When writing essays and exams, I always seem to use the same words and phrases over and over again. Repetition is never ok (unless it’s used intentionally to spice up your creative writing piece). Finding alternatives often requires, in my case, flitting to thesaurus.com every five minutes. However, having a nice long list you can refer to cuts out all this hassle. That’s why I’ve compiled a list of words and phrases to replace those too often used. These can be memorised so that when you go to answer an exam or essay question, you’ll sound perfectly articulate.
The first word to replace is the sin of all words: ‘shows.’ It’s ok to use when you’re only in yr 7, but once you reach yr 10 you need to be using something more sophisticated. ‘Suggests’ is over used also, so definitively avoid that. Here’s some other ways to say ‘this shows:’
- ‘Illustrates’
- ‘Highlights’
- ‘Illuminates’
- ‘Exemplifies’
- ‘Depicts’
- ‘Clarifies’
- ‘Defines’
- ‘Displays’
- ‘Demonstrates’
- ‘Proves’
- ‘Reveals’
- ‘Confirms’
- ‘Outlines’
- ‘Implies’
- ‘Emulates’
- ‘Mirrors’
- ‘Reflects’
Now in an English Lit essay/exam, you need to be giving examples of quotes and you might be finding you’re using ‘for example’ too much. Here’s some other ways of saying it:
- ‘As an example…’
- ‘For instance…’
- ‘As illustrated when…’
- ‘Which is apparent when…’
- ‘Namely when…’
- ‘Can be seen when…’
- ‘In particular…’
- ‘In this occurrence…’
Something else you might want to replace is the phrase ‘Throughout the play/novel/poem…’ It’s quite easy to keep using this one, but after a while it gets boring to read, so use these instead:
- ‘As the plot progresses…’
- ‘…plays a major role from the beginning to end.’
- ‘In the course of the play/novel/poem…’
- ‘A reoccurred (theme/whatever) in the play/novel/poem…’
Quite recently, I’ve gone through my coursework concerning ‘A Streetcar Named Desire’ and I find I’m often over-using the phrase ‘this is symbolic of.’ I had a quick search on the web and came up with these:
- ‘This is denotative of…’
- ‘Emblematic of…’
- ‘Indicative of…’
- ‘Exhibitive/exhibitory of…’
Discourse markers always make your writing look infinitely more intelligent, unfortunately, it’s hard to think of any during an exam. Remember some of these and you can utilise them at your will:
- ‘Additionally’
- ‘Furthermore’
- ‘Moreover’
- ‘Notably’
- ‘Subsequently’
- ‘Consequently’
- ‘In the case of…’
- ‘As revealed…’
Additional advice:
- It’s perfectly alright to use ‘and,’ though you do need to mix it up, throw in an ‘also’ here and there or an ‘in addition to this.’
- Instead of only using ‘so’ and ‘therefore’, sound extra posh and use ‘thus.’ Other alternatives include ‘accordingly,’ ‘consequently’ and ‘for this reason.’
- Use less of the word ‘contrasts’ by using ‘conversely’ or ‘…is the antithesis of…’
- Change ‘however’ to ‘although’, ‘nevertheless’ or ‘on the other hand.’
Hopefully you’ve found this helpful. It’s imperative that in an exam what you write is outstanding and just by tweaking a few words and changing them to something superior, your answer will be just that. Combine some these small changes with a high level of content and analysis, your answer will be exceptional, and you’ll achieve the top grades.
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Many students are intimidated by the essays that must be written to complete college or scholarship applications. The truth is, you don’t have to use big words or fancy words you don’t understand to write a compelling essay — a few well-placed, sophisticated words will do. College essays should be extremely polished and fluff-free.
It’s time to get creative and make every word count, so be sure to use sophisticated words rather than slang or Internet acronyms (LMAO). Forget everything Urban Dictionary taught you and add a touch of class to your vocabulary with more sophisticated words in your writing and speech.
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- Advantageous (adjective) beneficial; creating a favorable situation to give an advantage.My volunteer work puts me in an advantageous position over other applicants.
- Alacrity (noun) pep in your step; lively, cheerful and eager behavior.She lit up the dull room with her alacrity; her energy was palpable. She was thrilled to have been chosen to help.
- Amiable (adjective) friendly and good-natured.He was amiable and well-liked in the community prior to the discovery in his basement.
- Aptitude (noun) talent or abilityShe discovered her aptitude for real life math at a young age, while shopping with her mother.
- Assiduity (noun) dedication, diligence and great focus.I studied with assiduity for the exam and feel confident and fully prepared.
