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Task Type: Key Word Transformations
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Focus: Lexical and grammatical
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Format: Six separate items, each with a lead-in sentence and a gapped second
sentence to be completed in two to five words, one of which is a given
‘key word’
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Number of questions: 6
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How many marks are there: Up to two marks for each correct answer
What is testing:
- modal verbs and semi-modal verbы
- phrasal verbs
- verb patterns
- direct speach to reported speach
- active voice to passive voice
- linking words/do and make/idioms/conditionals/unreal past
General Advice
- Write between two and five words as your answer
- Contractions like can’t or mustn’t are counted as two words
- Take a guess if necessary! You will not loose marks
- Remember that you cannot change the key word
cambridge english first certificate (fce) test
Key Word Transformations
- FCE : Key Word Transformations 1
- FCE : Key Word Transformations 2
- FCE : Key Word Transformations 3
- FCE : Key Word Transformations 4
- FCE : Key Word Transformations 5
- FCE : Key Word Transformations 6
- FCE : Key Word Transformations 7
- FCE : Key Word Transformations 8
- FCE : Key Word Transformations 9
- FCE : Key Word Transformations 10
- FCE : Key Word Transformations 11
- FCE : Key Word Transformations 12
- FCE : Key Word Transformations 13
- FCE : Key Word Transformations 14
- FCE : Key Word Transformations 15
- FCE : Key Word Transformations 16
- FCE : Key Word Transformations 17
- FCE : Key Word Transformations 18
- FCE : Key Word Transformations 19
- FCE : Key Word Transformations 20
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by Adam Skimins 7th March 2022
- Article navigation:
- (FCE) 40 Key Word Transformation: Exercises
- B2 First (FCE) Use of English Part 4: Tips & Strategy
The important thing in key word transformations is that you keep the meaning the same – EXACTLY the same. So it’s important that you read through the first sentence and your second sentence to ensure you have kept the meaning the same. Look at these two sentences:
Tommy said he was ready for his driving test and would take it in July.
Tommy said he was ready for his driving test and could take it in July.
One letter has been changed, from “would” to “could” but it changes the meaning of the sentence totally. Be careful of this!
A good way to practise this part of the FCE exam is to get used to writing and re-writing sentences using different structures and without changing the meaning.
(FCE) 40 Key Word Transformation: Exercises
Complete the sentence so that it has a similar meaning. Do not change the word given. You must use between two and five words, including the word given.
Nobody took any notice of his bad behaviour.
Nobodypaid ATTENTION to (ATTENTION) his bad behaviour.
You should try and take advantage of his help.
You should try and (MOST) help he gives you.
make the most of themake the most of any
You must include the word given (MOST)You must use beetwen 2 and 5 words.
My sister was involved in her school spelling competition.
My sister (PART) spelling competition.
took part in her schoolwas part of her school
You must include the word given (PART)You must use beetwen 2 and 5 words.
Could they grow anything here after the war?
Were (ABLE) here after the war?
they able to grow anything
You must include the word given (ABLE)You must use beetwen 2 and 5 words.
‘Why didn’t you call me?’ asked Joe.
Joe (ASKED) not called him.
asked me why i hadasked why i had
You must include the word given (ASKED)You must use beetwen 2 and 5 words.
Driving that fast was a stupid thing to do.
If (ONLY) driving so fast.
only i hadn’t beenonly i had not been
You must include the word given (ONLY)You must use beetwen 2 and 5 words.
I hadn’t seen my sister for about a year, when I saw her last.
About (GONE) before I saw my sister again, after the last time I saw her.
a year had gone by
You must include the word given (GONE)You must use beetwen 2 and 5 words.
Complete the sentence so that it has a similar meaning. Do not change the word given. You must use between two and five words, including the word given.
Nobody took any notice of his bad behaviour.
Nobodypaid ATTENTION to (ATTENTION) his bad behaviour.
I don’t earn anything like the amount I did before.
I earn (NOWHERE) as I did before.
nowhere near as much
You must include the word given (nowhere)You must use beetwen 2 and 5 words.
The date for the Barcelona Conference is the 23rd of March.
