Fear of the word phobia

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Hippopotomonstrosesquippedaliophobia

Fears and phobias are very real and the human mind is capable of developing them towards virtually anything or any situation. The fear of long words phobia or Hippopotomonstrosesquippedaliophobia is often considered a jocular or fictional phobia; however, that is not the case and long words phobia is actually very real and does exist.

Fear of Long Words Phobia - Hippopotomonstrosesquippedaliophobia

People suffering from Hippopotomonstrosesquippedaliophobia tend to experience a great deal of anxiety when faced with long words. It is indeed ironical that the scientific name given to this phobia is such a long one. Hippopotomonstrosesquippedaliophobia can actually be broken down into several parts: Hippo- is ‘horse’ in Greek and potam-os is river. Thus the first part of the word refers to a water horse also otherwise known as Hippopotamus. The Oxford Dictionary uses the word: Hippopotamine to refer to “something very large”. The word “monstr” is the Latin origin of a ‘monstrous being’ or something that is huge or terrifying and sesquippedalio is derived from Latin sesquippedali meaning ‘measuring a foot and a half long’. Phobos stands for morbid fear.

Most specific phobias, including the fear of long words phobia, are caused by an event that is recorded by parts of the brain (namely the amygdala and hippocampus) as dangerous or deadly. The body then reacts as if the same event is bound to happen repeatedly. A person with severe Hippopotomonstrosesquippedaliophobia is literally held a prisoner by his feelings of anxiety and panic he experiences at the thought or sight of long words.

No one is born with this phobia. Most people have simply learned it from an unpleasant episode. In fact; many individuals do not even remember how the fear started.

School going children (or in some cases, working adults) might have experienced being laughed at or having been embarrassed (or found themselves shaking, trembling etc) when reading/pronouncing long words. The mind then continues to create the same response without any basis. For a person suffering from Hippopotomonstrosesquippedaliophobia, the mind develops negative images, bad movie-like stills at the thought or sight of long words.

Symptoms of Hippopotomonstrosesquippedaliophobia

Each individual is different and so are his/her symptoms of Hippopotomonstrosesquippedaliophobia.

Typically, the symptoms of long words phobia can be characterized as mental, emotional or physical. Many individuals feel extremely anxious or have a full blown panic attack at the sight or thought of long words.

Physical symptoms include shaking, crying, running away, trembling, feeling nauseated, experiencing headaches, rapid or accelerated heartbeat and shallow breathing etc.

The person is likely to feel dread and terror; his mind creates very bad pictures such as embarrassing oneself, passing out etc when faced with long words.

Often the patient understands that his fear is irrational and unsupported; however, he is unable to control himself and is powerless to rationalize.

Treating and overcoming the fear of long words phobia

The good news is that Hippopotomonstrosesquippedaliophobia can be overcome. Drugs and medicines must be the last resort as these simply mask the symptoms of anxiety experienced due to the phobia. The solution to overcoming the fear of long words is to mainly recall and evaluate the factors that have led to the phobia in the first place.

Therapists can also help evaluate these factors to come up with a treatment plan. The individual is then encouraged to expose self to long words gradually: beginning with just seeing the word, then progressing to thinking about long words and finally saying them. Such gradual exposure helps lessen the panic until the individual is completely comfortable and can face long words confidently.

Using self help methods like deep breathing, relaxing and meditating etc are also recommended while dealing with this phobia. Talk therapy, cognitive behavior therapy and behavior therapy are some other important and effective therapies for treating Hippopotomonstrosesquippedaliophobia.

Tell Your Story

Every so often while reading, you might come across a long word that makes you pause. It takes a second, or a few, to sound out the word. For some, being unfamiliar with a long word isn’t a big deal, but it’s a phobia for others. If you have a phobia of long words, you might avoid them altogether.

Hippopotomonstrosesquippedaliophobia is the fear of long words. Ironic, isn’t it? It’s also referred to as sesquipedalophobia (a Latin term that means «long word»). When this phobia involves a fear of encountering a long word when reading aloud or in a social context, it can be considered a type of social phobia.

This article will cover the diagnosis, symptoms, and treatment options for social phobias like Hippopotomonstrosesquippedaliophobia.

Verywell / Ellen Lindner


Definition

Hippopotomonstrosesquippedaliophobia is the fear of long words. This condition is considered a social phobia. Fifteen million Americans live with a social phobia.

The fear of long words is very specific. Some people may fear long words with many syllables, while others fear obscure words. Some people might have an aversion to common words of moderate length.

Hippopotomonstrosesquippedaliophobia

This is the fear of long words. Sesquipedalian means «long word» in Latin.

A social phobia is when you have an irrational fear of being judged or rejected by a specific social situation causing you debilitating anxiety. If you have a social phobia, you might avoid social situations altogether out of fear of seeming awkward or anxious.

You may also experience physical symptoms with a social phobia, such as nausea, rapid heart rate, or even a full-blown panic attack when confronted with your fear.

Symptoms

If you’re living with this phobia and come across a long word, it might cause you anxiety. You may avoid the word altogether or shut down. It’s possible you may also feel embarrassed if you’re unable to read the word.

Symptoms of fear of long words include:

  • Reading avoidance
  • Sweating
  • Dry mouth
  • Fainting
  • Anxiousness
  • Nausea
  • Lack of control
  • Shortness of breath
  • Dizziness

Diagnosis

Typically, you’ll discuss this condition with your primary healthcare provider first. Your provider will then refer you to a licensed mental health professional.

During your first appointment, you’ll answer some intake forms. The mental health provider will also ask you some questions regarding the reasons for your visit to establish a proper diagnosis.

The diagnosis of a social phobia according to the DSM-5 includes the following:

  • The fear or anxiety is persistent, and the social situation is excessively avoided.
  • Fear, anxiety, or avoidance that causes clinical distress
  • Persistent, intense fear or anxiety regarding specific social situations because you believe you may be judged negatively, embarrassed, or humiliated
  • Excessive anxiety that’s out of proportion to the situation
  • Anxiety or distress that interferes with your daily living

Causes

There are a number of factors that can cause a social phobia. They include the following:

  • Genetics: Having a family member with a social phobia puts you at an increased risk of developing one as well.
  • Environmental factors: Stressful or traumatic childhood experiences can contribute to the development of a social phobia.
  • Learned behavior: Seeing others experience the feared situation, or living with the phobia, including growing up in a household where an adult of significance, such as a parent, had a fear of long words.
  • Parenting style: Having controlling or critical parents can contribute to the development of a social phobia.
  • Brain function: If you have a social phobia, there’s likely an imbalance of neurotransmitters in your brain.

Treatment Options

There are a number of treatment options to help decrease or cure the symptoms of a social phobia. Treatment depends on your specific diagnosis, your needs, and the severity of your symptoms. Some options include the following:

  • Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a type of psychotherapy (talk therapy). It involves identifying unhealthy or harmful thinking and behavior patterns and changing them into healthy ones.
  • Medication: Although they’re not always necessary, certain drugs can help manage symptoms of a social phobia. Options include anti-anxiety medication, antidepressants, and beta-blockers.

Coping

Living with a social phobia can feel isolating, but there are ways to cope. Work along with a licensed mental health professional to find activities that help bring you joy and decrease the severity of your symptoms. Some coping techniques include the following:

Self-Care Tips for a Social Phobia

  • Practice stress-reducing activities such as exercise, deep breathing, meditation, and yoga.
  • Avoid or reduce foods and beverages such as alcohol and coffee.
  • Talk to a trusted friend. Opening up to someone you love about what you’re experiencing can help you feel more supported and understood.
  • Join a support group. Connecting with people who understand what you’re going through can help you feel less alone.

Summary

Hippopotomonstrosesquippedaliophobia is the fear of long words. It’s considered a social phobia. When you have a social phobia, it’s common to avoid social situations as a means to control your anxiety. You may also experience physical symptoms with a social phobia, such as nausea, rapid heart rate, or even a full-blown panic attack when confronted with your fear.

A social phobia can be caused by genetics, upbringing, brain function, and certain environmental factors. Treatment includes talk therapy and, in some instances, medication.

Joining a support group and keeping a healthy lifestyle can also help manage the symptoms and improve your quality of life.

A Word From Verywell

If you or someone you know is living with a social phobia, know that you’re not alone. There’s help and support. It’s important to speak with your healthcare provider about your symptoms. They can refer you to a licensed mental health professional.

Know that treating a social phobia is a process. Be patient with yourself and your healing. Give yourself the time you need and know that getting help is a big celebratory step towards your healing.

By Yvelette Stines

Yvelette Stines, MS, MEd, is an author, writer, and communications specialist specializing in health and wellness.

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

«-phobia» redirects here. For the class of psychological disorders, see Phobia.

The English suffixes -phobia, -phobic, -phobe (from Greek φόβος phobos, «fear») occur in technical usage in psychiatry to construct words that describe irrational, abnormal, unwarranted, persistent, or disabling fear as a mental disorder (e.g. agoraphobia), in chemistry to describe chemical aversions (e.g. hydrophobic), in biology to describe organisms that dislike certain conditions (e.g. acidophobia), and in medicine to describe hypersensitivity to a stimulus, usually sensory (e.g. photophobia). In common usage, they also form words that describe dislike or hatred of a particular thing or subject (e.g. homophobia). The suffix is antonymic to -phil-.

For more information on the psychiatric side, including how psychiatry groups phobias such as agoraphobia, social phobia, or simple phobia, see phobia. The following lists include words ending in -phobia, and include fears that have acquired names. In some cases, the naming of phobias has become a word game, of notable example being a 1998 humorous article published by BBC News.[1] In some cases, a word ending in -phobia may have an antonym with the suffix -phil-, e.g. Germanophobe/Germanophile.

Many -phobia lists circulate on the Internet, with words collected from indiscriminate sources, often copying each other. Also, a number of psychiatric websites exist that at the first glance cover a huge number of phobias, but in fact use a standard text to fit any phobia and reuse it for all unusual phobias by merely changing the name. Sometimes it leads to bizarre results, such as suggestions to cure «prostitute phobia».[2] Such practice is known as content spamming and is used to attract search engines.

An article published in 1897 in American Journal of Psychology noted «the absurd tendency to give Greek names to objects feared (which, as Arndt says, would give us such terms as klopsophobia – fear of thieves, triakaidekaphobia – fear of the number 13….)».[3]

Psychological conditions

Specialists may prefer to avoid the suffix -phobia and use more descriptive terms such as personality disorders, anxiety disorders, and avoidant personality disorder. Terms should strictly have a Greek prefix although many are irregularly formed with Latin or even English prefixes. Many use inaccurate or imprecise prefixes, such as aerophobia (fear of air) for fear of flying.

A

Phobia Condition
Achluophobia fear of darkness
Acousticophobia fear of noise – a branch of phonophobia
Acrophobia fear of heights
Aerophobia fear of aircraft or flying
Agoraphobia fear of open places
Agyrophobia fear of crossing streets
Aichmophobia fear of sharp or pointed objects such as a needle or knife
Ailurophobia fear/dislike of cats, a zoophobia
Alektorophobia fear/dislike of chickens, a zoophobia
Anatidaephobia fear/dislike of ducks, a zoophobia
Algophobia fear of pain
Alliumphobia fear of the strong-scented Allium genus: garlic, onions, chives, shallots[4][5][6][7]
Ancraophobia fear of wind or drafts
Androphobia fear of adult men[8]
Anthropophobia fear of human beings[8]
Apeirophobia excessive fear of infinity, eternity, and the uncountable
Aphenphosmphobia fear of being touched
Apiphobia fear of bees, a zoophobia
Apotemnophobia fear of amputees, and/or of becoming an amputee[9][10]
Aquaphobia fear of water. Distinct from hydrophobia, a scientific property that makes chemicals averse to interaction with water, as well as an archaic name for rabies.
Arachnophobia fear of spiders and other arachnids such as scorpions, a zoophobia
Astraphobia fear of thunder and lightning
Atelophobia fear of imperfection
Atychiphobia fear of failure[11] or negative evaluations of others
Autophobia fear of isolation[12]

B

Phobia Condition
Bacteriophobia fear of bacteria
Basophobia, basiphobia fear associated with astasia-abasia (fear of walking/standing erect) and a fear of falling
Batrachophobia fear/dislike of frogs and other amphibians, a zoophobia
Belonephobia fear of needles or pins[13][14]
Bibliophobia fear of books
Blood-injection-injury type phobia a DSM-IV subtype of specific phobias

C

Phobia Condition
Cacophobia, aschimophobia fear of ugliness
Carcinophobia fear of cancer
Catoptrophobia fear of mirrors
Chemophobia fear of chemicals
Cherophobia fear of happiness
Chiroptophobia fear/dislike of bats, a zoophobia
Chromophobia, chromatophobia fear of colors
Chronophobia fear of time and time moving forward
Chronomentrophobia fear of clocks[15]
Cibophobia, sitophobia aversion to food, synonymous with anorexia nervosa
Claustrophobia fear of having no escape and being closed in
Coimetrophobia fear of cemeteries
Coprophobia fear of feces or defecation[8]
Coulrophobia fear of clowns[16]
Cyberphobia fear of computers
Cynophobia fear/dislike of dogs, a zoophobia

D

Phobia Condition
Dental fear, odontophobia fear of dentists and dental procedures
Dentophobia fear of dentists
Diagraphephobia fear of deleting files or an extreme fear of losing your computer data.[17]
Domatophobia fear of houses
Driving phobia, driving anxiety fear of driving
Dysmorphophobia, body dysmorphic disorder a phobic obsession with a real or imaginary body defect