- Candor (noun) open; honest; sincere.The senator’s candor during his speech won many voters over.
- Cumulative (adjective) accumulative, all added together.Exercising for one day may not yield results, but the health benefits are cumulative over time.
- Debase (verb) to corrupt or contaminate.I don’t allow mainstream media to debase my common sense.
- Deferential yielding out of respect.The commissioner became accustomed to deferential treatment.
- Diligent (adjective) attention to detail; careful and hard-working.My diligent work on the project was critical to its success.
- Eloquent (adjective) fluent; having a way with words; perfectly said.Her eloquent speech moved the audience to tears.
- Elucidate (verb) to explain very clearly.She was eager to elucidate the problem to the mechanic so that it could be fixed.
- Emboldened (adjective) being made bold.We were emboldened by our success and ready to take it to the next level.
- Ephemeral (adjective) fleeting or short lived.Summer romance is often ephemeral, as is the season itself.
- Equitable (adjective) a fair division between all parties.My equitable share of the profit was 45%.
- Extol (verb) to give high praise.He gave a speech to extol the benefits of online college.
- Gratuitous (adjective) unnecessary; uncalled-for.Both parties hurled gratuitous insults at each other and nothing was accomplished.
- Gregarious (adjective) outgoing; extroverted.The gregarious host made us feel welcome and comfortable in her home.
- Hypocrisy (noun) the insincerity of pretending to believe something you do not believe.My mother’s hypocrisy was exposed when I caught her cursing and smoking after speeding home from a late night out.
- Incisive (adjective) the ability to identify or draw sharp distinctions.Her incisive remarks were hurtful, mostly because they were pointedly accurate.
- Industrious (adjective) hard-working and persevering.In order to stand out from others, you must be smart, polite and industrious at your job.
- Innate (adjective) born with it.He has the innate ability to make people smile and uses it to his advantage.
- Insular (adjective) isolated; an island unto itself.Small town life has many advantages, but can also be insular in many ways.
- Intrepid (adjective) Bold or brave.The intrepid explorer has seen things the rest of us can only imagine.
- Latent (adjective) there, but not there; having potential to be realized, but hidden.Since the virus is latent there are no obvious signs of infection.
- Lithe (adjective) supple, bending easily.The dancers were lithe, yet also very strong.
- Maxim (noun) a widely known saying that is accepted as truth.Gandhi’s maxim “be the change you wish to see in the world” is one to live by.
- Meticulous (adjective) precise attention to every detail.She is always meticulous about her research, leaving no stone unturned.
- Modicum (noun) a small token amount.We enjoyed only a modicom of success so far, but are optimistic about the next project.
- Myriad (noun) a large amount; countless.With online college, there are a myriad of career possibilities.
- Nuance (noun) a very subtle difference.The nuance of her voice added new dimensions to the song she covered.
- Obsequious (adjective) subservient; brown-nosing.His obsequious behavior failed to flatter his boss and quickly became annoying to everyone.
- Panacea (noun) a cure-all.Mom’s homemade chicken soup is the ultimate panacea.
- Pellucid (adjective) clearly understandable.The assembly instructions were surprisingly pellucid, which made the desk easy to put together.
- Penchant (noun) a strong preference or liking.He has a penchant for antique automobiles and frequently attends car shows.
- Perusal (noun) studying with the intent to memorize.A perusal of the material the night before made me feel confident about taking the test.
- Plethora (noun) an abundance or extreme excess.With the plethora of choices, making a decision about which car to buy came down to consumer reviews.
- Pragmatic (adjective) realistic and practical.Her pragmatic approach offered no frills, but worked perfectly.
- Predilection (noun) a preference or bias.Her predilection for the color blue was evident by her wardrobe choices.
- Repudiate (verb) to reject or refuse to recognize as valid.He began to repudiate my excuse without even letting me finish.
- Salient (adjective) something that stands out and is obvious.There may be some advantages to buying in early, but they are not immediately salient.
- Staid (adjective) dignified and with decorum.I have lived a particularly staid life, so as not to embarrass myself.
- Studious character trait involving diligent study.She was always quite studious; it was not uncommon to find her books lying about.
- Substantiate (verb) to give facts to support a claim.He said he was robbed, but there is nothing to substantiate his claim.
- Superfluous (adjective) in excess; more than is needed.Don’t waste your precious breath with superfluous flattery; it will get you nowhere.
- Surfeit (noun) the quality of overabundance.Considering the surfeit of food in America it is amazing that we still have some of our population go hungry.
