that y o u use for p r i n t i n g documents t h a t y o u have created on a computer 2 a person or business that p r i n t s books, newspapers etc

q u e s t i o n n a i r e /kwestfa’nea/ noun [q a set of q u e s t i o n s t h a t a lot of p e o p l e a r e a s k e d a s a w a y o f g e t t i n g i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t w h a t p e o p l e g e n e r a l l y t h i n k o r do

/’pnz(a)n/ noun [C/u] a n i n s t i t u t i o n where people are kept as a p u n i s h m e n t for c o m m i t t i n g a c r i m e : He’s currently in prison for tax fraud.

of

a m a g a z i n e , n e w s p a p e r o r book: a weekly

publication

p r i m e m i n i s t e r / p r a i m ‘minista/ noun [C] the p o l i t i c a l leader i n c o u n t r i e s such as the U K t h a t are governed by a p a r l i a m e n t

18

products

/pra’fej»(a)nal/ adj

/ k j u : / noun [C]

a l i n e of p e o p l e t h a t a r e w a i t i n g for

s o m e t h i n g : There was a long queue for / ‘ k w i k l i / adv

tickets.

at a fast s p e e d : We have to work

quickly.

race

respect /’ref(d)rans/ noun [C/U] a comment that mentions s o m e o n e o r s o m e t h i n g : He made no reference to my untidy appearance, noun [C] a statement g i v i n g i n f o r m a t i o n about you that you a s k someone who k n o w s you or h a s worked w i t h you to p r o v i d e w h e n y o u a p p l y for a n e w j o b : Her former employer provided a reference for her.

/reis/ noun [C] a competition that decides who is the fastest at d o i n g s o m e t h i n g : He is training for a big race, noun [C/u] a g r o u p of people w h o a r e s i m i l a r b e c a u s e t h e y h a v e t h e s a m e s k i n c o l o u r or o t h e r p h y s i c a l f e a t u r e s , o r b e c a u s e t h e y s p e a k t h e s a m e l a n g u a g e or h a v e t h e s a m e h i s t o r y or c u s t o m s : We do not discriminate on the basis of race or gender. r a i n f o r e s t /’rem.fDnst/ noun [C/U] a forest i n a t r o p i c a l r e g i o n of t h e w o r l d w h e r e it r a i n s a lot r a i s e y o u r v o i c e /,reiz j3 ‘VDIS/ phrase to s p e a k i n a l o u d a n g r y w a y : We told him not to raise his voice to our children. r a s h /гае// noun [c] a n a r e a of s m a l l r e d s p o t s o n y o u r s k i n t h a t i s c a u s e d by a n i l l n e s s or a r e a c t i o n to s o m e t h i n g /ri:t|7 verb [T] to a r r i v e s o m e w h e r e : We hoped to reach the camp before dark, verb [I] to m o v e y o u r h a n d t o w a r d s s o m e t h i n g y o u a r e t r y i n g to t o u c h o r p i c k u p : He turned round and reached for the phone, verb [i/т] to m a n a g e to t o u c h s o m e t h i n g or p i c k it u p b y s t r e t c h i n g out y o u r a r m : We keep the bottles up here so the children can’t reach them. r e a d o u t /,ri:d ‘aut/ phr vb to s a y t h e w o r d s t h a t y o u a r e r e a d i n g so that people c a n h e a r t h e m : He read the list of names

out.

r e a d u p o n / r i : d ‘лр on/ phr vb to get i n f o r m a t i o n o n a p a r t i c u l a r subject by r e a d i n g a lot a b o u t it: I need to read up on my

r e b e l l i o u s /n’beljds/ adj o p p o s i n g a u t h o r i t y or t h e a c c e p t e d r u l e s of society

s o m e o n e r e b o o t s it, it s t a r t s a g a i n a f t e r it h a s b e e n t u r n e d off /n’si:t/ noun [C] a d o c u m e n t t h a t y o u get f r o m s o m e o n e s h o w i n g t h a t y o u h a v e g i v e n t h e m m o n e y or goods: Keep all your credit card receipts. h a p p e n i n g or s t a r t i n g a s h o r t t i m e ago: a

r e c e p t i o n i s t /n’sepjlajmst/ noun [q s o m e o n e w h o w o r k s i n r e c e p t i o n at a hotel o r office a n d w h o s e j o b i s to w e l c o m e v i s i t o r s , d e a l w i t h q u e s t i o n s etc /’resspi/ noun [C] a set of i n s t r u c t i o n s for c o o k i n g or p r e p a r i n g a p a r t i c u l a r food: a recipe for apple pie / r e k s ‘ m e n d / verb [T] to s a y t h a t s o m e o n e o r s o m e t h i n g i s good a n d w o r t h u s i n g , h a v i n g or e x p e r i e n c i n g : you recommend a good restaurant?

Can

/’rek3:d/ noun [C] 1 i n f o r m a t i o n that is kept about s o m e t h i n g t h a t h a s h a p p e n e d or t h a t s o m e o n e h a s done: medical/ historical records 2 t h e best a c h i e v e m e n t so f a r i n a p a r t i c u l a r a c t i v i t y , e s p e c i a l l y a s p o r t : She holds the world record in the 800 metres. 3 a l a r g e c i r c u l a r b l a c k p i e c e of p l a s t i c c o n t a i n i n g m u s i c or o t h e r s o u n d s : an original Beatles’ record /ri’kj:d/ verb [T] to m a k e a r e c o r d of s o m e t h i n g t h a t h a s h a p p e n e d , u s u a l l y by w r i t i n g it d o w n : They were asked to record the time at which the attack happened, verb [i/т] to p u t s o u n d s o r i m a g e s onto a DVD, CD or v i d e o : Can you record the football for me at 10 o’clock? / п ‘ к л у э / verb [I]

to b e c o m e fit a n d h e a l t h y a g a i n a f t e r a n

i l l n e s s o r i n j u r y : I haven’t fully recovered from the flu.

verb [T]

to get b a c k s o m e t h i n g t h a t h a s b e e n lost o r s t o l e n o r i s o w e d : thieves were caught, but many of the items were never

The

recovered.

r e c y c l e /rirsaik(a)l/ verb m to t r e a t w a s t e m a t e r i a l s so t h a t t h e y c a n be u s e d a g a i n /n’dju:s/ verb [T]

to m a k e s o m e t h i n g s m a l l e r o r l e s s i n

size, a m o u n t , i m p o r t a n c e , p r i c e etc: Try to reduce the amount of fat in your diet. r e e f /ri:f/ noun [C] a l o n g l i n e of r o c k or c o r a l i n t h e s e a , w i t h its top j u s t below or j u s t above t h e s u r f a c e r e f e r e e /refd’ri:/ noun [C] s o m e o n e w h o s e j o b i s to m a k e s u r e t h a t p l a y e r s i n a g a m e obey t h e r u l e s

/’regjutali/ adv 1 a f t e r e q u a l a m o u n t s of t i m e h a v e p a s s e d : The committee meets regularly. 2 f r e q u e n t l y : The equipment needs to be checked regularly. /ri’leitid/ adj 1 c o n n e c t e d : We think the two crimes are related in some way. 2 b e l o n g i n g to t h e s a m e f a m i l y : Annie’s related to the director. /ri’leif(3)nfip/ noun [C] 1 the w a y i n w h i c h two or m o r e people or t h i n g s a r e c o n n e c t e d : There is a close relationship between poverty and crime. 2 a s i t u a t i o n i n w h i c h two people a r e s e x u a l or r o m a n t i c p a r t n e r s : / was already in a relationship when I met Ben. /’reldtivli/ adv

i n c o m p a r i s o n w i t h s o m e o n e or

s o m e t h i n g s i m i l a r : a relatively

small

flat

/niaekst/ adj c a l m a n d not w o r r i e d : Bill came back from holiday looking relaxed and tanned.

his

/ri’li:s/ verb [T] 1 to let s o m e o n e l e a v e a p l a c e w h e r e t h e y h a v e b e e n kept: The authorities had recently released two suspects. 2 to stop h o l d i n g s o m e o n e o r s o m e t h i n g : She slowly released her grip on Louisa’s hand. /п’1аюЬ(э)1/ adj

r e b o o t /ri:’bu:t/ verb [l/T] i f a c o m p u t e r or s y s t e m r e b o o t s , or i f

/’ri:s(a)nt/ adj discovery

ar /»regjula/ adj 1 a r r a n g e d so t h a t t h e r e i s t h e s a m e a m o u n t of t i m e or s p a c e b e t w e e n t h i n g s : regular monthly meetings 2 d o i n g s o m e t h i n g o r done f r e q u e n t l y : a regular customer 3 f o l l o w i n g t h e n o r m a l p a t t e r n s of g r a m m a r : regular verbs

r e l a x i n g /n’laeksm/ adj p l e a s a n t a n d m a k i n g y o u feel r e l a x e d

British

history.

recent

r e f i n e /rffain/ verb m to r e m o v e t h i n g s f r o m a n a t u r a l s u b s t a n c e i n o r d e r to m a k e it p u r e