E

Phobia Condition
Ecophobia fear of cataclysmic environmental change
Eisoptrophobia fear of mirrors or seeing one’s reflection in a mirror[18][19]
Emetophobia fear of vomiting
Enochlophobia fear of crowds
Entomophobia fear/dislike of insects, a zoophobia
Ephebiphobia fear of youth; inaccurate, exaggerated and sensational characterization of young people
Equinophobia fear of horses
Ergophobia, ergasiophobia fear of work or functioning, or a surgeon’s fear of operating
Erotophobia fear of sexual love or sexual abuse
Erythrophobia, erytophobia, ereuthophobia fear of the color red, or fear of blushing
Eurotophobia aversion to female genitals

F

Phobia Condition
Frigophobia fear of becoming too cold

G

Phobia Condition
Gamophobia fear of marriage
Gelotophobia fear of being laughed at
Gephyrophobia fear of bridges
Genophobia, coitophobia fear of sexual intercourse
Genuphobia fear of knees or the act of kneeling
Gerascophobia fear of growing old or aging
Gerontophobia fear of growing old, or a hatred or fear of the elderly
Globophobia fear of balloons
Glossophobia fear of speaking in public or of trying to speak
Gymnophobia fear of nudity[20]
Gynophobia fear of adult women

H

Phobia Condition
Halitophobia fear of bad breath
Haphephobia fear of being touched
Heptadekaphobia, heptadecaphobia fear of the number 17
Hedonophobia fear of obtaining pleasure
Heliophobia fear of the sun or sunlight
Helminthophobia, scoleciphobia, vermiphobia fear of worms,[21] a zoophobia
Hemophobia, haemophobia fear of blood
Herpetophobia fear/dislike of reptiles or amphibians, a zoophobia
Hexakosioihexekontahexaphobia fear of the number 666
Hippophobia fear/dislike of horses,[22] a zoophobia
Hodophobia fear of travel
Hydrophobia[23] fear of water, see aquaphobia
Hypnophobia, somniphobia fear of sleep or nightmares[24]
Hypochondria fear of illness

I

Phobia Condition
Ichthyophobia fear of fish, including fear of eating fish, or fear of dead fish, a zoophobia
Insectophobia fear of insects, a zoophobia

K

Phobia Condition
Koumpounophobia fear of buttons on clothing[25]

L

Phobia Condition
Lilapsophobia fear of tornadoes or hurricanes
Lepidopterophobia fear of butterflies and moths, a zoophobia

M

Phobia Condition
Mageiricophobia fear of cooking
Masklophobia fear of people in masks, costumes and mascots
Megalophobia fear of large objects[26]
Melanophobia fear of the color black
Melissophobia, apiphobia fear/dislike of bees, a zoophobia
Monophobia fear of being alone or isolated or of one’s self
Musophobia, murophobia, suriphobia fear/dislike of mice or rats, a zoophobia
Mycophobia fear of mushrooms[27]
Myrmecophobia fear of ants, a zoophobia
Mysophobia, germophobia fear of germs, contamination or dirt

N

Phobia Condition
Necrophobia fear of death or the dead
Neophobia, cainophobia, cainotophobia, centophobia, kainolophobia, kainophobia, metathesiophobia, prosophobia fear of newness, novelty, change or progress
Noctiphobia fear of the night
Nomophobia fear of being out of mobile phone contact
Nosocomephobia fear of hospitals
Nosophobia fear of contracting a disease
Nostophobia, ecophobia fear of returning home
Numerophobia fear of numbers
Nyctophobia, achluophobia, lygophobia, scotophobia fear of darkness

O

Phobia Condition
Obesophobia fear of gaining weight
Oikophobia fear of home surroundings and household appliances
Odontophobia dental fear
Ommetaphobia fear of eyes
Oneirophobia fear of dreams
Ophidiophobia fear/dislike of snakes, a zoophobia
Ophthalmophobia fear of being stared at
Ornithophobia fear/dislike of birds, a zoophobia
Osmophobia, olfactophobia fear of odors
Ostraconophobia fear/dislike of shellfish, a zoophobia

P

Phobia Condition
Panphobia fear of everything or constant fear of an unknown cause
Pedophobia, paedophobia, pediaphobia fear of babies and children
Phagophobia fear of swallowing
Phallophobia fear of erections
Pharmacophobia fear of medications
Phasmophobia fear of ghosts or phantoms
Philophobia fear of love
Phyllophobia fear of leaves[28][29][30][31]
Phobophobia fear of fear itself or of having a phobia
Phonophobia fear of loud sounds or voices
Pogonophobia fear of beards
Pornophobia dislike or fear of pornography; may be used in reference to the opposition to visual nudity
Porphyrophobia fear of the color purple
Pteromerhanophobia fear of flying
Pyrophobia fear of fire

R

Phobia Condition
Radiophobia fear of radioactivity or X-rays
Ranidaphobia fear/dislike of frogs, a zoophobia

S

Phobia Condition
Scopophobia fear of being looked at or stared at
Sexophobia fear of sexual organs or sexual activities
Siderodromophobia fear of trains or railroads
Social phobia fear of people or social situations
Somniphobia fear of sleep
Spectrophobia fear of mirrors
Spheksophobia fear of wasps, a zoophobia
Stasiphobia fear of standing or walking
Submechanophobia fear of partially or fully submerged man-made objects[32][33]

T

Phobia Condition
Taphophobia, taphephobia fear of graves, or fear of being placed in a grave while still alive
Technophobia fear of advanced technology (see also Luddite)
Telephone phobia fear or reluctance of making or taking telephone calls
Teratophobia fear of giving birth to a monster[34] or a disfigured foetus[35]
Tetraphobia fear of the number 4
Thalassophobia fear of the sea, or fear of being in the ocean
Thanatophobia fear of dying
Thermophobia fear of intolerance to high temperatures
Tokophobia fear of childbirth or pregnancy
Tomophobia fear of invasive medical procedure[36]
Tonitrophobia fear of thunder
Toxiphobia fear of being poisoned
Traumatophobia a synonym for injury phobia: fear of having an injury
Trichophobia delusional fear of something in the roots of the hair that stops it from growing,[37] or fear of hair loss
Triskaidekaphobia, terdekaphobia fear of the number 13
Trypanophobia, belonephobia, enetophobia fear of needles or injections
Trypophobia fear of holes or textures with a pattern of holes[38]

V

Phobia Condition
Vehophobia fear of driving
Verminophobia fear of germs

W

Phobia Condition
Workplace phobia fear of the workplace, a subset of ergophobia

X

Phobia Condition
Xanthophobia fear of the color yellow

Z

Phobia Condition
Zoophobia fear of animals

Cultural prejudices and discrimination

Phobia Condition
Acephobia fear/dislike of asexual people
Aporophobia fear/dislike of people without resources
Biphobia fear/dislike of bisexuality or bisexuals
Ephebiphobia fear/dislike of youth
Gayphobia fear/dislike of gay men (specifically)
Gerontophobia, gerascophobia fear/dislike of aging or the elderly
Heterophobia fear/dislike of heterosexuals
Homophobia fear/dislike of homosexuality, homosexuals, or gays (as opposed to lesbians)
Lesbophobia fear/dislike of lesbians
Pedophobia fear/dislike of babies or children
Psychophobia fear/dislike of mental illness or the mentally ill
Transphobia fear/dislike of transgender people

Ethnic prejudices and discrimination

The suffix -phobia is used to coin terms that denote a particular anti-ethnic or anti-demographic sentiment, such as Americanophobia, Europhobia, Francophobia, Hispanophobia, and Indophobia. Often a synonym with the prefix «anti-» already exists (e.g. Polonophobia vs. anti-Polonism). Anti-religious sentiments are expressed in terms such as Christianophobia and Islamophobia.

Phobia Condition
Afrophobia fear/dislike of Africans
Albanophobia fear/dislike of Albanians
Anglophobia fear/dislike of England or English culture
Christianophobia fear/dislike of Christians
Germanophobia fear/dislike of Germans
Hinduphobia fear/dislike of Hindus
Hibernophobia fear/dislike of Irish people
Hispanophobia fear/dislike of Hispanic people, Hispanic culture and the Spanish language
Hungarophobia fear/dislike of Hungarians
Indophobia fear/dislike of India or Indian culture
Indonesiaphobia fear/dislike of Indonesia or Indonesian culture
Iranophobia fear/dislike of Iran or Iranian culture
Islamophobia fear/dislike of Muslims
Italophobia fear/dislike of Italians
Judeophobia fear/dislike of Jews
Lusophobia fear/dislike of the Portuguese, Portuguese culture and the Portuguese language
Nipponophobia fear/dislike of the Japanese
Koryophobia fear/dislike of the Koreans
Latinophobia fear/dislike of Latin people
Negrophobia fear/dislike of black people
Polonophobia fear/dislike of the Polish
Russophobia fear/dislike of Russians
Shiaphobia fear/dislike of Shiites
Sinophobia fear/dislike of Chinese people
Sunniphobia fear/dislike of Sunnis
Turcophobia fear/dislike of Turks
Xenophobia fear/dislike of foreigners

Medical conditions

Phobia Condition
Osmophobia hypersensitivity to smells causing aversion to odors
Phonophobia hypersensitivity to sound causing aversion to sounds
Photophobia hypersensitivity to light causing aversion to light

Cultural phenomena

Phobia Condition
Bibliophobia fear or hatred of books, as a cultural phenomenon[39]
Lipophobia avoidance of fats in food[40][41][42] (see also Lipophobicity)
Coronaphobia fear of COVID-19[43]

-phobia in the natural sciences

In the natural sciences, words with the suffix -phobia/-phobic generally describe a predisposition for avoidance and/or exclusion. For antonyms, see here

Phobia Condition
Acidophobia preference for non-acidic conditions
Heliophobia aversion to sunlight
Hydrophobia the property of being repelled by water
Lipophobicity the property of fat rejection (sometimes also called lipophobia)
Oleophobicity the property of oil rejection
Photophobia (biology) a negative phototaxis or phototropism response, or a tendency to stay out of the light
Ultrahydrophobicity the property given to materials that are extremely difficult to get wet
Thermophobia aversion to heat

Jocular and fictional phobias

  • Aibohphobia – a humorous term for the fear of palindromes, which is a palindrome itself. The term is a piece of computer humor entered into the 1981 The Devil’s DP Dictionary.[44]
  • Anatidaephobia – the fictional fear that one is being watched by a duck. The word comes from the name of the family Anatidae, and was used in Gary Larson’s The Far Side.[45]
  • Anoraknophobia – a portmanteau of «anorak» and «arachnophobia». It was used in the Wallace and Gromit comic book Anoraknophobia. Also the title of an album by Marillion.
  • Arachibutyrophobia – fear of peanut butter sticking to the roof of the mouth, from Latin arachis «peanut» and butyrum «butter».[46] The word is used by Charles M. Schulz in a 1982 installment of his Peanuts comic strip,[47] and by Peter O’Donnell in his 1985 Modesty Blaise adventure novel Dead Man’s Handle.
  • Charlophobia – the fictional fear of any person named Charlotte or Charlie, mentioned in the comedic book A Duck is Watching Me: Strange and Unusual Phobias (2014), by Bernie Hobbs. The phobia was created to mock name bias, a form of discrimination studied by researchers at the University of California, Berkeley and the University of Chicago.[48]
  • Hippopotomonstrosesquipedaliophobia – fear of long words,[49] from the root word sesquipedalophobia combined with monstrum and hippopotamus. This was mentioned on the first episode of Brainiac Series Five as a Tickle’s Teaser.
  • Keanuphobia – fear of Keanu Reeves, portrayed in the Dean Koontz book, False Memory, where a woman has an irrational fear of Reeves and has to see her psychiatrist, Mark Ahriman, each week, unaware that she only has the fear in the first place because Ahriman implanted it via hypnotic suggestion to amuse himself. He calls her «Keanuphobe» in his head.
  • Nihilophobia – fear of nothingness, from Latin nihil and «nothing, none», as described by the Doctor in the Star Trek: Voyager episode «Night». Voyager’s morale officer and chef Neelix has this condition, having panic attacks while the ship was traversing a dark expanse of space known as the Void. It is also the title of a 2008 album by Neuronium.
  • Robophobia – irrational fear of robots and/or androids, also known as «Grimwade’s Syndrome». It was first used in «The Robots of Death»,[50] the fifth serial of the 14th season of the British science fiction television series Doctor Who.
  • Semaphobia – fear of average web developers to use Semantic Web technologies.[51]
  • Venustraphobia – fear of beautiful women, according to a 1998 humorous article published by BBC News.[1] Venustraphobia is also the title of a 2006 album by Casbah Club.