- Sycophant (noun) someone who sucks up to others for personal gain.She often wondered if Bruce really liked her or if he was simply being a sycophant because of her wealthy parents.
- Taciturn (adjective) reserved or aloof.I tried to talk to my mother about what happened, but she remained taciturn.
- Venerable (adjective) honorable; highly regarded.I was nervous about performing on opening night because of all the venerable guests in attendance.
- Zenith (noun) the highest point.Looking back, Bradley realized that winning the tournament was the zenith of his high school career.
Visit Vocabulary.com for more sophisticated words to expand your vocabulary — and always keep it classy.
It’s not easy to write an academic essay.
Many students struggle to word their arguments in a logical and concise way.
To make matters worse, academic essays need to adhere to a certain level of formality, so we can’t always use the same word choices in essay writing that we would use in daily life.
If you’re struggling to choose the right words for your essay, don’t worry—you’ve come to the right place!
In this article, we’ve compiled a list of over 300 words and phrases to use in the introduction, body, and conclusion of your essay.
Words to Use in the Essay Introduction
The introduction is one of the hardest parts of an essay to write.
You have only one chance to make a first impression, and you want to hook your reader. If the introduction isn’t effective, the reader might not even bother to read the rest of the essay.
That’s why it’s important to be thoughtful and deliberate with the words you choose at the beginning of your essay.
Many students use a quote in the introductory paragraph to establish credibility and set the tone for the rest of the essay.
When you’re referencing another author or speaker, try using some of these phrases:
- To use the words of X
- According to X
- As X states
Example: To use the words of Hillary Clinton, “You cannot have maternal health without reproductive health.”
Near the end of the introduction, you should state the thesis to explain the central point of your paper.
If you’re not sure how to introduce your thesis, try using some of these phrases:
- In this essay, I will…
- The purpose of this essay…
- This essay discusses…
- In this paper, I put forward the claim that…
- There are three main arguments for…
Example: In this essay, I will explain why dress codes in public schools are detrimental to students.
After you’ve stated your thesis, it’s time to start presenting the arguments you’ll use to back up that central idea.
When you’re introducing the first of a series of arguments, you can use the following words:
- First
- First and foremost
- First of all
- To begin with
Example: First, consider the effects that this new social security policy would have on low-income taxpayers.
All these words and phrases will help you create a more successful introduction and convince your audience to read on.
Words to Use in the Body of the Essay
The body of your essay is where you’ll explain your core arguments and present your evidence.
It’s important to choose words and phrases for the body of your essay that will help the reader understand your position and convince them you’ve done your research.
Let’s look at some different types of words and phrases that you can use in the body of your essay, as well as some examples of what these words look like in a sentence.
Transition Words and Phrases
Transitioning from one argument to another is crucial for a good essay.
It’s important to guide your reader from one idea to the next so they don’t get lost or feel like you’re jumping around at random.
Transition phrases and linking words show your reader you’re about to move from one argument to the next, smoothing out their reading experience. They also make your writing look more professional.
The simplest transition involves moving from one idea to a separate one that supports the same overall argument. Try using these phrases when you want to introduce a second correlating idea:
- Additionally
- In addition
- Also
- Secondly
- Furthermore
- Another key thing to remember
- In the same way
- Similarly
- Likewise
- Correspondingly
Example: Additionally, public parks increase property value because home buyers prefer houses that are located close to green, open spaces.
Another type of transition involves restating. It’s often useful to restate complex ideas in simpler terms to help the reader digest them. When you’re restating an idea, you can use the following words:
- In other words
- To put it another way
- That is to say
- To put it more simply
Example: “The research showed that 53% of students surveyed expressed a mild or strong preference for more on-campus housing. In other words, over half the students wanted more dormitory options.”
Often, you’ll need to provide examples to illustrate your point more clearly for the reader. When you’re about to give an example of something you just said, you can use the following words:
- For instance
- To give an illustration of
- To exemplify
- To demonstrate
- As evidence
Example: Humans have long tried to exert control over our natural environment. For instance, engineers reversed the Chicago River in 1900, causing it to permanently flow backward.
Sometimes, you’ll need to explain the impact or consequence of something you’ve just said.
When you’re drawing a conclusion from evidence you’ve presented, try using the following words:
- Thus
- As a result
- Hence
- Therefore
- Accordingly
- Due to
- As you can see
- This suggests that
- It follows that
- It can be seen that
- For this reason
- For all of those reasons
- Consequently
Example: “There wasn’t enough government funding to support the rest of the physics experiment. Thus, the team was forced to shut down their experiment in 1996.”