The Barcelona Conference (PLACE) the 23rd of March.
takes placewill take placeis taking place on
You must include the word given (place)You must use beetwen 2 and 5 words.
The house was not very attractive in appearance when we first saw it.
The house was (MUCH) at when we first saw it.
not much to look
You must include the word given (much)You must use beetwen 2 and 5 words.
No-one wants to buy this type of music any more.
There (LONGER) for this type of music.
is no longer any demand
You must include the word given (longer)You must use beetwen 2 and 5 words.
Looking back, I think I was right to study mathematics at university.
Looking back, I (REGRET) mathematics at university.
do not regret studyingdon’t regret studying
You must include the word given (regret)You must use beetwen 2 and 5 words.
Our spending will have to be reduced next year.
We will have (BACK) our spending next year.
to cut back on
You must include the word given (back)You must use beetwen 2 and 5 words.
Complete the sentence so that it has a similar meaning. Do not change the word given. You must use between two and five words, including the word given.
Nobody took any notice of his bad behaviour.
Nobodypaid ATTENTION to (ATTENTION) his bad behaviour.
While we were going home yesterday we got caught in a thunderstorm.
We got caught in a thunderstorm while we were (WAY) yesterday.
on our way home
You must include the word given (way)You must use beetwen 2 and 5 words.
Has Mary altered her decision about moving to the countryside?
Do you know if Mary (MIND) about moving to the countryside?
has changed her mind
You must include the word given (mind)You must use beetwen 2 and 5 words.
I’d like Kevin to stop telling me what to do.
I (WISH) telling me what to do!
wish kevin would stopwish that kevin would stop
You must include the word given (wish)You must use beetwen 2 and 5 words.
‘Are you pleased it’s nearly half-term?’ said the teacher to us.
The teacher wanted (KNOW) pleased it was nearly half-term.
to know if we were
You must include the word given (know)You must use beetwen 2 and 5 words.
We are earning less than we are spending, I’m afraid.
Our (EXPENDITURE) our income, I’m afraid.
expenditure is more thanexpenditure is greater than
You must include the word given (expenditure)You must use beetwen 2 and 5 words.
I don’t think having luxuries in life is necessary.
I don’t (NECESSITY) having luxuries in life.
see the necessity ofsee the necessity insee any necessity ofsee any necessity in
You must include the word given (necessity)You must use beetwen 2 and 5 words.
Complete the sentence so that it has a similar meaning. Do not change the word given. You must use between two and five words, including the word given.
Nobody took any notice of his bad behaviour.
Nobodypaid ATTENTION to (ATTENTION) his bad behaviour.
I am starting to find watching television boring.
I am beginning to get (FED) television.
fed up with watching
You must include the word given (fed)You must use beetwen 2 and 5 words.
Bad weather makes me feel really unhappy in the winter.
Bad weather (DOWN) in the winter.
really gets me down
You must include the word given (down)You must use beetwen 2 and 5 words.
Fog delayed my flight to Moscow this morning.
My flight to Moscow (UP) this morning
was held up by fog
You must include the word given (up)You must use beetwen 2 and 5 words.
Help was urgently needed in the flooded area of the country.
They were (NEED) in the flooded area of the country.
in urgent need of help
You must include the word given (need)You must use beetwen 2 and 5 words.
I went to Italy with the intention of learning Italian.
I went to Italy (THAT) Italian.
so that i could learn
You must include the word given (that)You must use beetwen 2 and 5 words.
Remember to return the videos you have rented.
Don’t (BACK) the videos you have rented.
forget to take backforget to bring back
You must include the word given (back)You must use beetwen 2 and 5 words.
Complete the sentence so that it has a similar meaning. Do not change the word given. You must use between two and five words, including the word given.
Nobody took any notice of his bad behaviour.
Nobodypaid ATTENTION to (ATTENTION) his bad behaviour.
To tell the truth, we need a swimming pool for this school.
To tell the truth, (WHAT) a swimming pool for this school.
what we need is
You must include the word given (what)You must use beetwen 2 and 5 words.
Do you know whose this umbrella is, by any chance?
Do you know (BELONGS), by any chance?
who this umbrella belongs to
You must include the word given (belongs)You must use beetwen 2 and 5 words.