See also

  • List of paraphilias
  • List of manias
  • Childhood phobia
  • Specific phobia

References

  1. ^ a b The A–Z of Fear, a 30 October 1998 BBC News unsigned article in the «Entertainment» section
  2. ^ «Content Spammers Help You Overcome Prostitute Phobia». Webpronews.com. 25 August 2005. Archived from the original on 12 March 2021. Retrieved 26 August 2013.
  3. ^ Hall GS (1897). «A Study of Fears». American Journal of Psychology. University of Illinois Press. 8 (2): 157. doi:10.2307/1410940. JSTOR 1410940.
  4. ^ Grant, Amy (31 October 2021). «Common Plant Phobias – Fear Of Flowers, Plants, and More». Gardening Know-How. Retrieved 17 March 2023. Dracula no doubt would have alliumphobia, the fear of garlic.
  5. ^ Possible cultural factor:
    • Humes, Michele (24 December 2009). «The Way We Ate: Fear of Garlic». New York Times. Retrieved 17 March 2023. From the 1880s to the 1930s, a period of accelerated immigration and great social change, garlic was the stench of the flophouse, the dominant note in the ‘rich olfactory uneasiness’ that blew in from Ellis Island, and the go-to metaphor for immigrant neighborhoods. Its sulfurous tang was almost beside the point; the bulb smelled of foreign incursion.
  6. ^ Possible observation factor: Allium#Toxicity — «Dogs and cats are very susceptible to poisoning after the consumption of certain species. Even cattle have suffered onion toxicosis.» Cites include:
    • Cope, R.B. (August 2005). «Toxicology Brief: Allium species poisoning in dogs and cats» (PDF). Veterinary Medicine. 100 (8): 562–566. [Peer-reviewed.]
    • Rae, Helen A. (January 1999). «Onion toxicosis in a herd of beef cows». Canadian Veterinary Journal. 40 (1): 55–57. Retrieved 17 March 2023. While humans appear to be relatively resistant to onion toxicity, there is some concern about the susceptibility of certain ethnic groups that have a genetic deficiency of G6PD. / Onion toxicity depends on factors other than variation in species susceptibility. Onions contain varying amounts of disulfide and SMCO toxins, depending on the species of onion, time of year, and growing conditions. Storing onions in large piles also provides a suitable environment for contamination of the crop with other toxins, such as mycotoxins, which could contribute to the disease process.
  7. ^ Possible experience factor:
    • Singh, Zoomi (12 October 2022). «Potential Side Effects of Chives». Chives: Nutritional Value, Health Benefits and Potential Side Effects of Chives. Singapore: HealthifyMe. Retrieved 17 March 2023. Chives can be potential gastrointestinal irritants in some people. The reactive oxidants released by chives can stimulate bowel problems such as diarrhoea and acid reflux. / Alliums can cause digestive disorders. Chives belong to the Allium genus and have an acidic pH of 5.75. It is a pH range that would make gastritis worse. Moreover, the high fructans content in chives triggers acid reflux. It would aggravate gastritis.
  8. ^ a b c Campbell RJ (2009). Campbell’s Psychiatric Dictionary. Oxford University Press. pp. 375–. ISBN 978-0-19-534159-1.
  9. ^ Anonymous (12 September 2021). «Apotemnophobia (Fear of People with Amputations)». Psych Times. Covington, Louisiana. Retrieved 13 February 2023.
  10. ^ Anonymous (10 November 2018). «What it’s like to live with apotemnophobia – an intense fear of amputation». Metro.co.uk. London, England: Associated Newspapers Limited. Retrieved 10 February 2022.
  11. ^ «Fear of failure (atychiphobia): Symptoms and treatment». www.medicalnewstoday.com. 21 March 2022. Retrieved 8 March 2023.
  12. ^ Gould GM (1910). The Practitioner’s Medical Dictionary (2nd ed.). Philadelphia: P. Blackiston’s Son & Co. p. 100.
  13. ^ Akinola, Deborah (17 October 2020). «Belonephobia: The Fear of Pins and Needles». a Soothing Health. Retrieved 6 February 2023.
  14. ^ Yim, Louisa (August 2006). «Belonephobia—a fear of needles». Australian Family Physician. 35 (8): 623–624. ISSN 0300-8495. PMID 16894439.
  15. ^ Thompson, Andrew (2019). Spiders, Clowns, and Great Mole Rats: Over 150 Phobias That Will Freak You Out, from Arachnophobia to Zemmiphobia. Ulysses Press. p. 46. ISBN 978-1-61243-932-7. Retrieved 25 February 2023 – via Google Books. Chronomentrophobia is the irrational fear of clocks, which usually extends to watches. … The mere sight or sound of a ticking clock can cause depression and anxiety. People with this fear avoid clocks at all costs….
  16. ^ Planting T, Koopowitz SM, Stein DJ (19 January 2022). «Coulrophobia: An investigation of clinical features». The South African Journal of Psychiatry. 28: 1653. doi:10.4102/sajpsychiatry.v28i0.1653. PMC 8831965. PMID 35169508.
  17. ^ «Fear of Deletion». 13 May 2011.
  18. ^ Sue D, Sue DW, Sue DM, Sue S (15 February 2013). Essentials of Understanding Abnormal Behavior. Cengage Learning. pp. 126–. ISBN 978-1-285-62475-4.
  19. ^ Pitchot W (11 September 2014). «Effective treatment of eisoptrophobia with duloxetine: a case report». The Primary Care Companion for CNS Disorders. 16 (5). doi:10.4088/PCC.14l01636. PMC 4321006. PMID 25667801.
  20. ^ Bullough VL, Bullough B (2014). Human Sexuality: An Encyclopedia. Routledge. p. 449. ISBN 9781135825096.
  21. ^ Winkler K (January 1957). «[Helminthophobia]». Zeitschrift für Haut- und Geschlechtskrankheiten. 22 (2): 47–52. PMID 13409951.
  22. ^ Papakostas YG, Daras MD, Liappas IA, Markianos M (December 2005). «Horse madness (hippomania) and hippophobia» (PDF). History of Psychiatry. 16 (Pt 4 (no 64)): 467–471. doi:10.1177/0957154X05051459. PMID 16482685. S2CID 2721386.
  23. ^ Hydrophobia (and Superhydrophobia) can be used for chemical and scientific purposes. See Hydrophobe page.
  24. ^ Dunglison RJ (1895). A dictionary of medical science: containing a full explanation of the various subjects and terms of anatomy, physiology, … (21st ed.). Lea Brothers & Co.
  25. ^ Russell J, Lintern F, Gauntlett L (1 September 2016). Cambridge International AS and A Level Psychology Coursebook. Cambridge University Press. p. 144. ISBN 9781316605691. Retrieved 2 March 2017.
  26. ^ Anonymous (14 February 2020). «Megalophobia: Causes, Treatments, and How to Cope». Healthline. New York, New York. Retrieved 14 October 2022.
  27. ^ Ott, Jonathan (1976). «Psycho-mycological studies of Amanita–from ancient sacrament to modern phobia». Journal of Psychedelic Drugs. 8: 27–35. doi:10.1080/02791072.1976.10472005.
  28. ^ «phobo-, phob-, -phobia, -phobias, -phobe, -phobiac, -phobist, -phobic, -phobism, -phobous». English-Word Information (wordinfo.info). p. 33. Retrieved 25 February 2023. phyllophobia… An excessive fear of leaves: Each time Virginia saw the excessive amount of leafage on the ground in the fall, she had phyllophobia because it was the time of year to do the raking which took many days to complete!
  29. ^ Addis, J. (2002). Books Ireland: Issues 246-254. p. 215. ISBN 9781902420554. Retrieved 26 February 2023. However it might be useful this autumn to know that phyllophobia is a fear of leaves….
  30. ^ Wolfe, Ron (22 October 2016). «Jump in, if you’re not phyllophobic». Arkansas Democrat-Gazette. Phyllophobia, the fear of leaves, might not be as much in the news this autumn as coulrophobia, the fear of clowns. But anywhere that crinkly, dead leaves are, some people are scared of them.
  31. ^ Robertson, John G. (2003). An Excess of Phobias and Manias: A Compilation of Anxieties, Obsessions, and Compulsions That Push Many Over the Edge of Sanity. Senior Scribe Publications. p. 146. ISBN 9780963091925. Retrieved 26 February 2023. phyllophobia: An excessive fear of leaves.
  32. ^ Roane HS, Ringdahl JE, Falcomata TS, eds. (2015). Clinical and Organizational Applications of Applied Behavior Analysis. Academic Press. p. 461. ISBN 978-0-12-420249-8.
  33. ^ Linder C (29 November 2019). «The 25 Coolest Shipwrecks In the World». Popular Mechanics. Retrieved 7 July 2020.
  34. ^ «Teratophobia definition and meaning». Collins English Dictionary. Retrieved 12 February 2021.
  35. ^ «Teratophobia (Concept Id: C0522188)». MedGen. National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved 12 February 2021.
  36. ^ Schmid M, Wolf RC, Freudenmann RW, Schönfeldt-Lecuona C (November 2009). «Tomophobia, the phobic fear caused by an invasive medical procedure — an emerging anxiety disorder: a case report». Journal of Medical Case Reports. 3: 131. doi:10.1186/1752-1947-3-131. PMC 2803803. PMID 20062769.
  37. ^ Basavaraj KH, Navya MA, Rashmi R (July 2010). «Relevance of psychiatry in dermatology: Present concepts». Indian Journal of Psychiatry. 52 (3): 270–275. doi:10.4103/0019-5545.70992. PMC 2990831. PMID 21180416.
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  44. ^ Kelly-Bootle S (May 1995). «Aibohphobia». The Computer Contradictionary. MIT Press. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-262-61112-1.
  45. ^ Jenkins J (10 June 2006). «I hate to burst Poway Unified’s balloon». U-T San Diego. Archived from the original on 4 November 2010.
  46. ^ «Fear of Peanut Butter: Why Arachibutyrophobia is a Real Phobia». United We Care. 22 May 2021.
  47. ^ Schultz C (19 May 1982). «Peanuts Comic Strip». GoComics.com.
  48. ^ «Name Discrimination Study Finds Lakisha And Jamal Still Less Likely To Get Hired Than Emily And Greg». www.wbur.org. Retrieved 14 June 2022.
  49. ^ Farmer B (10 January 2008). «Phobia catalogue reveals bizarre list of fears». The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. A catalogue of unusual phobias reveals that the fear of long words is known as hippopotomonstrosesquipedaliophobia.
  50. ^ «The Fourth Dimension». Doctor Who. Season 14. BBC One.
  51. ^ Lanthaler M, Gütl C (2011). «A Semantic Description Language for RESTful Data Services to Combat Semaphobia». 5th IEEE International Conference on Digital Ecosystems and Technologies (IEEE DEST 2011). Proceedings of the 2011 5th IEEE International Conference on Digital Ecosystems and Technologies (DEST). Daejeon, South Korea. pp. 47–53. doi:10.1109/DEST.2011.5936597. ISBN 978-1-4577-0871-8. S2CID 14815713.

Further reading

  • Aldrich, Chris (2 December 2002). The Aldrich Dictionary of Phobias and Other Word Families. Trafford Publishing. pp. 224–236. ISBN 1-55369-886-X.
  • Summerscale, Kate (6 October 2022). The Book of Phobias and Manias. Profile Books. ISBN 9781788162814.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Phobias.

  • The Phobia List
  • Nursing Degree Guide

Fear was once considered the human voice of reason. It may be our primal survival mechanism, but when we can’t see fear or when we feel it’s out of control, it can hinder our wellbeing and hold us back from success.

The good news? Many of the types of fears that plague us today do not directly threaten our lives as they once did hundreds of years ago. (Most of us don’t have to worry about getting eaten by a lion).

Yet we still feel fear, and in some cases, it can even lead to things like specific phobias or panic disorders that can severely limit our lives. More commonly, it infiltrates our thoughts in subtle ways, making us believe we do not have a right to our dreams, our confidence, our joy, and so much more.

In this article, I’ll dig into the most common types of fear: some that people are more willing to discuss, such as fear of snakes or public speaking, and those more subtle types of fear that run much deeper, such as fear of failure or fear of rejection. I call these emotional fears.

Types of fear: Woman clenching her face in fear

No matter what type of fear — physical or emotional — you experience, know that you are not alone. Because feeling fear is normal. It’s part of our day-to-day lives, but we all feel it, myself included.

Over the years, I’ve felt a crippling fear of being judged, fear of failure, and a fear of not being good enough. The only way I was able to overcome these fears was by identifying and acknowledging what fears were holding me back, and then, discovering a solution that makes those fears evaporate. But I’m getting ahead of myself.

Types of fear: Person holding a snack

What Are the Most Common Phobias and Common Fears?

The word “phobia” comes from the Greek word “phobos,” which means fear. Phobias are named based on the Greek word that describes the fear along with the word “phobia.” This creates a long list of difficult-to-pronounce words that describe the specific types of fear that essentially every therapist calls a phobia.

For example, the term “glossophobia” is derived from the Greek word glōssa, meaning “tongue,” to classify a fear of public speaking. Extensive phobia lists are stored online, containing the names of hundreds of different types of phobias from the simple to the complex.

Like I said, we all experience fear in different ways, but there are many types of fears that come up over and over again. (Good news! By the end of this article, you’ll be able to distinguish between phobias and emotional fears.) Let’s start with some of the most common phobias:

  1. Fear of enclosed spaces: Claustrophobia
  2. Fear of open spaces: Agoraphobia
  3. Fear of flying: Aviophobia
  4. Fear of heights: Acrophobia
  5. Fear of social situations: Social phobia or social anxiety disorder
  6. Fear of public speaking: Glossophobia
  7. Fear of animals: Zoophobia
  8. Fear of birds: Ornithophobia
  9. Fear of snakes: Ophidiophobia
  10. Fear of spiders: Arachnophobia
  11. Fear of clowns: Coulrophobia
  12. Fear of blood: Hemophobia
  13. Fear of needles: Trypanophobia 
  14. Fear of thunder: Astraphobia
  15. Fear of death: Thanatophobia

Holy beaners, right?  I mean, who wants to confess to their bestie that they are afraid to walk from their car to the front door because there’s a spider on the driveway (arachnophobia) and to make matters worse, it’s thundering outside (astrophobia)?