able to be t r u s t e d : a reliable

workman/car

r e l y o n /n’lai pnl phr vb 1 to n e e d s o m e t h i n g i n o r d e r to c o n t i n u e l i v i n g , e x i s t i n g , o r o p e r a t i n g : The museum relies on voluntary donations to keep open. 2 to t r u s t s o m e o n e or s o m e t h i n g to do s o m e t h i n g for y o u : Sometimes you just have to rely on your own judgment. /’reniddi/ noun [C] 1 a s o l u t i o n to a p a r t i c u l a r p r o b l e m : There are no easy remedies for learning difficulties. 2 a c u r e for p a i n o r for a m i n o r i l l n e s s : homeopathic/herbal remedies r e m o t e c o n t r o l /n.maut kan’traul/ noun [u] a s y s t e m of c o n t r o l l i n g a m a c h i n e or a vehicle from a distance r e n e w a b l e /n’nju:ab(3)l/ adj 1 a r e n e w a b l e c o n t r a c t o r a r r a n g e m e n t c a n be c o n t i n u e d for a l o n g e r p e r i o d of t i m e 2 r e n e w a b l e e n e r g y a n d n a t u r a l m a t e r i a l s r e p l a c e t h e m s e l v e s by n a t u r a l p r o c e s s e s , so t h a t they a r e n e v e r completely u s e d up |y / r r p l a i / verb [l/T] • * * to s a y , w r i t e o r do s o m e t h i n g a s a n a n s w e r : Tknow,’ Corbett replied quietly. /п’рэ:г7 noun [C] 1 a s p o k e n o r w r i t t e n d e s c r i p t i o n of a p a r t i c u l a r s u b j e c t , s i t u a t i o n o r event: A new report shows violent crime is on the increase. 2 a n a r t i c l e or b r o a d c a s t t h a t g i v e s i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t s o m e t h i n g i n t h e n e w s : Did you see that report about house prices in London? 3 a d o c u m e n t t h a t i s w r i t t e n by a t e a c h e r , g i v i n g d e t a i l s of a s t u d e n t ‘ s s c h o o l w o r k verb [i/т] to give i n f o r m a t i o n about s o m e t h i n g i n a news a r t i c l e or broadcast: Three journalists were sent to report on the conflict, verb [T] to p r o d u c e a n o f f i c i a l s t a t e m e n t o r a w r i t t e n d o c u m e n t a b o u t a p a r t i c u l a r s u b j e c t : The committee will report the results of its investigation tomorrow. /,repju’teif(d)n/ noun [C/u] t h e o p i n i o n p e o p l e h a v e about h o w good o r b a d s o m e o n e o r s o m e t h i n g i s : The town has a bad reputation. /rfsartf, ‘ri:s3:tJ7 noun [U] the d e t a i l e d s t u d y of s o m e t h i n g i n o r d e r to d i s c o v e r n e w facts: medical/historical/linguistic research /’rezid(d)nt/ noun [C] someone who lives i n a p a r t i c u l a r p l a c e : Many local residents have objected to the new road. /n’spekt/ noun [U] 1 the attitude that someone is i m p o r t a n t a n d s h o u l d be a d m i r e d , a n d t h a t y o u s h o u l d t r e a t t h e m p o l i t e l y : She has worked hard to gain the respect of her colleagues. 2 a feeling that s o m e t h i n g is i m p o r t a n t a n d deserves s e r i o u s a t t e n t i o n : a healthy respect for the law verb [T] to t r e a t s o m e o n e in a way that shows that you t h i n k they a r e important a n d should b e a d m i r e d : He is highly respected in his profession.

responsibility

/ri.spDnsa’bilati/ noun [u] s o m e t h i n g t h a t you have to do as a d u t y or a job: She has a lot of responsibility as a nurse. /ri’spDns3b(a)l/ adj 1 i f you are responsible for something that has happened, you caused i t , or you deserve to be blamed for i t : Parents feel responsible when things go wrong. 2 i n charge of someone or s o m e t h i n g : The manager is responsible for the running of the theatre. /rest/ noun [singular] the p a r t of s o m e t h i n g that r e m a i n s , or the people or t h i n g s t h a t r e m a i n : I’m not really hungry — do you want the rest? noun [c/U] a p e r i o d of t i m e t h a t you spend r e l a x i n g or sleeping: Can we stop for a minute? I need a rest, verb [l] 1 to spend a period of t i m e r e l a x i n g or sleeping: It would be nice to sit down and rest for a while. 2 to not use a p a r t of y o u r body that is t i r e d or i n j u r e d , so that it can get better: You’ll need to rest your foot for at least two days. r e s t r i c t i o n /ri’stnkftain/ noun [C] something, for example a law, that l i m i t s what you can do /n’zAlt/ noun [c/U] s o m e t h i n g t h a t is caused d i r e c t l y by s o m e t h i n g else: He said the argument was the result of a misunderstanding, noun [С] 1 the final score i n a sports game, the n u m b e r of votes t h a t someone gets i n an election or the n u m b e r of points that someone gets i n a c o m p e t i t i o n : The election result was a disaster for the party. 2 a piece of i n f o r m a t i o n t h a t you get by e x a m i n i n g , s t u d y i n g or c a l c u l a t i n g something: The results of the survey will be published shortly, noun [plural] results: success t h a t you achieve: He breaks rules, but he gets results. /пЧаю/ verb [I] to stop w o r k i n g permanently, especially when you are old: He retired from the army last month.

science fiction

/’глЫГ/ noun [U] 1 t h i n g s that you t h r o w away because they are no longer useful: The streets were littered with rubbish. 2 t h i n g s that someone says or w r i t e s t h a t are not reasonable or sensible: As usual, he was talking complete rubbish. 3 something t h a t is of v e r y low q u a l i t y : Critics have described the paintings as worthless rubbish. r u c k s a c k /’rAk.sask/ noun [C] a bag that you c a r r y on your back /ru:d/ adj be alone.

not polite: I don’t want to seem rude, but I’d

rather

r u i n /’ru:m/ verb [T] to spoil or destroy something: She had ruined mother’s chances of getting a job.

/rud/ noun [C] a statement that explains what you can or cannot do i n a p a r t i c u l a r situation: grammatical rules noun [U] the person, group, or c o u n t r y that officially controls a place: British rule over Hong Kong ended in 1997. r u n n e r /’глпэ/ noun [C] a person or a n i m a l that r u n s i n a race, or someone who r u n s for pleasure

s

Лаек/ verb [T]

workers

to f o r c e s o m e o n e to l e a v e t h e i r j o b : Hundreds

are to be sacked

at the

/seed/ adj f e e l i n g u n h a p p y , m a k i n g y o u feel u n h a p p y o r s h o w i n g t h a t y o u feel u n h a p p y : It was a sad day when we sold

r e u n i o n /ri:’ju:nian/ noun [c] a social event for people who have not seen each other for a long t i m e : a family reunion

home.

r e v i s i o n /n’vi3(a)n/ noun [c/u] the process of c h a n g i n g , i m p r o v i n g or m a k i n g additions to something: He intends to undertake a major revision of the constitution, noun [U] the w o r k of s t u d y i n g for an e x a m i n a t i o n : I can’t go out-I’ve got to do some revision for my exams. /ritjy adj 1 h a v i n g a lot of money, p r o p e r t y or valuable possessions: a rich man 2 c o n t a i n i n g a lot of t h i n g s such as butter, eggs or cream that make y o u r stomach feel f u l l very q u i c k l y : a rich chocolate dessert /raid/ verb [i/т] to sit on a bicycle, motorcycle or an a n i m a l such as a horse and c o n t r o l i t as i t moves: / learned to ride a bike when I was five. r i g h t — h a n d e d /rait ‘haendid/ adj n a t u r a l l y t e n d i n g to use y o u r r i g h t h a n d r a t h e r t h a n y o u r left to do t h i n g s such as w r i t i n g /nrj/ noun [C] 1 a piece of j e w e l l e r y i n the f o r m of a circle t h a t you wear on a finger: She had a ring on every finger. 2 s o m e t h i n g t h a t is i n the shape of a circle: onion rings /risk/ noun [C/U] the p o s s i b i l i t y t h a t s o m e t h i n g unpleasant or dangerous m i g h t happen: The risks to consumers are being analysed, verb [T] to do s o m e t h i n g a l t h o u g h you k n o w t h a t something t h a t is bad could happen as a result: He risked a lot of money on the company. r i v e r b a n k /’nva ,baer)k/ noun [C] the l a n d at the side of a r i v e r

r o b /rob/ verb [T] to take money or p r o p e r t y f r o m someone i l l e g a l l y : They were planning to rob the museum.

was filled with pain and

Joan’s

s a i l i n g /’seihrj/ noun [U] t h e s p o r t o r a c t i v i t y of t r a v e l l i n g a c r o s s w a t e r i n a s a i l i n g boat /’sadari/ noun [C] a fixed a m o u n t of m o n e y t h a t y o u e a r n e a c h m o n t h o r y e a r f r o m y o u r j o b : an annual salary of £25.000 /saend/ noun [U] a p a l e b r o w n s u b s t a n c e t h a t y o u find at a b e a c h o r i n t h e d e s e r t , f o r m e d f r o m v e r y s m a l l p i e c e s of r o c k :

The children

were playing

in the

sand.

/sa:s/ noun [c/U] a l i q u i d food t h a t y o u p u t o n o t h e r foods to g i v e t h e m a p a r t i c u l a r f l a v o u r : tomato sauce /seiv/ verb [T] 1 to m a k e it p o s s i b l e for s o m e o n e o r s o m e t h i n g to a v o i d d a n g e r , h a r m , i n j u r y etc: campaigns to save the planet 2 to a v o i d u s i n g s o m e t h i n g s u c h a s m o n e y , t i m e o r

e n e r g y , o r to u s e l e s s of it: You can save £25 if you buy your before Saturday.

it i n t h e f u t u r e : Save some energy for the end of the race, verb [l/T] if a g o a l k e e p e r s a v e s a b a l l i n a sport s u c h a s football, they prevent the b a l l from going into the net s c a n d a l /’skaend(a)l/ noun [c/U] a s i t u a t i o n i n w h i c h p e o p l e b e h a v e i n a d i s h o n e s t o r i m m o r a l w a y t h a t s h o c k s people: a sex scandal s c a n n e r /’skaena/ noun [С] 1 a p i e c e of e q u i p m e n t t h a t y o u u s e for c o p y i n g a p i c t u r e o r d o c u m e n t i n t o a c o m p u t e r 2 a p i e c e of e q u i p m e n t t h a t i s u s e d for p r o d u c i n g a p i c t u r e of t h e i n s i d e of a n o b j e c t o r a p a r t of y o u r b o d y s c a r /ska:/ noun [С] a p e r m a n e n t m a r k o n y o u r s k i n w h e r e y o u h a v e

b e e n i n j u r e d : He has a scar under his left eye. the

/skead/ adj operation.

f r i g h t e n e d o r w o r r i e d : I’m scared stiff of

s c a r y /’skeari/ adj f r i g h t e n i n g : a scary

s c h o l a r s h i p /’skDlaJip/ noun [C] a n a m o u n t of m o n e y t h a t a n o r g a n i s a t i o n g i v e s to s o m e o n e s o t h a t t h e y c a n s t u d y at a p a r t i c u l a r s c h o o l o r u n i v e r s i t y : Sophie was awarded a

/гэир/ noun [C/U] a type of v e r y t h i c k s t r i n g t h a t can be used for t y i n g or p u l l i n g t h i n g s /ru:t/ noun [C] the roads or paths t h a t you use w h e n you go from one place to another: The tunnel is the route taken by most drivers.

tickets

3 to k e e p o r s t o r e s o m e t h i n g so t h a t y o u c a n u s e

r o b b e r y /’robari/ noun [c/U] the c r i m e of s t e a l i n g money or p r o p e r t y

r o o m m a t e /’ru:m,meit/ noun [C] someone who you share a r o o m w i t h

our

sadness.

r o b b e r /’гоЬэ/ noun [C] someone who steals money or p r o p e r t y r o m a n c e /rau’maens/ noun [U] the b e h a v i o u r t h a t is t y p i c a l of t w o people who love each other: She wasn’t in a mood for romance, noun [C] a book or film about a r o m a n t i c relationship

120

s a d n e s s /’saednas/ noun [u] t h e f e e l i n g of b e i n g u n h a p p y :

childhood

of

factory.

r e t i r e d /n’taiad/ adj no longer w o r k i n g at a job, especially when you are old: a retired teacher/police officer

r e v i s e /ri’vaiz/ verb [T] to change, i m p r o v e or make additions to something: a revised draft of the treaty verb [l/T] to study y o u r notes and i n f o r m a t i o n again i n order to prepare for an e x a m i n a t i o n

her

scholarship

to attend Boston

having

story

University.