When introducing an idea that bolsters one you’ve already stated, or adds another important aspect to that same argument, you can use the following words:
- Moreover
- Further
- What’s more
- As well as
- Along with
- Besides
- Not only…but also
- Not to mention
- To say nothing of
- Another key point
Example: The volcanic eruption disrupted hundreds of thousands of people. Moreover, it impacted the local flora and fauna as well, causing nearly a hundred species to go extinct.
Often, you’ll want to present two sides of the same argument. When you need to compare and contrast ideas, you can use the following words:
- On the one hand / on the other hand
- Conversely
- However
- Alternatively
- In contrast to
- On the contrary
- Whereas
- By contrast
- In comparison
Example: On the one hand, the Black Death was undoubtedly a tragedy because it killed millions of Europeans. On the other hand, it created better living conditions for the peasants who survived.
Finally, when you’re introducing a new angle that contradicts your previous idea, you can use the following phrases:
- Having said that
- That said
- Even so
- Then again
- Differing from
- Granted
- Despite
- Yet
- In spite of
- While
- With this in mind
- Provided that
- Nevertheless
- Nonetheless
- Notwithstanding
- Admittedly
Example: Shakespearean plays are classic works of literature that have stood the test of time. Having said that, I would argue that Shakespeare isn’t the most accessible form of literature to teach students in the twenty-first century.
Good essays include multiple types of logic. You can use a combination of the transitions above to create a strong, clear structure throughout the body of your essay.
Strong Verbs for Academic Writing
Verbs are especially important for writing clear essays. Often, you can convey a nuanced meaning simply by choosing the right verb.
You should use strong verbs that are precise and dynamic. Whenever possible, you should use an unambiguous verb, rather than a generic verb.
For example, alter and fluctuate are stronger verbs than change, because they give the reader more descriptive detail.
Here are some useful verbs that will help make your essay shine.
Verbs that show change:
- Alter
- Accommodate
- Evolve
- Fluctuate
- Generate
- Transform
- Transition
- Vary
Verbs that relate to causing or impacting something:
- Constrain
- Control
- Govern
- Ignite
- Impact
- Influence
- Inhibit
- Initiate
- Instigate
- Introduce
- Promote
- Provoke
- Stimulate
- Trigger
Verbs that show increase:
- Advance
- Develop
- Enlarge
- Exceed
- Extend
- Facilitate
- Improve
- Implement
- Maximize
Verbs that show decrease:
- Alleviate
- Cease
- Decline
- Depress
- Descent
- Deteriorate
- Minimize
- Subside
- Reduce
Verbs that relate to parts of a whole:
- Comprises of
- Is composed of
- Constitutes
- Encompasses
- Includes
-
Incorporates
Verbs that show a negative stance:
-
Caution
- Challenge
- Contend
- Contradict
- Deny
- Disagree
- Dismiss
- Dispute
- Disregard
- Invalidate
- Misconstrue
- Negate
- Refute
- Reject
- Question
Verbs that show a positive stance:
- Admit
- Advocate
- Affirm
- Assert
- Complement
- Emphasize
- Endorse
- Highlight
- Declare
- Maintain
- Substantiate
- Suggest
- Support
- Underscore
- Uphold
- Validate
- Verify
Verbs that relate to drawing conclusions from evidence:
- Allude
- Attest
- Confirm
- Convey
- Corroborate
- Demonstrate
- Document
- Entail
- Establish
- Hint
- Imply
- Indicate
- Present
- Reveal
- Signify
- Summarize
- Surface
- Unearth
- Yield
Verbs that relate to thinking and analysis:
- Analyze
- Appraise
- Assess
- Believe
- Clarify
- Concede
- Contend
- Consider
- Contemplate
- Define
- Derive
- Determine
- Diagnose
- Discuss
- Dissect
- Evaluate
- Examine
- Explore
- Hypothesize
- Identify
- Ignore
- Infer
- Interpret
- Investigate
- Observe
- Perceive
- Postulate
- Presume
- Recognize
- Refer
- Scrutinize
- Speculate
- Surmise
- Theorize
Verbs that relate to showing information in a visual format:
- Denote
- Depict
- Describe
- Display
- Illustrate
- Portray
- Represent
- Typify
Useful Adjectives and Adverbs for Academic Essays
You should use adjectives and adverbs more sparingly than verbs when writing essays, since they sometimes add unnecessary fluff to sentences.