Truth be told, many folks don’t like spiders, but they don’t have a phobia. Same thing with thunder. It’s scary, but it doesn’t make most people curl up in the bathtub.

This is the good news: You may have a reasonable fear of spiders, like Ron Weasley, or a fear of snakes, like Indiana Jones. These are valid and very real fears, but unless you’re an adventure-seeking archeologist, your fear of snakes likely isn’t holding you back from success at work or hindering your relationships. But how do you tell what’s a fear and what’s a phobia?

Indiana Jones talking about his fear of snakes

And what about the fears people don’t want to discuss? The ones you may not even be able to identify? What I’ve seen over and over with my clients is that the most limiting fears are the ones we don’t recognize. And because when we can’t see them, we can do little about them. These are the ones keeping us from being truly happy.

We’ve already discussed how fears can range in severity, simple annoyance to phobia. Yet, maybe you’re someone like my client, Samantha. What started as a common fear for her was on the way to be a phobia. She discovered that in specific situations, her anxiety could quickly escalate into a full-on panic attack.Left untreated, that could have become a disorder that might have plagued her for the rest of her life. (Don’t worry. We got her sorted!).

By the way, do you ever feel anxious? If you do, be sure to keep reading, because I’ve got something that will help. And in the meantime, since we’re talking about anxiety and phobias, let’s be sure you’re centered before you read on.

Go ahead and take a nice deep breath to ground yourself. Great work! Now, the good news… Most of us don’t have phobias, let alone disorders, but we do have emotional fears that negatively impact our lives. They can cause us to be disappointed in ourselves, frustrated with our efforts, and even forfeit our dreams.

Sure, simple fears showing up like mild anxiety or worry once and a while can be managed on your own or with help from friends or family or even a good support group.  But if those simple fears are not so simple to let go of, a life coach may be your best bet to move you from surviving to thriving and as we say in Fearless Living, “live the life your soul intended™.” But if your fear does turn into a phobia, you may need to seek help from a health professional, like a therapist or psychologist.

Now, let’s get to the 10 common fears that are what I call “emotional fears.” Why are emotional fears important? Because when you have a fear of failure, let’s say, there is no spider to squash like in fear of spiders. Failure is a concept, a belief, something that you learned or took on from your past experiences, your family heritage, or even from your DNA (more about that later).

So when you say I’m afraid to fail, there is no THING like spiders or thunderstorms, the fear of failure is an emotional one. It could show up as palms sweating or rapid-fire negative self-talk. But it has no common THING to point to.

Fear of failure may show up as avoiding anything that even whiffs of so-so success while for another, it may show up as aggression towards the thing it believes is stopping them from succeeding. It’s why some people lash out when their emotional fears are triggered, while others hide out and deny what’s happening. We all process fear differently. (More on that later. Whew, we have a lot to cover! Don’t worry, it’ll fly by.)

Just like all of the 10 emotional fears I’m sharing with you today, these fears cut to the heart of our humanity. These fears must be faced, embraced, and integrated into our being. Otherwise, those emotional fears will cause us to make the decisions we do (or don’t) leading us further away from our destiny. Okay, here goes…

Hand marking a school paper as an F

1. Fear of Failure

Fear of failure is one of the most common fears that may keep you from believing you’re capable of achieving success at all. It was THE big one for my client, Kathy.  Until she began facing her fear of failure, she avoided anything that wasn’t a guaranteed win and that meant taking little or no risks.

The fear stopped her from writing the book that she “knew” she should and from switching companies as a realtor. But while she could manage her fear at work — she could sense when her clients were getting irritated with her perfectionism so she’d take a breath and let the flowers they picked up at the local grocery store be “good enough”— that same fear would stop any of her own dreams dead in their tracks.

People living with atychiphobia (that’s the fancy word that therapists made up for the emotional fear called Fear of Failure) see their failures as the result of deep, unfixable flaws within themselves, making it extremely difficult to take failures in stride and learn from mistakes.

But Kathy discovered that when she was able to see her fear of failure for what it was, and know what to do about it, she could move beyond it. Now, Kathy is writing the book that was in heart and seeing the beauty of flowers no matter what store they come from. (By the way, flowers at my local Ralph’s are gorgeous!)

Learn more: How to Overcome Your Fear of Failure.

2. Fear of Loss 

Fear of loss is a rampant confidence killer because it can apply to many different areas of our lives. We can fear losing our income, our home, our friends, our kids, our intimate relationship, our identity, our health, our power, our youth, our creativity, our quick wit, our fancy car, and so much more.

When we move to another city, turn 50, or find ourselves in the hospital, loss lives in the fabric of those experiences. If we want to feel alive and engage in life, we cannot turn away from the richness of those transitions. Yet, this “emotional” fear may prevent us from seeking out new opportunities or tell us to fight against the inevitable or even the desirable because — it whispers —  we could lose what we already have, what we already know, who we already are.

Fear of loss can also lead us to what so many call self-sabotage. Fear convinces us that the person we love will leave us or our boss will fire us, so we start behaving like it’s inevitable, committing acts that will ultimately lead to our termination or the end of our relationship. Fear of loss is more common than people realize, because loss is part of any change. And that loss is something most of us try to deny, ignore or avoid, especially if we’ve trained ourselves to be positive.

Yet, loss is a path we must all walk. By moving through loss awake and aware, we can heal ourselves on a deeper and more profound level. This allows us to finally live in the present, release expectations, and make decisions that align with where we want to go and who we want to be. We know loss is part of that process.

A final note on fear of loss: I see the healing of our fear of loss as a spiritual calling, an experience we must accept or our aliveness will diminish. (It’s also a part of what’s called “the dark night of the soul.”) Therefore, loss must never be denied, but instead, embraced.

3. Fear of Change

Although change is constant, many of us fear it. There are a number of reasons why someone might fear change. For example, it could be because you lack confidence in yourself and your abilities, because you fear change may alienate you from your friends and family, or because you don’t trust yourself and your decisions.

Regardless of what causes a fear of change, your first step is learning HOW to change. This is where most people get stuck.  People who are afraid of change “think” about change but they don’t know what actions to take or who to ask for help. They may even be aware that they must change to stop their marriage from failing or their kids from disowning them. But because they aren’t sure what steps to take to get from here to there, their mind swirls with “what-if’s” keeping them frozen in the same place.

Knowing versus doing are most evident in the fear of change because those who have it know a lot, but they do not take the risks necessary to make change happen. Their thinking gets them no further forward. In fact, it keeps them stuck in the heartbreaking place of knowing what they need to do but being unwilling to do it.

4. Fear of Intimacy

There are a few different aspects to a fear of intimacy. Yes, there are those of us living with an intense fear of being touched or a fear of sexual intimacy. But fear of intimacy is broader than physical connection.

It refers to the fear of revealing our inner selves—our thoughts, feelings, fears, and vulnerabilities—to another human being, whether that’s to friends, family, or a romantic partner. Yet, intimacy is required for love to flourish and meets our need for connection and belonging.  Connection and belonging are embedded in our biology and are basic needs that must be met in order for us to thrive as human beings.

Then, why do we push away the intimacy so many of us are dying for?  One reason may be we fear we’re unlovable so we avoid revealing ourselves, usually when we most desperately want to, or when love is standing right in front of us. Or we could be afraid of being hurt — that love won’t last, that we’ll be betrayed or abandoned, that love will turn into a negative, disempowering experience.

Yet, the only way to experience true intimacy is to face that fear and do the very thing we are afraid to do — reveal ourselves.

5. Fear of Being Judged

When we feel judged, it feels like we’re unliked. I struggled with judgment for much of my life. I worried people judged me for my past, my education, my looks, and anything else you can imagine.

People who are afraid of judgment often hide who they really are to avoid being embarrassed or feeling foolish. Fear of being judged can lead people down an ugly rabbit hole, wondering what others think of them. It can also lead to unhealthy perfectionism in order to prevent judgment. But, no matter how hard you try to be perfect, there are people who may still judge you.

The key is believing in yourself and understanding your own worth irrespective of what anyone else might think or say about you. 

6. Fear of Success

We want to be successful in our love lives; we want to be successful at work; we want to be successful parents — the list goes on and on. Success feels good. The trouble is, whose idea of success are we trying to fulfill? Is it our parents’ idea of success? Our partner’s?

Having a fear of success means we know we have what it takes to reach our goals, which is a beautiful thing.  But you’re not doing it. You’re living in a fantasy future. You’re obsessed with results, just like I have been.

We can see our future, but our dream is so big that it’s actually holding us back from getting started. So, we self-sabotage, give up on our dream, and forget about forward movement.  And we secretly fear that if we do become successful, we won’t be able to keep it up. We think we’ll be that one-hit wonder who never is successful again.

This is why one of the most telling signs of a fear of success is a lack of responsibility towards one’s dreams. We can be responsible to others but not to ourselves when it comes to something we’re doing just for us.

Learn more: How to Overcome Your Fear of Success.

7. Fear of the Unknown: Xenophobia

“Xenophobia” comes from the Greek word “xenos” (foreigner or stranger.) It’s often used to describe a racist or bigoted attitude, as in, “Archie Bucker is a xenophobe.” However, few people realize that the term also has a larger context that applies to any time you step outside of your comfort zone.

If you have an intense fear of new experiences and situations, you may suffer from xenophobia, though today, it’s more likely to be classified as fear of the unknown. And we all have it. I haven’t met a person who doesn’t have some measure of anxiety or concern about the unknown. Why do you think so many people try to control their environments and their outcomes?

Yet, fear of the unknown must be faced in order to live a life lived on purpose, with purpose, because being comfortable in the unknown is required to experience true personal and spiritual freedom.  

8. Fear of Loneliness

Here’s the truth: Everyone gets lonely. It’s a fact of life. Fear of loneliness can really begin to obstruct our lives when we start making decisions based on that loneliness. I’m talking about getting involved in relationships with people who don’t share our values and probably don’t treat us very well.

Ask yourself — do you feel extremely needy around others? Do you feel society has rejected you? Do you make long-term decisions based upon getting acceptance from others? Is social media standing in for real human connections in your life? If so, a fear of loneliness could be hindering your well-being.

9. Fear of Rejection

Fear of rejection involves being hyper-conscious of what people think about you, leading you to adapt your personality and opinions to fit the environment or social group you believe you’re interacting with.

Someone living with a fear of rejection will be easily intimidated and uncomfortable being vulnerable with others for fear of being laughed at and ridiculed. Yet, most of the thoughts and beliefs causing the fear of rejection are based on illusions or unhealed past experiences that must be confronted in order to discern what’s truth versus a story we’re making up about a particular situation. Someone turns away while you’re talking to them at a party.

If you have a fear of rejection, you may interpret that as a rejection. But that person may be turning away based on their own uncomfortableness, or they may be lost in their own thoughts. Their act of turning away may have nothing to do with you personally but your fear of rejection stops you from speaking up and asking questions.

Because fear of rejection has a tendency to halt a free flow of communication; it stifles even the most wanted relationship. It’s why fear of rejection can seriously hold you back in your career and with your friendships and romantic relationships.

10. Fear of Not Being Good Enough

This is a big one. I think of this fear as the one that all others lean on because it’s so pervasive and infects our whole lives. And it’s the one fear most people will cop to.  Have you ever wondered if you’re good enough? It could be you’re not pretty enough, young enough, strong enough, smart enough, and the list goes on and on.

Everyone has an area of their lives where they feel like they’re not enough. I certainly do. And it’s easy to blame ourselves for whatever it is we feel like we’re missing.  The thing is, I actually believe the fear of not being good enough is one of our most common fears. And it can become our excuse and our validation of why we aren’t living our best lives.  It’s also the answer I get more frequently when I’m working one-on-one with a client as they are discovering their personalized Wheel of Fear.

When we talk about fears, most people say some version of “I’m not good enough.” My answer to them is always the same.

Fear of not being good enough is the generic version of your fear. But your fear is specific and particular to you. And that’s when their eyes get wide, our work gets deep and we discover their unique Wheel of Fear and Wheel of Freedom. Person putting their hand on top of a woman's in comfort

How To Overcome Your Fears

Fears are not constant, but no matter what type of fear you suffer from, there are techniques, strategies, and mindsets that can help you overcome your fears. The good news is that most of the time, our fears haven’t developed into phobias.

However, almost everyone has one of the emotional fears above, even if it’s to a mild degree. And, it still takes a lot of work not to let those fears run your life. The good news is you don’t have to live with fear forever. But you do have to take the first step and that’s deciding you want to do something about it.

Have Compassion For Yourself and Others

Compassion is one of our highest values at Fearless Living, and we know it’s harder to give compassion to yourself than any other person. Yet, to move beyond fear, you must have compassion for yourself first. Yes, you need to be honest with yourself about the work in front of you. But without a compassionate lens, that honesty just feels mean.

When you add in compassion, you’re able to be honest with yourself without judgment and be willing to hold yourself accountable for your own progress. Everyone is on their own journey, which is why compassion is so important to the process.