/’saians/ noun [U] t h e s t u d y a n d k n o w d e d g e of t h e p h y s i c a l w o r l d a n d its b e h a v i o u r , t h a t i s b a s e d o n e x p e r i m e n t s a n d f a c t s a n d i s o r g a n i s e d i n t o a s y s t e m : recent advances in

science s c i e n c e f i c t i o n / s a i a n s ‘fikfan/ noun [u] b o o k s a n d films a b o u t i m a g i n a r y f u t u r e e v e n t s t h a t often i n c l u d e s p a c e t r a v e l a n d creatures from other planets

scientist

simplify

/’saisntist/ noun [C] someone w h o is t r a i n e d i n science, especially someone whose j o b is to do scientific r e s e a r c h /sky./ noun [C] the n u m b e r of p o i n t s t h a t someone gains i n a game o r test: The average score for the test was 75. verb [l/T] to get a p o i n t i n a game or sport: No one scored in the first half. /skri:n/ noun [C] the flat surface o n a computer, t e l e v i s i o n or piece of electronic e q u i p m e n t where w o r d s and p i c t u r e s are shown: Suddenly the screen went blank. s c u b a d i v i n g /’sku:ba d a i v m / noun [ii] the a c t i v i t y of s w i m m i n g under w a t e r w i t h a c o n t a i n e r of a i r o n y o u r back and a tube for breathing through s e a l e v e l /’si: ,leval/ noun [u] the average level of the sea. I t is used for m e a s u r i n g the h e i g h t of p a r t s of the l a n d . s e a r c h e n g i n e /’s3:tf .endjm/ noun [C] a c o m p u t e r p r o g r a m t h a t is used for s e a r c h i n g for i n f o r m a t i o n on the I n t e r n e t s e a s i c k /’si:,sik/ adj feeling i l l f r o m the movement of the boat t h a t you are t r a v e l l i n g o n s e a s i c k n e s s /’si: siknis/ noun [u] s e a s i d e /’si:,said/ noun [singular] a n area t h a t is n e a r the sea, especially one where people go for a h o l i d a y : This was their first family holiday together at the seaside. /siit/ noun [C] vans have leather

s o m e t h i n g t h a t y o u c a n sit o n : Some of the seats.

>n ДекДэ)п/ Houn [С] 1 a p e r s o n , g r o u p , p a r t , or area t h a t forms p a r t of s o m e t h i n g l a r g e r : The frozen-foods section is in the rear of the shop. 2 a p a r t of a newspaper, book, o r other piece of w r i t i n g t h a t may be considered separately: The story was reported on the front page of the business section. /si’kjuardti/ noun [U] 1 safety f r o m attack, h a r m , or damage: The information received is highly confidential and relates to national security. 2 the d e p a r t m e n t w i t h i n a n organisation t h a t protects b u i l d i n g s a n d w o r k e r s : If you won’t leave, I’ll have to call security. /si:d/ noun [c/U] a s m a l l h a r d p a r t produced by a p l a n t t h a t can g r o w i n t o a new p l a n t of the same t y p e : a packet of seeds /si:m/ verb [l] to appear to be s o m e t h i n g , or t o appear to have a p a r t i c u l a r q u a l i t y : John seems nice. s e l e c t i v e /si’lektiv/ adj c a r e f u l about w h a t y o u choose or accept: He is very selective in his reading. s e l f — c e n t r e d /selfsentad/ dj too interested i n yourself, so t h a t y o u do not t h i n k about w h a t other people feel or need s e l f — c o n f i d e n c e /self’konfidans/ noun [U] the f e e l i n g t h a t y o u can do t h i n g s w e l l and t h a t people respect y o u s e l f — e m p l o y e d /self i m ‘ p b i d / adj w o r k i n g for y o u r s e l f r a t h e r t h a n being employed d i r e c t l y by a company or o r g a n i s a t i o n s e l f i s h /’selfif/ adj t h i n k i n g o n l y about y o u r s e l f and not c a r i n g about other people: a greedy selfish man s e l f — r e l i a n t /selfn’laiant/ adj able to do t h i n g s for y o u r s e l f w i t h o u t depending o n other people /sel/ verb [T] to let someone have s o m e t h i n g i n exchange for money: We’ve decided to sell our house and move to Spain. s e n i o r c i t i z e n /sknia ‘sitizan/ noun [C] someone w h o is at or past the age w h e n most people stop w o r k i n g s e n s a t i o n /seriseif(3)n/ noun [C/U] the a b i l i t y to feel s o m e t h i n g , or s o m e t h i n g t h a t y o u feel: When she awoke she had lost all sensation in her legs. s e n s a t i o n a l i s m /sen’seij(3)n3,liz(3)m/ noun [U] a w a y o f r e p o r t i n g events, especially i n a newspaper, t h a t makes t h e m seem as e x c i t i n g or s h o c k i n g as possible /’sentans/ noun [C] 1 a g r o u p of words, u s u a l l y i n c l u d i n g a subject a n d a verb, t h a t expresses a statement, question or i n s t r u c t i o n 2 a p u n i s h m e n t t h a t is o f f i c i a l l y g i v e n by a judge: She received the maximum sentence of ten years. /’sep(3)ret/ adj 1 not together: My brother and I always had separate rooms. 2 not connected w i t h s o m e t h i n g t h a t is s i m i l a r : Police have arrested seven drug smugglers in three separate incidents this week. /’siariiz/ noun [С] 1 a set of t e l e v i s i o n or r a d i o programmes t h a t are a l l about a p a r t i c u l a r subject, person o r

g r o u p of people: Tonight’s programme is the second in a three-part series. 2 a set o f t h i n g s t h a t are made w i t h the same design, o r made i n the same way: a popular new series of children’s books /’siarias/ adj 1 bad or dangerous enough to m a k e y o u w o r r i e d : It’s not a serious problem. 2 m e a n i n g w h a t y o u say or do, a n d not m a k i n g a j o k e : I’m sorry, I didn’t realise you were being serious. /’s3:vis/ noun [С] * * * 1 a system t h a t provides t h i n g s t h a t the p u b l i c needs: transport/education services 2 a r e l i g i o u s ceremony: a church service s e t u p /set л р / phr vb [l/T] to s t a r t s o m e t h i n g such as a business, o r g a n i s a t i o n o r i n s t i t u t i o n : The group plans to set up an import business. /Jip/ noun [C] a v e r y l a r g e boat t h a t is used for c a r r y i n g people or goods l o n g distances: His ship sailed from Pearl Harbor on Monday. /Jbk/ noun [singular/u] the f e e l i n g of b e i n g v e r y s u r p r i s e d by s o m e t h i n g bad t h a t happens unexpectedly: Jessica’s face was blank with shock, noun [C] s o m e t h i n g t h a t happens u n e x p e c t e d l y a n d makes y o u feel v e r y s u r p r i s e d a n d upset: The price of housing was quite a shock for us. /Jbkt/ t h a t happens sudden death. you consider the film.

adj 1 v e r y s u r p r i s e d a n d upset by s o m e t h i n g bad unexpectedly: We were deeply shocked to hear of his 2 v e r y offended or e m b a r r a s s e d by s o m e t h i n g t h a t i m m o r a l : People were shocked by the sex scenes in

/Ju:t/ verb [l/T] 1 to f i r e a g u n : We were ordered not to shoot until he gave the signal. 2 i n sport, to t h r o w or k i c k a b a l l i n an a t t e m p t to score p o i n t s : He shot the ball straight at the goalkeeper. verb ГП * * * t o h i t someone o r s o m e t h i n g w i t h a b u l l e t f r o m a g u n : The man was shot in the head as he left the bar. s h o p a s s i s t a n t /Jbp a.sistant/ noun [C] someone whose j o b is to serve people i n a shop s h o p l i f t i n g /jbpjiftir)/ noun [U] the c r i m e of s t e a l i n g t h i n g s f r o m a shop s h o r t s t o r y Ijxt ‘std:ri/ noun [C] a s h o r t piece of w r i t i n g about an imaginary situation /Jaut/ verb [l/T] 1 to say s o m e t h i n g i n a loud voice: He was one of those speakers who shout into the microphone. 2 to make a sudden loud noise because y o u are a f r a i d or y o u feel p a i n : A man in the next bed was shouting wildly in pain. /fan/ noun [C] 1 a p e r f o r m a n c e i n a theatre: the new show at the Aldwych Theatre 2 a t e l e v i s i o n or r a d i o p r o g r a m m e : It’s the funniest comedy show on television. 3 a n e x h i b i t i o n : a fashion/ flower show / / а и э / noun [C] 1 a piece of e q u i p m e n t t h a t forces s m a l l drops of w a t e r i n t o the a i r and is used for w a s h i n g y o u r body, or a s m a l l area w i t h a shower i n i t : The shower isn’t working. 2 the a c t i v i t y of w a s h i n g y o u r s e l f by s t a n d i n g u n d e r a shower: I’m going to have a shower. /fai/ adj n e r v o u s and e m b a r r a s s e d i n the c o m p a n y of other people, especially people w h o y o u do not k n o w : I’d love to meet her but I’m too shy to introduce myself. s i b l i n g /’siblm/ noun [C] y o u r s i b l i n g s are y o u r b r o t h e r s and sisters /sik/ adj i f y o u are sick, food t h a t y o u have eaten suddenly comes out of y o u r stomach t h r o u g h y o u r m o u t h : I’m going to be sick! s i d e r o a d /’said ,reud/ noun [C] a s m a l l r o a d t h a t is connected to a major r o a d /sain/ noun [C] a flat object w i t h w o r d s o r p i c t u r e s o n i t , put i n a p u b l i c place i n o r d e r to p r o v i d e i n f o r m a t i o n or to advertise s o m e t h i n g : a flashing neon sign /’sadant/ adj 1 not t a l k i n g o r m a k i n g any noise: a crowd of silent onlookers 2 not p r o n o u n c e d : The ‘b’ in ‘thumb’ is silent. /’sili/ adj 1 not i n t e l l i g e n t o r sensible: a silly mistake 2 not i m p o r t a n t : Don’t get upset over silly things that people say. /’simp(3)l/ adj 1 easy to u n d e r s t a n d or do: Students were given a simple skills test. 2 p l a i n , w i t h o u t any c o m p l i c a t e d features o r d e c o r a t i o n : a simple meal s i m p l i f y /’simphfai/ verb [T] t o m a k e s o m e t h i n g less c o m p l i c a t e d or difficult