However, choosing the right adjectives and adverbs can help add detail and sophistication to your essay.
Sometimes you’ll need to use an adjective to show that a finding or argument is useful and should be taken seriously. Here are some adjectives that create positive emphasis:
- Beneficial
- Clear
- Effective
- Important
- Invaluable
- Main
- Major
- Persuasive
- Relevant
- Significant
- Strong
- Successful
- Unbiased
- Useful
- Valid
- Valuable
Other times, you’ll need to use an adjective to show that a finding or argument is harmful or ineffective. Here are some adjectives that create a negative emphasis:
- Biased
- Controversial
- False
- Flawed
- Insignificant
- Invalid
- Irrelevant
- Limited
- Minor
- Questionable
- Unnecessary
- Unrealistic
Finally, you might need to use an adverb to lend nuance to a sentence, or to express a specific degree of certainty. Here are some examples of adverbs that are often used in essays:
- Accordingly
- Adequately
- Barely
- Briefly
- Certainly
- Completely
- Comprehensively
- Consequently
- Entirely
- Exhaustively
- Extensively
- Generally
- Hardly
- Initially
- Nearly
- Possibly
- Presumably
- Probably
- Regularly
- Respectively
- Scarcely
- Surprisingly
- Thoroughly
- Typically
Using these words will help you successfully convey the key points you want to express. Once you’ve nailed the body of your essay, it’s time to move on to the conclusion.
Words to Use in Your Essay Conclusion
The conclusion of your paper is important for synthesizing the arguments you’ve laid out and restating your thesis.
In your concluding paragraph, try using some of these essay words:
- In conclusion
- To summarize
- To sum up
- In summary
- In a nutshell
- In brief
- In short
- In essence
- All in all
- Given the above
- As described
- All things considered
- Finally
- Lastly
Example: In conclusion, it’s imperative that we take action to address climate change before we lose our coral reefs forever.
In addition to simply summarizing the key points from the body of your essay, you should also add some final takeaways. Give the reader your final opinion and a bit of a food for thought.
To place emphasis on a certain point or a key fact, use these essay words:
- Unquestionably
- Undoubtedly
- Particularly
- Especially
- Importantly
- Singularly
- Chiefly
- Namely
- Conclusively
- It should be noted
- Above all
- Ultimately
- On the whole
Example: Ada Lovelace is unquestionably a powerful role model for young girls around the world, and more of our public school curricula should include her as a historical figure.
These concluding phrases will help you finish writing your essay in a strong, confident way.
How to Improve Your Essay Writing Vocabulary
There are many useful essay words out there that we didn’t include in this article, because they are specific to certain topics.
If you’re writing about biology, for example, you will need to use different terminology than if you’re writing about literature.
So how do you improve your vocabulary skills?
The vocabulary you use in your academic writing is a toolkit you can build up over time, as long as you take the time to learn new words.
One way to increase your vocabulary is by looking up words you don’t know when you’re reading.
Try reading more books and academic articles in the field you’re writing about and jotting down all the new words you find. You can use these words to bolster your own essays.
You can also consult a dictionary or a thesaurus. When you’re using a word you’re not confident about, researching its meaning and common synonyms can help you make sure it belongs in your essay.
Don’t be afraid of using simpler words. Good essay writing boils down to choosing the best word to convey what you need to say, not the fanciest word possible.
Finally, you can use ProWritingAid’s synonym tool or essay checker to find more precise and sophisticated vocabulary. Click on weak words in your essay to find stronger alternatives.
There you have it: our compilation of the best words and phrases to use in your next essay. Good luck!
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3 pages, 1267 words
The New York Times 50 Fancy Words (defined and used) 1. Inchoate: just begun and so not fully formed or developed; I am glad your inchoate proposals for integrating the company were not accepted this time, thus saving us face. 2. Profligacy: recklessly wasteful; wildly extravagant, profligate behavior; Anderson’s profligacy cost him his job and its better you tighten up your belt before you go the same way. 3. Sui Generis: being the only example of its kind, unique; Mr.
Bill Tandy generated his sui generis theory based on little research and more hypothesis, thus finding no takers for his pet project. 4. Austerity: severe and morally strict; the quality of being austere, having no pleasures or comforts; Every major war on this planet were followed by many years of austerity. 5. Profligate: using money, resources, etc. , in a way that wastes them; The firm’s profligate spending only hastened its downfall. 6.