Forgive yourself for being a flawed human. It’s not your fault that these fears drive your life — you probably just didn’t know how to kick them out of the car. So be kind in your self-talk. When you feel yourself getting down on yourself for not making the progress you want to make, take a deep breath and say, “I am enough.”

Be compassionate to others as well. This will go a long way in helping you connect and communicate with, even if you think they’re judging you. This, in turn, will help you move beyond limiting fears like fear of judgment, loneliness, rejection, or forgiveness.

Another word to use to help you give yourself a big dose of compassion is gentle. It’s a word that makes most of my students throw up at first because gentle can feel like I’m asking you to be weak. But being gentle is anything but weak. In fact, it takes a heartful human being with a ton of grit to be gentle with themselves.

Self-Care

Working through your fears is draining. It challenges you to resist all of your core patterns and trust that you can find new ones. This emotional labor can burn you out if you aren’t careful. And if you get too tired, too frustrated, too impatient with your progress, you’re actually more vulnerable to your fears. So take care of yourself.

Eat when you’re hungry, take deep breaths or a walk when you’re angry, sleep when you’re tired, and talk to friends when you’re lonely. You need to take care of yourself — always. And this is the foundation for any other work with fear.

Learn To Identify Your Emotions, React Smarter, and Recover Your Core Self

Just like no one used to have a word for the color blue, many people only have a few words to describe their emotions, like the characters of “Inside Out”: Sadness, Anger, Joy, and Disgust are the only ones seen making emotional decisions.

Actually, we have hundreds of nuanced emotions—like dismay, longing, restlessness, and contentment. We just lack the vocabulary to describe them. But once we expand that vocabulary, practice using those words to identify our emotions, we start to see what’s driving those emotions and learn to regulate them.

In fact, neuroscience has now identified your ability to name and claim all those nuanced emotions as the one of the keys to emotional health and self-mastery.  For instance, when I pause to identify my anxiety, I can see I’m feeling anxious that I won’t finish my work by 5 pm. If I pause for longer, I know it’s coming from my Wheel of Fear (my core fear is I’m afraid to be seen as a loser) and that fear’s not rooted in reality.

No one is about to fire me or yell at me for not working hard enough. Then, I can choose not to continue working frantically. I can take a break and slow down. That’s emotional mastery. That’s freedom.

During the Wheel of Fear process I teach in Fearless Living, I help you discover your core fear that drives you. That way, it can’t trick you any longer. Then, we focus on the parts that you’ve left behind while letting your fears drive — grace, playfulness, authenticity, etc.

We’ve often jeopardized our most precious attributes in service of our fears. For example, maybe a fear of being judged made you take yourself too seriously, so you lost your playfulness. Leaning on those will help you move ahead.

Rewire Your Neurobiology

It can be easy to get attached to your fears. They’ve been with you for a long time, and while you don’t like them, you feel comfortable with them. Fear exists to keep you alive, and emotional fears are built from learning to survive a past situation. And with this mentality, you always have the ability to not face your fears.

The only way to change this is to change your perspective and understand that you are most likely no longer threatened by the things, situations, abandonment, loss of control. If you’re not sure this is true, have an honest talk with yourself.

If your partner leaves, will you be able to take care of your own needs and find other emotional connections? The answer is likely yes. Unless you see your fears plainly and recognize they are built on our life stories, not objective truth, and that you are capable, accepted, loved, and skilled, it’s very difficult to overcome them and stop being a victim.

Exposure Therapy 

If you’re working with a therapist, they may assign you types of exposure therapies for handling phobias. In exposure therapy, you intentionally experience your phobia head-on. Well, we do a version of the same thing in coaching.

We may not have you handle snakes — that’s a phobia that’s beyond our skill set, but we do have you practice. And practice is one of the common ways we “expose” you to growth.For instance, if you have a fear of public speaking or being judged while speaking, you would try reading something aloud to a trusted family member.

Once that began to feel comfortable, you’d add another trusted audience member and so-forth. And soon, who knows, you could be starting your own YouTube channel.

Note: If you have an anxiety or panic disorder, don’t attempt this on your own. You should seek out a health professional or a life coach who can guide you in your exposure therapy treatment. I also advise seeking the support of friends and family as it feels helpful during the process.

You Don’t Have to Do It Alone

A good life coach can help you identify and learn from your fears. They will guide you in your journey, giving you the tools and resources you need to finally face fear instead of allowing it to control your life. A coach will help you leave your limiting beliefs behind, freeing you from fear and empowering you to become your best self.

Get started with my Fearless Living Training Program, which helps people just like you overcome the hidden fears that rule our lives. Fear is keeping you from realizing your wild, fantastic, and out of this world dreams.

It’s time to be brutally honest with yourself. What types of fear are guiding your decisions? What core negative feelings are holding your back? We’ll figure that out and get you on your way to overcoming fear.

Get Started With Fearless Living

Do you procrastinate? Not trust your decisions? Worry about the future? Fear failure? Remember: Fear wears many coats and could be sneakily disguised as negative thoughts feeling you’re undeserving, insecurity about your future, or lack of motivation. Fear is holding you back — and it’s dominating more of your life than you may realize.

It’s time to overcome your fear and break free from the hidden patterns that are holding you back. My 10-week Fearless Living program is based on decades of learning how to crack the secret code to fear. It will help you base your life on what you want, instead of avoiding what you’re afraid of.

Stop the invisible patterns that are holding you back! Escape your inner critic! And shoot for the stars!

Star Wars ship flying through the galaxy.

Fear was once considered the human voice of reason. It may be our primal survival mechanism, but when we can’t see fear or when we feel it’s out of control, it can hinder our wellbeing and hold us back from success.

The good news? Many of the types of fears that plague us today do not directly threaten our lives as they once did hundreds of years ago. (Most of us don’t have to worry about getting eaten by a lion).

Yet we still feel fear, and in some cases, it can even lead to things like specific phobias or panic disorders that can severely limit our lives. More commonly, it infiltrates our thoughts in subtle ways, making us believe we do not have a right to our dreams, our confidence, our joy, and so much more.

In this article, I’ll dig into the most common types of fear: some that people are more willing to discuss, such as fear of snakes or public speaking, and those more subtle types of fear that run much deeper, such as fear of failure or fear of rejection. I call these emotional fears.

Types of fear: Woman clenching her face in fear

No matter what type of fear — physical or emotional — you experience, know that you are not alone. Because feeling fear is normal. It’s part of our day-to-day lives, but we all feel it, myself included.

Over the years, I’ve felt a crippling fear of being judged, fear of failure, and a fear of not being good enough. The only way I was able to overcome these fears was by identifying and acknowledging what fears were holding me back, and then, discovering a solution that makes those fears evaporate. But I’m getting ahead of myself.

Types of fear: Person holding a snack

What Are the Most Common Phobias and Common Fears?

The word “phobia” comes from the Greek word “phobos,” which means fear. Phobias are named based on the Greek word that describes the fear along with the word “phobia.” This creates a long list of difficult-to-pronounce words that describe the specific types of fear that essentially every therapist calls a phobia.

For example, the term “glossophobia” is derived from the Greek word glōssa, meaning “tongue,” to classify a fear of public speaking. Extensive phobia lists are stored online, containing the names of hundreds of different types of phobias from the simple to the complex.

Like I said, we all experience fear in different ways, but there are many types of fears that come up over and over again. (Good news! By the end of this article, you’ll be able to distinguish between phobias and emotional fears.) Let’s start with some of the most common phobias:

  1. Fear of enclosed spaces: Claustrophobia
  2. Fear of open spaces: Agoraphobia
  3. Fear of flying: Aviophobia
  4. Fear of heights: Acrophobia
  5. Fear of social situations: Social phobia or social anxiety disorder
  6. Fear of public speaking: Glossophobia
  7. Fear of animals: Zoophobia
  8. Fear of birds: Ornithophobia
  9. Fear of snakes: Ophidiophobia
  10. Fear of spiders: Arachnophobia
  11. Fear of clowns: Coulrophobia
  12. Fear of blood: Hemophobia
  13. Fear of needles: Trypanophobia 
  14. Fear of thunder: Astraphobia
  15. Fear of death: Thanatophobia

Holy beaners, right?  I mean, who wants to confess to their bestie that they are afraid to walk from their car to the front door because there’s a spider on the driveway (arachnophobia) and to make matters worse, it’s thundering outside (astrophobia)?

Truth be told, many folks don’t like spiders, but they don’t have a phobia. Same thing with thunder. It’s scary, but it doesn’t make most people curl up in the bathtub.

This is the good news: You may have a reasonable fear of spiders, like Ron Weasley, or a fear of snakes, like Indiana Jones. These are valid and very real fears, but unless you’re an adventure-seeking archeologist, your fear of snakes likely isn’t holding you back from success at work or hindering your relationships. But how do you tell what’s a fear and what’s a phobia?

Indiana Jones talking about his fear of snakes

And what about the fears people don’t want to discuss? The ones you may not even be able to identify? What I’ve seen over and over with my clients is that the most limiting fears are the ones we don’t recognize. And because when we can’t see them, we can do little about them. These are the ones keeping us from being truly happy.

10 Common Types of Fear

We’ve already discussed how fears can range in severity, simple annoyance to phobia. Yet, maybe you’re someone like my client, Samantha. What started as a common fear for her was on the way to be a phobia. She discovered that in specific situations, her anxiety could quickly escalate into a full-on panic attack.Left untreated, that could have become a disorder that might have plagued her for the rest of her life. (Don’t worry. We got her sorted!).

By the way, do you ever feel anxious? If you do, be sure to keep reading, because I’ve got something that will help. And in the meantime, since we’re talking about anxiety and phobias, let’s be sure you’re centered before you read on.

Go ahead and take a nice deep breath to ground yourself. Great work! Now, the good news… Most of us don’t have phobias, let alone disorders, but we do have emotional fears that negatively impact our lives. They can cause us to be disappointed in ourselves, frustrated with our efforts, and even forfeit our dreams.

Sure, simple fears showing up like mild anxiety or worry once and a while can be managed on your own or with help from friends or family or even a good support group.  But if those simple fears are not so simple to let go of, a life coach may be your best bet to move you from surviving to thriving and as we say in Fearless Living, “live the life your soul intended™.” But if your fear does turn into a phobia, you may need to seek help from a health professional, like a therapist or psychologist.

Now, let’s get to the 10 common fears that are what I call “emotional fears.” Why are emotional fears important? Because when you have a fear of failure, let’s say, there is no spider to squash like in fear of spiders. Failure is a concept, a belief, something that you learned or took on from your past experiences, your family heritage, or even from your DNA (more about that later).

So when you say I’m afraid to fail, there is no THING like spiders or thunderstorms, the fear of failure is an emotional one. It could show up as palms sweating or rapid-fire negative self-talk. But it has no common THING to point to.

Fear of failure may show up as avoiding anything that even whiffs of so-so success while for another, it may show up as aggression towards the thing it believes is stopping them from succeeding. It’s why some people lash out when their emotional fears are triggered, while others hide out and deny what’s happening. We all process fear differently. (More on that later. Whew, we have a lot to cover! Don’t worry, it’ll fly by.)

Just like all of the 10 emotional fears I’m sharing with you today, these fears cut to the heart of our humanity. These fears must be faced, embraced, and integrated into our being. Otherwise, those emotional fears will cause us to make the decisions we do (or don’t) leading us further away from our destiny. Okay, here goes…

Hand marking a school paper as an F

1. Fear of Failure

Fear of failure is one of the most common fears that may keep you from believing you’re capable of achieving success at all. It was THE big one for my client, Kathy.  Until she began facing her fear of failure, she avoided anything that wasn’t a guaranteed win and that meant taking little or no risks.

The fear stopped her from writing the book that she “knew” she should and from switching companies as a realtor. But while she could manage her fear at work — she could sense when her clients were getting irritated with her perfectionism so she’d take a breath and let the flowers they picked up at the local grocery store be “good enough”— that same fear would stop any of her own dreams dead in their tracks.

People living with atychiphobia (that’s the fancy word that therapists made up for the emotional fear called Fear of Failure) see their failures as the result of deep, unfixable flaws within themselves, making it extremely difficult to take failures in stride and learn from mistakes.

But Kathy discovered that when she was able to see her fear of failure for what it was, and know what to do about it, she could move beyond it. Now, Kathy is writing the book that was in heart and seeing the beauty of flowers no matter what store they come from. (By the way, flowers at my local Ralph’s are gorgeous!)

Learn more: How to Overcome Your Fear of Failure.

2. Fear of Loss 

Fear of loss is a rampant confidence killer because it can apply to many different areas of our lives. We can fear losing our income, our home, our friends, our kids, our intimate relationship, our identity, our health, our power, our youth, our creativity, our quick wit, our fancy car, and so much more.

When we move to another city, turn 50, or find ourselves in the hospital, loss lives in the fabric of those experiences. If we want to feel alive and engage in life, we cannot turn away from the richness of those transitions. Yet, this “emotional” fear may prevent us from seeking out new opportunities or tell us to fight against the inevitable or even the desirable because — it whispers —  we could lose what we already have, what we already know, who we already are.

Fear of loss can also lead us to what so many call self-sabotage. Fear convinces us that the person we love will leave us or our boss will fire us, so we start behaving like it’s inevitable, committing acts that will ultimately lead to our termination or the end of our relationship. Fear of loss is more common than people realize, because loss is part of any change. And that loss is something most of us try to deny, ignore or avoid, especially if we’ve trained ourselves to be positive.