Was it Paul’s idea to go to the cinema?
Was it Paul (CAME) the idea of going to the cinema?
who came up withthat came up with
You must include the word given (came)You must use beetwen 2 and 5 words.
The boats began to move slowly out of the harbour.
The boats slowly (WAY) out of the harbour.
made their way
You must include the word given (way)You must use beetwen 2 and 5 words.
One runner did not succeed in finishing the race.
One runner (ABLE) the race.
wasn’t able to finishwas not able to finish
You must include the word given (able)You must use beetwen 2 and 5 words.
It is not my fault that the glass broke.
You cannot (BLAME) the glass.
blame me for breaking
You must include the word given (blame)You must use beetwen 2 and 5 words.
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B2 First (FCE) Use of English Part 4: Tips & Strategy
B2 First (FCE) Use of English: Part 4 question type here is called key word transformation.
You must complete a new sentence that has a similar meaning. You use a word in capitals given in bold for each sentence, which you must not change.
Strategy
- Read the sentence carefully and think about its exact meaning.
- Check your tenses – if the first sentence is in the past tense, the second should be, too!
- Contractions (e.g. haven’t) count as two words.
- Try to keep the same meaning – If the first sentence says ‘Tom said…’ then don’t write ‘He said…’ in the second sentence. (Write ‘Tom said’.)
- Write between two and five words, including the word given.
Tips
Find things that are the same in both sentences and delete them. That helps you to focus on what you actually need to be transforming.
Because of the scoring system, it’s possible to get 50% in this section without getting any of the questions 100% correct. So it’s worth answering every question! Even incomplete answers can get points
Make absolutely sure that the two sentences mean the same thing. For example, if the sentence to transform has names in it, the answer will have to have them too.
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On the Cambridge FCE Reading and Use of English exam, there are seven parts. Today you will learn about and practice Part 4 – Key Word Transformations. Many students think this part of the exam is challenging, but it just takes strategy and practice!
How to do Reading and Use of English Part 4
To begin, in part 4 each question has a sentence and a key word in BOLD. You must use this key word to complete the gap in a second sentence so its meaning is as close as possible to the first sentence.
You MUST use the key word in your answer. You CAN’T CHANGE the key word. For example, if the key word is “WRITTEN,” you cannot use the word “wrote” in your answer.
Use between 2 and 5 words. ** Contractions count as TWO WORDS! For example, won’t = will not. If you are unsure, always write out the entire word.
Use a pencil for this test. Write your answers in CAPITAL LETTERS only.
There are 6 questions total in this part. You can earn up to 2 points for each question.
What grammar structures and vocabulary does part 4 test?
This part of the FCE exam tests different grammar structures and vocabulary. Here are some of the most common ones that appear on the exam.
If you are taking a course, these structures and vocabulary should be covered by your teacher. If you are studying on your own, make sure you know the rules for each one.
GRAMMAR
Passive
Verb patterns
Conditionals
Reported speech
Future forms
Future time clauses
Causative – have/get
Verb tenses – especially perfect forms
Wish and other hypotheticals
VOCABULARY
Phrasal verbs
Set expressions
Words like height, weight, length, width
Linking words
Word forms
Example Key Word Transformation and Strategy
Look at the example question below:
He tried to keep running although he felt tired.
SPITE
He tried to keep running _____________________________ tired.
Step One: Cross out words that are the same.
He tried to keep running although he felt tired.
SPITE
He tried to keep running _____________________________ tired.
First, I cross out any words that are EXACTLY THE SAME in both sentences.
Step Two: Focus on the remaining words and try to find the grammar or vocabulary rule.
He tried to keep running although he felt tired.
SPITE
He tried to keep running _____________________________ tired.
I need to focus on although he felt. Although is a linking word of contrast. This is the structure that I have identified.
Next, I start to think about other linking words and expressions of contrast while keeping in mind that I need to use the word SPITE.
Step Three: Choose your answer between 2 and 5 words.
He tried to keep running although he felt tired.
SPITE
He tried to keep running _____________________________ tired.
In spite of and despite are both linking words/expressions of contrast. Remembering that I have to use the EXACT KEY WORD, I decide not to use despite.