Baldenfreude: Satisfaction derived from the misfortune of bald or balding individuals (coined by NYT columnist Maureen Dowd); Humpty Dumpty’s antics remain a constant source of baldenfreude for children and adults alike. 7. Opprobrium: harsh criticism, contempt; His ludicrous attempts at mimicry in the office only earned him the opprobrium of his colleagues. 8. Apostates: pl; a person who abandons a belief or principle; The millionaire technocrat and his cronies were publicly derided for being apostates, after they were exposed of polluting the environment while purporting to have spent large sums for water conservation. . Solipsistic: the theory that the self is all that can be known to exist; His solipsistic view about life ensured that he lived in social isolation. 10. Obduracy: refusing to change in any way; Anthony’s obduracy in his legal case expedited his impeachment. 11. Internecine: causing destruction to both sides; The African states’ internecine conflict continues to extract a terrible toll on innocent human lives. 12. Soporific: adj; causing sleep; The soporific drug caused Tony to fall asleep in the board meeting. 13.
4 pages, 1660 words
The Essay on Sydney Carton Lucie Love Life
… out as a miserable wreck; he was a drunkard, a profligate, and a careless man. This was only until Lucie came … Carton gives him the strength to change from being a profligate to being a man capable of love. The love Lucie …
Kristallnacht: German, night of (broken) glass : Kristall, crystal (from Middle High German, from Old High German cristalla, from Latin crystallus, crystallum; see crystal) + Nacht, night (from Middle High German naht, from Old High German; see nekw-t- in Indo-European roots); The Kristallnacht remains an infamous event in the German history. 14. Peripatetic: going from place to place; The peripatetic bards of yore propagated the words of the Holy Prophet. 15. Nascent: beginning to exist, not fully developed; In its initial stage, the nascent film industry faced harsh opposition from moral groups. 16.
Desultory: going from one thing to another, without a definite plan or purpose; Garcia’s desultory conversation got everybody yawning. 17. Redoubtable: deserving to be feared and respected; Mike’s redoubtable instincts as a prize-fighter kept his opponents at arm’s distance. 18. Hubris: excessive pride; The Empire’s vanity and hubris in its exaggerated military were the reason for its downfall. 19. Mirabile Dictu: wonderful to relate; Randy’s winning putt remained mirabile dictu in the golf club gossip for many years. 20. Creches: a place where babies are looked after while their parents work, shop, etc. Go down the Green Avenue and you will find a string of creches and day-care centres. 21. Apoplectic: sudden loss of the ability to feel or move; adj: suffering from apoplexy; easily made angry; His son’s antics on the playground left him apoplectic with rage. 22. Overhaul: to examine carefully and thoroughly and make any necessary changes or repairs; to come from behind and pass them; Michael’s faster car easily overhauled the leading drivers in the F1 championship. 23. Ersatz: used as a poor-quality substitute for something else, inferior to an original item; The DJ’s ersatz musical numbers were a poor rendition of Celina’s work.
4. Obstreperous: very noisy or difficult to control; Andy’s obstreperous behavior just after a few drinks generally caused his early exit from most parties. 25. Jejune: too simple, naive; dull, lacking nourishment; Horrified by the senator’s jejune responses to their problems, the voters guild decided to withdraw their support to him in the forthcoming elections. 26. Omerta: rule or code that prohibits speaking or revealing information, generally relates to activities of organized crime; sub; the Mafia; Henry was vowed to the code of Omerta and sealed his lips during the police interrogation. 7. Putative: generally supposed to be the thing specified; Mr Brown is referred to as the putative father in the document. 28. Manichean: A believer in Manichaeism – an ancient Iranian Gnostic religion; Roberta’s Manichean beliefs found little approval in the stoic theology group discussion. 29. Canard: a false report or rumour, aerofoil designs on certain airplanes; The disturbing canard about my company’s finances left me in despair. 30. Ubiquitous: seeming to be everywhere or in several places at the same time; The ubiquitous internet is both a blessing, as well as, a curse. 1. Atavistic: relating to the behavior of one’s ancestors in the distant past; The chieftain urged his tribe to curb their atavistic urges and refrain from unnecessary violence. 32. Renminbi: another name for the Chinese Yuan, official currency of People’s Republic of China; Chinese renmin people + bi currency; Around 1950, the Chinese government officially released the Renminbi notes for circulation. 33. Sanguine: hopeful, optimistic; She remained sanguine about our chances of success in the raffle draw. 34.