Yet, loss is a path we must all walk. By moving through loss awake and aware, we can heal ourselves on a deeper and more profound level. This allows us to finally live in the present, release expectations, and make decisions that align with where we want to go and who we want to be. We know loss is part of that process.

A final note on fear of loss: I see the healing of our fear of loss as a spiritual calling, an experience we must accept or our aliveness will diminish. (It’s also a part of what’s called “the dark night of the soul.”) Therefore, loss must never be denied, but instead, embraced.

3. Fear of Change

Although change is constant, many of us fear it. There are a number of reasons why someone might fear change. For example, it could be because you lack confidence in yourself and your abilities, because you fear change may alienate you from your friends and family, or because you don’t trust yourself and your decisions.

Regardless of what causes a fear of change, your first step is learning HOW to change. This is where most people get stuck.  People who are afraid of change “think” about change but they don’t know what actions to take or who to ask for help. They may even be aware that they must change to stop their marriage from failing or their kids from disowning them. But because they aren’t sure what steps to take to get from here to there, their mind swirls with “what-if’s” keeping them frozen in the same place.

Knowing versus doing are most evident in the fear of change because those who have it know a lot, but they do not take the risks necessary to make change happen. Their thinking gets them no further forward. In fact, it keeps them stuck in the heartbreaking place of knowing what they need to do but being unwilling to do it.

4. Fear of Intimacy

There are a few different aspects to a fear of intimacy. Yes, there are those of us living with an intense fear of being touched or a fear of sexual intimacy. But fear of intimacy is broader than physical connection.

It refers to the fear of revealing our inner selves—our thoughts, feelings, fears, and vulnerabilities—to another human being, whether that’s to friends, family, or a romantic partner. Yet, intimacy is required for love to flourish and meets our need for connection and belonging.  Connection and belonging are embedded in our biology and are basic needs that must be met in order for us to thrive as human beings.

Then, why do we push away the intimacy so many of us are dying for?  One reason may be we fear we’re unlovable so we avoid revealing ourselves, usually when we most desperately want to, or when love is standing right in front of us. Or we could be afraid of being hurt — that love won’t last, that we’ll be betrayed or abandoned, that love will turn into a negative, disempowering experience.

Yet, the only way to experience true intimacy is to face that fear and do the very thing we are afraid to do — reveal ourselves.

5. Fear of Being Judged

When we feel judged, it feels like we’re unliked. I struggled with judgment for much of my life. I worried people judged me for my past, my education, my looks, and anything else you can imagine.

People who are afraid of judgment often hide who they really are to avoid being embarrassed or feeling foolish. Fear of being judged can lead people down an ugly rabbit hole, wondering what others think of them. It can also lead to unhealthy perfectionism in order to prevent judgment. But, no matter how hard you try to be perfect, there are people who may still judge you.

The key is believing in yourself and understanding your own worth irrespective of what anyone else might think or say about you. 

6. Fear of Success

We want to be successful in our love lives; we want to be successful at work; we want to be successful parents — the list goes on and on. Success feels good. The trouble is, whose idea of success are we trying to fulfill? Is it our parents’ idea of success? Our partner’s?

Having a fear of success means we know we have what it takes to reach our goals, which is a beautiful thing.  But you’re not doing it. You’re living in a fantasy future. You’re obsessed with results, just like I have been.

We can see our future, but our dream is so big that it’s actually holding us back from getting started. So, we self-sabotage, give up on our dream, and forget about forward movement.  And we secretly fear that if we do become successful, we won’t be able to keep it up. We think we’ll be that one-hit wonder who never is successful again.

This is why one of the most telling signs of a fear of success is a lack of responsibility towards one’s dreams. We can be responsible to others but not to ourselves when it comes to something we’re doing just for us.

Learn more: How to Overcome Your Fear of Success.

7. Fear of the Unknown: Xenophobia

“Xenophobia” comes from the Greek word “xenos” (foreigner or stranger.) It’s often used to describe a racist or bigoted attitude, as in, “Archie Bucker is a xenophobe.” However, few people realize that the term also has a larger context that applies to any time you step outside of your comfort zone.

If you have an intense fear of new experiences and situations, you may suffer from xenophobia, though today, it’s more likely to be classified as fear of the unknown. And we all have it. I haven’t met a person who doesn’t have some measure of anxiety or concern about the unknown. Why do you think so many people try to control their environments and their outcomes?

Yet, fear of the unknown must be faced in order to live a life lived on purpose, with purpose, because being comfortable in the unknown is required to experience true personal and spiritual freedom.  

8. Fear of Loneliness

Here’s the truth: Everyone gets lonely. It’s a fact of life. Fear of loneliness can really begin to obstruct our lives when we start making decisions based on that loneliness. I’m talking about getting involved in relationships with people who don’t share our values and probably don’t treat us very well.

Ask yourself — do you feel extremely needy around others? Do you feel society has rejected you? Do you make long-term decisions based upon getting acceptance from others? Is social media standing in for real human connections in your life? If so, a fear of loneliness could be hindering your well-being.

9. Fear of Rejection

Fear of rejection involves being hyper-conscious of what people think about you, leading you to adapt your personality and opinions to fit the environment or social group you believe you’re interacting with.

Someone living with a fear of rejection will be easily intimidated and uncomfortable being vulnerable with others for fear of being laughed at and ridiculed. Yet, most of the thoughts and beliefs causing the fear of rejection are based on illusions or unhealed past experiences that must be confronted in order to discern what’s truth versus a story we’re making up about a particular situation. Someone turns away while you’re talking to them at a party.

If you have a fear of rejection, you may interpret that as a rejection. But that person may be turning away based on their own uncomfortableness, or they may be lost in their own thoughts. Their act of turning away may have nothing to do with you personally but your fear of rejection stops you from speaking up and asking questions.

Because fear of rejection has a tendency to halt a free flow of communication; it stifles even the most wanted relationship. It’s why fear of rejection can seriously hold you back in your career and with your friendships and romantic relationships.

10. Fear of Not Being Good Enough

This is a big one. I think of this fear as the one that all others lean on because it’s so pervasive and infects our whole lives. And it’s the one fear most people will cop to.  Have you ever wondered if you’re good enough? It could be you’re not pretty enough, young enough, strong enough, smart enough, and the list goes on and on.

Everyone has an area of their lives where they feel like they’re not enough. I certainly do. And it’s easy to blame ourselves for whatever it is we feel like we’re missing.  The thing is, I actually believe the fear of not being good enough is one of our most common fears. And it can become our excuse and our validation of why we aren’t living our best lives.  It’s also the answer I get more frequently when I’m working one-on-one with a client as they are discovering their personalized Wheel of Fear.

When we talk about fears, most people say some version of “I’m not good enough.” My answer to them is always the same.

Fear of not being good enough is the generic version of your fear. But your fear is specific and particular to you. And that’s when their eyes get wide, our work gets deep and we discover their unique Wheel of Fear and Wheel of Freedom. Person putting their hand on top of a woman's in comfort

How To Overcome Your Fears

Fears are not constant, but no matter what type of fear you suffer from, there are techniques, strategies, and mindsets that can help you overcome your fears. The good news is that most of the time, our fears haven’t developed into phobias.

However, almost everyone has one of the emotional fears above, even if it’s to a mild degree. And, it still takes a lot of work not to let those fears run your life. The good news is you don’t have to live with fear forever. But you do have to take the first step and that’s deciding you want to do something about it.

Have Compassion For Yourself and Others

Compassion is one of our highest values at Fearless Living, and we know it’s harder to give compassion to yourself than any other person. Yet, to move beyond fear, you must have compassion for yourself first. Yes, you need to be honest with yourself about the work in front of you. But without a compassionate lens, that honesty just feels mean.

When you add in compassion, you’re able to be honest with yourself without judgment and be willing to hold yourself accountable for your own progress. Everyone is on their own journey, which is why compassion is so important to the process.

Forgive yourself for being a flawed human. It’s not your fault that these fears drive your life — you probably just didn’t know how to kick them out of the car. So be kind in your self-talk. When you feel yourself getting down on yourself for not making the progress you want to make, take a deep breath and say, “I am enough.”

Be compassionate to others as well. This will go a long way in helping you connect and communicate with, even if you think they’re judging you. This, in turn, will help you move beyond limiting fears like fear of judgment, loneliness, rejection, or forgiveness.

Another word to use to help you give yourself a big dose of compassion is gentle. It’s a word that makes most of my students throw up at first because gentle can feel like I’m asking you to be weak. But being gentle is anything but weak. In fact, it takes a heartful human being with a ton of grit to be gentle with themselves.

Self-Care

Working through your fears is draining. It challenges you to resist all of your core patterns and trust that you can find new ones. This emotional labor can burn you out if you aren’t careful. And if you get too tired, too frustrated, too impatient with your progress, you’re actually more vulnerable to your fears. So take care of yourself.

Eat when you’re hungry, take deep breaths or a walk when you’re angry, sleep when you’re tired, and talk to friends when you’re lonely. You need to take care of yourself — always. And this is the foundation for any other work with fear.

Learn To Identify Your Emotions, React Smarter, and Recover Your Core Self

Just like no one used to have a word for the color blue, many people only have a few words to describe their emotions, like the characters of “Inside Out”: Sadness, Anger, Joy, and Disgust are the only ones seen making emotional decisions.

Actually, we have hundreds of nuanced emotions—like dismay, longing, restlessness, and contentment. We just lack the vocabulary to describe them. But once we expand that vocabulary, practice using those words to identify our emotions, we start to see what’s driving those emotions and learn to regulate them.

In fact, neuroscience has now identified your ability to name and claim all those nuanced emotions as the one of the keys to emotional health and self-mastery.  For instance, when I pause to identify my anxiety, I can see I’m feeling anxious that I won’t finish my work by 5 pm. If I pause for longer, I know it’s coming from my Wheel of Fear (my core fear is I’m afraid to be seen as a loser) and that fear’s not rooted in reality.

No one is about to fire me or yell at me for not working hard enough. Then, I can choose not to continue working frantically. I can take a break and slow down. That’s emotional mastery. That’s freedom.

During the Wheel of Fear process I teach in Fearless Living, I help you discover your core fear that drives you. That way, it can’t trick you any longer. Then, we focus on the parts that you’ve left behind while letting your fears drive — grace, playfulness, authenticity, etc.

We’ve often jeopardized our most precious attributes in service of our fears. For example, maybe a fear of being judged made you take yourself too seriously, so you lost your playfulness. Leaning on those will help you move ahead.

Rewire Your Neurobiology

It can be easy to get attached to your fears. They’ve been with you for a long time, and while you don’t like them, you feel comfortable with them. Fear exists to keep you alive, and emotional fears are built from learning to survive a past situation. And with this mentality, you always have the ability to not face your fears.

The only way to change this is to change your perspective and understand that you are most likely no longer threatened by the things, situations, abandonment, loss of control. If you’re not sure this is true, have an honest talk with yourself.

If your partner leaves, will you be able to take care of your own needs and find other emotional connections? The answer is likely yes. Unless you see your fears plainly and recognize they are built on our life stories, not objective truth, and that you are capable, accepted, loved, and skilled, it’s very difficult to overcome them and stop being a victim.

Exposure Therapy 

If you’re working with a therapist, they may assign you types of exposure therapies for handling phobias. In exposure therapy, you intentionally experience your phobia head-on. Well, we do a version of the same thing in coaching.

We may not have you handle snakes — that’s a phobia that’s beyond our skill set, but we do have you practice. And practice is one of the common ways we “expose” you to growth.For instance, if you have a fear of public speaking or being judged while speaking, you would try reading something aloud to a trusted family member.

Once that began to feel comfortable, you’d add another trusted audience member and so-forth. And soon, who knows, you could be starting your own YouTube channel.

Note: If you have an anxiety or panic disorder, don’t attempt this on your own. You should seek out a health professional or a life coach who can guide you in your exposure therapy treatment. I also advise seeking the support of friends and family as it feels helpful during the process.

You Don’t Have to Do It Alone

A good life coach can help you identify and learn from your fears. They will guide you in your journey, giving you the tools and resources you need to finally face fear instead of allowing it to control your life. A coach will help you leave your limiting beliefs behind, freeing you from fear and empowering you to become your best self.

Get started with my Fearless Living Training Program, which helps people just like you overcome the hidden fears that rule our lives. Fear is keeping you from realizing your wild, fantastic, and out of this world dreams.

It’s time to be brutally honest with yourself. What types of fear are guiding your decisions? What core negative feelings are holding your back? We’ll figure that out and get you on your way to overcoming fear.

Get Started With Fearless Living

Do you procrastinate? Not trust your decisions? Worry about the future? Fear failure? Remember: Fear wears many coats and could be sneakily disguised as negative thoughts feeling you’re undeserving, insecurity about your future, or lack of motivation. Fear is holding you back — and it’s dominating more of your life than you may realize.

It’s time to overcome your fear and break free from the hidden patterns that are holding you back. My 10-week Fearless Living program is based on decades of learning how to crack the secret code to fear. It will help you base your life on what you want, instead of avoiding what you’re afraid of.

Stop the invisible patterns that are holding you back! Escape your inner critic! And shoot for the stars!

Star Wars ship flying through the galaxy.