121

singer

stepfather

s i n g e r /’sma/ noun и someone who sings, especially someone w h o sings w e l l or as t h e i r j o b /’siijg(a)l/ adj 1 o n l y one: a single sheet of paper 2 not m a r r i e d , or not i n a r o m a n t i c r e l a t i o n s h i p : Please state whether you are single, married or divorced. s i n i s t e r /’sinista/ adj t h r e a t e n i n g to do s o m e t h i n g h a r m f u l or e v i l : a sinister remark /’sista/ noun [C] a g i r l or w o m a n who has the same parents as y o u : He has two brothers and two sisters. s i s t e r — i n — l a w /’sista(r)in,b:/ noun [C] 1 the sister of y o u r h u s b a n d or wife 2 the wife of y o u r b r o t h e r s i t c o m /’sit.kom/ noun [C] a h u m o r o u s t e l e v i s i o n or r a d i o series about a group of characters /,sitju’eif(a)n/ noun [C] the set o f c o n d i t i o n s t h a t exist at a p a r t i c u l a r t i m e i n a p a r t i c u l a r place: The country is facing a very difficult economic situation. /saiz/ noun [C/u] a measurement of h o w large or s m a l l s o m e t h i n g is: balloons of all shapes and sizes s k a t e /skeit/ noun [C] 1 a t y p e of shoe w i t h a t h i n m e t a l blade on the b o t t o m , used for m o v i n g q u i c k l y on ice 2 a t y p e of shoe w i t h f o u r t h i c k wheels on the b o t t o m , used for m o v i n g q u i c k l y on a smooth surface verb [i] to move over a surface u s i n g skates s k i /ski:/ verb [I] to slide over snow on s k i s /skil/ noun [C/u] the a b i l i t y to do s o m e t h i n g w e l l , u s u a l l y as a r e s u l t of experience a n d t r a i n i n g : I admired the skill and dedication of the nursing staff. s k i l l e d /skild/ adj s k i l f u l : a skilled

craftsman

s k i n n y /’skini/ adj v e r y t h i n /’slaitli/ adv

a l i t t l e : /feel slightly better

today.

/slip/ verb [l] 1 i f you slip, y o u r feet slide a c c i d e n t a l l y a n d y o u f a l l or lose y o u r balance: Margaret slipped and broke her arm. 2 i f s o m e t h i n g slips, it slides out o f the p o s i t i o n i t s h o u l d be i n : The knife slipped and cut my finger. s l o w d o w n /slao daun/ phr vb to move at a slower speed, or to make someone or s o m e t h i n g move at a slower speed: Slow down.’ You’re driving too fast. /smo:t/ adj 1 i n t e l l i g e n t : Sophie is a smart hard-working student. 2 clean and t i d y i n appearance and dressed i n nice clothes: smart new clothes /smauk/ verb [l/T] to suck smoke f r o m a cigarette, pipe etc i n t o y o u r m o u t h and lungs: Phil was reading the paper and smoking a cigarette. S M S /,es em ‘es/ noun [U] short message service: a m e t h o d of sending a w r i t t e n message u s i n g a m o b i l e phone /snau/ noun [U] s m a l l soft w h i t e pieces of ice t h a t f a l l f r o m the sky and cover the g r o u n d : The path was hidden under a blanket of snow. /saop/ noun [C/U] a substance t h a t y o u use w i t h w a t e r i n order to wash y o u r body or a n object: a bar of soap noun [С] a soap opera s o c i a b l e /’saufob(a)l/ adj a sociable person is f r i e n d l y and enjoys being w i t h other people /’saujiajl/ adj 1 r e l a t i n g to society and to people’s lives i n general: a period of enormous political and social change 2 r e l a t i n g to a c t i v i t i e s t h a t involve b e i n g w i t h other people, especially a c t i v i t i e s that y o u do for pleasure: a social activity/ engagement /’snf(t),wea/ noun [U] the p r o g r a m s used by computers for d o i n g p a r t i c u l a r jobs: word-processing software Л э о И з э / noun [C]

someone who is a member of an a r m y

/’solid/ adj a solid substance is firm a n d h a r d and is not a l i q u i d or a gas: The lake was frozen solid. /sa’lu:J»(a)n/ noun [C] 1 a way to solve a p r o b l e m or deal w i t h a bad s i t u a t i o n : Putting children in prison is not the solution. 2 the answer to a question i n a game or a p r o b l e m i n mathematics / S D I V / verb [T] 1 to find a s o l u t i o n to s o m e t h i n g t h a t is causing d i f f i c u l t i e s : solve a crisis/dispute/conflict 2 to find the

22

reason or e x p l a n a t i o n for s o m e t h i n g : solve a riddle Ллп/ noun [C]

mystery/puzzle/

y o u r male c h i l d : My younger son is a doctor.

/su:n/ adv w i t h i n a short t i m e : If we don’t leave soon, we’re going to miss our bus. 2 q u i c k l y : How soon can this package be delivered to Brussels? s o r e IsxJ adj p a i n f u l and uncomfortable, u s u a l l y as a result of an i n j u r y , i n f e c t i o n or too m u c h exercise: I always feel stiff and sore after gardening. /saund/ noun [C] s o m e t h i n g t h a t y o u can hear: Laura didn’t make a sound as she left the room, noun [u] the loudness of a r a d i o , t e l e v i s i o n etc: Turn the sound up a bit -1 can’t hear. s o u n d t r a c k /’saun(d),traek/ noun [C] the music that is played d u r i n g a f i l m or t e l e v i s i o n p r o g r a m m e , or a CD of t h i s music /speis/ noun [C/u] a n e m p t y or available area: We replaced the bath with a shower to create more space, noun [U] 1 the whole of the u n i v e r s e outside the Earth’s atmosphere: a space mission 2 the area i n w h i c h e v e r y t h i n g exists: different points in space and time /spea/ adj 1 kept i n a d d i t i o n to other s i m i l a r t h i n g s , so that you can use i t i f y o u need i t : a spare key/battery 2 available: Have you got any spare room in your car? /’spi:ka/ noun [C] 1 someone who t a l k s about a subject to a g r o u p : She’s a very interesting speaker. 2 someone who is able to speak a p a r t i c u l a r language: an English speaker 3 a piece of e l e c t r i c a l e q u i p m e n t t h a t sends out sound /’spejalist/ noun [C] someone whose t r a i n i n g , education, or experience makes t h e m a n expert i n a p a r t i c u l a r subject: a web design specialist /’spi:fi:z/ noun [C] a plant or a n i m a l group whose members a l l have s i m i l a r general features and are able to produce y o u n g plants or a n i m a l s together: the human species s p e c t a c u l a r /spek’taekjub/ adj e x t r e m e l y impressive /spi:d/ noun [c/u] the rate at w h i c h s o m e t h i n g or someone moves or w o r k s : They were working with incredible speed. /spend/ verb [l/T] to use money to pay for t h i n g s : How much money did you spend? verb [T] to stay somewhere, or to do s o m e t h i n g , for a p e r i o d of t i m e : We spent the day at the beach. s p i l l /spil/ noun [c/U] an a m o u n t of l i q u i d that has accidentally flowed out of its container: an oil spill s p l i t u p /split ‘лр/ phr vb to end a sexual or r o m a n t i c r e l a t i o n s h i p /spred/ verb [i/T] 1 to g r a d u a l l y affect a l a r g e r area or a large n u m b e r of people or t h i n g s , or to make something do t h i s : Rain will spread from the west this evening. 2 to put t h i n g s i n m a n y p a r t s of a n area, or to be present i n m a n y parts of a large area: There are 54 community colleges spread across California. 3 i f i n f o r m a t i o n spreads, or i f y o u spread i t , it becomes k n o w n by m o r e people t h a n before: Someone has been spreading nasty rumours about Stella’s private life. s p y /spai/ verb [l] to w o r k as a spy /steid3/ noun [C] 1 a particular point i n time d u r i n g a process or series of events: We were now on the last stage of our journey. 2 the p a r t o f a theatre where the actors or musicians p e r f o r m : They had now been on stage for over four hours. /stea/ verb [i] to look at someone or s o m e t h i n g v e r y d i r e c t l y for a l o n g t i m e : It’s rude to stare. s t a t e s c h o o l /’steit ,sku:l/ noun [C] i n the U K , a school that is paid for by the g o v e r n m e n t and that provides free education /’steif(a)n/ noun [C] 1 a b u i l d i n g or place where t r a i n s or buses stop so t h a t passengers can get on or off: It was dark when we arrived at the station. 2 a company t h a t broadcasts television or r a d i o p r o g r a m m e s : Listen to your local radio station for travel information. s t a y i n /stei i n / phr vb to r e m a i n i n y o u r home and not go out: / think I’d rather stay in tonight. /stid/ verb [l/T] to take s o m e t h i n g that belongs to someone else w i t h o u t p e r m i s s i o n : She was caught stealing food from the supermarket. s t e p f a t h e r /’step,fa:6a/ noun [C] the m a n who is m a r r i e d to y o u r mother, b u t w h o is not y o u r father