Now, I remember that after in spite of I need a verb + ing form of the verb. So, I look at my original sentence and identify the verb “felt.”
Change the subject + verb in the original sentence to a verb + ing form to fit the second sentence.
My answer is IN SPITE OF FEELING.
Step Four: Check your answer. Did you use the key word? Do you have the correct word count? Did you write your answer in CAPITAL LETTERS?
He tried to keep running although he felt tired.
SPITE
He tried to keep running IN SPITE OF FEELING tired.
Finally, I need to check my answer.
- Key word SPITE? Yes.
- Correct word count? 4 words, yes.
- Capital letters? Yes.
Common mistakes on FCE Key Word Transformations
- Changing the key word – you MUST use the exact word
- Using too many words – maximum of 5 words
- Spending too much time – if you don’t know the answer, take a guess and continue with the next question
- Pronoun gender and agreement- if the first sentence uses a name, try to use the name in your second sentence. Sometimes you will need to use “her / his / she / he” etc. in your answer – make sure it matches the gender in the first sentence
- Subject-verb agreement – make sure your subject and verb match. For example, “she is singing” not “she are singing”
- Writing sentences that are too different – try to use the same words where you can when possible (words like very, really, etc. that appear in the first sentence). Make sure these are expressed in the second sentence as well.
FCE Key word Transformations Practice
Try these 10 key word transformations. Use the steps from above to help you and check your answers at the end of this post.
1. It’s a pity we don’t have a warmer climate!
ONLY
If _____________________ a warmer climate!
2. Someone is going to redecorate our terrace for us next week.
HAVE
We are going to _________________________________ next week.
3. I will only bring a jacket if it rains.
UNLESS
I will _________________ it rains.
4. They found the ring when they were fixing the garden.
CAME
They ____________________________ when they were fixing the garden.
5. I regret not selling my house sooner.
SOLD
I wish _______________________ my house sooner.
6. Fashion is the same as it was in the 1970s.
CHANGED
Fashion _______________________________________ the 1970s.
7. The teacher didn’t let them leave the class.
ALLOWED
They _________________________________ leave the class.
8. How many pyramids did the Egyptians build?
BY
How many pyramids ________________________ the Egyptians?
9. My colleague probably won’t come to the meeting.
UNLIKELY
My colleague ____________________________ to the meeting.
10. You’ve got to decide what you want to study next year.
TIME
It’s _________________________ what you want to study next year.
Answers
How to score your answers:
You can earn up to two points for each answer.
The two parts of the answer are separated by “ — “
If your answer to the left of the “–” is EXACTLY the same, give yourself one point.
If your answer to the right of the “–” is EXACTLY the same, give yourself another point.
Depending on your mistakes, you may earn 0, 1, or 2 points per answer.
- ONLY — WE HAD
- HAVE OUR TERRACE — REDECORATED
- NOT BRING A JACKET — UNLESS
- CAME ACROSS — THE RING
- I HAD — SOLD
- HAS NOT CHANGED — SINCE
- WERE NOT — ALLOWED TO
- WERE BUILT — BY
- IS LIKELY — TO COME
- (HIGH)* TIME — YOU DECIDED
*Words in ( ) are optional. You can still earn the full point for “time” if you didn’t write “high time.”
For more FCE Practice, try these posts.
- FCE Essay Writing Guide
- B2 Reading and Use of English Part 1
- FCE Speaking Exam Tips
FCE – KEY WORD TRANSFORMATIONS
Index1) Comparatives/superlatives2) Passive/active statements3) Direct/Indirect Speech4) Auxiliary verbs5) Conditionals
6) Unreal pasts w/if only, wish, would rather, etc7) Verb patterns (gerunds and infinitives)8) Phrasal verbs9) Sentences requiring TWO changes
FCE — USE OF ENGLISH
1) Part 3: ‘Key’ Word Transformation (Comparatives/Superlatives)
Structures like so/such .., er/as … as or too/enough often appear in this exercise.
1. The food was so good we had to leave a tip. SUCHIt _____________________________________________ we had to leave a tip.
2. The computer was too expensive for me to buy. ENOUGH I _________________________________________ money to buy the computer.