A phobia is an anxiety disorder defined by a persistent and excessive fear of an object or situation.[1] Phobias typically result in a rapid onset of fear and are usually present for more than six months.[1] Those affected go to great lengths to avoid the situation or object, to a degree greater than the actual danger posed.[1] If the object or situation cannot be avoided, they experience significant distress.[1] Other symptoms can include fainting, which may occur in blood or injury phobia,[1] and panic attacks, often found in agoraphobia and emetophobia. Around 75% of those with phobias have multiple phobias.[1]

Phobia
Little Miss Muffet 2 - WW Denslow - Project Gutenberg etext 18546.jpg
The fear of spiders is one of the most common phobias.
Specialty Psychiatry, clinical psychology
Symptoms Fear of an object or situation[1]
Complications Suicide, high risk of comorbidities[1]
Usual onset Rapid[1]
Duration More than six months[1]
Types Specific phobias, social anxiety disorder, agoraphobia[1][2]
Causes Genetic and environmental factors[3]
Treatment Exposure therapy, counselling, medication[4][5][2]
Medication Antidepressants, benzodiazepines, beta-blockers[4]
Frequency Specific phobias: ~5%[1]
Social phobia: ~5%[6]
Agoraphobia: ~2%[6]

Phobias can be divided into specific phobias, social anxiety disorder, and agoraphobia.[1][2] Specific phobias are further divided to include certain animals, natural environment, blood or injury, and particular situations.[1] The most common are fear of spiders, fear of snakes, and fear of heights.[7] Specific phobias may be caused by a negative experience with the object or situation in early childhood.[1] Social phobia is when a person fears a situation due to worries about others judging them.[1] Agoraphobia is a fear of a situation due to perceived difficulty or inability to escape.[1]

It is recommended that specific phobias be treated with exposure therapy, in which the person is introduced to the situation or object in question until the fear resolves.[2] Medications are not helpful for specific phobias.[2] Social phobia and agoraphobia may be treated with counseling, medications, or a combination of both.[4][5] Medications used include antidepressants, benzodiazepines, or beta-blockers.[4]

Specific phobias affect about 6–8% of people in the Western world and 2–4% in Asia, Africa, and Latin America in a given year.[1] Social phobia affects about 7% of people in the United States and 0.5–2.5% of people in the rest of the world. Agoraphobia affects about 1.7% of people. Women are affected by phobias about twice as often as men.[1] The typical onset of a phobia is around 10–17, and rates are lower with increasing age.[1] Those with phobias are more likely to attempt suicide.[1]

ClassificationEdit

Fear is an emotional response to a current perceived danger. This differs from anxiety which is a response in preparation of a future threat. Fear and anxiety often can overlap but this distinction can help identify subtle differences between disorders, as well as differentiate between a response that would be expected given a person’s developmental stage and culture.[1]

ICD-11Edit

The International Classification of Diseases (11th version: ICD-11) is a globally used diagnostic tool for epidemiology, health management and clinical purposes maintained by the World Health Organization (WHO). The ICD classifies phobic disorders under the category of mental, behavioural or neurodevelopmental disorders. The ICD-10 differentiates between Phobic anxiety disorders, such as Agoraphobia, and Other anxiety disorders, such as Generalized anxiety disorder. The ICD-11 merges both groups together as Anxiety or fear-related disorders.[8]

DSM-5Edit

Most phobias are classified into 3 categories. According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5), such phobias are considered subtypes of anxiety disorder. The categories are:

  1. Specific phobias: Fear of particular objects or situations that results in anxiety and avoidance. May lead to panic attacks if exposed to feared stimulus or in anticipation of encounter. A specific phobia may be further subdivided into five categories: animal, natural environment, situational, blood-injection-injury, and other.[1][9]
  2. Agoraphobia: a generalized fear of leaving home or a small familiar ‘safe’ area and of possible panic attacks that might follow. Various specific phobias may also cause it, such as fear of open spaces, social embarrassment (social agoraphobia), fear of contamination (fear of germs, possibly complicated by obsessive–compulsive disorder) or PTSD (post-traumatic stress disorder) related to a trauma that occurred outdoors.[1]
  3. Social anxiety disorder (SAD), also known as social phobia, is when the situation is feared out of a worrying about others judging them. Performance only is a subtype of social anxiety disorder [1]

Phobias vary in severity among individuals. Some individuals can avoid the subject and experience relatively mild anxiety over that fear. Others experience full-fledged panic attacks with all the associated impairing symptoms. Most individuals understand that their fear is irrational but cannot override their panic response. These individuals often report dizziness, loss of bladder or bowel control, tachypnea, feelings of pain, and shortness of breath.[10]

CausesEdit

There are multiple theories about how phobias develop and likely occur due to a combination of environmental and genetic factors. The degree to whether environment or genetic influences have a more significant role varies by condition, with social anxiety disorder and agoraphobia having around a 50% heritability rate.[11]

EnvironmentalEdit

Rachman proposed three pathways for the development of phobias: direct or classical conditioning (exposure to phobic stimulus), vicarious acquisition (seeing others experience phobic stimulus), and informational/instructional acquisition (learning about phobic stimulus from others).[12][13]

Classical conditioningEdit

Much of the progress in understanding the acquisition of fear responses in phobias can be attributed to classical conditioning (Pavlovian model).[14] When an aversive stimulus and a neutral one are paired together, for instance, when an electric shock is given in a specific room, the subject can start to fear not only the shock but the room as well. In behavioral terms, the room is a conditioned stimulus (CS). When paired with an aversive unconditioned stimulus (UCS) (the shock), it creates a conditioned response (CR) (fear for the room) (CS+UCS=CR).[14] For example, in case of the fear of heights (acrophobia), the CS is heights. Such as a balcony on the top floors of a high rise building. The UCS can originate from an aversive or traumatizing event in the person’s life, such as almost falling from a great height. The original fear of nearly falling is associated with being high, leading to a fear of heights. In other words, the CS (heights) associated with the aversive UCS (almost falling) leads to the CR (fear).
Though historically influential in the theory of fear acquisition, this direct conditioning model is not the only proposed way to acquire a phobia. This theory in fact has limitations as not everyone that has experienced a traumatic event develops a phobia and vice versa.[13]

Vicarious conditioningEdit

Vicarious fear acquisition is learning to fear something, not by a subject’s own experience of fear, but by watching others, oftentimes a parent (observational learning). For instance, when a child sees a parent reacting fearfully to an animal, the child can also become afraid of the animal.[15] Through observational learning, humans can learn to fear potentially dangerous objects—a reaction observed in other primates.[16] A study on non-human primates, showed that the primates learned to fear snakes at a fast rate after watching parents’ fearful reactions.[16] An increase in fearful behaviours was observed as the non-human primates observed their parents’ fearful reactions.[16] Although observational learning has proven effective in creating reactions of fear and phobias, it has also been shown that by physically experiencing an event, increases the chance of fearful and phobic behaviours.[16] In some cases, physically experiencing an event may increase the fear and phobia more than observing a fearful reaction of another human or non-human primate.

Informational/Instructional acquisitionEdit

Informational/instructional fear acquisition is learning to fear something by getting information. For instance, fearing electrical wire after hearing that touching it causes an electric shock.[17]

A conditioned fear response to an object or situation is not always a phobia. There must also be symptoms of impairment and avoidance. Impairment is defined as an inability to complete routine tasks, whether occupational, academic, or social. For example, an occupational impairment can result from acrophobia, from not taking a job solely because of its location on the top floor of a building, or socially not participating in an event at a theme park. The avoidance aspect is defined as behaviour that results in the omission of an aversive event that would otherwise occur, intending to prevent anxiety.[18]

GeneticEdit

With the completion of the Human Genome Project in 2003, much research has been completed looking at specific genes that may cause or contribute to medical conditions.[19] Candidate genes were the focus of most of these studies until the past decade, when the cost and ability to perform genome-wide analyses became more available. The GLRB gene was identified as a possible target for agoraphobia.[20] An area still in development is reviewing epigenetic components or the interaction of the environment on genes through methylation. A number of genes are being examined through this epigenetic lens which may be linked with social anxiety disorder, including MAOA, CRHR1, and OXTR.[11] Each phobia related disorder has some degree of genetic susceptibility. Those with specific phobias are more likely to have first degree relatives with the same specific phobia. Similarly, social anxiety disorder is found two to six times more frequently in those with first degree relatives that have it versus those that do not. Agoraphobia is believed to have the strongest genetic association.[11]

MechanismEdit

Regions of the brain associated with phobias[21]

Anatomical components of the limbic system

Limbic systemEdit

Beneath the lateral fissure in the cerebral cortex, the insula, or insular cortex, of the brain has been identified as part of the limbic system, along with the cingulated gyrus, hippocampus, corpus callosum, and other nearby cortices. This system has been found to play a role in emotion processing,[22] and the insula, in particular, may contribute to maintaining autonomic functions.[23] Studies by Critchley et al. indicate the insula as being involved in the experience of emotion by detecting and interpreting threatening stimuli.[24] Similar studies monitoring insula activity have shown a correlation between increased insular activation and anxiety.[22]

In the frontal lobes, other cortices involved with phobia and fear are the anterior cingulate cortex and the medial prefrontal cortex. In the processing of emotional stimuli, studies on phobic reactions to facial expressions have indicated that these areas are involved in the processing and responding to negative stimuli.[25] The ventromedial prefrontal cortex has been said to influence the amygdala by monitoring its reaction to emotional stimuli or even fearful memories.[22] Most specifically, the medial prefrontal cortex is active during the extinction of fear and is responsible for long-term extinction. Stimulation of this area decreases conditioned fear responses, so its role may be in inhibiting the amygdala and its reaction to fearful stimuli.[26]

The hippocampus is a horseshoe-shaped structure that plays an essential part in the brain’s limbic system. This is because it forms memories and connects them with emotions and the senses. When dealing with fear, the hippocampus receives impulses from the amygdala that allow it to connect the fear with a certain sense, such as a smell or sound.

AmygdalaEdit

The amygdala is an almond-shaped mass of nuclei located deep in the brain’s medial temporal lobe. It processes the events associated with fear and is linked to social phobia and other anxiety disorders. The amygdala’s ability to respond to fearful stimuli occurs through fear conditioning. Like classical conditioning, the amygdala learns to associate a conditioned stimulus with a negative or avoidant stimulus, creating a conditioned fear response often seen in phobic individuals. The amygdala is responsible for recognizing certain stimuli or cues as dangerous and plays a role in the storage of threatening stimuli to memory. The basolateral nuclei (or basolateral amygdala) and the hippocampus interact with the amygdala in-memory storage. This connection suggests why memories are often remembered more vividly if they have emotional significance.[27]

In addition to memory, the amygdala also triggers the secretion of hormones that affect fear and aggression. When the fear or aggression response is initiated, the amygdala releases hormones into the body to put the human body into an «alert» state, which prepares the individual to move, run, fight, etc.[28] This defensive «alert» state and response are known as the fight-or-flight response.[29]

However, inside the brain, this stress response can be observed in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA). This circuit incorporates the process of receiving stimuli, interpreting them, and releasing certain hormones into the bloodstream. The parvocellular neurosecretory neurons of the hypothalamus release corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), which is sent to the anterior pituitary. Here the pituitary releases adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), which ultimately stimulates the release of cortisol. In relation to anxiety, the amygdala activates this circuit, while the hippocampus is responsible for suppressing it. Glucocorticoid receptors in the hippocampus monitor the amount of cortisol in the system and through negative feedback can tell the hypothalamus to stop releasing CRH.[23]

Studies on mice engineered to have high concentrations of CRH showed higher levels of anxiety, while those engineered to have no or low amounts of CRH receptors were less anxious. In people with phobias, therefore, high amounts of cortisol may be present, or there may be low levels of glucocorticoid receptors or even serotonin (5-HT).[23]

Disruption by damageEdit

For the areas in the brain involved in emotion—most specifically fear— the processing and response to emotional stimuli can be altered when one of these regions is damaged. Damage to the cortical areas involved in the limbic system, such as the cingulate cortex or frontal lobes, has resulted in extreme emotion changes.[23] Other types of damage include Klüver–Bucy syndrome and Urbach–Wiethe disease. In Klüver–Bucy syndrome, a temporal lobectomy, or removal of the temporal lobes, results in changes involving fear and aggression. Specifically, the removal of these lobes results in decreased fear, confirming its role in fear recognition and response. Damage to both side (Bilateral damage) of the medial temporal lobes is known as Urbach–Wiethe disease. It presents with similar symptoms of decreased fear and aggression but with the addition of the inability to recognize emotional expressions, especially angry or fearful faces.[23]

The amygdala’s role in learned fear includes interactions with other brain regions in the neural circuit of fear. While damage in the amygdala can inhibit its ability to recognize fearful stimuli, other areas such as the ventromedial prefrontal cortex and the basolateral nuclei of the amygdala can affect the region’s ability to not only become conditioned to fearful stimuli but to extinguish them eventually. Through receiving stimulus info, the basolateral nuclei undergo synaptic changes that allow the amygdala to develop a conditioned response to fearful stimuli. Damage to this area, therefore, have been shown to disrupt the acquisition of learned responses to fear.[23] Likewise, damage in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (the area responsible for monitoring the amygdala) has been shown to slow down the speed of extinguishing a learned fear response and how effective the extinction is. This suggests there is a pathway or circuit among the amygdala and nearby cortical areas that process emotional stimuli and influence emotional expression, all of which can be disrupted when damage occurs.[22]

DiagnosisEdit

It is recommended that the terms distress and impairment take into account the context of the person’s environment during diagnosis. The DSM-IV-TR states that if a feared stimulus, whether it be an object or a situation, is absent entirely in an environment, a diagnosis cannot be made. An example of this situation would be an individual who has a fear of mice but lives in an area without mice. Even though the concept of mice causes marked distress and impairment within the individual, because the individual does not usually encounter mice, no actual distress or impairment is ever experienced. It is recommended that proximity to, and ability to escape from, the stimulus also be considered. As the phobic person approaches a feared stimulus, anxiety levels increase, and the degree to which the person perceives they might escape from the stimulus affects the intensity of fear in instances such as riding an elevator (e.g. anxiety increases at the midway point between floors and decreases when the floor is reached and the doors open). The DSM-V has been updated to reflect that an individual may have changed their daily activities around the feared stimulus in such a way that they may avoid it altogether. The person may still meet criteria for the diagnosis if they continue to avoid or refuse to participate in activities they would involve possible exposure to the phobic stimulus.[1]

Specific phobia Social anxiety disorder Agoraphobia
Features Fear out of proportion to the danger presented by an object or situation Anxiety of social encounters due to potential scrutiny from others Fear of leaving a protective place or situations viewed as being unable to escape from
Duration ≥ 6 months ≥ 6 months ≥ 6 months

Specific phobiasEdit

A specific phobia is a marked and persistent fear of an object or situation. Specific phobias may also include fear of losing control, panicking, and fainting from an encounter with the phobia.[1] Specific phobias are defined concerning objects or situations, whereas social phobias emphasize social fear and the evaluations that might accompany them.