stepmother

survive

s t e p m o t h e r Дтер.тлЭэ/ noun [Ci t h e w o m a n w h o i s m a r r i e d to y o u r father, but w h o i s not y o u r m o t h e r /std/ adv u s e d for s a y i n g t h a t a s i t u a t i o n c o n t i n u e s to e x i s t u p to a n d i n c l u d i n g a p a r t i c u l a r t i m e : Her hair was still damp from her walk in the rain. Мз:/ verb [l/T] to m o v e food o r a l i q u i d a r o u n d u s i n g a s p o o n o r o t h e r object: Stir the sauce gently over a low heat. / ‘ Я л т э к / noun [С] 1 t h e soft p a r t at t h e f r o n t o f y o u r b o d y t h a t i s b e t w e e n y o u r c h e s t a n d y o u r legs: A horse had kicked her in the stomach. 2 t h e o r g a n i n s i d e y o u r b o d y w h e r e food g o e s w h e n y o u h a v e e a t e n it: She’ll feel better when she has some food in her stomach. s t o m a c h a c h e noun [c/u] p a i n i n y o u r s t o m a c h /staun/ noun [u] the h a r d substance that r o c k s a r e made of: a cottage built of stone noun [C] 1 a s m a l l piece of rock: Children threw stones at him. 2 a l a r g e h a r d s e e d t h a t i s i n s i d e a p i e c e of f r u i t : a peach stone /staim/ noun [C] a n o c c a s i o n w h e n a lot o f r a i n o r s n o w f a l l s v e r y q u i c k l y , often w i t h v e r y s t r o n g w i n d s o r t h u n d e r a n d l i g h t n i n g : A fierce storm hit the west coast of Florida early this morning. /stremd3/ adj 1 u n u s u a l or unexpected i n a w a y that s u r p r i s e s , w o r r i e s o r f r i g h t e n s y o u : Ian is a very strange person. 2 not f a m i l i a r o r k n o w n to y o u : When you arrive in a new country, everything seems strange. /stress/ noun [C/u] 1 a w o r r i e d o r n e r v o u s f e e l i n g t h a t m a k e s y o u u n a b l e to r e l a x , o r a s i t u a t i o n t h a t m a k e s y o u f e e l l i k e t h i s : the stresses and strains of everyday living 2 t h e e m p h a s i s t h a t y o u p u t o n a p a r t i c u l a r w o r d o r p a r t o f a w o r d b y s a y i n g it m o r e loudly /stnkt/ adj 1 s o m e o n e w h o i s s t r i c t e x p e c t s p e o p l e to o b e y r u l e s c o m p l e t e l y , o r o b e y s r u l e s c o m p l e t e l y t h e m s e l v e s : The coach is very strict about our diet. 2 s t r i c t r u l e s o r c o n d i t i o n s m u s t be o b e y e d c o m p l e t e l y : They operate within strict time limits. /strorj/ adj 1 p h y s i c a l l y p o w e r f u l a n d h e a l t h y : Are you strong enough to carry that? 2 n o t e a s i l y b r o k e n , d a m a g e d o r d e s t r o y e d : a strong fabric/glue/rope 3 someone who is strong h a s c o n f i d e n c e , d e t e r m i n a t i o n a n d e m o t i o n a l s t r e n g t h : You’ve got to be strong and not let their jokes bother you. 4 v e r y n o t i c e a b l e : a strong light/colour s t u b b o r n ЛглЬэп/ adj 1 n o t w i l l i n g to c h a n g e y o u r i d e a s o r d e c i s i o n s : Stop being so stubborn! 2 v e r y d i f f i c u l t to c h a n g e , defeat o r r e m o v e : stubborn opposition s t u c k / s u k / adj c a u g h t o r h e l d i n a p o s i t i o n s o t h a t y o u c a n n o t m o v e : Carl’s car got stuck in the mud. /’stju:d(a)nt/ noun [C] s o m e o n e w h o g o e s to a u n i v e r s i t y , c o l l e g e o r s c h o o l : Jennifer is one of my best students. /’stAdi/ verb [l/T] to l e a r n a b o u t a s u b j e c t b y g o i n g to s c h o o l , u n i v e r s i t y e t c : She’s studying history at university, verb [l] to do w o r k s u c h a s r e a d i n g a n d h o m e w o r k : You need to study hard if you want to pass. /stAf/ noun [U] 1 o b j e c t s o r t h i n g s : What’s all this stuff on my desk? 2 a m a t e r i a l , o r a s u b s t a n c e : The costumes were made of thin, gauzy stuff. 3 g e n e r a l i n f o r m a t i o n : I already know all that stuff. s t y l i s h /’stailif/ adj a t t r a c t i v e a n d f a s h i o n a b l e : stylish

clothes

s u b t i t l e /’sAb,tait(a)l/ noun [plural] s u b t i t l e s : a t r a n s l a t i o n o f w h a t people a r e s a y i n g i n a foreign l a n g u a g e f i l m o r t e l e v i s i o n p r o g r a m m e w h i c h a p p e a r s at t h e b o t t o m o f t h e s c r e e n noun [C] a n a d d i t i o n a l title that a p p e a r s after t h e m a i n title of a piece of writing /sak’shd/ verb [I] to a c h i e v e s o m e t h i n g t h a t y o u p l a n n e d to do o r a t t e m p t e d to do: Everyone wants the peace process to succeed. /sak’sesf(a)l/ adj • * * • 1 a c h i e v i n g t h e r e s u l t t h a t y o u w a n t : The team has had a highly successful season. 2 a s u c c e s s f u l p e r s o n d o e s w e l l i n t h e i r c a r e e r : a successful businesswoman 3a s u c c e s s f u l b u s i n e s s m a k e s a lot o f m o n e y : It was another very successful year for the bank. /’sAd(a)nli/ adv strange feeling suddenly

quickly a n d without any w a r n i n g : A came over him.

/’sAfa/ verb [l/T]

to e x p e r i e n c e s o m e t h i n g v e r y u n p l e a s a n t

o r p a i n f u l : In wars, it’s usually /s3’fif(s)nt/ adj not sufficient

innocent

civilians

that

suffer.

a s m u c h a s i s n e e d e d : The wages

were

for people to live on.

/ s a f e s t / verb [T] 1 to offer a n i d e a o r a p l a n for s o m e o n e to c o n s i d e r : He suggested that we have dinner first, and then watch the film. 2 to m a k e p e o p l e t h i n k t h a t s o m e t h i n g e x i s t s o r i s t r u e : Evidence suggests a link between asthma and pollution. /sad3estf(a)n/ noun [C] a n i d e a o r p l a n t h a t y o u offer for s o m e o n e to c o n s i d e r : Could I make a suggestion? noun [U] t h e a c t of s u g g e s t i n g s o m e t h i n g : It was at Larry’s suggestion that I attended the meeting. /suit/ noun [C] 1 a set of clothes m a d e f r o m the s a m e cloth, u s u a l l y a j a c k e t w i t h t r o u s e r s o r a s k i r t : He was wearing a dark suit and a tie. 2 a t y p e o f c l o t h i n g t h a t y o u w e a r for a p a r t i c u l a r a c t i v i t y : a diving/jogging suit s u m u p / s A m л р / phr vb to g i v e a s u m m a r y of s o m e t h i n g /’sAmari/ noun [C] a short a c c o u n t of s o m e t h i n g that g i v e s o n l y t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t i n f o r m a t i o n : The text provides summaries of the plots of Shakespeare’s plays. Л л т э / noun [C/U] * * * t h e s e a s o n b e t w e e n s p r i n g a n d a u t u m n , w h e n t h e w e a t h e r i s h o t t e s t : the summer of 1973 s u n g l a s s e s /’sAn,gla:siz/ noun [plural] d a r k g l a s s e s t h a t y o u w e a r to protect y o u r eyes w h e n the s u n is bright /sa’pa:t/ noun [U] 1 h e l p a n d a p p r o v a l t h a t y o u g i v e to a p a r t i c u l a r i d e a , p o l i t i c i a n , o r g a n i s a t i o n e t c : / urge my colleagues to join me in support of this plan. 2 h e l p a n d k i n d n e s s t h a t y o u g i v e to s o m e o n e w h o i s h a v i n g a d i f f i c u l t t i m e : / am grateful to my family for their love and support, noun [C/U] something that h o l d s t h e w e i g h t o f a n o b j e c t , b u i l d i n g o r s t r u c t u r e so t h a t it d o e s n o t m o v e o r f a l l verb [T] 1 to h e l p s o m e o n e a n d be k i n d to t h e m w h e n t h e y a r e i n a d i f f i c u l t s i t u a t i o n : My friends have supported me through the entire trial. 2 to h o l d t h e w e i g h t of s o m e o n e o r s o m e t h i n g so t h a t t h e y do n o t m o v e o r f a l l : The plants were supported with wire. 3 to l i k e a p a r t i c u l a r s p o r t s t e a m a n d a l w a y s w a n t t h e m to w i n : I support West Ham — who do you support? /sa’pauz/ verb [T] to t h i n k t h a t s o m e t h i n g i s p r o b a b l y t r u e , r i g h t o r p o s s i b l e : I suppose she must be delighted about getting the job. /fx, Jba/ adj 1 c e r t a i n that something is real, true or c o r r e c t : / think she’s called Monica, but I’m not sure. 2 c e r t a i n to h a p p e n o r s u c c e e d : Everyone thought that the deal was a sure thing. s u r f /s3:f/ verb [i] to r i d e o n w a v e s i n t h e s e a o n a s u r f b o a r d verb [i/T] to l o o k at v a r i o u s p l a c e s o n e a f t e r a n o t h e r o n t h e I n t e r n e t o r o n t e l e v i s i o n : She spends hours every day just surfing the Net. s u r f i n g /’sxfm/ noun [U] 1 a s p o r t i n w h i c h p e o p l e r i d e o n w a v e s u s i n g s u r f b o a r d s 2 t h e a c t i v i t y of l o o k i n g at d i f f e r e n t p l a c e s o n t h e I n t e r n e t o r o n t e l e v i s i o n i n o r d e r to f i n d s o m e t h i n g interesting s u r g e o n ЛзУз(э)п/ noun [C] a d o c t o r w h o d o e s o p e r a t i o n s /’S3:d3ari/ noun [U] m e d i c a l t r e a t m e n t i n w h i c h a d o c t o r c u t s o p e n s o m e o n e ‘ s b o d y noun [C] a p l a c e w h e r e p e o p l e c a n v i s i t a doctor or a dentist /sa’praiz/ noun [C] a n u n u s u a l event, o r a n unexpected p i e c e o f n e w s : The news came as a big surprise to everyone, noun [U] the feeling that y o u h a v e w h e n s o m e t h i n g u n u s u a l or u n e x p e c t e d h a p p e n s : Many students expressed surprise at the news. /sa’praizd/ adj

feeling s u r p r i s e because

u n e x p e c t e d h a s h a p p e n e d : We were surprised the

something

by Ben’s reaction

to

news.

surprising

/sa’praiziq/ adj u n u s u a l o r u n e x p e c t e d : It’s not at all that she’s angry, considering what you said.

s u r r o u n d i n g s /sa’raundinz/ noun [plural] a p l a c e a n d a l l t h e t h i n g s i n it: She soon became accustomed to her new surroundings. /sa’vaiv/ verb [i/T]

1 to c o n t i n u e to e x i s t o r l i v e i n a

d i f f i c u l t s i t u a t i o n : Only one of the museum’s paintings fire. think

survived

2 to s t a y a l i v e a f t e r a n i n j u r y , i l l n e s s o r a t t a c k : Doctors the victims

will

the don’t

survive.