3. It’s the most beautiful painting I’ve ever seen. SEEN I ______________________________________________ beautiful painting.
4. This summer has been much cooler than last year. COOL Last summer _________________________________________________ this year.
5. I’m not as good at maths as you. BETTER You ______________________________________________________ me.
6. The course wasn’t as easy as I’d expected. MORE The course ______________________________________________ I’d expected.
7. This car isn’t safe enough to drive. DANGEROUS This car ______________________________________________________ drive.
8. This exercise is easier than the last one. HARD This exercise _______________________________________________ the last one.
FCE — USE OF ENGLISH
2) Part 3: ‘Key’ Word Transformation (Passive/Active)
Changes from active to passive or passive to active are often required.
1. The examiner tells candidates the regulations at the beginning of the exam. TOLD At the beginning of the exam candidates _____________________________________ the regulations.
2. Did we send that letter to Mr Thomas? WAS Do you know if ______________________________________________ to Mr Thomas?
3. We haven’t arranged a date for the wedding yet. BEEN A date for the wedding _______________________________________________ yet.
4. They will have given him the news by now. TOLD He ____________________________________________________ the news by now.
5. Experts estimate that most people now have access to the Internet. IS _____________________________________ most people now have access to the Internet.
6. The garage on the corner usually repairs my car. HAVE I ______________________________________________ by the garage on the corner.
7. Steve definitely didn’t write that essay. WRITTEN That essay ___________________________________________________ by Steve.
8. The police have cancelled the demonstration. HAS The demonstration ____________________________________________ by the police.
FCE – USE OF ENGLISH
3) Part 3: ‘Key’ Word Transformation (Direct and Indirect Speech)
You are sometimes asked to transform a sentence from direct speech to indirect speech or from indirect to direct speech.
1. ‘What do you think of the college?’ ASKED She ______________________________________________________ of the college.
2. ‘I’ll call you later tonight,’ Keith promised. WOULD Keith promised that ______________________________________________ night.
3. ‘I didn’t break the window,’ said the boy. DENIED The boy ___________________________________________________ the window.
4. ‘Why don’t you come this evening?’ SUGGESTED She ______________________________________________________ that evening.
5. ‘You look really tired,’ he told her. SAID He ______________________________________________________ really tired.
6. ‘You must do your homework tonight.’ the teacher said. TOLD The teacher ________________________________________________ my homework.
7. ‘What’s your name?’ he asked. KNOW He ______________________________________________________ what my name was.
8. ‘I might be late for.’ he told me. INFORMED He ______________________________________________________ might be late.
FCE — USE OF ENGLISH
4) Part 3: ‘Key’ Word Transformation (Auxiliary Verbs)
You will often find questions that test your knowledge of auxiliary verbs like ‘will’, ‘have’, ‘must’ etc.
1. I went to the office then remembered it was my day off. HAVE I __________________________________________ to the office as it was my day off.
2. Perhaps we missed the correct turning. MIGHT We ____________________________________________________ the correct turning.
3. I’m afraid you can’t smoke in here. ALLOWED You ______________________________________________________ in here.
4. They will expect you to wear a suit for the interview. HAVE You _________________________________________________ a suit for the interview.
5. I’d see a doctor if I were you. OUGHT You ______________________________________________________ a doctor.
6. He couldn’t swim until he was in his twenties. ABLE He _________________________________________________ until he was in his twenties.
7. We got a table at the restaurant without a reservation. NEED We _______________________________________________ book a table at the restaurant.
8. You were expected to answer all the questions on the exam paper. ANSWERED You _______________________________________ all the questions on the examination paper.
FCE — USE OF ENGLISH
5) Part 3: ‘Key’ Word Transformation (Conditionals)
Any type of conditional sentence is likely to appear in this part of Paper 3.
1. I only told you because I thought you would be interested. TOLD I _________________________________________ you if I thought you weren’t interested.
2. I won’t organise the party unless you arrange the food. LONG I’ll organise the party __________________________________________ arrange the food.
3. I think it would be a good idea to speak to the manager first. WERE If __________________________________________________ speak to the manager first.