The DSM breaks specific phobias into five subtypes: animal, natural environment, blood-injection-injury, situational and other.[1] In children, blood-injection-injury phobia, animal phobias, and natural environment phobias usually develop between the ages of 7 and 9 reflective of normal development. Additionally, specific phobias are most prevalent in children between the ages 10 and 13.[30] Situational phobias are typically found in older children and adults.[1]

TreatmentsEdit

There are various methods used to treat phobias. These methods include systematic desensitization, progressive relaxation, virtual reality, modeling, medication, and hypnotherapy. Over the past several decades, psychologists and other researchers have developed effective behavioral, pharmacological, and technological interventions for the treatment of phobia.[31]

TherapyEdit

Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) can be beneficial by allowing the person to challenge dysfunctional thoughts or beliefs by being mindful of their feelings to recognize that their fear is irrational. CBT may occur in a group setting. Gradual desensitization treatment and CBT are often successful, provided the person is willing to endure some discomfort.[32] In one clinical trial, 90% of people no longer had a phobic reaction after successful CBT treatment.[32][33][34][35] Research in the UK has suggested that for childhood phobias a single session of CBT can be effective.[36][37]

Evidence supports that eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is effective in treating some phobias.[38] Its effectiveness in treating complex or trauma-related phobias has not been empirically established.[39] Primarily used to treat post-traumatic stress disorder, EMDR has been demonstrated to ease phobia symptoms following a specific trauma, such as a fear of dogs following a dog bite.[40][41]

Systematic desensitizationEdit

A soldier stomping his foot to put out the fire rising up his leg during military fire-phobia training

Systematic desensitization is a process in which people seeking help slowly become accustomed to their phobia, and ultimately overcome it. Traditional systematic desensitization involves a person being exposed to the object they are afraid of over time so that the fear and discomfort do not become overwhelming. This controlled exposure to the anxiety-provoking stimulus is key to the effectiveness of exposure therapy in the treatment of specific phobias. It has been shown that humor is an excellent alternative when traditional systematic desensitization is ineffective.[42] Humor systematic desensitization involves a series of treatment activities that elicit humor with the feared object.[42] Previously learned progressive muscle relaxation procedures can be used as the activities become more difficult. Progressive muscle relaxation helps people relax before and during exposure to the feared stimulus.

Virtual reality therapy is another technique that helps phobic people confront a feared object. It uses virtual reality to generate scenes that may not have been possible or ethical in the physical world. It is equally as effective as traditional exposure therapy[43] and offers additional advantages. These include controlling the scenes and having the phobic person endure more exposure than they might handle in reality.[44]

MedicationsEdit

Medications are a treatment option often utilized in combination with CBT or if CBT was not tolerated or effective. Medications can help regulate apprehension and fear of a particular fearful object or situation. There are various medication options available for both social anxiety disorder and agoraphobia. The use of medications for specific phobias, besides the limited role of benzodiazepines, do not currently have established guidelines due to minimal supporting evidence.

AntidepressantsEdit

Antidepressant medications such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), or monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) may be helpful in some cases. SSRIs / SNRIs act on serotonin, a neurotransmitter in the brain. Because of serotonins positive impacts mood, an antidepressant may be offered and prescribed as a treatment option. For social anxiety, the SSRIs sertraline, paroxetine, fluvoxamine, and the SNRI venlafaxine have FDA approval. Similar medications may be offered for agoraphobia.[45]

BenzodiazepinesEdit

Sedatives such as benzodiazepines (clonazepam, alprazolam) are another therapeutic option, which can help people relax by reducing the amount of anxiety they feel.[46] Benzodiazepines may be useful in the acute treatment of severe symptoms, but the risk-benefit ratio usually goes against their long-term use in phobic disorders.[47] This class of medication has recently been shown as effective if used with negative behaviours such as excessive alcohol use.[46] Despite this positive finding, benzodiazepines are used with caution due to side effects and risk of developing dependence or withdrawal symptoms. In specific phobia for example if the phobic stimulus is one that is not regularly encountered such as flying a short course may be provided.

Beta-blockersEdit

Beta blockers (propranolol) are another therapeutic option, particularly for those with the performance only subtype of social anxiety disorder. They may stop the stimulating effects of adrenaline, such as sweating, increased heart rate, elevated blood pressure, tremors, and the feeling of a pounding heart.[46] By taking beta-blockers before a phobic event, these symptoms are decreased, making the event less frightening. Beta-blockers are not effective for generalized social anxiety disorder.[48]

HypnotherapyEdit

Hypnotherapy can be used alone and in conjunction with systematic desensitization to treat phobias.[49] Through hypnotherapy, the underlying cause of the phobia may be uncovered. The phobia may be caused by a past event that the person does not remember, a phenomenon known as repression. The mind represses traumatic memories from the conscious mind until the person is ready to deal with them.

Hypnotherapy may also eliminate the conditioned responses that occur during different situations. People are first placed into a hypnotic trance, an extremely relaxed state[50] in which the unconscious can be retrieved. This state makes people more open to suggestion, which helps bring about desired change.[50] Consciously addressing old memories helps individuals understand the event and see it less threateningly.[citation needed]

PrognosisEdit

Outcomes vary widely among the phobic anxiety disorders. There is a possibility that remission occurs without intervention but relapses are common. Response to treatment as well as remission and relapse rates are impacted by the severity of an individual’s disorder as well as how long they have been experiencing symptoms. For example, in social anxiety disorder (social phobia) a majority of individuals will experience remission within the first couple of years of symptom onset without specific treatment. On the other hand, in Agoraphobia as few as 10% of individuals are seen to reach complete remission without treatment. A study looking at the 2 year remission rates for anxiety disorders found that those with multiple anxieties were less likely to experience remission.[51]

Specific phobiaEdit

The majority of those that develop a specific phobia first experience symptoms in childhood. Often individuals will experience symptoms periodically with periods of remission before complete remission occurs. However, specific phobias that continue into adulthood are likely to experience a more chronic course. Specific phobias in older adults has been linked with a decrease in quality of life. Those with specific phobias are at an increased risk of suicide. Greater impairment is found in those that have multiple phobias.[1] Response to treatment is relatively high but many do not seek treatment due to lack of access, ability to avoid phobia, or unwilling to face feared object for repeated CBT sessions.[52]

ComorbiditiesEdit

Many of those with a phobia often have more than one phobia. There are also a number of psychological and physiological disorders that tend to occur or coexist at higher rates among this population. As with all anxiety disorders the most common psychiatric condition to occur with a phobia is major depressive disorder.[11] Additionally bipolar disorder, substance dependence disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and post traumatic stress disorder have also been found to occur in those with phobias at higher rates.

EpidemiologyEdit

Phobias are a common form of anxiety disorder, and distributions are heterogeneous by age and gender. An American study by the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) found that between 8.7 percent and 18.1 percent of Americans have phobias,[53] making it the most common mental illness among women in all age groups and the second most common illness among men older than 25. Between 4 percent and 10 percent of all children experience specific phobias during their lives,[30] and social phobias occur in one percent to three percent of children.[54][55][56]

A Swedish study found that females have a higher number of cases per year than males (26.5 percent for females and 12.4 percent for males).[57] Among adults, 21.2 percent of women and 10.9 percent of men have a single specific phobia, while multiple phobias occur in 5.4 percent of females and 1.5 percent of males.[57] Women are nearly four times as likely as men to have a fear of animals (12.1 percent in women and 3.3 percent in men) — a higher dimorphic than with all specific or generalized phobias or social phobias.[57] Social phobias are more common in girls than boys,[58] while situational phobia occurs in 17.4 percent of women and 8.5 percent of men.[57]

Society and cultureEdit

TerminologyEdit

The word phobia comes from the Greek: φόβος (phóbos), meaning «aversion», «fear» or «morbid fear». The regular system for naming specific phobias uses prefixes based on a Greek word for the object of the fear, plus the suffix -phobia. Benjamin Rush’s 1786 satyrical text, ‘On the different Species of Phobia’, established the term’s dictionary sense of specific morbid fears.[59] However, many phobias are irregularly named with Latin prefixes, such as apiphobia instead of melissaphobia (fear of bees) or aviphobia instead of ornithophobia (fear of birds). Creating these terms is something of a word game. Such fears are psychological rather than physiological in origin, and few of these terms are found in medical literature.[60] In ancient Greek mythology Phobos was the twin brother of Deimos (terror).

The word phobia may also refer to conditions other than true phobias. For example, the term hydrophobia is an old name for rabies, since an aversion to water is one of that disease’s symptoms. A specific phobia to water is called aquaphobia instead. A hydrophobe is a chemical compound that repels water. Similarly, photophobia usually refers to a physical complaint (aversion to light due to inflamed eyes or excessively dilated pupils), rather than an irrational fear of light.

Non-medical, deterrent and political useEdit

Several terms with the suffix -phobia are used non-clinically to imply irrational fear or hatred. Examples include:

  • Chemophobia – Irrational fear or hatred of chemistry and synthetic chemicals.
  • Xenophobia – Irrational fear or hatred of strangers or the unknown, sometimes used to describe nationalistic political beliefs and movements.
  • Homophobia – Irrational fear or hatred of homosexuality or people who identify or perceived as being lesbian, gay, bisexual or transgender (LGBT).[61]
  • Islamophobia – Irrational fear or hatred of Islam.
  • Hinduphobia – Irrational fear or hatred for Hindus or Hinduism.
  • Biphobia – Irrational fear or hatred of bisexual people.
  • Transphobia – Irrational fear or hatred of transgender people.
  • Christophobia – Irrational fear or hatred of Christianity or Jesus Christ.

Usually, these kinds of «phobias» are described as fear, dislike, disapproval, prejudice, hatred, discrimination, or hostility towards the object of the «phobia». It is a form of hyperbole.

Popular cultureEdit

A number of films and TV shows have portrayed individuals with a variety of phobic disorders.

MoviesEdit

  • Benchwarmers – Howie Goodman (Nick Swardson) is portrayed as being agoraphobic and heliophobic.[62]

Television showsEdit

  • Monk – Adrian Monk (Tony Shalhoub) is a former homicide detective and a consultant for the San Francisco Police Department. He has an extreme case of OCD, and is well known for his various fears and phobias, including (but certainly not limited to) heights, snakes, crowds, glaciers, rodeos, wind, and milk.[63]
  • Shameless (American TV series) – Sheila Jackson (Joan Cusack) has agoraphobia and mysophobia (fear of germs).[64]

Research directionsEdit

Before the development of pharmacotherapy, the treatment of phobias and mental health disorders relied solely on therapy such as CBT. Although therapy can be incredibly effective for many, it does not always achieve the desired effect. Interventional psychiatry is an additional branch in medicine that has expanded treatment options, and further research continues to explore effectiveness and applications. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) are two examples of device-based interventions widely utilized.[65][66] In terms of use in treating phobias and anxiety disorders as a whole, TMS is being explored as an augmentation option for those who do not have the desired response to other therapeutic options or side effects from medications. A majority of research has been conducted exploring the use of TMS in PTSD and generalized anxiety disorder. A meta‐analysis conducted in 2019 found only two clinical trials for the use of TMS in specific phobias, one of which explored anxiety and avoidance rates in individuals with acrophobia. Although the study found decreased rates in both anxiety and avoidance after two TMS sessions because of the limited number of studies and small sample size, few conclusions can be made.[67] D-cycloserine (DCS), a partial N-methyl-D-aspartate agonist, is an additional investigational approach to augmentation specific phobias that a meta-analysis suggested had better outcomes and less symptom severity when utilized before initiating CBT.[68]

See alsoEdit

  • Childhood phobia
  • List of phobias

ReferencesEdit

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External linksEdit

Wikiquote has quotations related to Anxiety.

Look up anxiety in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

  •   Media related to Phobias at Wikimedia Commons
  • Social Anxiety at Curlie

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