I

survivor

toothbrush

s u r v i v o r /sa’vaiva/ noun [C] s o m e o n e w h o i s s t i l l a l i v e a f t e r a n accident, illness or attack

t e r r i f y i n g Д е г э Д а п п / adj e x t r e m e l y f r i g h t e n i n g : a experience

s u s p e c t /’sAspekt/ noun [C] s o m e o n e w h o m i g h t h a v e c o m m i t t e d a c r i m e : a murder suspect

t e x t b o o k /’teks(t),buk/ noun [C] a b o o k t h a t c o n t a i n s i n f o r m a t i o n about a p a r t i c u l a r subject

/sa’spekt/ verb [T] t o believe t h a t s o m e t h i n g is t r u e : Police suspected that she had some connection with the robbery. s u s p i c i o u s /sa’spijas/ adj 1 i f y o u a r e s u s p i c i o u s , y o u d o n o t trust someone or y o u t h i n k that something bad m i g h t have h a p p e n e d : Colleagues became suspicious when he started acting strangely. 2 i f s o m e t h i n g i s s u s p i c i o u s , y o u t h i n k t h a t i t m i g h t b e b a d o r d a n g e r o u s : Customers noticed a suspicious package by the door. / s w i : t / adj 1 foods a n d d r i n k s t h a t a r e sweet taste l i k e s u g a r : I’d like something sweet, like a piece of cake. 2 s o m e t h i n g t h a t i s s w e e t h a s a n i c e s m e l l , s o u n d o r a p p e a r a n c e : The room is filled with the sweet fragrance offlowers. 3 k i n d a n d g e n t l e : He’s such a sweet man. s w i t c h o f f /switf «of/ phr vb 1 t o s t o p l i s t e n i n g t o s o m e o n e , o r t o s t o p t h i n k i n g a b o u t s o m e t h i n g : He just switches off and ignores me. 2 i f y o u s w i t c h o f f s o m e t h i n g s u c h as a l i g h t o r a m a c h i n e , o r i f i t s w i t c h e s o f f , i t s t o p s w o r k i n g : The heating has switched off. s w i t c h o n /switf ton/ phr vb i f y o u s w i t c h o n s o m e t h i n g s u c h a s a l i g h t o r a m a c h i n e , o r i f i t s w i t c h e s o n , i t s t a r t s w o r k i n g : Don’t switch on the light.

terrifying

t h e f t / 9 e f t / noun [c/u] t h e c r i m e o f s t e a l i n g s o m e t h i n g t h e m e p a r k / ‘ 6 i : m ,pa:k/ noun [C] a l a r g e p a r k w h e r e p e o p l e p a y t o play games a n d have f u n a n d where a l l the entertainment is designed according to one theme / 9 i k / adj 1 a t h i c k object o r m a t e r i a l has a long distance b e t w e e n t w o o p p o s i t e s i d e s , e d g e s o r s u r f a c e s : a thick woollen sweater 2 u s e d f o r s t a t i n g t h e d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n t h e o p p o s i t e s u r f a c e s o r e d g e s o f a s o l i d o b j e c t : The walls are only a few inches thick. 3 a t h i c k l i q u i d i s m o r e s t i f f o r s o l i d t h a n n o r m a l a n d d o e s n o t flow e a s i l y : a thick cream sauce 4 s t u p i d t h i e f /Girt/ noun [C] s o m e o n e w h o s t e a l s s o m e t h i n g / 9 ш / adj 1 a t h i n object or m a t e r i a l has only a short d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n t w o o p p o s i t e s i d e s , e d g e s o r s u r f a c e s : a thin layer of dust 2 s o m e o n e w h o i s t h i n h a s v e r y l i t t l e f a t o n t h e i r b o d y : Charles was thin and very tall. 3 a t h i n l i q u i d c o n t a i n s m o s t l y w a t e r , s o t h a t i t f l o w s e a s i l y : a plate of meat covered with thin gravy /»G3:sti/ adj f e e l i n g t h a t y o u w a n t o r n e e d t o d r i n k s o m e t h i n g : I’m really thirsty — could I have a glass of water? / б а и / adv, conj 1 b u t : / really enjoyed your lecture, though there were some parts I didn t quite understand. 2 used w h e n a d d i n g a statement o r question that seems s u r p r i s i n g after the p r e v i o u s s t a t e m e n t : ‘The Savoy’s a very nice hotel.’Tsn’t it rather expensive, though?’ t h r i l l e r /’GrikV noun [C] a b o o k , p l a y o r f i l m t h a t t e l l s a n e x c i t i n g story

t a b l o i d / ‘ t a e b b i d / noun [C] a n e w s p a p e r t h a t h a s s m a l l p a g e s a n d n o t m u c h serious news t a k e o v e r / t e i k ‘auva/ phr vb 1 t o b e g i n t o d o s o m e t h i n g t h a t s o m e o n e e l s e w a s d o i n g : Jane took over as director after Richard retired. 2 t o t a k e c o n t r o l o f s o m e t h i n g , e s p e c i a l l y a n o t h e r company t a l k a t i v e / ‘ t a i k a t i v / adj s o m e o n e w h o i s t a l k a t i v e t a l k s a l o t / t e i s t / verb [linking verb] to have a p a r t i c u l a r flavour: Although the meal was cold, it tasted delicious, verb [T] t o eat o r d r i n k s o m e t h i n g a n d e x p e r i e n c e i t s flavour: The dinner was one of the best meals I have ever tasted, noun [c/U] 1 t h e flavour t h a t s o m e t h i n g c r e a t e s i n y o u r m o u t h w h e n y o u e a t o r d r i n k i t : / love the taste of chocolate. 2 t h e t y p e s o f t h i n g t h a t y o u l i k e : The meals are designed to suit all tastes. / ‘ t k t f e / noun [C] French/maths/piano

someone whose j o b is to teach: a teacher

/ t i : m / noun [C] 1 a g r o u p o f people w h o play a sport o r g a m e a g a i n s t a n o t h e r g r o u p : a football/basketball team 2 a g r o u p o f p e o p l e w h o w o r k t o g e t h e r : a negotiating team t e c h n i c i a n / t e k ‘ m f ( a ) n / noun [C] s o m e o n e w d t h t e c h n i c a l t r a i n i n g whose job involves w o r k i n g w i t h a n d t a k i n g care o f special equipment /tek’nDtad3i/ noun [C/U] advanced scientific knowledge that is used for p r a c t i c a l purposes, especially i n i n d u s t r y : computer/military technology /’ti:n,eid3a/ noun [C]

a y o u n g p e r s o n b e t w e e n t h e ages o f

13 a n d 19 / ‘ t e m p r i , t j a / noun [C/U] a measurement ofhow hot o r c o l d a p l a c e o r o b j e c t i s : The plants need a temperature of at least 15°C to grow well. / ‘ t e m p ( a ) r a r i / adj 1 existing, done or used for only a l i m i t e d p e r i o d o f t i m e : These measures are only temporary. 2 t e m p o r a r y w o r k e r s do a j o b for a l i m i t e d p e r i o d o f t i m e : a temporary lecturer /хз:т/ noun [C] 1 a w o r d o r phrase that is used for r e f e r r i n g t o o r d e s c r i b i n g s o m e o n e o r s o m e t h i n g : a technical/ medical term 2 o n e o f t h e p e r i o d s o f t i m e t h a t t h e y e a r i s d i v i d e d i n t o f o r s t u d e n t s : What classes are you taking this term? t e r r i f i e d / ‘ t e r a f a i d / adj e x t r e m e l y f r i g h t e n e d

124

/Graut/ noun [C] 1 t h e a r e a at t h e back o f y o u r m o u t h a n d i n s i d e y o u r n e c k : She’s in bed with a throat infection. 2 t h e f r o n t p a r t o f y o u r n e c k : The bigger man grabbed him by the throat. t h u n d e r /’GAnda/ noun [u] t h e l o u d n o i s e t h a t y o u s o m e t i m e s h e a r i n the sky d u r i n g a storm o n t i m e / n n ‘ t a i m / phrase a r r i v i n g a t t h e c o r r e c t t i m e a n d n o t l a t e : The train was on time. / ‘ t a i n i / adj female motoring

e x t r e m e l y s m a l l : She is one of a tiny minority journalists.

of

/ t i p / noun [С] 1 a n a r r o w o r p o i n t e d e n d , e s p e c i a l l y o f s o m e t h i n g l o n g o r t h i n : the tip of your nose/finger 2 an amount of money that y o u give to someone i n addition to the price o f a s e r v i c e : Shall we leave a tip for the waiter?’3 a u s e f u l s u g g e s t i o n o r p i e c e o f i n f o r m a t i o n t h a t s o m e o n e g i v e s y o u : The booklet gives some good tips on getting the most out of your software. / ‘ t a i a d / adj tired.

n e e d i n g t o r e s t o r s l e e p : Your mother

looked

t i r i n g / ‘ t a i a r m / adj m a k i n g y o u f e e l t i r e d / t a u / noun [C] o n e o f t h e f i v e i n d i v i d u a l p a r t s a t t h e e n d o f y o u r f o o t : Vera slipped off her shoes and wriggled her toes. Д э ‘ д е б э / adv 1 i f you put or join t w oor more things t o g e t h e r , y o u c o m b i n e o r c o n n e c t t h e m : Mix together the flour, eggs, and water. 2 w i t h e a c h o t h e r : Kevin, Jack and Dave share a house together. t o l e r a n t / ‘ t D l a r a n t / adj w i l l i n g t o a c c e p t o t h e r p e o p l e ‘ s b e l i e f s , w a y o f l i f e etc w i t h o u t c r i t i c i s i n g t h e m , even i f y o u d i s a g r e e w i t h them t o n n e Д л п / noun [C] a u n i t f o r m e a s u r i n g w e i g h t , e q u a l t o 1,000 kilograms / t u : l / noun [C] 1 a piece o f e q u i p m e n t that y o u hold to do a p a r t i c u l a r t y p e o f w o r k : kitchen/gardening tools 2 s o m e t h i n g t h a t y o u u s e i n o r d e r t o p e r f o r m a j o b o r a c h i e v e a n a i m : The Internet has become an important research tool for students. / t u : 6 / noun [C] a n y o f t h e h a r d w h i t e objects inside y o u r m o u t h t h a t y o u u s e f o r b i t i n g : a loose/missing/broken tooth t o o t h a c h e / ‘ t u : 6 e i k / noun [singular/u] a p a i n i n o n e o r m o r e o f y o u r teeth t o o t h b r u s h Ди:6,Ьгл)7 noun [C] a s m a l l b r u s h t h a t y o u u s e f o r cleaning y o u r teeth

toothpaste

unofficial

t o o t h p a s t e /’tu:9,peist/ noun [C/U] a soft t h i c k substance t h a t y o u put on a t o o t h b r u s h to clean y o u r teeth /top/ noun [C] 1 the highest place, p o i n t , p a r t or surface of something: We could see mountain tops in the distance. 2 a l i d or cover for a c o n t a i n e r or pen: the top of the shampoo bottle 3 a piece of c l o t h i n g t h a t covers the upper p a r t of y o u r body: She was wearing a red skirt and a black top.

t u r n i n t o /t3:n i n t u i / phr vb to change or develop i n t o s o m e t h i n g different, or to m a k e s o m e t h i n g change or develop i n t o s o m e t h i n g different: Our holiday turned into a nightmare. t u r n o n /,t3:n ton/ phr vb to s t a r t u s i n g a piece of equipment or a supply of gas, e l e c t r i c i t y or water by pressing, t u r n i n g , or m o v i n g s o m e t h i n g : Is your computer turned on?