4. If you do the washing up I’ll make the coffee. PROVIDED I’ll make the coffee ____________________________________________ the washing up.
5. Your tired because you keep staying up late. WERE If _________________________________________ to bed earlier, you wouldn’t be so tired.
6. You never enter competitions so you’ll never win anything. MIGHT If you entered competions ____________________________________________ something.
7. The reason I haven’t got much money is because they didn’t give me a promotion.POOR If they had given me promotion I _________________________________________ now.
8. I’ve been so happy since I met you. MIGHT I _____________________________________________ happy if I hadn’t met you.
FCE — USE OF ENGLISH
6) Part 3: ‘Key’ Word Transformation (‘Unreal’ Pasts)
You will sometimes find sentences using ‘If only …’, ‘I wish …’, I’d rather …’ etc that require the use of past tenses.
1. I’d love to know how John is getting on. KNEW I _____________________________________________ how John was getting on.
2. You should take an umbrella with you. BETTER You _____________________________________________ an umbrella with you.
3. I think taxes should be increased. TIME It ______________________________________________________ increased.
4. He behaves like the President of the company. THOUGH He acts _____________________________________ the President of the company.
5. I regret not inviting Cathy to the party. ONLY If ______________________________________________________ Cathy.
6. I’d prefer you to get home early tonight. RATHER I ______________________________________________________ home early tonight.
7. It’s a pity the car is so expensive. WISH I ______________________________________________________ so expensive.
8. It will be better for you to come alone. SOONER I would ______________________________________________________ on your own.
FCE — USE OF ENGLISH
7) Part 3: ‘Key’ Word Transformation (Verb Patterns)
Your knowledge of verb patterns such as gerund and infinitive is frequently tested.
1. It’s really important that you pay the bill today. REMEMBER You must _________________________________________________ the bill today.
2. I think it would be a good idea if you joined the beginner’s class. SUGGEST I ___________________________________________________ the beginners class.
3. Meeting John in town was really surprising. EXPECT I ______________________________________________________ John in town.
4. In the future she became a successful business woman. WENT She _____________________________________ a successful business woman.
5. I’ll help you with your homework. MIND I ___________________________________________ you with your homework.
6. I hated driving on the left at first but now it’s OK. USED I _______________________________________________ on the left now.
7. Don’t bother to apply for the job. POINT There ______________________________________________ for the job.
8. Were you successful in passing the exam? MANAGE Did ________________________________________________ the exam?
FCE — USE OF ENGLISH
Part 3: ‘Key’ Word Transformation (Phrasal Verbs)
Sentences requiring phrasal verbs often appear in this section.
1. I’m really excited about the holiday. LOOKING I __________________________________________________ the holiday.
2. The bomb exploded early this morning OFF The bomb _____________________________________________ early this morning.
3. Why don’t you start doing a sport? UP Have you thought about _______________________________________ a sport?
4. His parents raised him very strictly. UP His parents ______________________________________________ very strictly.
5. They’ve cancelled the wedding. OFF They have _______________________________________________ the wedding.
6. I don’t think they should abolish military service. AWAY They shouldn’t _______________________________________ military service.
7. I’ve got to reduce the amount of sweets I eat. DOWN I must ________________________________________ the number of sweets I eat.
8. My host family will let you stay with us. UP My host family will ___________________________________________
FCE — USE OF ENGLISH
9) Part 3: ‘Key’ Word Transformation (Sentences Requiring TWO Changes)
1. (Passive + phrasal verb)Thieves have burgled our house.INTOOur house ______________________________________________________
2. (Passive + change from adjective to noun)Businesses are said to be worried about interest rates.CONCERNThere ________________________________ amongst businesses about interest rates.
3. (Reported speech + verb change) ‘I don’t share your views on politics?’ he said.AGREEHe told me _______________________________________ my views on politics.
4. (Passive to active + phrasal verb)Loans must be repaid in full.BACK You ___________________________________________________ all the money.
5. (Preposition x 2)There have been more redundancies this year than before. NUMBERThere has been a rise_____________________________________ redundancies this year.
6. (Noun to verb + verb change) I’m sorry but you must not smoke here.FORBIDDENI’m afraid ______________________________________________________ here.