4 pages, 1881 words
The Term Paper on Should All Higher Education Be Government Funded As In Many Countries In Europe
Should all Higher Education be Government Funded as in Many Countries in Europe? Education plays a very important role in our lives. Everyone is getting educated since the day he/she is born. There is a rapidly growing demand for a higher education in the world today. Although a higher education is difficult to receive, the rewards of self-improvement, job insurance, a development of character, …
Antediluvian: very old-fashioned; His antediluvian ideas are preposterous! 35. Cynosure: object or someone who serves as a focal point of attention and admiration, something that serves to guide; His wife, Catherine, remained the cynosure of all eyes throughout the evening gala. 36. Alacrity: eagerness or enthusiasm; Richard accepted her offer of marriage with alacrity. 37. Epistemic: cognitive, relating to learning, or involving knowledge; The monk’s epistemic dissertation was an engaging study of New Testament beliefs. 38.
Egregious: exceptional, outstanding; The NBA referee’s decision was the most egregious error of judgment. 39. Incendiary: designed to set something on fire, tending to create public disturbances or violence; Amanda’s incendiary remarks alienated her from the whole campus. 40. Chimera: an imaginary creature composed of the parts of several different animals, wild or impossible idea; Harry gazed awestruck at the monstrous chimera, a gigantic beast with the head of a lion and the body of a winged horse. 41. Laconic: using few words; Jerry’s laconic sense of humor endeared him to the crowd. 2. Polemicist: person skilled in art of writing or speech, arguing cases forcefully; Mr. Trimble stands little chance in the public debate against the Republican polemicist candidate, Mr. Burns. 43. Comity: mutual civility; amity, an atmosphere of social harmony, the policy whereby one religious sect refrains from proselytizing the members of another sect; The Shias and Sunnis lived in perfect comity in their remote mountain hamlet. 44. Provenance: the place that something originally came from; He deals in antique furniture of doubtful provenance. 5. Sclerotic: condition in which soft tissue in the body becomes abnormally hard; Doctors were at a loss in explaining the child’s unusual sclerotic condition.
46. Prescient: knowing or appearing to know about things before they happen; His prescient instincts saved him a small fortune when he sold his shares before the stock market crash. 47. Hegemony: control and leadership, by one country over others; The United States’ military hegemony in the region was a source of great distress to Iqbal. 8. Verisimilitude: the appearance of being true or real; To add verisimilitude to the play, the stage is covered with snow for the winter scene. 49. Feckless: not able to manage things properly or look after oneself, not responsible enough; The McCarthy’s are feckless parents with more children than they could support. 50. Demarche: step or manoeuvre in political or diplomatic affairs; Thierry’s political demarche with the liberals saved the government a great deal of face in the senate hearings.
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Academic writing can be problematic for both native and non-native English speakers. Familiarise yourself with these useful writing patterns and your academic and formal writing will progress to the next level in no time.
The educational purpose of all the college essay writing assignments is to get you to deliver your opinion through writing. Some forms in academic writing may seem old-fashioned or outdated. But the traditions remain for a reason. The academic writing gives you perfect practice with various forms of the formal sentence patterns. After that, mastering the art of business emails, written pitches, business plans, official papers will be a piece of cake for you.
In this article you’ll find:
- the common sentence structure mistakes to avoid
- classic sentence frameworks to follow
- ten fancy patterns that will add class to any topic you’re covering
Common sentence structure mistakes to avoid
Fragments
Fragment is a structure which lacks the proper subject-predicate core. It fails to deliver the message, and cannot function in the text as a result. To fix the problem, you need to make it a part of complete sentence or rewrite so it has the subject-predicate unit in it.
Wrong: Difficult to research the matter.
Right: Scholars find it difficult to research the matter.
Run-on sentences
Run-on sentence contains more than one subject-predicate units in it but fails to join them accurately. Without a suitable conjunction or punctuation, the message becomes unclear for the reader. To fix the run-on sentence, you can break it down, or use the right punctuation to divide the subject-predicate units.
Wrong: Scientists find it difficult to research the matter since there are too few case studies to rely on.
Right: Scientists find it difficult to research the matter. There are too few case studies to rely on.
Too long
Sentences that are too long and complicated can hurt the readability of your essay. Structure your thoughts into well-constructed logical units. Make sure each conveys exactly the idea you put in it. Avoid the temptation to look sophisticated through the number of words. Instead, make each sentence perfectly clear.
Wrong example: Sentences which are too long will demand hard efforts from the reader to get in all the details, see through the meaning, and get the right picture that the named sentence aims to deliver.
Right example: Sentences which are too long are hard to read. They might not deliver the meaning efficiently.