/tre’dif(a)n/ noun [c/U] a v e r y o l d custom, b e l i e f or story: Native American culture and traditions

t u r n o f f /Гз:п ‘nil phr vb 1 to leave the r o a d t h a t y o u are t r a v e l l i n g a l o n g i n order to go along a n o t h e r one: If you’re coming on the M4, turn off at junction 26. 2 to stop u s i n g a piece of equipment or a supply of gas, e l e c t r i c i t y or water by pressing, t u r n i n g or m o v i n g s o m e t h i n g : Will you turn the television off, please?

/tra’dij'(a)nal/ adj 1 r e l a t i n g to v e r y o l d customs, beliefs or stories: traditional Mediterranean cooking 2 t y p i c a l of the t h i n g s people have u s u a l l y done: Our house was built in a traditional style.

t u r n o v e r /t3:n ‘auva/ phr vb 1 to stop w a t c h i n g one t e l e v i s i o n station a n d s t a r t w a t c h i n g another: Let’s turn over-this is really boring. 2 to t u r n a page i n a book or a sheet o f paper so t h a t the other side is t o w a r d s y o u : You may turn over your exam papers now.

Л а и э / noun [C] a b u i l d i n g : a water

a t a l l n a r r o w s t r u c t u r e , b u i l d i n g or p a r t of tower

t r a f f i c j a m /’traefik У з з е т / noun [C] a l i n e of vehicles w a i t i n g b e h i n d s o m e t h i n g that is b l o c k i n g the r o a d t r a i n e r s /’tremaz/ noun [plural] a t y p e of comfortable shoe t h a t y o u

wear i n i n f o r m a l situations or for d o i n g sport t r a n s i s t o r /traen’zista/ noun [C] a n object t h a t controls the flow of e l e c t r i c i t y inside electronic e q u i p m e n t /traens’leit/ verb [i/T] to change spoken or w r i t t e n w o r d s i n t o a different language: I don’t speak Russian, so someone will have to translate, verb ш to cause a p a r t i c u l a r s i t u a t i o n or r e s u l t : Will the sales increase translate into more jobs? /traens’leif(a)n/ noun [C] a piece of w o r k i n w h i c h spoken or w r i t t e n words have been changed i n t o a different language: Some people like to make lists of words with translations in their own language, noun [U] the a c t i v i t y of c h a n g i n g spoken or w r i t t e n words i n t o a different language: Most legal translation is done by lawyers with foreign language training. t r a n s l a t o r /traens’leita/ noun [C] someone whose j o b is to t r a n s l a t e spoken or w r i t t e n words i n t o a different language t r a n s m i s s i o n /traenz’mif(a)n/ noun [C/u] the process o f s e n d i n g electronic signals such as r a d i o or t e l e v i s i o n signals, or a s i g n a l that is sent i n t h i s way: New telephone lines allow faster data transmission by fax or modem, noun [U] the process by w h i c h s o m e t h i n g spreads f r o m one person to another: the transmission of disease t r a n s m i t /traenz’mit/ verb [T] 1 to send a n electronic s i g n a l such as a radio or television s i g n a l : The Cup Final was transmitted via satellite to over 20 countries. 2 to pass i n f o r m a t i o n , beliefs or attitudes to other people: We transmit our values to our children. 3 to spread a disease f r o m one person to another: HIV can be transmitted by sexual contact. t r i b e /traib/ noun [C] a large group of related f a m i l i e s w h o l i v e i n the same area and share a c o m m o n language, r e l i g i o n and customs: Native American tribes /trip/ noun [C] a n occasion w h e n y o u go somewhere and come back again: a fishing/camping/sightseeing trip t r o l l /trol, traul/ noun [C] 1 a n i m a g i n a r y , v e r y ugly, c r e a t u r e i n old S c a n d i n a v i a n stories t h a t lives i n a cave a n d is e i t h e r v e r y s m a l l or very t a l l 2 an ugly or unpleasant person t r o l l e y /’trod/ noun [C] a large c o n t a i n e r w i t h wheels t h a t y o u push and use for c a r r y i n g t h i n g s i n a s u p e r m a r k e t or at a n a i r p o r t /trAst/ noun [U] a feeling that y o u t r u s t someone or something: The doctor-patient relationship has to be based on trust, verb [T] to believe that someone or s o m e t h i n g is good, honest or reliable: Both communities have to trust each other. t r u s t w o r t h y /’trAs(t),w3:6i/ adj someone w h o is t r u s t w o r t h y c a n be trusted /trai/ verb [i/T] to attempt to do s o m e t h i n g : Owen tried a shot at goal, but the ball went wide, verb [T] to do s o m e t h i n g i n order to find out w h e t h e r i t is enjoyable, suitable or effective: Haveyou tried these biscuits? They’re great! /tju:b/ noun [C] 1 a l o n g n a r r o w object s i m i l a r to a pipe t h a t l i q u i d or gas can move t h r o u g h : Nurses had to feed Dan through a tube. 2 a long n a r r o w plastic or m e t a l c o n t a i n e r t h a t y o u squeeze i n order to push out the soft substance inside: a tube of toothpaste noun [singular] the tube: the system of u n d e r g r o u n d t r a i n s i n London: a tube station/train

t u r n r o u n d /Гз:п ‘raund/ phr vb to change the p o s i t i o n of y o u r body or head so t h a t y o u are f a c i n g i n a different d i r e c t i o n : The girls in front turned round and grinned. t u r n u p /t3:n ‘лр/ phr vb 1 to a r r i v e somewhere: She failed to turn up for work on Monday. 2 to increase the a m o u n t of sound, heat or l i g h t t h a t is p r o d u c e d by a piece of equipment, by pressing a b u t t o n or by m o v i n g a s w i t c h : Can you turn the volume up a bit? :e /twais/ adv * + * two times: He’s phoned morning.

twice already

this

/ t w i n / noun [C] one of t w o c h i l d r e n w h o were b o r n at the same t i m e to the same m o t h e r : my twin brother/sister /twist/ verb [i/т] to bend or t u r n i n t o a different shape, or to force s o m e t h i n g out of its o r i g i n a l shape by b e n d i n g i t or t u r n i n g it: The force of the explosion had twisted the metal, verb [T] 1 to i n j u r e a p a r t of y o u r body by suddenly b e n d i n g i t too m u c h : I’ve twisted my ankle so I won’t be able to play. 2 to change the i n t e n d e d m e a n i n g of s o m e t h i n g s l i g h t l y , so t h a t i t means w h a t you w a n t i t to mean: You’re twisting my words.

Uu /лдИ/ adj 1 unpleasant to look at 2 a n u g l y s i t u a t i o n involves v i o l e n t or a n g r y b e h a v i o u r : an ugly confrontation u m p i r e / л т р а г э / noun [C] someone whose j o b is to make sure t h a t players obey the r u l e s i n some sports, for example tennis, baseball a n d c r i c k e t /’лпк(э)1/ noun [C] the b r o t h e r of one of y o u r parents, or the h u s b a n d of y o u r aunt: The business was owned by my uncle. u n d e r g r a d u a t e /,Anda’graed3uat/ noun [C] a student w h o is s t u d y i n g for a first degree at a college or u n i v e r s i t y unemployed

/ д ш т ‘ р к ж ! / adj w i t h o u t a j o b : Haveyou for a year or more?

been

u n e x p e c t e d l y /Anik’spektidli/ adv s o m e t h i n g t h a t is s u r p r i s i n g because y o u d i d not expect i t at a l l , or y o u expected i t to happen i n a different way: His response was unexpectedly positive. Mn’haepi/ adj 1 feeling sad or upset: Why are you so unhappy? 2 not satisfied: People are very unhappy about the high ticket prices. u n h e a l t h y /An’heiei/ adj 1 i l l , or not p h y s i c a l l y fit 2 not good for you /’ju:ni,fa:m/ noun [C] a set of clothes t h a t y o u w e a r to show t h a t y o u are p a r t of a p a r t i c u l a r o r g a n i s a t i o n or school: He was still wearing his school uniform. /An’kaind/ adj

u n f r i e n d l y , i n s u l t i n g or c r u e l : an

unkind

remark u n l e a d e d An’ledid/ adj unleaded p e t r o l does not c o n t a i n lead /An’nesas(a)ri/ adj not needed: Remove unnecessary files from your computer.

all

u n o f f i c i a l /лпэ’П/(э)1/ adj 1 not organised or f o r m a l l y approved by anyone i n a u t h o r i t y 2 not h a v i n g a n official p o s i t i o n or status

125

untidy

wild

u n t i d y /An’taidi/ adj 1 not a r r a n g e d i n a w a y t h a t is t i d y : an untidy desk 2 not k e e p i n g t h i n g s t i d y : He’s always criticising me for being untidy. /лп]шзиэ1/ adj 1 not n o r m a l , c o m m o n or o r d i n a r y : You’re in a very unusual situation. 2 different f r o m other people or t h i n g s i n a way t h a t is i n t e r e s t i n g , a t t r a c t i v e or i m p r e s s i v e : The designers have chosen unusual colour combinations. /Ap’set/ adj 1 sad, w o r r i e d o r a n g r y about s o m e t h i n g : Why are you so upset? 2 i f y o u r stomach is upset, y o u have a n i l l n e s s affecting y o u r stomach, u s u a l l y caused by s o m e t h i n g t h a t y o u have eaten or d r u n k : Phone and tell them you’ve got an upset stomach, verb [T] to m a k e someone feel sad, w o r r i e d o r a n g r y : I’m sorry, I didn’t mean to upset you. /’з:Ьэп/ adj r e l a t i n g to t o w n s a n d cities: People moved to the urban areas for jobs. /’3:d3(a)nt/ adj u r g e n t t h i n g s are t h i n g s t h a t y o u need to deal w i t h i m m e d i a t e l y : He had some urgent business to attend to. U S B p o r t / j u : es ‘bi: pa:t/ noun [C] a place o n a c o m p u t e r w h e r e y o u c a n attach a cable for c o n n e c t i n g a p r i n t e r , k e y b o a r d , m o d e m etc /’ju:sf(d)l/ adj h e l p f u l for d o i n g o r a c h i e v i n g s o m e t h i n g : a useful tool/technique/gadget

V v a c a n c y /’veikansi/ noun [C] 1 a j o b t h a t is a v a i l a b l e : We have several vacancies to fill in the Sales Department. 2 a r o o m i n a h o t e l t h a t is available: We have no vacancies at all during July. /’vadi/ noun [ci a l o w area of l a n d between t w o m o u n t a i n s or h i l l s , often w i t h a r i v e r f l o w i n g t h r o u g h i t : Their house has wonderful views across the valley. v a n d a l /»vaend(ad/ noun [C] someone w h o deliberately damages o r destroys t h i n g s , especially p u b l i c p r o p e r t y v a n d a l i s e /’vaenda.laiz/ verb [T] to d e l i b e r a t e l y damage or destroy t h i n g s , especially p u b l i c p r o p e r t y /va’raiati/ noun [singular] a n u m b e r of different people or t h i n g s : Adults study for a variety of reasons, noun [С] a p a r t i c u l a r t y p e of t h i n g : a new variety of tomato /’vearias/ adj several d i f f e r e n t : There are various of solving the problem.

ways

v e g e t a r i a n /,ved3a’tearian/ adj r e l a t i n g to o r i n t e n d e d for vegetarians: a vegetarian diet/cookbook/restaurant /’УЗ:/(Э)П/ noun [C] a f o r m of s o m e t h i n g t h a t is d i f f e r e n t f r o m other f o r m s or f r o m the o r i g i n a l : The software comes in several different versions.