7. (Verb change + verb form)I don’t think it’s a good idea to get married too early.INI don’t ______________________________________________________ too early.
8. (Verb change + verb form)Did you manage to convince him?INDid you ______________________________________________________ him?
ANSWERS1) COMPARATIVES/SUPERLATIVES1. was such good food2. did not/didn’t have enough3. have/’ve never seen such a/a more4. was not/wasn’t as cool as5. are/’re/can do maths better at maths than6. was more difficult than7. is/’s too dangerous to8. is not/isn’t as hard as
6) UNREAL PASTS1. wish I knew2. had/’d better take3. is/’s time taxes were4. as though he were/was5. only I had/’d invited6. would/’d rather you got7. wish the car was not/wasn’t/were not/weren’t8. sooner you came
2) PASSIVE/ACTIVE STATEMENTS1. are told (about)2. that/the letter was sent3. has not/hasn’t been arranged/set4. will/’ll have been told5. It is/It’s estimated (by experts)6. usually have/get my car repaired7. can’t/won’t/cannot/will not have been written8. has/’s been cancelled
7) VERB PATTERNS (GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES)1. remember to pay2. suggest joining/(that) you join3. did not/didn’t expect to meet4. went on to become5. do not/don’t mind helping6. am/’m/have got/’ve got used to driving7. is/’s no point (in) applying8. you manage to pass
3) DIRECT/INDIRECT SPEECH1. asked (me) what I thought2. he would call/phone/telephone/ring later that3. denied breaking4. suggested coming/that I/we come5. said (that) she looked6. told me to do7. wanted to know8. informed me (that) he
PHRASAL VERBS1. am/’m looking forward to2. went off3. taking up4. brought him up5. called off6. do away with7. cut down on8. put you up
4) AUXILIARY VERBS1. need not/needn’t have gone2. might have/’ve missed3. are/’re not/aren’t allowed to smoke4. will/’ll have to wear5. ought to see6. was not/wasn’t able to swim7. did not/didn’t need to8. should have/’ve answered
9) SENTENCES REQUIRING TWO CHANGES1. has/’s been broken into2. is/’s said to be/apparently concern3. he did not/didn’t agree with4. must pay back5. in the number of6. smoking is/’s forbidden7. believe in getting married/marrying8. succeed in convincing
5) CONDITIONALS1. would not/wouldn’t have told2. as/so long as you3. I was/were you I would/I’d4. provided you do5. you were to go6. you might win7. would not/wouldn’t be so poor8. might not have been
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Procedure:
Part I. Presentation — the theory of Key Word Transformation and instructions
Step 1. Students read and analyze the lead-in sentence.
Step 2. Students examine the key word. Remember that it must not be transformed.
Step 3. Students define what kind of transformation will be suitable in the sentence.
Step 4. Students write a new construction.
Step 5. Students read the net sentence to check if it makes sense.
Step 6. Students write the answer in the exam paper. Remember that the only transformed words must be written as an answer.
Part II. Practice
Exercise 1.
1. Unless you leave now, you’ll miss the train.
IF
You’ll miss the train _____________ now.
2. Give me your address, as I might visit Barcelona.
CASE
Give me your address _____________ visit Barcelona.
3. I always watch the late-night news on TV.
NEVER
I _______________ the late-night news on TV.
4. George didn’t get much sleep last night as usual.
HARDLY
Last night George _______________ as usual.
5. His parents were travelling in the desert so they couldn’t follow the news.
KEEP
His parents were travelling in the desert so they weren’t ________ the news.
Exercise 2.
1. Adam can’t wait to go snowboarding next week.
FORWARD
Adam-s really ____________ snowboarding next week.
2. What’s your uncle’s job?
FOR
What _______________ a living?
3. I’m sure Rafael Nadal earned a lot of for that car advertisement.
BEEN
Rafael Nadal ________ a lot for that car advertisement.
4. The candidate couldn’t register for the election because he missed the deadline.
ABLE
If the candidate hadn’t missed the deadline, he _______________ register for the election.
5. I was really impressed by the images in the advert.
MADE
The images in the advert really __________ me.
Part III. Product
A teacher asks students to compose their own tasks on the topic themselves.