Too short
Sentences that are too short make a bumpy, unsatisfying reading. They rarely can hold complex thought. While for the academic writing, you need to prove your ability to relate facts. Avoid short sentences for the sake of well-balanced juxtapositions. Wrap them into nice structured 20-25 words phrases.
Wrong example: Short sentences are simple. Avoid mistakes. Write short sentences. They aid clarity. They are intense.
Right example: The simplicity of short sentences helps to avoid the mistakes. Use them to deliver a clear and intense message.
Starting several sentences with similar conjunctions
Starting sentences with conjunctions is actually ok. Yet, several look-alike sentences in a row will make your writing monotonous and amateur. Fix this mistake by rewriting them and eliminating excess wording.
Wrong example: The sentences were pretty similar. And that fact was obvious to the researchers. And that’s why they pointed it out in their reports.
Right example: The sentences were pretty similar. Researchers pointed out this obvious fact in their reports.
Frameworks to help you compose well-written sentences
Cumulative sentences
The main idea comes first, details and illustrating facts follow.
Example: Oprah Winfrey became a show producer because she wanted to open minds, break the stereotypes, and inspire the audience with her values.
Periodic sentences
Details build up from the very beginning, finalized with the main idea.
Example: Breaking the shop windows, marauding the stores, and setting cars on fire, the rioters caused severe damage.
Another option to try: subject, details, predicate.
Example: Oprah Winfrey, who has always been focused on the goodness of life and never dwelled on failures, paved her own road to success.
Balanced Sentences
Two main ideas with similar structure are juxtaposed in one sentence. This method works great for clauses with opposite meanings.
Example: A pessimist sees the difficulty in every opportunity; an optimist sees the opportunity in every difficulty. (Winston Churchill)
Semicolon using a transition word
Makes life easier for you and for the reader as the transition word clarifies how the two parts of the sentence are related.
Example: Oprah Winfrey was nominated for Oscar for the best supporting role; however, it was her groundbreaking media accomplishments that made everyone recognize her talent.
Fancy openers and transitions to sprinkle your text with
There is a hot debate over…
Use this pattern to introduce your topic.
Example: There is a hot debate over whether the automated driverless cars should be allowed to roam freely on the streets.
There is no doubt/denying that…
This opening is a nice twist to describing a fact or a phenomenon.
Example: There is no doubt that literacy is a staple skill for the modern human being.
X and Y share a common denominator…
Use this fancy math term when referring to common characteristics in anything.
Example: Oprah Winfrey and Martha Stewart share a common denominator-they both have built successful media empires on their personal brand.
Further evidence supporting/against X may lie in the findings of Y, who…
Use this pattern to make a fancy introduction to the citation.
Example: Further evidence supporting the addictive character of unpacking videos for toddlers may lie in the findings of David A. Craig, who researched this phenomenon in 2017.
There is a rapidly growing literature on X, which indicates that…
Use this pattern to point out an important argument or subject in your essay.
Example: There is a rapidly growing literature on inclusive programs, which indicates the raise in teachers enthusiasm to work with the autism disorders.
With this in mind…
Use this when you want to shift your arguments to another field of knowledge.
Example: We’ve seen that the Beat generation poets overthrew the values of the society they dwelled in. With this in mind, let’s look at a Rimbaud’s thrusts at the ethics of the 19th century France.
To that end…
Use it when you can’t beat the desire to write “So…”
Example: The scientists were puzzled by the calculations behind the Mayan calendars for decades. To that end, a new computer program was developed to analyze all the massive of data the ancients had to process.
A point often overlooked…
Use it to focus the reader’s attention on an important argument.
Example: Point often overlooked is that Oprah Winfrey was the first to popularize the intimate form of a talk show, adopted by all channels ever since.
Proponents of X, have also suggested that Y…
Use this to highlight the connection between the two arguments.
Example: Proponents of the unpacking videos ban, have also suggested that the screen time for the toddlers should be limited to 30 minutes a day.
From what has been discussed above, we may conclude that…
This sentence is a great opening for the conclusion of your paper, where you have to restate your thesis.
Example: From what has been discussed above, we may conclude that the poetry of the Beat Generation was massively influenced by the French Symbolists.
Wrap it Up
Congratulations! Now you know how to avoid sounding too long, too short, or too complicated. You also know how to build up your topic on well-written balanced sentences.
Furthermore, with these classy openers and transitions, your academic and formal writing will progress to the next level in no time. Make sure to use one of these awesome patterns today to impress your professor.
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