ж

m

m

/weid3/ noun [C] a r e g u l a r amount of money that you earn for w o r k i n g : a daily/hourly/weekly wage w a i t i n g r o o m /’weitin ,ru:m/ noun [C] a r o o m where you w a i t for s o m e t h i n g such as a t r a i n , or for someone such as a doctor to be ready to see y o u w a l k i n g s t i c k /»wutkirj ,stik/ noun [c] a stick t h a t some people use to help t h e m to w a l k /weist/ verb [T] to use more of s o m e t h i n g t h a n is necessary, or to use i t i n a way t h a t does not produce the best results: There were accusations that the government was wasting public money. w a t e r /’wa:ta/ verb [T] to p o u r water on plants i n order to keep them h e a l t h y verb т 1 i f y o u r eyes water, tears f o r m i n them because s o m e t h i n g is h u r t i n g t h e m 2 i f y o u r m o u t h waters when you see or s m e l l nice food, saliva begins to f o r m i n your m o u t h /weiv/ noun [C] 1 a l i n e of water that rises up on the surface of a sea, lake or r i v e r : The boat was smashed by a huge wave. 2 a movement t h a t y o u make w i t h y o u r h a n d or w i t h an object as a way of saying hello or goodbye to someone or as a s i g n a l to them verb [l/T] to move y o u r hand i n order to say hello or goodbye: He smiled and waved when he saw me. verb Dl to move something a r o u n d i n the a i r : People clapped and cheered and children waved flags. /wi:k/ adj 1 l a c k i n g physical s t r e n g t h or good health: The illness had left him too weak to speak. 2 l a c k i n g d e t e r m i n a t i o n and easily persuaded to do s o m e t h i n g that y o u should not do: weak, indecisive leadership 3 bad i n q u a l i t y or a b i l i t y : Her written work is good, but her oral skills are rather weak. /’wkknas/ noun [U] the state or c o n d i t i o n of being weak: the increasing weakness of the government noun [C] a fault or p r o b l e m that makes someone or something less effective or a t t r a c t i v e : They listed the strengths and weaknesses of their product. w e a l t h y /’wel9i/ adj r i c h : a wealthy

businessman

w e b c a m /’web.kaem/ noun [C] a camera that is connected to a computer and produces images on a website w e b s i t e /’web,sait/ noun [C] a place on the I n t e r n e t where i n f o r m a t i o n is available about a p a r t i c u l a r subject, company, u n i v e r s i t y etc w e d d i n g a n n i v e r s a r y /’wedin aeni’v3:sari/ noun [C] a celebration of the n u m b e r of years t h a t two people have been m a r r i e d /weit/ noun [U] a measurement of how heavy a person or t h i n g is: It was about 12 pounds in weight, noun [C] a piece of heavy m e t a l t h a t is designed for l i f t i n g for exercise or as a sport w e l l — b e h a v e d /,wel bi’heivd/ adj b e h a v i n g i n a way that is polite and quiet and does not upset people

/ ‘ v i k t i m / noun [C] 1 someone w h o has been h a r m e d o r k i l l e d as the r e s u l t of a c r i m e : a murder victim 2 someone w h o has been affected by s o m e t h i n g such as a n accident or i l l n e s s : flood/earthquake victims

w e l l — b u i l t /,wel ‘bilt/ adj a w e l l — b u i l t person has an attractive, strong body

/Vaialans/ noun [U] 1 v i o l e n t b e h a v i o u r : acts of violence 2 a s t r o n g force t h a t s o m e t h i n g has, often one t h a t causes a lot of damage: the violence of the storm

w e l l — o f f /’welpf/ dj r i c h

/’vaialant/ adj 1 u s i n g p h y s i c a l force to h u r t people or damage p r o p e r t y : There were several violent incidents on the streets. 2 a v i o l e n t w i n d , s t o r m or explosion happens w i t h a lot of force and causes serious damage /’vairas/ noun [C] 1 a v e r y s m a l l l i v i n g t h i n g t h a t can enter y o u r body and m a k e y o u i l l , o r a disease o r i l l n e s s caused by t h i s : Malaria is caused by a virus. 2 a p r o g r a m t h a t enters y o u r computer and damages o r destroys i n f o r m a t i o n t h a t y o u have stored: Most viruses are spread over the Internet. v o c a t i o n a l /vau’keif(a)nal/ adj r e l a t i n g to the s k i l l s t h a t y o u need for a p a r t i c u l a r job: a vocational course/qualification v o l l e y b a l l /’vDli,bad/ noun [u] a s p o r t i n w h i c h t w o teams use t h e i r hands and a r m s to h i t a b a l l to each other over a h i g h net v o w e l /’vaual/ noun [C] one of the letters a, e, i , о o r u , or the sounds t h a t they represent

w e l l — k n o w n /’wel.naun/ adj k n o w n by m a n y people, or by the people involved i n a p a r t i c u l a r s i t u a t i o n

w e l l — p a i d /’wel,peid/ adj r e c e i v i n g a satisfactory amount of money for the w o r k t h a t y o u do /’wispa/ verb [i/T] to speak v e r y q u i e t l y to someone, so that other people cannot hear you: Stop whispering, you two! /haul/ adj 1 a l l of something: My whole family came to watch me playing in the concert. 2 not d i v i d e d or broken: Add three whole eggs plus two additional yolks. w i c k e d /’wikid/ adj m o r a l l y w r o n g and deliberately i n t e n d i n g to h u r t people /wad/ noun [C] the w o m a n t h a t a m a n is m a r r i e d to: I’d better phone my wife and tell her I’ll be late. /waild/ adj 1 a w i l d a n i m a l or plant lives or grows on its own i n n a t u r a l conditions and is not raised by humans: The wild rose is a familiar sight in woods and hedges. 2 a w i l d area is one where people do not l i v e or cannot live: wild, mountainous regions 3 e x c i t i n g and enjoyable: They have some pretty wild parties.

wing

zone

/ w i n / noun [C] 1 one of the p a r t s o n a b i r d or insect t h a t move up and d o w n and a l l o w i t to fly: a moth’s delicate wings 2 one of the long flat p a r t s on b o t h sides of a plane t h a t a l l o w i t to f l y

w r e c k /гек/ noun [C] 1 s o m e t h i n g t h a t has been badly damaged o r is i n v e r y bad c o n d i t i o n 2 someone w h o looks or feels v e r y i l l or tired

/’wmtd/ noun [C/U] the season after a u t u m n and before spring, w h e n i t is u s u a l l y cold: a cold/severe/hard winter

w r i n k l e /’пг)к(э)1/ noun [C] a l i n e t h a t appears o n y o u r s k i n w h e n y o u get older, o r w h e n y o u r s k i n has been damaged by the sun

w i r e l e s s /’waialas/ adj not u s i n g w i r e s : wireless

w r i t e d o w n /rait ‘daun/ phr vb to w r i t e s o m e t h i n g on a piece of paper

phones

w i s d o m /’wizdam/ noun [U] the a b i l i t y to m a k e good decisions based on knowledge and experience: The Egyptian leader was praised for his courage and wisdom. /waiz/ adj 1 a wise a c t i o n or decision is sensible and shows that y o u have good j u d g m e n t : You made a wise decision when you chose to study Spanish. 2 a wise person is able to make good choices and decisions because they have a lot of experience w i t c h /witJ7 noun [C] a w o m a n w i t h magic powers /wi6’aut/ adv, prep used for s a y i n g w h a t someone or s o m e t h i n g does not have: I can’t find the answer without a calculator.

/ W n d a / verb [i/т] to t h i n k about s o m e t h i n g because you want to k n o w more facts, or because y o u are w o r r i e d : ‘How did they find out?’she wondered, verb [i] to be v e r y impressed or s u r p r i s e d by s o m e t h i n g : It’s hard not to wonder at the miracle of a newborn baby. made of wood: a wooden

someone w h o w r i t e s books, stories or

X X — r a y ‘/eks ,rei/ noun [С] 1 a t y p e of r a d i a t i o n t h a t is used for l o o k i n g i n s i d e t h i n g s such as y o u r body 2 a p i c t u r e of the inside of someone’s body t h a t is t a k e n u s i n g X-rays

w o l f /wulf/ noun [C] a w i l d a n i m a l t h a t looks l i k e a large dog

/’wud(a)n/ adj

/’raita/ noun [C] a r t i c l e s as t h e i r j o b

box

w o r k o u t /w3:k ‘aut/ phr vb 1 to do p h y s i c a l exercise as a w a y of keeping fit 2 to find an answer to s o m e t h i n g by c a l c u l a t i n g i t : Use the chart to work out how much tax you have to pay. t h e W o r l d W i d e W e b /бэ ,w3:id waid ‘web/ noun [singular] a v e r y large

Y y e l l /jel/ verb [i/т] t o shout l o u d l y y o g h u r t /’jDqa(r)t/ noun [C/u] a food made f r o m m i l k t h a t has become t h i c k a n d s l i g h t l y sour

collection of documents, pictures, sounds etc stored on computers i n m a n y different places and connected t h r o u g h the I n t e r n e t /’wArid/ adj nervous and upset because y o u are t h i n k i n g about y o u r problems or about bad t h i n g s t h a t c o u l d happen: Everyone was very worried when John didn’t show up. w o r r y i n g /’wArim/ adj m a k i n g y o u feel w o r r i e d /rasp/ verb [T] to cover someone or s o m e t h i n g by p u t t i n g paper, cloth etc r o u n d t h e m : Keep the cheeses fresh by wrapping each one individually.

/zaun/ noun [C] earthquake zone

a n area w h e r e a p a r t i c u l a r t h i n g happens: an

gHM

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